| location and character of the cellular enzyme that cleaves the hemagglutinin of a virulent avian influenza virus. | h.-d. klenk, w. garten, and r. rott (1984, embo j. 3, 2911-2915) have reported that hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage of virulent avian influenza viruses occurs in later steps of its intracellular transport and that the cleavage enzyme is calcium dependent and has a neutral ph optimum. the precise intracellular location of the ha cleavage, however, has never been established. furthermore, because klenk et al. used the whole cell lysate to examine the cleavage activity and the amino acid sequencing of ... | 1992 | 1529533 |
| virulent avian influenza a viruses: their effect on avian lymphocytes and macrophages in vivo and in vitro. | to investigate the pathogenesis of virulent avian influenza a viruses, the effect of a/turkey/ont/7732/66 (h5n9) (ty/ont), a/tern/south africa/1961 (h5n3) (tern/s.a.) and a/chicken/pennsylvania/1370/83 (h5n2) (ck/penn) on avian lymphoid cell populations was examined in vivo. previous studies have shown that infection of chickens with ty/ont resulted in the extensive destruction of lymphoid tissues. in this study, other virulent avian h5 influenza viruses, tern/s.a. or ck/penn, had little or no e ... | 1989 | 2685173 |
| human-avian influenza virus reassortants: effect of reassortment pattern on multi-cycle reproduction in mdck cells. | human-avian influenza reassortants possessing the ha gene of the avian parent virus were tested for their ability to replicate in mdck cells at 37 degrees c and 31 degrees c. both avian parent viruses, a/duck/ukraine/1/63 (h3n8) and a/duck/hoshimin/014/78 (h5n3) induced an efficient multi-cycle infection at 37 degrees c, but replicated poorly at 31 degrees c, whereas the human parent virus, mdck-adapted variant of a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) strain, replicated efficiently at both temperatures. the reass ... | 1988 | 3214268 |
| isolation of influenza a viruses from migratory waterfowl in san-in district, western japan in the winter of 1983-1984. | certain species of winter migratory waterfowl in san-in district, western japan, were surveyed for influenza virus from november 1983 to march 1984. faeces of the waterfowl were collected regularly at five stations. eleven influenza a viruses including h5n3 and h10n4 subtypes were isolated from 450 faecal samples from whistling swans, 28 viruses including h2n2 and h10n4 subtypes were isolated from 362 faecal samples from pintails; and subtype h13n6 was isolated from 240 faecal samples of black-t ... | 1987 | 3685630 |
| characterization of virulent and avirulent a/chicken/pennsylvania/83 influenza a viruses: potential role of defective interfering rnas in nature. | in april 1983, an influenza virus of low virulence appeared in chickens in pennsylvania. subsequently, in october 1983, the virus became virulent and caused high mortality in poultry. the causative agent has been identified as an influenza virus of the h5n2 serotype. the hemagglutinin is antigenically closely related to tern/south africa/61 (h5n3) and the neuraminidase is similar to that from human h2n2 strains (e.g., a/japan/305/57) and from some avian influenza virus strains (e.g., a/turkey/ma ... | 1985 | 3973976 |
| contact infection of mink with 5 subtypes of avian influenza virus. brief report. | avian influenza viruses of h3n8, h11n4, h7n7, h8n4, and h5n3 infected mink by contact. | 1983 | 6314940 |
| neuropathological studies of chickens infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | central nervous system lesions of chickens inoculated with three highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains, a/chicken/victoria/1/85 (h7n7), a/turkey/england/50-92/91 (h5n1), and a/tern/south africa/61 (h5n3), were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. the chickens either died within 7 days of inoculation or were killed 2 weeks after inoculation. no significant differences were observed in the lesions induced by these three viruses. the lesions were divided into two types, diss ... | 1996 | 8920214 |
| enhanced neuropathogenicity of avian influenza a virus by passages through air sac and brain of chicks. | three-day-old, specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks were inoculated with the strains of influenza a/whistling swan/shimane/ 499/83 (h5n3) via the air sac route. the strains had been passaged through air sacs or air sacs and brains of spf chicks. two experiments were undertaken to examine the pathogenicity of these strains and the development of brain lesions based on time-interval changes. in experiment 1, original strain (4e) showed low pathogenicity with mild respiratory signs and zero mortalit ... | 1997 | 9101471 |
| avian influenza a virus induced stunting syndrome-like disease in chicks. | two-day-old specific-pathogen free chicks were inoculated with type a influenza virus (a/whistling swan/shimane/499/83 (h5n3) through the air sac. inoculated chicks showed mild to severe diarrhea and lesions of pancreatitis and atrophy of the pancreas, thymus and bursa of fabricius. one chick died on each of days 4, 6 and 14 postinoculation (pi). reduced weight gain was conspicuous from day 22 pi. positive immunoreaction to the virus antigen was detected in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, lungs an ... | 1997 | 9101480 |
| evaluation of antibody responses of emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) to avian influenza virus infection. | emu antibody responses to avian influenza virus (aiv) infection were evaluated by the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) and hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests. all birds infected with aiv h5n1, h5n3, or h7n7 developed antinucleoprotein (np) antibodies as early as 7 days postinfection as detected by the c-elisa. the responses lasted 49 days for the emus receiving h5n3 and at least 56 days for emus receiving the other two viruses. by evalu ... | 1998 | 9876845 |
| the surface glycoproteins of h5 influenza viruses isolated from humans, chickens, and wild aquatic birds have distinguishable properties. | in 1997, 18 confirmed cases of human influenza arising from multiple independent transmissions of h5n1 viruses from infected chickens were reported from hong kong. to identify possible phenotypic changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of the h5 viruses during interspecies transfer, we compared the receptor-binding properties and na activities of the human and chicken h5n1 isolates from hong kong and of h5n3 and h5n1 viruses from wild aquatic birds. all h5n1 viruses, including t ... | 1999 | 9882316 |
| a mouse model for the evaluation of pathogenesis and immunity to influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated from humans. | during 1997 in hong kong, 18 human cases of respiratory illness, including 6 fatalities, were caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) viruses. since h5 viruses had previously been isolated only from avian species, the outbreak raised questions about the ability of these viruses to cause severe disease and death in humans. to better understand the pathogenesis and immunity to these viruses, we have used the balb/c mouse model. four h5n1 viruses replicated equally well in the lungs of ... | 1999 | 10364342 |
| avian influenza virus intranasally inoculated infects the central nervous system of mice through the general visceral afferent nerve. | to define the route of influenza virus invasion into the central nervous system (cns), an avian influenza a (h5n3) virus was inoculated into mice intranasally or intravenously. only the intranasal infection group mice showed depression and retention of gas in the digestive system. pathological findings in the animals were bronchointerstitial pneumonia and non-suppurative encephalitis restricted to the brain stem. the nerve nucleus primarily affected was the nucleus of solitary tract. prior to th ... | 2000 | 10664417 |
| pathogenesis of and immunity to avian influenza a h5 viruses. | in 1997 in hong kong, 18 human cases of respiratory illness were caused by an avian influenza a h5n1 virus. although avian influenza viruses had not previously been known to cause respiratory illness in humans, the h5n1 viruses caused severe illness and death, primarily in individuals aged > 12 years. the introduction of h5n1 viruses into humans raised concerns about the potential of these viruses to cause a pandemic. we have used the balb/c mouse to better understand the pathogenesis of and imm ... | 2000 | 10872716 |
| precursor genes of future pandemic influenza viruses are perpetuated in ducks nesting in siberia. | influenza a viruses of different subtypes were isolated from fecal samples of ducks in their nesting areas in siberia in summer from 1996 to 1998. phylogenetic analysis of the np genes of the isolates in siberia and those in hokkaido, japan on their flyway of migration from siberia to the south in autumn revealed that they belong to the eurasian lineage of avian influenza viruses. it is noted that the genes of the isolates in siberia are closely related to those of h5n1 influenza virus strains i ... | 2000 | 10881676 |
| production and evaluation criteria of specific monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of the h7n2 subtype of avian influenza virus. | to enhance the rapidity in diagnosing the spread of avian influenza virus (aiv) in chicken layer flocks, studies were initiated to develop more sensitive and specific immunological and molecular methods for the detection of aiv. in this study, the purification of the hemagglutinin protein (h) from field isolates of h7n2, the production of monoclonal antibodies (mabs), and their evaluation as diagnostic reagents are reported. hybridomas were generated by fusion of sp2/0-ag14 myelomas and spleen c ... | 2000 | 11108449 |
| safety and antigenicity of non-adjuvanted and mf59-adjuvanted influenza a/duck/singapore/97 (h5n3) vaccine: a randomised trial of two potential vaccines against h5n1 influenza. | in 1997, pathogenic avian influenza a/hong kong/97 (h5n1) viruses emerged as a pandemic threat to human beings. a non-pathogenic variant, influenza a/duck/singapore/97 (h5n3), was identified as a leading vaccine candidate. we did an observer-blind, phase i, randomised trial in healthy volunteers to assess safety, tolerability, and antigenicity of mf59-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines. | 2001 | 11425416 |
| detection of influenza a subtypes in community-based surveillance. | a rapid microtitre cell enzyme immuno assay (cell-eia) was developed for the detection of influenza a subtypes in nasopharyngeal(nps) swabs taken for surveillance. during the 1997/1998 influenza season in the united kingdom, cell-eia was compared to cell culture for the detection and typing of influenza a viruses in nps obtained by sentinel general practitioners in community surveillance. the cell eia can also be used to detect different influenza a subtypes (h3n2, h1n1, h5n3, h5n1, h7n7, and h9 ... | 2001 | 11505459 |
| preparation of vaccines against h5n1 influenza. | in response to the pandemic warning provided by the highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus infections in hong kong, there were world-wide attempts to develop vaccines. three strategies were followed and although each was associated with some success, there were also some problems. pre-clinical vaccine efficacy results are presented from one such strategy, that of using an apathogenic h5n3 avian strain for vaccine production. | 2002 | 12110267 |
| experience with the clinical development of influenza vaccines for potential pandemics. | during normal interpandemic influenza seasons, immune responses to vaccines are quite predictable and meet the licensing criteria of the european union (eu) committee for proprietary medicinal products (cpmp). in a pandemic situation, large sections, if not all of the community will be immunologically naïve and therefore new immunisation strategies will be needed. in 1976 and 1977 h1n1 vaccines were prepared and tested clinically. to stimulate 'protective' antibody responses, two doses of vaccin ... | 2002 | 12458360 |
| susceptibility of laughing gulls (larus atricilla) to h5n1 and h5n3 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | this investigation detailed the clinical disease, gross and histologic lesions, and distribution of viral antigen in juvenile laughing gulls (larus atricilla) intranasally inoculated with either the a/tern/south africa/61 (h5n3) (tern/sa) influenza virus or the a/chicken/hong kong/220/97 (h5n1) (chicken/hk) influenza virus, which are both highly pathogenic for chickens. neither morbidity nor mortality was observed in gulls inoculated with either virus within the 14-day investigative period. gros ... | 2002 | 12495048 |
| preparation of a standardized, efficacious agricultural h5n3 vaccine by reverse genetics. | options for the control of emerging and reemerging h5n1 influenza viruses include improvements in biosecurity and the use of inactivated vaccines. commercially available h5n2 influenza vaccine prevents disease signs and reduces virus load but does not completely prevent virus shedding after challenge with h5n1 virus. by using reverse genetics, we prepared an h5n3 vaccine whose hemagglutinin is 99.6% homologous to that of a/ck/hk/86.3/02 (h5n1). we used the internal genes of a/pr/8/34 and the h5 ... | 2003 | 14554086 |
| persistence of viral rna segments in the central nervous system of mice after recovery from acute influenza a virus infection. | one-hundred thirty-seven balb/c mice were intranasally inoculated with neurotropic avian influenza a virus (h5n3). thirty-nine of these mice died within 16 days post-inoculation (pid) and 98 of the mice recovered from the infection. to investigate whether viral antigens and genomes persist in the central nervous system (cns) of recovered mice, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) methods were performed. histopathologically, mild interstitial pneumonia ... | 2003 | 14654295 |
| characterization of recent h5 subtype avian influenza viruses from us poultry. | in the us, the isolation of h5 subtype avian influenza (ai) viruses has been uncommon in commercial chickens and turkeys, although sporadic isolations have been made from the live bird markets or its supply chain since 1986. in 2002, two different outbreaks of h5 ai occurred in commercial chicken or turkey operations. the first occurred in texas and was identified as a h5n3 subtype ai virus. the second outbreak was caused by a h5n2 virus isolated from a turkey farm in california. in this study w ... | 2004 | 15223555 |
| pathogenicity of h5 influenza viruses for ducks. | four h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses and an avirulent reassortant h5n1 virus were tested for their pathogenicity in domestic ducks. a/chicken/yamaguchi/7/04 (h5n1) (ck/yamaguchi/04) isolated from a dead bird during the hpai outbreak in japan and a/duck/yokohama/aq-10/03 (h5n1) (dk/yokohama/03) isolated from duck meat at a quarantine inspection for importation from china replicated in multiple organs including the brain of ducks. the ducks infected with ck/yamaguchi/04 did n ... | 2005 | 15747052 |
| phylogenetic analyses of genes from south african lpai viruses isolated in 2004 from wild aquatic birds suggests introduction by eurasian migrants. | in 2004, south africa experienced its first recorded outbreak of a highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (hpnai) viral strain of the h5n2 subtype in ostriches in the eastern cape province. the traditional ostrich-farming areas in the western cape province report almost yearly outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) in ostriches, which is attributed to introduction by wild birds and certain climatic patterns. during the winter of 2004, lpai h3n8, h4n8, h5n2 and h5n1 avian inf ... | 2006 | 16447511 |
| outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in japan and anti-influenza virus activity of povidone-iodine products. | on january 12, 2004, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by the h5n1 strain, occurred in a one-layer flock in yamaguchi prefecture, japan. it had been 79 years since the last outbreak of avian influenza was confirmed in japan. by february, 3 additional outbreaks had occurred (1 in oita prefecture and 2 in kyoto prefecture). influenza viruses are enveloped viruses and are relatively sensitive to inactivation by lipid solvents, such as detergents. infectivity is also rapidly d ... | 2006 | 16490988 |
| phase i evaluation of intranasal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine with nontoxigenic escherichia coli enterotoxin and novel biovector as mucosal adjuvants, using adult volunteers. | trivalent influenza virus a/duck/singapore (h5n3), a/panama (h3n2), and b/guandong vaccine preparations were used in a randomized, controlled, dose-ranging phase i study. the vaccines were prepared from highly purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from influenza viruses propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and inactivated with formaldehyde. we assigned 100 participants to six vaccine groups, as follows. three intranasally vaccinated groups received 7.5-microg doses of hemagglutinin from eac ... | 2006 | 16641287 |
| the immunogenicity and efficacy against h5n1 challenge of reverse genetics-derived h5n3 influenza vaccine in ducks and chickens. | h5n1 avian influenza viruses are continuing to spread in waterfowl in eurasia and to threaten the health of avian and mammalian species. the possibility that highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza is now endemic in both domestic and migratory birds in eurasia makes it unlikely that culling alone will control h5n1 influenza. because ducks are not uniformly killed by hp h5n1 viruses, they are considered a major contributor to virus spread. here, we describe a reverse genetics-derived high-gro ... | 2006 | 16690097 |
| cross-protectiveness and immunogenicity of influenza a/duck/singapore/3/97(h5) vaccines against infection with a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) virus in ferrets. | ferrets were immunized with two 7- mu g doses of hemagglutinin from inactivated whole-virus vaccines containing the hemagglutinin gene of a/duck/singapore/3/97(h5n3) then inoculated with a lethal dose of a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) (viet/1203/04). serum samples did not react with viet/1203/04 in hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) or virus-neutralization (vn) tests. all vaccinated ferrets survived the challenge, whereas all mock-immunized ferrets died. immunized ferrets had significantly lower virus ti ... | 2006 | 16991078 |
| efficacy of inactivated vaccines against h5n1 avian influenza infection in ducks. | the current asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has spread over much of asia and into europe and africa. as well as affecting village and commercial chicken operations in many south east asian countries, it differs from past h5 avian influenza viruses in that it causes morbidity and mortalities in other domesticated birds, such as ducks and turkeys and in wild water birds. effective vaccines that can prevent infection, as well as disease, and be used in a variety of avian species ... | 2007 | 17028058 |
| [generation high yield vaccine strain wholly derived from avian influenza viruses by reverse genetics]. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) viruses of the h5n1 subtypes caused enormous economical loss to poultry farms in china and southeastern asian countries. the vaccination program is a reliable strategy in controlling the prevalence of these disastrous diseases. the six internal genes of the high-yield influenza virus a/goose/dalian/3/01 (h9n2), the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/goose/hlj/qfy/04 (h5n1) strain, and the neuraminidase gene from a/duck/germany/1215/73 (h2n3) reference strain ... | 2006 | 17037192 |
| [highly pathogenic avian influenza--monitoring of migratory waterfowl]. | since 1979, the group belonging to departments of veterinary microbiology, veterinary public health and the avian zoonoses research centre, faculty of agriculture, tottori university is continuing isolation of avian influenza virus from such migratory waterfowls as whistling swan, pintail and tufted dugs flying from siberia and/or northern china. they have already isolated many interesting influenza viruses. serotype of the isolates is various; some h5 and h7 and human types of viruses were also ... | 2006 | 17037371 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis of artificial glycopolypeptides containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid backbone and their effect on inhibition of infection by influenza viruses. | highly water-soluble, artificial glycopolypeptides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid (gamma-pga) backbone derived from bacillus subtilis sp. and multivalent sialyloligosaccharide units have been chemoenzymatically synthesized as potential polymeric inhibitors of infection by bird and human influenza viruses. 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-n-acetyllactosaminide and 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-lactoside were enzymatically synthesized from lacnac and lactose, respectively, by cellulase-mediated c ... | 2007 | 17129732 |
| detection of h5 avian influenza viruses by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using h5-specific monoclonal antibody. | the unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in asia and europe is threatening animals and public health systems. effective diagnosis and control management are needed to control the disease. to this end, we developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) and implemented an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) to detect the h5 viral antigen. mice immunized with denatured hemagglutinin (ha) ... | 2007 | 17344345 |
| virologic findings in selected free-range mule duck farms at high risk for avian influenza infection. | prevalence of avian influenza infection in free-range mule ducks (a cross between muscovy [cairina moschata domesticus] and pekin ducks [anas platyrhychos domesticus]) is a matter of concern and deserves particular attention. thus, cloacal swabs were collected blindly from 30 targeted mule flocks at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age between october 2004 and january 2005. they were stored until selection. on the basis of a positive h5 antibody detection at 12 wk of age with the use of four h5 antigens, the ... | 2007 | 17494595 |
| influenza virus surveillance in wild birds in italy: results of laboratory investigations in 2003-2005. | following the avian influenza (ai) epidemics occurring in different areas of the world, a surveillance program funded by the italian ministry of health was implemented. in the framework of this program, an investigation of wild birds was carried out to assess the circulation of ai viruses in their natural reservoir. more than 3000 samples, mainly cloacal swabs, were collected from migratory wild birds belonging to the orders anseriformes and charadriiformes. samples were screened by means of a r ... | 2007 | 17494596 |
| effects of homologous and heterologous neuraminidase vaccines in chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. | the 2004 asian h5n1 epizootic outbreak indicates the urgent need for vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus. the manufacture of inactivated whole-virus vaccines from hpai viruses by traditional methods is not feasible for safety reasons as well as technical issues. the low pathogenic avian influenza a/wild bird feces/csm2/02 (h5n3) virus was used as a heterologous neuraminidase vaccine, and hpai a/ck/korea/es/03 (h5n1) virus was used as a homologous neuraminidase vaccine ... | 2007 | 17494612 |
| assessment of the protection afforded by triple baculovirus recombinant coexpressing h5, n3, m1 proteins against a homologous h5n3 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus challenge in muscovy ducks. | in asia, domestic ducks have been shown to play a pivotal role in h5 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus transmission. we have also observed that the same situation may exist for h5 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus. no data are available regarding the protection afforded by commercial inactivated vaccines against h5 lpai virus infection in ducks, and two preliminary experiments using commercial inactivated vaccines gave poor results. virus-like particles (vlps) have been shown ... | 2007 | 17494615 |
| origin of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in china and genetic characterization of donor and recipient viruses. | genetic analysis of all eight genes of two nanchang avian influenza viruses, a/duck/nanchang/1681/92 (h3n8-1681) and a/duck/nanchang/1904/92 (h7n1-1904), isolated from jiangxi province, china, in 1992, showed that six internal genes of h3n8-1681 virus and five internal (except ns gene) genes of h7n1-1904 virus were closely similar to a/goose/guangdong/1/96 (h5n1) virus, the first highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of subtype h5n1 isolated in asia. the neuraminidase (na) gene of gs/gd ... | 2007 | 17947535 |
| development of an antigen-capture elisa for detection of h7 subtype avian influenza from experimentally infected chickens. | emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n1 was due to mutation of low pathogenic avian influenza h7n1 strain, which caused outbreaks in italy between 1999 and 2000, and resulted in complete mortality of infected poultry. this outbreak places increased importance on the early detection of h7n1 aiv. here we describe the development of a detection method for h7n1 virus from infected chickens using a specific antigen-capture-elisa (ac-elisa). a panel of mabs was developed against the surfac ... | 2008 | 17950911 |
| characterization of a newly developed chicken 44k agilent microarray. | the development of microarray technology has greatly enhanced our ability to evaluate gene expression. in theory, the expression of all genes in a given organism can be monitored simultaneously. sequencing of the chicken genome has provided the crucial information for the design of a comprehensive chicken transcriptome microarray. a long oligonucleotide microarray has been manually curated and designed by our group and manufactured using agilent inkjet technology. this provides a flexible and po ... | 2008 | 18237426 |
| protective efficacy of several vaccines against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus under experimental conditions. | although several vaccines have been developed to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype h5n1 'asia' their efficiency has primarily been assessed individually. thus, a direct comparison of their performance is still lacking. the following study was conducted to compare the protective efficacy of three commercially available inactivated vaccines based on influenza virus strains of subtypes h5n2 (vaccine a), h5n9 (vaccine b), and h5n3 (vaccine c), as well as two hemagglutinin ... | 2008 | 18291561 |
| development of vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses. | to establish vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses, a/duck/hokkaido/vac-1/04 (h5n1) [vac-1/04 (h5n1)], a/duck/hokkaido/vac-3/07 (h5n1) [vac-3/07 (h5n1)], and a/duck/hokkaido/ vac-2/04 (h7n7) [vac-2/04 (h7n7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. vac-1/04 (h5n1) and vac-3/07 (h5n1) were generated by genetic reassortment between h5n2 or h5n3 virus as an ha gene provider and h7n1 or h6n1 viruses as an na gene provider. vac-2/04 (h7n7) wa ... | 2008 | 18318111 |
| asparagine 631 variants of the chicken mx protein do not inhibit influenza virus replication in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts or in vitro surrogate assays. | whether chicken mx inhibits influenza virus replication is an important question with regard to strategies aimed at enhancing influenza resistance in domestic flocks. the asn631 polymorphism of the chicken mx protein found in the shamo (shk) chicken line was previously reported to be crucial for the antiviral activity of this highly polymorphic chicken gene. our aims were to determine whether cells from commercial chicken lines containing asn631 alleles were resistant to influenza virus infectio ... | 2008 | 18508886 |
| pathogenesis of pancreatic atrophy by avian influenza a virus infection. | specific-pathogen-free (spf), 2-day-old chicks were inoculated with type a influenza virus (a/whistling swan/shimane/499/83/(h5n3)) into their caudal thoracic air sac. the original isolate of the virus was of low virulence (icpi 0. 20 to 0.40), and was passaged 10 times through the respiratory organs of spf chicks. most of the chicks inoculated with the passaged virus (strain 499) showed respiratory and alimentary signs. three of 30 chicks died on days 2, 6 and 7 post-inoculation (p.i.). almost ... | 1995 | 18645819 |
| experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of eight avian influenza a viruses of h5 subtype for chickens, turkeys, ducks and quail. | clinical signs, death, virus excretion and immune response were measured in 2-week-old chickens, turkeys, quail and ducks infected by intramuscular, intranasal and contact routes with eight influenza viruses of h5 subtype. six of the viruses: a/chicken/scotland/59 (h5n1), ck/scot; a/tern/south africa/61 (h5n3), tern/sa; a/turkey/ontario/ 7732/66 (h5n9); ty/ont; a/chicken/pennsylvania/1370/83 (h5n2); pa/1370; a/turkey/ireland/83 (h5n8); ty/ireland, and a/duck/ireland/ 113/84 (hsn8); dk/ireland, w ... | 1986 | 18766567 |
| protection against mouse and avian influenza a strains via vaccination with a combination of conserved proteins np, m1 and ns1. | experimental data accumulated over more than a decade indicate that cross-strain protection against influenza may be achieved by immunization with conserved influenza proteins. at the same time, the efficacy of immunization schemes designed along these lines and involving internal influenza proteins, mostly np and m1, has not been sufficient. | 2007 | 18784792 |
| h5n1 avian influenza virus induces apoptotic cell death in mammalian airway epithelial cells. | in recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 has raised serious worldwide concern about an influenza pandemic; however, the biology of h5n1 pathogenesis is largely unknown. to elucidate the mechanism of h5n1 pathogenesis, we prepared primary airway epithelial cells from alveolar tissues from 1-year-old pigs and measured the growth kinetics of three avian h5 influenza viruses (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004 [h5n1], a/duck/hong kong/342/78 [h5n2], and a/duck/hong kong/820/80 [h5n3]), th ... | 2008 | 18787012 |
| achievement of avian influenza virus-like particles that could be used as a subunit vaccine against low-pathogenic avian influenza strains in ducks. | infections with h5/h7 low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses are now notifiable because such viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, leading to serious problems for both animal and public health. domestic ducks can play a crucial role in the transmission of h5 lpai viruses to other poultry. although prime boost vaccination using, respectively, a recombinant vaccine and an inactivated vaccine was shown to be protective in ducks against h5n1 highly pathogenic avia ... | 2008 | 18798027 |
| efficient capture of infectious h5 avian influenza virus utilizing magnetic beads coated with anionic polymer. | the possible emergence of a pandemic influenza virus from the avian influenza virus (aiv) has become a serious threat. the isolation of viruses will be crucial for further virological analysis and the development of vaccines. however, currently, there is no simple method for facilitating the isolation of infectious aiv. here, we have developed a simple method of capturing aiv using anionic magnetic beads. the method employed the capture of aiv (h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3) from liquid samples such as a ... | 2008 | 18823941 |
| detection of circulating asian h5n1 viruses by a newly established monoclonal antibody. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recently emerged asian h5n1 virus (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004) were generated. from five anti-hemagglutinin (ha) mabs, four antibodies (3c11, 4c12, 3h12, and 3h4) broadly in vitro recognized and neutralized h5 subtypes, including h5n1. by contrast, the 4g6 mab specifically reacted with h5n1-ha and not with h5n2- or h5n3-has from previous epidemics. the 4g6 mab was useful for immunofluorescence assays but not for immunoblotting, suggesting that this antibody rec ... | 2009 | 19010309 |
| antiviral activities of heated dolomite powder. | the effect of the heating conditions of dolomite powder on its antiviral activity was studied against the h5n3 avian influenza virus. calcium oxide (cao) and magnesium oxide (mgo), obtained by the thermal decomposition of dolomite above 800 degrees c, were shown to have strong antiviral activity, but the effect was lessened when the heating temperature exceeded 1400 degrees c. simultaneous measurement of the crystallite size suggested that the weakening of the activity was due to the considerabl ... | 2008 | 19127652 |
| [infection of pigs with influenza a/h4 and a/h5 viruses isolated from wild birds on the territory of russia]. | pigs were intranasally infected with avian influenza a/h5 (h5n1, h5n3) and a/h4 (h4n6, h4n8) viruses in mono- and coinfection. infection with both apathogenic and pathogenic strains caused no clinical manifestations. a virus and/or fragments of its genome retained in nasopharyngeal fluid as long as 6-8 days after infection. during monoinfection, the structure of the hemagglutinin (ha) receptor site of isolates from the pigs infected with a/h5n1 strains (a/chicken/kurgan/3/2005, a/duck/russia/535 ... | 2008 | 19172904 |
| [differential incorporation of genomic segments into the influenza a virus reassortants in mixed infection]. | the gene composition of the viral population obtained via mixed infection of embryonated chick eggs with influenza viruses at a high multiplicity of infection was analyzed. in mixed infection caused by influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/duck/czechoslovakia/56 (h4n6) viruses, the population showed a preponderance of the reassortants whose content of genomic segments originating from either of the parent virus deviated strongly from the random pattern: the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) v ... | 2009 | 19253723 |
| molecular design of spacer-n-linked sialoglycopolypeptide as polymeric inhibitors against influenza virus infection. | a series of spacer-n-linked glycopolymers carrying long/short α2,3/6 sialylated glycan were designed as polymeric inhibitors of influenza virus. lactose (lac) and n-acetyllactosamine (ln: galβ1,4glcnac) were first converted to spacer-n-linked disaccharide glycosides, followed by consecutive enzymatic addition of glcnac and gal residues to the glycosides. the resulting spacer-n-linked glycosides with di-, tetra-, and hexasaccharides carrying a lac, ln, lacto-n-neotetraose (lnnt: galβ1,4glcnacβ1,3 ... | 2009 | 19438195 |
| field assessment of an h5n1 inactivated vaccine in chickens and ducks in lao pdr. | despite the extensive use of poultry vaccines to control the spread of h5n1 influenza in poultry, h5n1 outbreaks continue to occur in domestic birds. our objective was to determine the duration of the neutralizing antibody response under field conditions after vaccination with a laboratory-tested inactivated reverse genetics-derived h5n3 vaccine. h5n3 hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and virus neutralization (vn) antibodies were observed 40 weeks after vaccination of chickens with two doses and ... | 2009 | 19458904 |
| molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, isolated from food products imported into singapore. | we have completed the genetic characterization of all eight gene segments for four low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of novel signatures that may serve as early warning indicators of the conversion of lpai viruses to high pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. this study included three h5n2 and one h5n3 viruses that were isolated from live poultry imported into singapore as part of the national avian influenza virus (aiv) su ... | 2009 | 19464126 |
| preliminary study for evaluation of avian influenza virus inactivation in contaminated poultry products using electron beam irradiation. | spread of avian influenza is associated with movement of infected poultry and poultry products, and, as a result, strict international trade restrictions are in place. in addition, the possibility of transmission of avian influenza virus (aiv) strains to mammalian species by the consumption or handling of infected poultry, although a rare occurrence, is an important trade concern. traditional methods for poultry product decontamination, such as thermal processing, are effective in inactivating a ... | 2009 | 19468943 |
| replication and pathogenesis associated with h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks. | a comparative study examining replication and disease pathogenesis associated with low-pathogenic h5n1, h5n2, or h5n3 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection of chickens and ducks was performed. the replication and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) has received substantial attention; however, the behavior of low-pathogenic aivs, which serve as precursors to hpaivs, has received less attention. thus, chickens or ducks were inoculated with an isolate from a wild bird [a/mute swan/mi/4510 ... | 2009 | 19575275 |
| mucoadhesive liposomes for intranasal immunization with an avian influenza virus vaccine in chickens. | the aim of this study was to characterize a nasally delivered bioadhesive liposome using an inactivated h5n3 virus as a model antigen. bioadhesive liposomes were developed using tremella (t) or xanthan gum (xg) as the bioadhesive polysaccharide. using chickens as the target animal, we evaluated whether delivery of a bioadhesive liposomal influenza vaccine via a mucosal site of infection could improve vaccine effectiveness. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl) ... | 2009 | 19608270 |
| surveillance for high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states, 2006-2007. | in 2006 the u.s. department of agriculture, u.s. department of interior, and cooperating state fish and wildlife agencies began surveillance for high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states. this surveillance effort was highly integrated in california, oregon, washington, idaho, nevada, arizona, utah, and western montana, with collection of samples coordinated with state agencies. sampling focused on live wild birds, hunter-killed ... | 2009 | 19630228 |
| mechanisms of the action of povidone-iodine against human and avian influenza a viruses: its effects on hemagglutination and sialidase activities. | influenza virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality and has marked social and economic impacts throughout the world. the influenza surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), act cooperatively to support efficient influenza a virus replication and provide the most important targets for anti-influenza chemotherapy. in this study, povidone-iodine (pvp-i), which has a broad-spectrum microbicidal property, was examined for its inhibitory effects against influen ... | 2009 | 19678928 |
| identification of differentially expressed mirnas in chicken lung and trachea with avian influenza virus infection by a deep sequencing approach. | micrornas (mirnas) play critical roles in a wide spectrum of biological processes and have been shown to be important effectors in the intricate host-pathogen interaction networks. avian influenza virus (aiv) not only causes significant economic losses in poultry production, but also is of great concern to human health. the objective of this study was to identify mirnas associated with aiv infections in chickens. | 2009 | 19891781 |
| phylogeny and genotyping of recent avian low-pathogenic h5 subtype influenza viruses from french ducks. | h5 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) has the potential to become highly pathogenic and to cause serious problems in animal and public health. aiv surveillance and characterization in both wild and domestic species is therefore necessary. in order to acquire molecular information and to identify possible reassortments in french viruses, we analysed the entire genome of five h5n3, three h5n2 and two h5n1 lpaiv, isolated in france between 2002 and 2008 mostly from captive ducks (free-ran ... | 2010 | 20016038 |
| highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus induces extracellular ca2+ influx, leading to apoptosis in avian cells. | in this study, we show that the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/crow/kyoto/53/04 and a/chicken/egypt/cl6/07) induced apoptosis in duck embryonic fibroblasts (def). in contrast, apoptosis was reduced among cells infected with low-pathogenic aivs (a/duck/hk/342/78 [h5n2], a/duck/hk/820/80 [h5n3], a/wigeon/osaka/1/01 [h7n7], and a/turkey/wisconsin/1/66 [h9n2]). thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by h5n1-aiv infection. caspase-dependent and -ind ... | 2010 | 20053741 |
| [hemagglutination inhibition test for retrospective diagnosis of avian influenza in mammals]. | to compare usage of native and formalinized erythrocytes from different animal species in hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test for detection of level of specific antibodies to h5n1 influenza virus in sera of mammals. | 2009 | 20063797 |
| characterization and evaluation of avian influenza ns1 mutant virus as a potential live and killed diva (differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals) vaccine for chickens. | influenza virus encoded ns1 protein is considered a virulence factor due to its ability to block cellular interferon pathway. several studies have shown the potential use of ns1 mutant viruses as vaccines to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals (diva), and the lack of antibodies against ns1 has been proposed as a diva marker. in the present study we characterized an ns1 mutant virus (h5n3/ns1/144), evaluated its potential use as a live vaccine candidate and its ability to revert to vir ... | 2010 | 20064474 |
| binding of sulphatide to recombinant haemagglutinin of influenza a virus produced by a baculovirus protein expression system. | association of sulphatide with influenza a virus (iav) haemagglutinin (ha) delivered to the cell surface promotes progeny virus production. however, it is not known whether there is direct binding of ha to sulphatide. in this study, we found that recombinant ha, which was produced by a baculovirus protein expression system from the ha gene of a/duck/hk/313/4/78 (h5n3), bound to sulphatide in a dose-dependent manner and that the binding was inhibited by a specific antibody. our results indicate t ... | 2010 | 20145020 |
| avian influenza virus and paramyxovirus isolation from migratory waterfowl and shorebirds in san-in district of western japan from 2001 to 2008. | surveillance of avian influenza virus and paramyxovirus in migratory waterfowl and shorebirds was conducted in the san-in district of western japan from the winter of 2001 to 2008. from 4,335 fecal samples from wild birds, 41 avian influenza viruses of 12 different ha and na combinations, including two h5n3 strains, and 13 avian paramyxoviruses were isolated. phylogenetic analysis of ha genes revealed that h5n3 strains clustered in a different branch from the recent highly pathogenic h5n1 isolat ... | 2010 | 20215717 |
| validation of egg yolk antibody based c-elisa for avian influenza surveillance in breeder duck. | active surveillance for avian influenza virus (aiv) has expanded from chicken to various poultry species including duck. to further effective antibody screening in laying breeder ducks, we validated the egg yolk antibody as alternative source to serum for aiv antibody. sera and eggs were collected at weekly intervals after two types of aiv vaccination, h5n3 and h9n2. the antibody levels were determined by an agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and the com ... | 2010 | 20227200 |
| surveillance and characterization of low pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild migratory birds in korea. | migratory waterfowls are the natural reservoir of influenza a viruses. however, interspecies transmission had occasionally caused outbreaks in various hosts including humans. to characterize the genetic origins of h5 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in south korea, phylogenetic analysis were conducted. a total of 53 h5 viruses were isolated between october 2005 and november 2008. full genetic characterization indicated that most of these viruses belong to the eurasian-like a ... | 2010 | 20227447 |
| summary of avian influenza activity in europe, asia, and africa, 2006-2009. | events during the period extending from 2006 to 2009 have been overshadowed by the ongoing panzootic with h5n1 (highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza [hpnai]), which has afflicted 63 countries and three continents (africa, asia, and europe) during the review period. two countries, indonesia and egypt, have formally declared the disease endemic to the world organisation for animal health, while others have used a variety of approaches aimed at containment, control, and eradication. these a ... | 2010 | 20521631 |
| presence of serum antibodies to influenza a subtypes h5 and n1 in swans and ibises in french wetlands, irrespective of highly pathogenic h5n1 natural infection. | highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza a viruses (aivs) subtype h5n1 (subclade 2.2) were detected in wild birds during outbreaks in france during winter 2006 and summer 2007 in la dombes wetlands (eastern france) and in moselle wetlands (northeastern france), respectively. blood samples from apparently healthy wild birds were collected in 2006 and 2007 from the end of the outbreak to several weeks after the influenza a outbreak inside and outside the contaminated areas, and in 2008 outside the c ... | 2010 | 20521685 |
| a highly sensitive immuno-pcr assay for detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | with an aim at detecting the ultra-low concentration of avian influenza virus (aiv), a highly sensitive hybrid assay based on immunology and polymerase chain reaction was developed. the topyield microtiter plates were coated with ten-fold serial dilutions of h5n1 subtype aiv ranging from 10 eid(50 )ml(-1)~10(-4) eid(50) ml(-1),which was recognized by mouse anti-aiv h5 monoclonal antibody (mab) that was directly linked with reporter dna using a heterobifunctional cross-linker. after extensive was ... | 2011 | 20862550 |
| development and validation of a commercial real-time nasba assay for the rapid confirmation of influenza a h5n1 virus in clinical samples. | a real-time nasba assay for the specific confirmation of influenza a h5n1 infection was developed and evaluated using proficiency panels distributed to the uk influenza network of laboratories and clinical samples received through the chinese national influenza centre in beijing. the aim of the proficiency panels was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the assay on a range of influenza virus types and subtypes including different clades of influenza a h5 viruses. the assay was then e ... | 2010 | 20863852 |
| effects of tremella-alginate-liposome encapsulation on oral delivery of inactivated h5n3 vaccine. | in this study, we evaluated a system for oral vaccine delivery, consisting of liposomes coated first with a layer of tremella and then with an outer layer of acid-induced alginate. in vitro release studies showed that the triple layer of alginate-tremella-liposomes was more resistant to an acidic ph and modulated the release profiles at an alkaline ph. transepithelial electrical resistance (teer) studies revealed that liposomes or tremella-coated liposomes were able to open tight junctions of th ... | 2010 | 20945970 |
| development of a novel rapid immunochromatographic test specific for the h5 influenza virus. | three anti-h5 influenza virus monoclonal antibody (mab) clones, ifh5-26, ifh5-115 and ifh5-136, were obtained by immunising a balb/c mouse with inactivated a/duck/hokkaido/vac-1/04 (h5n1). these mabs were found to recognise specifically the haemagglutinin (ha) epitope of the influenza h5 subtypes by western blotting with recombinant has; however, these mabs have no neutralising activity for a/duck/hokkaido/84/02 (h5n3) or a/puerto ric/8/34 (h1n1). each epitope of these mabs was a conformational ... | 2011 | 21335030 |
| comprehensive serological analysis of two successive heterologous vaccines against h5n1 avian influenza virus in exotic birds in zoos. | in 2005, european commission directive 2005/744/ec allowed controlled vaccination against avian influenza (ai) virus of valuable avian species housed in zoos. in 2006, 15 spanish zoos and wildlife centers began a vaccination program with a commercial inactivated h5n9 vaccine. between november 2007 and may 2008, birds from 10 of these centers were vaccinated again with a commercial inactivated h5n3 vaccine. during these campaigns, pre- and postvaccination samples from different bird orders were t ... | 2011 | 21430124 |
| ammonia disinfection of hatchery waste for elimination of single-stranded rna viruses. | hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertiliser or as substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. this study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. i ... | 2011 | 21515734 |
| evaluation of several adjuvants in avian influenza vaccine to chickens and ducks. | the effects of three different adjuvants, mineral oil, montanideôäó isa 70m vg, and montanideôäó isa 206 vg, were evaluated on reverse genetics h5n3 avian influenza virus cell cultured vaccine. the immune results of spf chickens after challenging with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus demonstrated that mineral oil adjuvant group and 70m adjuvant group provided 100% protection efficiency, but 206 adjuvant group provided only 40%. statistical analysis indicated that the protection eff ... | 2011 | 21703008 |
| genetic characterization of h7n2 influenza virus isolated from pigs. | because pigs have respiratory epitheliums which express both +¦2-3 and +¦2-6 linked sialic acid as receptors to influenza a viruses, they are regarded as mixing vessel for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through genetic reassortment. a h7n2 influenza virus (a/swine/ku/16/2001) was isolated from pig lungs collected from the slaughterhouse. all eight genes of the influenza virus were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis indicated that a/swine/ku/16/2001 originated in hong kong and gene ... | 2011 | 21741185 |
| avian influenza viruses infect primary human bronchial epithelial cells unconstrained by sialic acid +¦2,3 residues. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) are an important emerging threat to public health. it is thought that sialic acid (sia) receptors are barriers in cross-species transmission where the binding preferences of aiv and human influenza viruses are sias +¦2,3 versus +¦2,6, respectively. in this study, we show that a normal fully differentiated, primary human bronchial epithelial cell model is readily infected by low pathogenic h5n1, h5n2 and h5n3 aiv, which primarily bind to sia +¦2,3 moieties, and repli ... | 2011 | 21731666 |
| Multiyear surveillance of influenza A virus in wild birds in Portugal. | This report presents the results of a multiyear (2005 to 2009) study of avian influenza virus (AIV) occurrence in wild birds in Portugal. A total of 5691 samples from wild birds belonging to 13 different orders were examined. Ninety-three samples tested positive for AIV by matrix reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, giving a total prevalence of 1.63%. Twenty-one viruses were successfully cultured in embryonated chicken eggs, which represent a rate of viral infectivity of 22.6% in the ... | 2011 | 22107094 |
| inactivation of high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus h5 subtypes by copper ions incorporated in zeolite-textile materials. | the effect of cotton textiles containing cu(2+) held by zeolites (cuzeo-textile) on the inactivation of h5 subtype viruses was examined. allantoic fluid (af) containing a virus (af virus) (0.1ml) was applied to the textile (3×3-cm), and incubated for a specific period at ambient temperature. after each incubation, 0.9ml of culture medium was added followed by squeezing to recover the virus into the medium. the recovered virus was titrated using madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells or 10-day-ol ... | 2011 | 22179064 |
| Genetic characterization of low pathogenic H5N1 and co-circulating avian influenza viruses in wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in Belgium, 2008. | As part of a long-term wild bird monitoring programme, five different low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from wild mallards (subtypes H1N1, H4N6, H5N1, H5N3, and H10N7). A LP H5N1 and two co-circulating (same location, same time period) viruses were selected for full genome sequencing. An H1N1 (A/Anas platyrhynchos/Belgium/09-762/2008) and an H5N1 virus (A/Anas platyrhynchos/Belgium/09-762-P1/2008) were isolated on the same day in November 2008, then an H5N3 virus ( ... | 2011 | 22107096 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of sialic acid derivatives containing a long hydrophobic chain at the anomeric position and their c-5 linked polymers as potent influenza virus inhibitors. | conversions of the c-5 acetamide group in sialic acid into two kinds of cc double bond substituents were accomplished under shotten-baumann conditions. the polymerizable glycomonomers also contain a hydrophobic chain or hydroxyl group at the anomeric position. radical polymerizations of the fully protected glycomonomers were carried out with acryl amide in the presence of ammonium persulfate (aps) and n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine (temed), followed by deprotection to furnish water-soluble ... | 2012 | 22100261 |
| avian influenza in north america, 2009-2011. | all reports of avian influenza virus infections in poultry and isolations from wild bird species in canada, the united states, and mexico between 2009 and 2011 involved low pathogenic avian influenza. all three countries reported outbreaks of low pathogenic notifiable avian influenza in poultry during this period. the reports involved outbreaks of h5n2 among commercial turkeys in canada in 2009 and 2010; outbreaks of h5n3 in turkeys in 2009, h5n2 in chickens in 2010, h7n3 in turkeys in 2011, and ... | 2012 | 23402102 |
| genetic analysis of avian influenza viruses: cocirculation of avian influenza viruses with allele a and b nonstructural gene in northern pintail (anas acuta) ducks wintering in japan. | the pandemic influenza virus strains of 1918 (h1n1), 1957 (h2n2), 1968 (h3n2), and 2009 (h1n1) have genes related to avian influenza viruses (aivs). the nonstructural (ns) gene of aivs plays a significant role in host-viral interaction. however, little is known about the degree of diversity of this gene in northern pintail (anas acuta) ducks wintering in japan. this study describes characteristics of pintail-originated h1n1, h1n2, h1n3, h5n2, h5n3, h5n9, and h7n7 viruses. most of the viruses wer ... | 2012 | 23320157 |
| detection method for avian influenza viruses in water. | recent events have shown that humans may become infected with some pathogenic avian influenza a viruses (aiv). since soil and water, including lakes, rivers, and seashores, may be contaminated by aiv excreted by birds, effective methods are needed for monitoring water for emerging viruses. combining water filtration with molecular methods such as pcr is a fast and effective way for detecting viruses. the objective of this study was to apply a convenient method for the detection of aiv in natural ... | 2011 | 23412765 |
| influenza a viruses from wild birds in guatemala belong to the north american lineage. | the role wild bird species play in the transmission and ecology of avian influenza virus (aiv) is well established; however, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the worldwide distribution of these viruses, specifically about the prevalence and/or significance of aiv in central and south america. as part of an assessment of the ecology of aiv in guatemala, we conducted active surveillance in wild birds on the pacific and atlantic coasts. cloacal and tracheal swab samples taken from ... | 2012 | 22427902 |
| antiviral responses by swine primary bronchoepithelial cells are limited compared to human bronchoepithelial cells following influenza virus infection. | swine generate reassortant influenza viruses because they can be simultaneously infected with avian and human influenza; however, the features that restrict influenza reassortment in swine and human hosts are not fully understood. type i and iii interferons (ifns) act as the first line of defense against influenza virus infection of respiratory epithelium. to determine if human and swine have different capacities to mount an antiviral response the expression of ifn and ifn-stimulated genes (isg) ... | 2013 | 23875024 |
| inactivation of pathogenic viruses by plant-derived tannins: strong effects of extracts from persimmon (diospyros kaki) on a broad range of viruses. | tannins, plant-derived polyphenols and other related compounds, have been utilized for a long time in many fields such as the food industry and manufacturing. in this study, we investigated the anti-viral effects of tannins on 12 different viruses including both enveloped viruses (influenza virus h3n2, h5n3, herpes simplex virus-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, sendai virus and newcastle disease virus) and non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus, coxsachievirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, feline calicivirus ... | 2013 | 23372851 |
| preparation of monopegylated cyanovirin-n's derivative and its anti-influenza a virus bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. | influenza a virus (iav) has been raising public health and safety concerns worldwide. cyanovirin-n (cvn) is a prominent anti-iav candidate, but both cytotoxicity and immunogenicity have hindered the development of this protein as a viable therapy. in this article, linker-cvn (lcvn) with a flexible and hydrophilic polypeptide at the n-terminus was efficiently produced from the cytoplasm of escherichia coli at a >15-l scale. pegylation at the n-terminal α-amine of lcvn was also reformed as 20 kda ... | 2015 | 25713409 |
| a novel reassortant h2n3 influenza virus isolated from china. | to analyze the genetic composition of a novel h2n3 virus isolate identified from a duck cage swab in a live poultry market (lpm) in 2009 in guangdong province of china. | 2014 | 24758752 |
| is there a relation between genetic or social groups of mallard ducks and the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses? | we investigated the circulation dynamics of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) in the mallard (anas platyrhynchos) reservoir in italy. in particular, we evaluated the temporal distribution of virologic findings by combining virus isolation data with a new population genetic-based study approach. thus, during 11 consecutive sampling periods (wintering periods between 1993/94 and 2003/04), categorised into 40 sampling sub-periods, cloacal swab samples were collected from 996 wild and ... | 2014 | 24690373 |
| rapid detection of avian influenza virus h5n1 in chicken tracheal samples using an impedance aptasensor with gold nanoparticles for signal amplification. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 is a continuous threat to public health and poultry industry. the recurrence of the h5n1 led us to develop a robust, specific, and rapid detection method for the virus. in this study, an impedance aptasensor was developed for the virus detection using specific h5n1 aptamer and a gold interdigitated microelectrode. streptavidin was immobilized on the microelectrode surface and biotin labeled h5n1 aptamer was bound to the immobilized streptavidin. the m ... | 2016 | 27452670 |
| genedia multi influenza ag rapid test for detection and h1, h3, and h5 subtyping of influenza viruses. | rapid identification and subtype determination of influenza virus is important in managing infected patients. rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) are widely used in this manner, but most can only detect influenza a and b viruses without subtyping. a new ridt, genedia multi influenza ag rapid test (genedia), was developed for detection of influenza a and b viruses and also subtyping of influenza a to h1, h3, h5 which has not been possible with other ridts. | 2015 | 26540461 |
| inhibition of reactive oxygen species production ameliorates inflammation induced by influenza a viruses via upregulation of socs1 and socs3. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection is associated with severe mortality in both humans and poultry. the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and immunity are poorly understood although recent evidence suggests that cytokine/chemokine dysregulation contributes to disease severity following h5n1 infection. influenza a virus infection causes a rapid influx of inflammatory cells, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species production, cytokine expression, and acute lung injury. proinf ... | 2015 | 25520513 |
| rapid and quantitative detection of zoonotic influenza a virus infection utilizing coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (fict). | great efforts have been made to develop robust signal-generating fluorescence materials which will help in improving the rapid diagnostic test (rdt) in terms of sensitivity and quantification. in this study, we developed coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (fict) assay with enhanced sensitivity as a quantitative diagnostic tool in typical rdt environments. the accuracy of the proposed fict was compared with that of dot blot immunoassay techniques and con ... | 2014 | 25285172 |