| avian cholera in a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus). | a 2-year-old female gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) was being used to hunt ducks in southeastern wyoming during an outbreak of avian cholera in waterfowl and wild turkeys. while out overnight, the falcon consumed a bird. within 24 hours the falcon was anorectic, and it was found dead approximately 48 hours following ingestion of wild prey. gross and microscopic lesions were typical of avian cholera, and pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was isolated from tissues of the falcon. | 1987 | 3619832 |
| causes of mortality among free-ranging gyrfalcons in iceland. | | 1981 | 7253090 |
| organochlorine residues in gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus) in iceland. | | 1995 | 8520144 |
| salmonellosis in relation to chlamydiosis and pox and salmonella infections in captive falcons in the united arab emirates. | during the spring of 1995, 1996 and 1997 following tests on six peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) and two gyr falcons (falco rusticolus), salmonella typhimurium was isolated from liver, spleen and small intestines. four of the falcons (two peregrines and two gyrs) had also contracted chlamydia infection, three peregrines a pox infection and one peregrine a herpesvirus infection. it is believed that this dual infection was fatal for these birds. the disease was marked by anorexia, dehydration ... | 1998 | 9916548 |
| genetic relationships in the peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus) analysed by microsatellite dna markers. | microsatellite dna markers were developed from a peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus) and genetic relationships among peregrine falcons in southern norway were analysed using the markers. the genomic dna library was screened for the presence of dinucleotide microsatellite repeats. twelve loci revealed polymorphism through the initial analysis of 24 unrelated peregrine falcons, and mendelian inheritance was confirmed in two peregrine falcon families bred in captivity. the estimated mean probabilit ... | 2000 | 10652075 |
| persistent organochlorine levels in six prey species of the gyrfalcon falco rusticolus in iceland. | our previous investigations have revealed very high levels of organochlorines (ocs) in the icelandic gyrfalcon falco rusticolus, a resident top predator. we now examine six potential prey species of birds, both resident and migratory, in order to elucidate the most likely route of the ocs to the gyrfalcon. the ptarmigan lagopus mutus, the most important prey of the gyrfalcon, contained very low levels of ocs. bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and ddts in mallards anas platyrhyn ... | 2001 | 11234542 |
| platinum group elements in the feathers of raptors and their prey. | platinum (pt), palladium (pd), and rhodium (rh) concentrations were determined in the feathers of three raptor species in sweden, the sparrowhawk ( accipiter nisus), the peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus), and the gyrfalcon ( falco rusticolus), as well as the main prey of the sparrowhawk (the house sparrow, passer domesticus) and the gyrfalcon (the willow grouse, lagopus lagopus). the analysis of feathers from 1917-1999 revealed a clear temporal trend, with significantly higher rh concentratio ... | 2002 | 11910463 |
| platinum group elements in raptor eggs, faeces, blood, liver and kidney. | the increased use of platinum group elements (pges) in automobile catalysts and their emission into the environment has led to a concern over environmental and particularly biological accumulation. specimens of samples from raptors are useful for the investigation of the impact of pges because these birds are found in both urban and rural environments and are invariably at the top of the food chain. platinum (pt), palladium (pd) and rhodium (rh) concentrations were determined by quadrupole induc ... | 2004 | 15504501 |
| temporal trends of organochlorine contamination in black guillemots in iceland from 1976 to 1996. | the levels of several different persistent organochlorines (ocs) in black guillemots cepphus grylle, collected during the summers of 1976-1996 at breioafjörour in w-iceland, were investigated. the levels of about 40 different organochlorines (pcbs, ddts, chlordanes, toxaphenes, hch, hcb) were compared with respect to age, sex, fat content, and year of collection. the levels of pcbs correlated very closely with those of dde, indicating long-range transport as the major source of these contaminant ... | 2005 | 15519726 |
| characterization of a new species of adenovirus in falcons. | in 1996, a disease outbreak occurred at a captive breeding facility in idaho, causing anorexia, dehydration, and diarrhea or sudden death in 72 of 110 northern aplomado falcons (falco femoralis septentrionalis) from 9 to 35 days of age and in 6 of 102 peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) from 14 to 25 days of age. sixty-two northern aplomado and six peregrine falcons died. epidemiologic analyses indicated a point source epizootic, horizontal transmission, and increased relative risk associated w ... | 2005 | 16000466 |
| malaria in a captively-produced f1 gyrfalcon and in two f. peregrine falcons. | one falco rusticolus and two of 24 falco peregrinus were positive for plasmodium relictum. sixteen percent of the erythrocytes (rbc) of the gyrfalcon were parasitized. following treatment with chloroquine the parasite burden was dramatically reduced (to less than 0.01%). infection in peregrine falcons was low (0.01-0.4% rbcs were parasitized). this is the second report of plasmodium in the gyrfalcon and the first report in the peregrine falcon. | 1976 | 16502699 |
| upper respiratory tract infection caused by cryptosporidium baileyi in three mixed-bred falcons (falco rusticolus x falco cherrug). | three mixed-bred raptors (falco rusticolus x falco cherrug) from a german falcon breeder were presented with a history of respiratory distress. in one bird a laryngeal stridor was noted, and oral examination revealed an epiglottal swelling. in the other two birds, nasal discharge and sneezing were the main clinical symptoms. nasal flushing samples and biopsies were collected for pathologic, bacteriologic, and parasitologic examination. results confirmed a cryptosporidial infection. polymerase ch ... | 2008 | 18646471 |
| alpha-tocopherol in captive falcons: reference values and dietary impact. | to determine reference values for plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations in falcons and to investigate a possible dietary impact, 29 falcons were randomly selected from a collection of 500 captive breeding falcons fed with 4-week-old chicks. blood samples collected from each falcon were analyzed for plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations. reference values were 16.7-46.1 mg/l with a mean plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration of 27.5 +/- 8.7 mg/l. a group of 5 gyr-saker falcon hybrids (falco rusti ... | 2008 | 18689069 |
| monitoring of raptors and their contamination levels in norway. | this article summarizes results from raptor monitoring and contamination studies in norway of the golden eagle, gyrfalcon, white-tailed sea eagle, osprey, peregrine, and merlin. golden eagle and gyrfalcon populations have been monitored since 1990 as part of the "monitoring programme for terrestrial ecosystems" (tov). no long-term trend in the population size or productivity of golden eagle has been shown in any of the 5 study areas. the reproductive output of gyrfalcon is monitored in 3 areas. ... | 2008 | 18833794 |
| prevalence of hematozoa in falcons in the united arab emirates with respect to the origin of falcon hosts. | to determine the prevalence of blood parasites with regard to country of origin in a population of falcons kept in the united arab emirates (uae), 432 falcons of 3 different species and 2 hybrid species originating from asia, europe, and the united states were examined. birds were divided into 2 groups. group 1 comprised 323 birds examined immediately after arrival in the uae. blood parasites were detected in 6.8% of birds. group 2 comprised 109 birds kept longer than 5 months in the uae; of the ... | 2008 | 19014093 |
| hematologic values in healthy gyr x peregrine falcons (falco rusticolus x falco peregrinus). | the gyr x peregrine (falco rusticolus x falco peregrinus) hybrid is the most common falcon treated at nad al shiba veterinary hospital in dubai. to improve the health assessment of individual birds in the population treated at this hospital, we established reference ranges of hematologic values for this hybrid falcon. the hematologic parameters of 96 gyr x peregrine falcons were assessed and compared with other published values for the same hybrid falcon. | 2009 | 19673457 |
| is hunting mortality additive or compensatory to natural mortality? effects of experimental harvest on the survival and cause-specific mortality of willow ptarmigan. | 1. the effects of harvest on the annual and seasonal survival of willow ptarmigan lagopus lagopus l. were tested in a large-scale harvest experiment. management units were randomly assigned to one of three experimental treatments: 0%, 15% or 30% harvest. seasonal quotas were based on the experimental treatment and estimates of bird density before the hunting season. survival rates and hazard functions for radio-marked ptarmigan were then estimated under the competing risks of harvest and natural ... | 2010 | 21054381 |
| first detection and genotyping of encephalitozoon cuniculi in a new host species, gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus). | recently, the pathogenic species of microsporidia of the genus encephalitozoon have been detected increasingly, also in representatives of the aves class. our study presents laboratory proof of encephalitozoon cuniculi (e. cuniculi) genotype ii in a new host, gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus), with suspect microsporidiosis. e. cuniculi is an obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite that infects a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. characterization of the internal transcribed space ... | 2010 | 21181195 |
| detection and molecular analysis of west nile virus infections in birds of prey in the eastern part of austria in 2008 and 2009. | the emergence of west nile virus (wnv) was expected in austria since the initial discovery of the infection in neighbouring hungary in 2003/2004. in 2008 six cases of west nile disease were diagnosed at the institute for veterinary disease control mödling, austrian agency for health and food safety (ages), involving five goshawks (accipiter gentilis) and one gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus), which were found dead in the eastern austrian federal states of lower austria, vienna and styria, respectivel ... | 2010 | 21276665 |
| comparison of diagnostic tools for the detection of aspergillosis in blood samples of experimentally infected falcons. | antemortem diagnosis of avian aspergillosis is very challenging. diagnostic assays using blood samples would aid in an early and more definitive diagnosis. in the current study, detection of anti-aspergillus antibodies, aspergillus antigen, and aspergillus toxin (fumigaclavine a), protein electrophoresis and measurement of acute-phase protein concentrations were performed on serum of 18 adult and plasma of 21 juvenile gyr-saker hybrid falcons (falco rusticolus x falco cherrug). adult (n = 15) an ... | 2014 | 25619004 |
| generalized tetanus in a gyrfalcon ( falco rusticolus ) with pododermatitis. | a 2-yr-old male gyrfalcon ( falco rusticolus ) was presented for severe and generalized muscle spasticity and pododermatitis. the falcon had been treated for pododermatitis over the previous 4 mo. muscle rigidity and spasms involved the entire bird but were more severe on the right leg. the bird was also tachypneic and hyperthermic at 45 c. while the plantar pododermatitis lesions had healed, there was still a small abscess on the lateral aspect of the right foot. clinical signs were consistent ... | 2016 | 27902906 |
| the parasite fauna of the gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) in iceland. | we examined 46 gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) carcasses from iceland for parasites, including 29 first-year birds and 17 second-year birds and older. endoparasites observed were the trematodes cryptocotyle lingua (prevalence 8%), cryptocotyle concavum (4%), and strigea sp. (8%); the cestode mesocestoides sp. (27%); and the nematodes eucoleus contortus (76%) and serratospiculum guttatum (7%). ectoparasites included the astigmatan mite dubininia accipitrina (47%), a mesostigmatan rhynonyssid mite (4 ... | 2015 | 26280881 |
| high rates of detection of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses in wild birds in the pacific northwest during the winter of 2014-15. | in 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses spread across the republic of korea and ultimately were reported in china, japan, russia, and europe. mortality associated with a reassortant hpai h5n2 virus was detected in poultry farms in western canada at the end of november. the same strain (with identical genetic structure) was then detected in free-living wild birds that had died prior to december 8, 2014, of unrelated causes in whatcom county, washington, u. s. ... | 2016 | 27309079 |
| highly (h5n1) and low (h7n2) pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in falcons via nasochoanal route and ingestion of experimentally infected prey. | an experimental infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses was carried out on falcons in order to examine the effects of these viruses in terms of pathogenesis, viral distribution in tissues and viral shedding. the distribution pattern of influenza virus receptors was also assessed. captive-reared gyr-saker (falco rusticolus x falco cherrug) hybrid falcons were challenged with a hpai h5n1 virus (a/great crested grebe/basque country/0 ... | 2012 | 22427819 |
| lessons from the largest epidemic of avian influenza viruses in taiwan, 2015. | the largest epidemic of avian influenza (ai) in history attacked poultry and wild birds throughout taiwan starting january 6, 2015. this study analyzed surveillance results, epidemiologic characteristics, and viral sequences by using government-released information, with the intention to provide recommendations to minimize future pandemic influenza. the h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs) had not been detected in taiwan before 2015. during this epidemic, four types of etiologi ... | 2016 | 27309051 |
| highly pathogenic eurasian h5n8 avian influenza outbreaks in two commercial poultry flocks in california. | in january 2015, a highly pathogenic eurasian lineage h5n8 avian influenza (ai) virus (aiv) was detected in a commercial meat turkey flock in stanislaus county, ca. approximately 3 wk later, a similar case was diagnosed in commercial brown layers from a different company located in kings county, ca. five 14-wk-old turkey hens were submitted to the california animal health and food safety laboratory system (cahfs), turlock, and eleven 12-wk-old chickens were submitted to cahfs, tulare laboratory ... | 2016 | 27610732 |
| permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 february 2012 - 31 march 2012. | this article documents the addition of 171 microsatellite marker loci and 27 pairs of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) sequencing primers to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: bombus pauloensis, cephalorhynchus heavisidii, cercospora sojina, harpyhaliaetus coronatus, hordeum vulgare, lachnolaimus maximus, oceanodroma monteiroi, puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, rhea americana, salmo salar, salmo trutta, schistocephalus solidus, sousa p ... | 2012 | 22642264 |
| experimental west nile virus infection in gyr-saker hybrid falcons. | west nile disease (wnd) has become a major public and veterinary health concern since the appearance of west nile virus (wnv) in new york in 1999. the following panzootic spread in the u.s. and the recent wnv outbreaks in europe and the mediterranean basin have increased interest in wnd. despite considerable investigation of wnv infection in birds, the effects of wnv on avian populations are still largely unknown. in europe, raptors have been found to be particularly susceptible to wnv infection ... | 2012 | 22448746 |
| genetic data from 28 str loci for forensic individual identification and parentage analyses in 6 bird of prey species. | twenty-eight str loci were screened in wild populations of six bird of prey species providing allele frequencies and population genetic parameters necessary for the application of strs in wildlife forensic genetic casework. individual str loci were validated according to forensic recommendations in specimens of golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos), goshawk (accipiter gentilis), merlin (falco columbarius), peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus), gyr falcon (falco rusticolus) and saker falcon (falco cher ... | 2009 | 19215871 |
| territory occupancy rate of goshawk and gyrfalcon: no evidence of delayed numerical response to grouse numbers. | two recent studies on territory occupancy rates of goshawk accipiter gentilis and gyrfalcon falco rusticolus report a 2-3-year-delayed numerical response to grouse numbers, which is a requirement for a hypothesis of predator-generated grouse cycles. the time lags were assumed to reflect the average age of sexual maturity in the raptor species. in southern norway, however, subadult (two-year-old) goshawk hens occupied only 18-25% of territories where occupancy was not recorded in the preceding ye ... | 2007 | 17549523 |
| network topology of stable isotope interactions in a sub-arctic raptor guild. | predation is an ecologically important process, and intra-guild interactions may substantially influence the ecological effects of predator species. despite a rapid expansion in the use of mathematical graph theory to describe trophic relations, network approaches have rarely been used to study interactions within predator assemblages. assemblages of diurnal raptors are subject to substantial intra- and interspecific competition. here we used the novel approach of applying analyzes based on netw ... | 2016 | 27209296 |
| breeding population fluctuations in some raptors. | we investigated differences in annual breeding population stability and its relationship to diversity in food habits for several species of raptors. chi-square tests showed no significant differences between observed and expected (based on logistic growth equation) breeding population sizes for peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) during recovery from pesticide induced declines in 4 alaskan populations. this indicates that no major peregrine falcon population fluctuations occurred aside from the ... | 1987 | 28311134 |
| fluctuations of observed breeding rough-legged hawks and gyrfalcons: regularity reconsidered. | we recently assessed regularity in fluctuation of annual numbers of breeding pairs observed for several raptor species, and found no indication of reputed regular or cyclic fluctuations in our colville river, alaska sample for gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus) or rough-legged hawks (buteo lagopus) (mindell et al. 1987). discussions with colleagues have prompted us to expand our analysis and clarify key points. we present time series analyses, using the colville river sample size and interval (13 sur ... | 1988 | 28312308 |
| flash visual evoked potentials in diurnal birds of prey. | the objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of flash visual evoked potentials (fveps) testing in birds of prey in a clinical setting and to describe the protocol and the baseline data for normal vision in this species. fvep recordings were obtained from 6 normal adult birds of prey: n. 2 harris's hawks (parabuteo unicinctus), n. 1 lanner falcon (falco biarmicus), n. 2 gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus) and n. 1 saker falcon (falco cherrug). before carrying out vep tests, all ani ... | 2016 | 27547536 |
| the use of voriconazole for the treatment of aspergillosis in falcons (falco species). | to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of voriconazole for the treatment of aspergillosis in falcons, 20 falcons with aspergillosis admitted to the dubai falcon hospital from august 2003 to may 2006 were treated with voriconazole. these falcons included 6 gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus), 10 gyrfalcon hybrids, 1 lanner (falco biarmicus), 1 saker (falco cherrug), and 2 peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus). clinical signs were weight loss, inappetence, dyspnea, inspiratory stridor, tachypnea, a ... | 2007 | 18351011 |
| phylogeography and population structure of the saker falcon (falco cherrug) and the influence of hybridization: mitochondrial and microsatellite data. | microsatellite as well as sequence analysis of the mitochondrial control region were applied to infer phylogeography and population genetic structure of the saker falcon (falco cherrug). furthermore, we compared the patterns of mitochondrial haplotypes with the variation of microsatellite alleles among the species of the hierofalcon complex (f. cherrug, falco rusticolus, falco biarmicus, falco jugger) to test hypotheses on population history. historical samples from museum specimens of f. cherru ... | 2007 | 17391272 |
| serum protein electrophoresis by using high-resolution agarose gel in clinically healthy and aspergillus species-infected falcons. | serum protein electrophoresis has gained importance in avian medicine during the past decade. interpretation of electrophoretic patterns should be based on species-specific reference intervals and the electrophoresis gel system. in this study, serum protein electrophoresis by using high-resolution agarose gels was performed on blood samples collected from 105 falcons, including peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus), gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus), saker falcons (falco cherrug), red-naped shaheens ... | 2012 | 23409432 |
| genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons. | little is known about the possible influence that past glacial events have had on the phylogeography and population structure of avian predators in the arctic and sub-arctic. in this study, we use microsatellite and mitochondrial control region dna variation to investigate the population genetic structure of gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus) throughout a large portion of their circumpolar distribution. in most locations sampled, the mtdna data revealed little geographic structure; however, five out ... | 2007 | 17651193 |
| plasma chemistry reference values in hybrid falcons in relation to their species of origin. | twenty-one blood chemistry parameters were determined in 127 peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus), 79 gyr-peregrine hybrids and 166 gyr-saker hybrids. these parameters, together with those previously established in 53 gyr falcons (falco rusticolus) and 234 saker falcons (falco cherrug), were compared. there were statistically significant differences in 15 of the parameters between the saker and peregrine falcons; the saker and gyr falcons; the saker and gyr-saker hybrids; the peregrine and gyr f ... | 2006 | 16844819 |
| vitamin b6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) toxicosis in falcons. | this manuscript reports three independent accidental cases of vitamin (vit) b6 toxicosis in gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus) and peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) and a toxicology study that was conducted to characterize the clinical responses of gyrfalcons and gyrfalcon × peregrine falcons to a range of single intramuscular (im) and oral (po) doses of vit b6. both lethal and nonlethal doses were determined. twelve female gyrfalcons died following im injection of 1 ml of a vitamin b preparation. ... | 2016 | 27468034 |
| evaluation of the dosage of ivermectin in falcons. | twelve groups of falcons, each containing three female gyrfalcon-peregrine falcon hybrids (falco rusticolus x falco peregrinus) were injected intramuscularly with a single dose of ivermectin ranging from 0.2 mg/kg to 11 mg/kg bodyweight, and a control group was injected with water. doses of ivermectin between 0.2 and 5 mg/kg failed to produce clinical signs of illness in the birds. four birds which received either 6, 7 or 8 mg/kg showed slight clinical signs, and all the birds receiving 9 to 11 ... | 2001 | 11386446 |
| occurrence of mesocestoides canislagopodis (rudolphi, 1810) (krabbe, 1865) in mammals and birds in iceland and its molecular discrimination within the mesocestoides species complex. | the life cycle of mesocestoides tapeworms (cestoda: cyclophyllidea: mesocestoididae) requires three hosts. the first intermediate host is unknown but believed to be an arthropod. the second intermediate host is a vertebrate. the primary definitive host is a carnivore mammal, or a bird of prey, that eats the tetrathyridium-infected second intermediate host. one representative of the genus, mesocestoides canislagopodis, has been reported from iceland. it is common in the arctic fox (vulpes lagopus ... | 2016 | 26984208 |
| analysis of arterial and venous blood gases in healthy gyr falcons ( falco rusticolus ) under anesthesia. | arterial and venous blood gas analysis is useful in the assessment of tissue oxygenation and ventilation and in diagnosis of metabolic and respiratory derangements. it can be performed with a relatively small volume of blood in avian patients under emergency situations. arterial and venous blood gas analysis was performed in 30 healthy gyr falcons ( falco rusticolus ) under anaesthesia to establish temperature-corrected reference intervals for arterial blood gas values and to compare them to tem ... | 2015 | 26771318 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of the gyrfalcon falco rusticolus (aves, falconiformes, falconidae). | the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus), the largest of the true falcons, was characterized using next generation sequencing. the mitogenome was 18 218 bp long, and comprised of 13 protein-coding genes (pcgs), 22 trna, 2 rrna and two non-coding regions; a control region (d-loop) harboring two tandem repeats 80 bp and 56 bp long and a pseudo-control region (ψd-loop) with a tandem repeat 27 bp long. all genes were encoded on the + strand except nd6 and 8 trna gen ... | 2017 | 26731535 |
| on the life cycle and morphology of development stages of paraspiralatus sakeri gibbons et al., 2004 (nematoda: spiroidea, spirocercidae), a heteroxenic stomach parasite of falcons. | pitted darkling beetles (adesmia cancellata) were infected with nematode eggs found in the alimentary tract of a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) naturally infected with paraspiralatus sakeri. third-stage larvae in numbers between 1 and 84 were removed from the beetles 5 weeks postinfection and were used for morphological studies as well as to infect domestic chicken, yellow-bellied geckos (hemidactylus flaviviridis) and fringe-toed lizards (acanthodactylus schmidti). all experimental animals, necro ... | 2014 | 24652447 |
| falcons pursue prey using visual motion cues: new perspectives from animal-borne cameras. | this study reports on experiments on falcons wearing miniature videocameras mounted on their backs or heads while pursuing flying prey. videos of hunts by a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus), gyrfalcon (f. rusticolus)/saker falcon (f. cherrug) hybrids and peregrine falcons (f. peregrinus) were analyzed to determine apparent prey positions on their visual fields during pursuits. these video data were then interpreted using computer simulations of pursuit steering laws observed in insects and mammals. ... | 2014 | 24431144 |
| genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor gene. | genetic variation at the melanocortin-1 receptor (mc1r) gene is correlated with melanin color variation in a few reported vertebrates. in gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus), plumage color variation exists throughout their arctic and subarctic circumpolar distribution, from white to gray and almost black. multiple color variants do exist within the majority of populations; however, a few areas (e.g., northern greenland and iceland) possess a single color variant. here, we show that the white/melanic co ... | 2013 | 22504110 |
| missense snp of the mc1r gene is associated with plumage variation in the gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus). | a single nucleotide polymorphism (mc1r: c.376a>g) in the mc1r gene was found to be highly correlated with pigment phenotype in the gyrfalcon. homozygous genotypes c.376gg and c.376aa were found to dominate the extreme white and dark plumage types respectively, and heterozygotes occurred mainly in intermediate phenotypes. however, some heterozygotes were associated with extreme phenotypes, indicating that melanism/albinism might also involve other loci. | 2012 | 22497627 |
| staged endoscopic ventricular foreign body removal in a gyr falcon (falco rusticolus). | a large ventricular foreign body was identified on radiographs in a captive-bred gyr falcon (falco rusticolus) that was presented for paresis and swollen abdomen. on endoscopic examination, a large shiny mass was visible in the ventriculus. an ingluviotomy was done, and pieces of the mass, which consisted of a ball of artificial grass fibers, were removed by using a rigid endoscope and grasping forceps. subsequently, 4 more ingluviotomies were required to gain endoscopic access to the ventriculu ... | 2009 | 20235464 |
| normal haematological values in gyr falcons (falco rusticolus). | | 2005 | 16377790 |
| plasma chemistry reference values for gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus). | | 2003 | 12934731 |
| microsatellite dna markers from the gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) and their use in other raptor species. | | 2000 | 10972786 |
| diving speeds and angles of a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) | an optical tracking device recorded the three-dimensional paths of 11 dives by a 1.02 kg gyrfalcon, trained to dive to a falconer. the dives started at altitudes up to 500 m above the ground and were inclined at angles of 17-62 degrees from the horizontal. the falcon controlled its speed during the dives, rather than simply falling from the sky, and the dives had three phases. during the first (acceleration) phase, the falcon accelerated to speed limits between 52 and 58 m s-1 in the seven faste ... | 1998 | 9622578 |
| mercury in feathers of swedish gyrfalcons, falco rusticolus, in relation to diet. | | 1984 | 6713140 |
| studies on the helminth fauna of alaska. 43. strigea macropharynx sp. n., a trematode parasite of falco rusticolus l. | | 1965 | 5857273 |
| the pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in ruddy duck (oxyura jamaicensis) and lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv) and disseminate the virus worldwide through migration. historically, surveillance and research efforts for aiv in waterfowl have focused on dabbling ducks. the role of diving ducks in aiv ecology has not been well characterized. in this study, we examined the relative susceptibility and pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic (hp) aiv (hpaiv) in two species of diving ducks. juvenile and adult ruddy duck (oxyura jamaicensi ... | 2017 | 28513330 |
| temporary removal: homologous and heterologous antigenic matched vaccines containing different h5 hemagglutinins provide variable protection of chickens from the 2014 u.s. h5n8 and h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the publisher regrets that this article has been temporarily removed. a replacement will appear as soon as possible in which the reason for the removal of the article will be specified, or the article will be reinstated. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal. | 2017 | 28456525 |
| dde residues and eggshell changes in alaskan falcons and hawks. | eggshell thickness after exposure to ddt was reduced by 21.7 percent in alaskan tundra peregrines, by 16.8 percent in taiga peregrines, by 7.5 percent in aleutian peregrines, by 3.3 percent in rough-legged hawks, and not at all in gyrfalcons. tundra peregrine eggs contain an average of 889 parts of dde per million (lipid basis); taiga peregrine eggs contain 673 parts per million; aleutian peregrine eggs contain 167 parts per million; rough-legged hawk eggs contain 22.5 parts per million; and gyr ... | 1971 | 5573569 |
| serratospiculosis in captive peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) in switzerland. | infection with serratospiculum species was identified in a captive peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus) in switzerland. pathologic and parasitologic examination results revealed generalized severe granulomatous airsacculitis, with intralesional adults, larvae, and eggs of serratospiculum species. subsequently, an individual coprological analysis of the remaining 15 falcons (peregrine falcons and gyrfalcons [falco rusticolus]) from the same owner was performed. eggs of serratospiculum species (4 b ... | 2017 | 28891698 |
| immature and mature sperm morphometry in fresh and frozen-thawed falcon ejaculates. | sperm morphometry is one characteristic which may be useful in prediction of fertility and sperm freezability in a species. knowledge of the sperm characteristics of the ejaculate and the morphometric descriptors is necessary to effectively develop sperm cryopreservation. the aim of the current study was to provide a general description of the sperm from two falcon species (peregrine falcon falco peregrinus peregrinus/brookei and gyrfalcon falco rusticolus) including immature sperm, sperm head m ... | 2017 | 28601162 |
| time trends of mercury in feathers of west greenland birds of prey during 1851-2003. | temporal trends of mercury (hg) in west greenland gyrfalcons, peregrine falcons, and white-tailed eagles were determined over 150 years from 1851 to 2003. hg was measured in the fifth primary feather. results showed that hg increased in the order gyrfalcon (lowest) < peregrine falcon (intermediate) < white-tailed eagle (highest). all species showed significant age accumulations, which were taken into account in the temporal trend analysis. of eight time trend analyses (three species and three ag ... | 2006 | 17051778 |
| single tracheal inoculation of aspergillus fumigatus conidia induced aspergillosis in juvenile falcons (falco spp.). | aspergillosis is a common and life-threatening respiratory disease in raptors with acute and chronic courses. among raptors, gyrfalcons (falco rusticolus) and their hybrids are often declared to be highly susceptible with juvenile individuals being the most susceptible. however, species- and age-specific experimental studies are lacking and minimal infective doses (ids) for aspergillus spp. conidia are unknown.therefore, 8-week-old, healthy gyr-hybrid falcons (f. rusticolus x f. cherrug) (n = 18 ... | 2017 | 28758799 |
| gyrfalcons falco rusticolus adjust ctns expression to food abundance: a possible contribution to cysteine homeostasis. | melanins form the basis of animal pigmentation. when the sulphurated form of melanin, termed pheomelanin, is synthesized, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine is incorporated to the pigment structure. this may constrain physiological performance because it consumes the most important intracellular antioxidant (i.e., glutathione, gsh), of which cysteine is a constitutive amino acid. however, this may also help avoid excess cysteine, which is toxic. pheomelanin synthesis is regulated by several genes, ... | 2017 | 28730346 |
| coevolution can reverse predator-prey cycles. | a hallmark of lotka-volterra models, and other ecological models of predator-prey interactions, is that in predator-prey cycles, peaks in prey abundance precede peaks in predator abundance. such models typically assume that species life history traits are fixed over ecologically relevant time scales. however, the coevolution of predator and prey traits has been shown to alter the community dynamics of natural systems, leading to novel dynamics including antiphase and cryptic cycles. here, using ... | 2014 | 24799689 |
| what is your diagnosis? choanal swab from a young gyrfalcon. | | 2010 | 21070305 |
| clade 2.3.4.4 h5 north american highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses infect, but do not cause clinical signs in, american black ducks (anas rubripes). | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) from the goose/guangdong/1996 clade 2.3.4.4 h5 lineage spread from asia into north america in 2014, most likely by wild bird migrations. although several variants of the virus were detected, h5n8 and h5n2 were the most widespread in north american wild birds and domestic poultry. in early 2015, the h5n2 virus spread through commercial poultry in the midwest, and >50 million chickens and turkeys died or had to be culled. related h5 hpaivs are still ... | 2019 | 31251539 |
| efficacy of two licensed avian influenza h5 vaccines against challenge with a 2015 u.s. h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in domestic ducks. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses from the h5 goose/guangdong lineage caused a major outbreak in poultry in the united states in 2015. although the outbreak was controlled, vaccines were considered as an alternative control method, and new vaccines were approved and purchased by the u.s. department of agriculture national veterinary stockpile for emergency use. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two of these vaccines in protecting pekin ducks (anas platyrhyn ... | 2019 | 31251524 |
| isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in merlins (falco columbarius) and cross-species amplification in gyrfalcons (f. rusticolus) and peregrine falcons (f. peregrinus). | merlins, falco columbarius, breed throughout temperate and high latitude habitats in asia, europe, and north america. like peregrine falcons, f. peregrinus, merlins underwent population declines during the mid-to-late twentieth century, due to organochlorine-based contamination, and have subsequently recovered, at least in north american populations. to better understand levels of genetic diversity and population structuring in contemporary populations and to assess the impact of the twentieth c ... | 2020 | 33099758 |
| molecular detection and genetic characterization of trichomonas gallinae in falcons in saudi arabia. | avian trichomonosis is primarily caused by trichomonas gallinae, a flagellated protozoan parasite that especially infects the upper digestive tract of columbid bird species and their avian predators. however, this parasite has recently been found to be distributed worldwide in various other avian species. this parasitic disease is common in captive falcons in saudi arabia and the middle east. this study aimed to examine and identify the genetic variation of t. gallinae obtained from three specie ... | 2020 | 33119695 |
| the emergence of caryospora neofalconis in falcons in central saudi arabia. | this study aimed to examine the occurrence of caryospora (c.) neofalconis in falcons from the central region of the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa). | 2020 | 33005680 |
| correction to: status and trends of circumpolar peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon populations. | while collating contributions and comments from 36 researchers, the coordinating authors accidentally omitted dr. suzanne carrière from the list of contributing co-authors. dr. carrière's data are described in tables 1 and 3, figure 2 and several places in the narrative.the new author list is thus updated in this article. | 2020 | 31965558 |
| status and trends of circumpolar peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon populations. | the peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus) and the gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) are top avian predators of arctic ecosystems. although existing monitoring efforts are well established for both species, collaboration of activities among arctic scientists actively involved in research of large falcons in the nearctic and palearctic has been poorly coordinated. here we provide the first overview of arctic falcon monitoring sites, present trends for long-term occupancy and productivity, and summarize i ... | 2020 | 31858488 |
| pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after a single intramuscular injection in large falcons (falco spp.). | voriconazole is one of the main azoles used to treat invasive aspergillosis in falconry raptors and birds. despite the fact that there are studies for oral and intravenous use of voriconazole in birds, there are none for its effect after intramuscular use. empirical use of intramuscular voriconazole in falcons, indicated quicker therapy response than the oral one. aim of this study is to evaluate the in vivo pharmacokinetic disposition of injectable voriconazole after a single intramuscular inje ... | 2020 | 31608415 |
| first detection of cryptosporidium parvum in falcons (falconiformes): diagnosis, molecular sequencing, therapeutic trial and epidemiological assessment of a possible emerging disease in captive falcons. | cryptosporidiosis in raptors and falcons is well-known to be caused by cryptosporidium baileyi and associated mainly with respiratory pathology. this report presents the diagnosis of an atypical cryptosporidiosis event caused by cryptosporidium parvum, that to the authors' knowledge, is a case observed for the first time in falcons. two falcons (gyrfalcon x peregrine hybrids) were presented for annual check without any clinical signs. hematology, biochemistry, fecal and crop parasitology, radiog ... | 2018 | 29559142 |
| prevalence of caryospora species (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in falcons in the united arab emirates. | a total of 3975 fecal samples, originated from the same number of individual birds, from 7 dedicated falcon hospitals, were examined to determine the prevalence of caryospora species in the falcon population used in the sport of falconry in the united arab emirates (uae). from that total, 297 (7.5%) were positive for the presence of caryospora species. the falcons were all captive bred within the uae and abroad, mainly from germany, spain, the united states, and canada. positive samples for the ... | 2017 | 29327954 |
| molecular evidence of infection with air sac nematodes in the great tit (parus major) and the captive-bred gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus). | serratospiculiasis is a parasitic disease caused by filariid nematodes of the genus serratospiculum that parasitise the air sacs of various species of falcons, bald eagles and cooper's hawks around the world. an infection with serratospiculum was recently confirmed in a nonspecific host, the great tit, in slovakia. parasitic material from this host was fixed for molecular analysis. nematode found in the air sacs from a captive-bred gyrfalcon was also stored. analysis of small subunit (18s) ribos ... | 2018 | 30244427 |
| viral shedding of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza a viruses by american robins. | american robins (turdus migratorius) are commonly associated with farmsteads in the united states and have shown previous evidence of exposure to an h5 avian influenza a virus (iav) near a poultry production facility affected by a highly pathogenic (hp) h5 virus in iowa, usa during 2015. we experimentally infected american robins with three clade 2.3.4.4 hp h5 viruses (h5n2 and h5n8). a total of 22/24 american robins shed virus, and all three strains were represented. the highest virus titres sh ... | 2018 | 30014592 |
| predator-prey feedback in a gyrfalcon-ptarmigan system? | specialist predators with oscillating dynamics are often strongly affected by the population dynamics of their prey, yet they are not always the cause of prey cycling. only those that exert strong (delayed) regulation of their prey can be. inferring predator-prey coupling from time series therefore requires contrasting models with top-down versus bottom-up predator-prey dynamics. we study here the joint dynamics of population densities of the icelandic gyrfalcon falco rusticolus, and its prey, t ... | 2018 | 30619555 |
| bayesian stable isotope mixing models effectively characterize the diet of an arctic raptor. | bayesian stable isotope mixing models (bsimms) for δ13 c and δ15 n can be a useful tool to reconstruct diets, characterize trophic relationships, and assess spatiotemporal variation in food webs. however, use of this approach typically requires a priori knowledge on the level of enrichment occurring between the diet and tissue of the consumer being sampled (i.e. a trophic discrimination factor or tdf). trophic discrimination factors derived from captive feeding studies are highly variable, and i ... | 2020 | 33020919 |
| corrigendum: predator-prey feedback in a gyrfalcon-ptarmigan system? | | 2020 | 32983408 |
| corrigendum to "description, occurrence and significance of mycoplasma seminis sp. nov. isolated from semen of a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus)" [vet. microbiol. 247 (2020) 108789]. | | 2020 | 32862970 |
| description, occurrence and significance of mycoplasma seminis sp. nov. isolated from semen of a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus). | the mycoplasma strain arno was isolated from the semen of a clinically healthy gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus). colonies of strain arno grew in fried-egg shape on mycoplasma agar plates (sp4). the organism did not ferment glucose or hydrolyze arginine or urea; hence, organic acids are assumed as energy source. growth was sterol-dependent and optimal growth temperature 42 °c, with a temperature range from 20 to 44 °c. strain arno was not identified as a representative of any of the currently describ ... | 2020 | 32768233 |
| prevalence of caryospora (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) oocysts in the environment of a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) breeding center in the united arab emirates. | a total of 356 gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) fecal, fomite, and environmental samples were collected from a breeding center located in the united arab emirates to assess the prevalence of caryospora species oocysts in the environment. these included 136 samples (38%) from fomites and fecal samples from chicks at 0 to 10 days old, 29 samples (8%) at 15 days old, 23 samples (6%) at 60 days old, 7 samples (2%) at 67 days old, and 24 samples (7%) at 70 days old. in addition, 105 samples (29%) were co ... | 2020 | 32702954 |
| multicentric septic osteomyelitis and arthritis caused by staphylococcus aureus in a gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus). | an adult female gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus) was presented with a right-wing droop and weight loss. radiographic images revealed osteolysis and osseous proliferation of the right shoulder and the mobile vertebra between the notarium and synsacrum. the tentative diagnosis was vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to septic arthritis. the bird did not respond to antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy and represented 10 days later, with feathers soiled with feces, an impacted, dilated cloaca, and an ... | 2019 | 31833309 |
| heterologous prime-boost with a(h5n1) pandemic influenza vaccines induces broader cross-clade antibody responses than homologous prime-boost. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5nx) viruses continue to pose a pandemic threat. us national vaccine stockpiles are a cornerstone of the influenza pandemic preparedness plans. however, continual genetic and antigenic divergence of a(h5nx) viruses requires the development of effective vaccination strategies using stockpiled vaccines and adjuvants for pandemic preparedness. human sera collected from healthy adults who received either homologous (2 doses of a as03a-adjuvanted a/turkey/t ... | 2019 | 31149353 |
| preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of an h5n8 vaccine candidate (idcdc-rg43a) in mouse and ferret models for pandemic preparedness. | because h5n1 influenza viruses continuously threaten the public health, the who has prepared various clades of h5n1 mock-up vaccines as one of the measures for pandemic preparedness. the recent worldwide outbreak of h5nx virus which belongs to clade 2.3.4.4 and of which h5n6 subtype belongs and already caused human infection also increases the need of pandemic vaccine for such novel emerging viruses. in this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an egg-based and inact ... | 2019 | 30502069 |