| the isolation of influenza virus from chickens in israel and studies on its antigenic relationships with other native isolates of the same antigenicity by means of monoclonal antibodies. | a hemagglutinating (ha) agent isolated from an outbreak of a respiratory disease in a kibbutz broiler farm was identified as influenza virus a/chicken/degania, israel/80(h7n2). investigation using a panel of 5 monoclonal antibodies against h7 antigenic subtype has shown substantial difference of the isolate from the other h7-containing influenza viruses isolated in israel. antigenic relationships between the native h7-containing strains revealed by means of the monoclonal antibodies led to re-ev ... | 1987 | 3621885 |
| update on molecular epidemiology of h1, h5, and h7 influenza virus infections in poultry in north america. | avian influenza is endemic in wild birds in north america, and the virus routinely has been transmitted from this reservoir to poultry. influenza, once introduced into poultry, can become endemic within the poultry population. it may be successfully eradicated by human intervention, or the virus may fail to successfully spread on its own. in the last 5 yr, influenza virus has been isolated from poultry in the united states on numerous occasions, and, with the use of molecular epidemiology, the r ... | 2003 | 14575082 |
| validation of egg yolk antibody testing as a method to determine influenza status in white leghorn hens. | determination of the avian influenza (ai) status of a flock has traditionally been done by detection of serum antibodies. however, for many diseases, detection of antibodies in egg yolk has been effective in monitoring the disease status of laying flocks. this study compared the utility of egg yolk vs. serum for determining ai status in laying hen flocks. specific-pathogen-free white leghorn hens were inoculated via the respiratory tract with a low-pathogenic h7n2 ai virus or sterile allantoic f ... | 2003 | 14575141 |
| the effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time rt-pcr. | an avian influenza (ai) real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) test was previously shown to be a rapid and sensitive method to identify ai virus-infected birds in live-bird markets (lbms). the test can also be used to identify avian influenza virus (aiv) from environmental samples. consequently, the use of rrt-pcr was being considered as a component of the influenza eradication program in the lbms to assure that each market was properly cleaned and disinfected before ... | 2003 | 14575118 |
| survival of avian influenza virus h7n2 in spf chickens and their environments. | the survival or clearance of the avian influenza virus (aiv) of subtype h7n2 in its chicken host was evaluated using experimentally infected specific pathogen free (spf) chickens of different age groups. birds of different ages were successfully infected with infectious doses ranging between 10(4.7) and 10(5.7) eld50 per bird. in infected birds, the infective virus was undetectable usually by the third week following exposure. the infectivity or inactivation time of the h7n2 aiv in various envir ... | 2003 | 14575104 |
| molecular and biological characteristics of h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses in live-bird markets of the northeastern united states, 1994-2001. | surveillance for h5 and h7 subtypes of avian influenza virus (aiv) in the live-bird markets (lbms) of the northeastern united states has been in effect since 1986 when the markets were first recognized as a potential reservoir for aiv. long-term maintenance of aiv in the lbm system has been documented. however, little is known about the influence of successive cycles of replication in unnatural avian hosts (gallinaceous birds) on the genetics of the virus, especially in the region of the hemaggl ... | 2003 | 14575083 |
| generation of reassortant influenza vaccines by reverse genetics that allows utilization of a diva (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) strategy for the control of avian influenza. | vaccination of poultry with inactivated influenza vaccine can be an effective tool in the control of avian influenza (ai). one major concern of using inactivated vaccine is vaccine-induced antibody interference with serologic surveillance and epidemiology. in the united states, low pathogenicity h5 and h7 subtype ai viruses have caused serious economic losses in the poultry industry. most of these viruses also have the accompanying n2 subtype and no h5n1 or h7n8 subtype ai viruses have been iden ... | 2004 | 15297071 |
| summary of the 2001-02 pennsylvania h7n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in meat type chickens. | h7n2 low-pathogenicity (lp) avian influenza (ai) virus was isolated from chickens submitted to the pennsylvania animal diagnostic laboratory system on december 4 and 5, 2001. the cases were from two broiler breeder flocks in central pennsylvania that had clinical signs of an acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease. seroconversion to ai virus was detected on follow-up sampling. subsequently, h7n2 lpai virus was isolated in five different broiler flock cases submitted between december 14, 200 ... | 2003 | 14575069 |
| avian influenza vaccination in north america: strategies and difficulties. | vaccination with high quality efficacious vaccines that are properly delivered can contribute to the control of avian influenza (ai) outbreaks when used as part of a comprehensive control programme that includes quarantines, animal movement controls, increased biosecurity, enhanced surveillance, and education. in north america both whole virus killed adjuvanted vaccines and fowlpox recombinant vaccines have been used to aid in the control of ai. the fowlpox recombinant vaccine is licensed in sev ... | 2006 | 16447502 |
| avian influenza in the western hemisphere including the pacific islands and australia. | between 1997 and 2001, there was one report of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in the western hemisphere and pacific basin. in 1997, in new south wales, australia, an outbreak caused by avian influenza (ai) virus subtype h7n4 involved both chickens and emus. all other reports of infections in poultry and isolations from wild bird species in the region pertained to low pathogenicity (lp) ai virus. animal health officials in canada reported isolations of subtypes h1, h6, h7, and h10 from ... | 2003 | 14575067 |
| a longitudinal study of a novel dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of avian influenza virus. | a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been developed that detected the epitopes specifically associated with avian influenza virus (aiv). the dot-elisa detected the antigens of aiv directly from clinical and field specimens. data obtained from experimentally aiv-infected specific-pathogen-free chickens and also the 2001/02 aiv outbreak of serotype h7n2 positive flocks in pennsylvania indicated that the mean sensitivity (se) of the dot-elisa ranged be ... | 2003 | 12887195 |
| avian influenza virus subtypes inside and outside the live bird markets, 1993-2000: a spatial and temporal relationship. | between 1993 and 2000, gallinaceous birds, waterfowl, and environmental specimens from the live bird markets (lbms) of the northeastern united states and non-lbm premises were tested for the presence of avian influenza virus (aiv), pathogenic properties of aiv subtypes, especially of hemagglutinin (h) subtypes h5 and h7, and a possible association between lbm and non-lbm infections. ten h subtypes of aiv were isolated from the lbm specimens: h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7, h9, h10, and h11. during t ... | 2002 | 12061638 |
| production and evaluation criteria of specific monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of the h7n2 subtype of avian influenza virus. | to enhance the rapidity in diagnosing the spread of avian influenza virus (aiv) in chicken layer flocks, studies were initiated to develop more sensitive and specific immunological and molecular methods for the detection of aiv. in this study, the purification of the hemagglutinin protein (h) from field isolates of h7n2, the production of monoclonal antibodies (mabs), and their evaluation as diagnostic reagents are reported. hybridomas were generated by fusion of sp2/0-ag14 myelomas and spleen c ... | 2000 | 11108449 |
| evaluation of disinfectants with the addition of antifreezing compounds against nonpathogenic h7n2 avian influenza virus. | in the winter of 1997 and 1998, in the midst of the h7n2 avian influenza outbreak in pennsylvania, producers added antifreeze or windshield washer fluid to disinfectant solutions in wash stations to prevent freezing. the purpose of this study was to determine if the addition of these products to the disinfectant solutions would have deleterious effects. four disinfectants (two phenols, one quarternary ammonium, and one combination product: quarternary ammonium and formaldehyde) and one sodium hy ... | 1999 | 10494424 |
| characteristics of h7n2 (nonpathogenic) avian influenza virus infections in commercial layers, in pennsylvania, 1997-98. | between january 1997 and march 1998, 11 cases of h7n2 avian influenza (nonpathogenic) were diagnosed at the laboratory of avian medicine and pathology, kenneth square, pa. these cases involved either commercial leghorn laying hens or leghorn pullets raised in pennsylvania. grossly and histologically, the most striking lesion associated with disease was salpingitis, usually with edema and occasionally with oviduct necrosis. fluid, fibrinous, and egg yolk material in the peritoneum (egg yolk perit ... | 1999 | 10216772 |
| economic analysis of an outbreak of avian influenza, 1997-1998. | to determine economic losses associated with an outbreak of avian influenza in flocks in pennsylvania during 1997 and 1998. | 1999 | 10212675 |
| development and evaluation of an influenza virus subtype h7n2 vaccine candidate for pandemic preparedness. | influenza virus of the h7n2 subtype has been introduced into noncommercial poultry in the united states, and this probably resulted in incidents of transmission of h7n2 virus to humans, documented in 2002 and 2003. this virus could be considered a potential threat to public health if it acquired person-to-person transmissibility. a favored approach for global pandemic preparedness includes development of prepandemic vaccines for any potential pandemic virus. to this end, we created a high-growth ... | 2007 | 17913860 |
| comparison of an antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay with virus isolation for avian influenza from field samples. | the standard tests used to detect avian influenza (ai) viral infection include virus isolation from tissues of the infected birds and the detection of ai antibody in blood or egg yolk. a new application of an existing human test to rapidly detect the presence of any influenza a virus is now possible. a commercially available antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay (ac-eia), developed for the detection of influenza a in humans was tested for relative sensitivity and specificity and for speed of use in ... | 1998 | 9876850 |
| multiple avian influenza infection: selection of a non-avid virus by a heterologous avian host. | experimental infection of domestic fowl, ducks and geese with an influenza a virus (h7n2) isolated from a domestic duck showed that this virus was apathogenic for these poultry. a second virus (h6n2), also apathogenic and more 'non-avid' than any such isolates previously recognised in surveillance of domestic poultry in hong kong, was isolated from one goose after h7n2 shedding had ceased. this goose, in effect, acted as a selective isolation system for the h6n2 virus whose presence in the field ... | 1982 | 7134641 |
| prevalence of avian influenza viruses, borrelia garinii, mycobacterium avium, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in waterfowl and terrestrial birds in slovakia, 2006. | the prevalence of borrelia, mycobacteria and avian influenza virus (aiv) infections, together with the distribution of different aiv subtypes, was studied in migratory waterfowl and terrestrial birds trapped in three localities in slovakia during 2006. samples obtained from waterfowl captured in the senianske ponds area of eastern slovakia showed the highest diversity of aiv isolates. a total of 13 different subtypes were detected in 19 samples from this location (h1n2, h2n2, h3n2, h6n6, h7n6, h ... | 2008 | 18798030 |
| possible waterborne transmission and maintenance of influenza viruses in domestic ducks. | two duck farms in hong kong were examined monthly for 1 year for the occurrence and persistence of influenza viruses within the duck communities. the predominant virus in one community was h3n2, a virus antigenically related to the pandemic hong kong strain. this virus was isolated monthly throughout the year from feces or pond water or both, indicating a cycle of waterborne transmission. viruses of the same antigenic combination were isolated 1 and 2 years after the last sampling occasion, impl ... | 1982 | 7055370 |
| a reassortant between influenza a viruses (h7n2) synthesizing an enzymatically inactive neuraminidase at 40 degrees which is not incorporated into infectious particles. | cells infected with a reassortant (113/ho, h7n2) between a/fowl plague/rostock/34 (fpv, h7n1) and a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) carrying rna segments 1 and 6 of the hong kong virus and the residual genes of fpv, synthesized at 40 degrees a neuraminidase (na) which is enzymatically not active and which is not incorporated into infectious particles. at 40 degrees na accumulates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. it contains mainly carbohydrate side chains of the mannose type, and fucose is only scarcel ... | 1986 | 3952990 |
| immunologic response to influenza virus neuraminidase is influenced by prior experience with the associated viral hemagglutinin. ii. sequential infection of mice simulates human experience. | in man, vaccination with neuraminidase (na) in h7n2 virus hybrids elicits greater anti-na response than does n2 na in h3n2 conventional vaccine, presumably because humans are h3 hemagglutinin (ha) primed and anti-h3 anamnestic response depresses concomitant n2 responses by antigenic competition. in a laboratory model, balb/c mice were primed by different schedules of infection with h3n1, h3n2, and h3n7 viruses and given h3n2 and h7n2 vaccines equivalent in na immunogenicity. in schedules using s ... | 1987 | 3624874 |
| immunologic response to the influenza virus neuraminidase is influenced by prior experience with the associated viral hemagglutinin. i. studies in human vaccinees. | analysis of an earlier study of h3n2 and h7n2 inactivated influenza vaccines in schoolchildren demonstrated a greater viral neuraminidase (na) immunogenicity of the vaccine containing the h7 hemagglutinin (ha) antigen to which they had not been primed, despite the lesser na antigen content of that vaccine. thus, prior experience with the influenza viral ha appeared to have a negative influence on immune response to na, the associated external glycoprotein, presumably on the basis of intermolecul ... | 1987 | 3571981 |
| antigen-presenting b cells and helper t cells cooperatively mediate intravirionic antigenic competition between influenza a virus surface glycoproteins. | parenteral vaccination of balb/c mice primed by infection with h3n2 variants of influenza a virus results in a reduced production of n2 antibody in response to homologous (h3n2) vaccine compared with the response to an h7n2 vaccine equal in n2 immunologenicity. we now have studied the interaction in vitro of purified splenic b and t lymphocytes from variably immunized mice to ascertain the cellular basis of the hemagglutinin (ha)-influenced antibody response to neuraminidase (na). assay of the p ... | 1987 | 2958849 |
| avian influenza viral nucleocapsid and hemagglutinin proteins induce chicken cd8+ memory t lymphocytes. | the avian influenza viruses (aivs) can be highly contagious to poultry and a zoonotic threat to humans. since the memory cd8(+) t lymphocyte responses in chickens to aiv proteins have not been defined, these responses to h5n9 aiv hemagglutinin (ha) and nucleocapsid (np) proteins were evaluated by ex vivo stimulation with virus infected non-professional antigen presenting cells. secretion of ifngamma by activated t lymphocytes was evaluated through macrophage induction of nitric oxide. aiv specif ... | 2010 | 20116819 |
| novel inhibitors of influenza virus fusion: structure-activity relationship and interaction with the viral hemagglutinin. | a new class of n-(1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carboxamide inhibitors of influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha)-mediated membrane fusion that has a narrow and defined structure-activity relationship was identified. in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells infected with different strains of human influenza virus a/h3n2, the lead compound, 4c, displayed a 50% effective concentration of 3 to 23 mum and an antiviral selectivity index of 10. no activity was observed for a/h1n1, a/h5n1, a/h7n2, and b ... | 2010 | 20181685 |
| investigation of h7n2 avian influenza outbreaks in two broiler breeder flocks in pennsylvania, 2001-02. | an avian influenza (ai) outbreak occurred in meat-type chickens in central pennsylvania from december 2001 to january 2002. two broiler breeder flocks were initially infected almost simultaneously in early december. avian influenza virus (aiv), h7n2 subtype, was isolated from the two premises in our laboratory. the h7n2 isolates were characterized as a low pathogenic strain at the national veterinary services laboratories based on molecular sequencing of the virus hemagglutinin cleavage site and ... | 2004 | 15077795 |
| descriptive and surveillance studies of suppliers to new york and new jersey retail live-bird markets. | low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (aiv) h7n2 has been isolated since 1994 from retail live-bird markets (lbms) in the northeastern united states. this study examines the suppliers to the lbms in new york and new jersey. in 2001, 185 supplier premises in nine states were surveyed for the presence of aiv by virus isolation (vi) in embryonating chicken eggs. no h7 or h5 virus was isolated. in addition, 104 producer premises in two states were serologically negative for h7 and h5 aiv. informat ... | 2003 | 14575136 |
| low-pathogenicity h7n2 avian influenza outbreak in virgnia during 2002. | an outbreak of low-pathogenicity h7n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) in the shenandoah valley of virginia during the spring and summer of 2002 affected 197 farms and resulted in the destruction of over 4.7 million birds. the outbreak affected primarily turkey farms (28 breeders, 125 grow out) with some spillover into chicken farms (29 breeders, 13 grow out, 2 table-egg layers). although no direct link was established, the strain of h7n2 aiv in this outbreak had a molecular fingerprint that was esse ... | 2003 | 14575120 |
| comparative susceptibility of chickens and turkeys to avian influenza a h7n2 virus infection and protective efficacy of a commercial avian influenza h7n2 virus vaccine. | during the spring of 2002, a low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) a (h7n2) virus caused a major outbreak among commercial poultry in virginia and adjacent states. the virus primarily affected turkey flocks, causing respiratory distress and decreased egg production. experimentally, turkeys were more susceptible than chickens to h7n2 virus infection, with 50% bird infectious dose titers equal to 10(0.8) and 10(2.8-3.2), respectively. comparison of virus shedding from the cloaca and oropharynx dem ... | 2004 | 15077811 |
| recombinant paramyxovirus type 1-avian influenza-h7 virus as a vaccine for protection of chickens against influenza and newcastle disease. | current vaccines to prevent avian influenza rely upon labor-intensive parenteral injection. a more advantageous vaccine would be capable of administration by mass immunization methods such as spray or water vaccination. a recombinant vaccine (rndv-aiv-h7) was constructed by using a lentogenic paramyxovirus type 1 vector (newcastle disease virus [ndv] b1 strain) with insertion of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from avian influenza virus (aiv) a/chicken/ny/13142-5/94 (h7n2). the recombinant virus had ... | 2003 | 14575108 |
| epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype h7n2 in pennsylvania (1996-98). | an outbreak of h7n2 low-pathogenicity (lp) avian influenza (ai) occurred in a two-county area in pennsylvania from december of 1996 through april of 1998. the outbreak resulted in infection of 2,623,116 commercial birds on 25 premises encompassing 47 flocks. twenty-one (one premise with infection twice) of the twenty-five infected premises housed egg-laying chickens and one premise each had turkeys, layer pullets, quail, and a mixed backyard dealer flock. despite dose proximity of infected flock ... | 2003 | 14575105 |
| evaluation of the infectivity, length of infection, and immune response of a low-pathogenicity h7n2 avian influenza virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. | the h7n2 subtype of avian influenza virus (aiv) field isolate (h7n2/chicken/pa/3779-2/97), which caused the 1997-98 aiv outbreak in pennsylvania, was evaluated for its infectivity, length of infection, and immune response in specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens. the composite findings of three clinical trials with various concentrations of virus indicated that this h7n2 subtype contained minimal pathogenicity for chickens. the concentration of the virus in the inoculum proved critical in the es ... | 2004 | 15283413 |
| isolation of avian influenza virus from polymerase chain reaction-negative cloacal samples of waterfowl. | avian influenza virus (aiv) is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens because of its potential to cause severe disease outbreaks in avian and human hosts. virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs (eces) remains a gold standard technique for aiv detection. however, some laboratories prefer molecular methods, such as real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr), for initial sample screening because of their high throughput sample processing and rapid re ... | 2011 | 21217033 |
| usda options for regulatory changes to enhance the prevention and control of avian influenza. | during the past decade, several examples of the ability of h5 and h7 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses to mutate to high-pathogenicity (hp) viruses have been documented worldwide. during this time, the introduction and persistence of an h7n2 lpai virus in the northeast live-bird marketing system in the united states has raised concern on how to prevent the possibility of such a mutation occurring in this country. the united states has periodically experienced trade restrictions ba ... | 2003 | 14575098 |
| evaluation of risk factors for the spread of low pathogenicity h7n2 avian influenza virus among commercial poultry farms. | to identify risk factors associated with the spread of low pathogenicity h7n2 avian influenza (ai) virus among commercial poultry farms in western virginia during an outbreak in 2002. | 2005 | 15776951 |
| immuno-pcr for one step detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus using magnetic gold particles as carriers. | detecting avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) at low concentrations from tracheal and cloacal swabs of avian influenza- and newcastle disease-infected poultry was carried out using a highly sensitive immunological-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-pcr) method. magnetic gold particles were pre-coated with a capture antibody, either a monoclonal anti-aiv/h5 or monoclonal anti-ndv/f and viruses serially diluted ten-fold from 10(2) to 10(-5)eid(50)/ml. a biotinylated detect ... | 2011 | 21511345 |
| cross reactive cellular immune responses in chickens previously exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza. | avian influenza (ai) infection in poultry can result in high morbidity and mortality, and negatively affect international trade. because most ai vaccines used for poultry are inactivated, our knowledge of immunity against ai is based largely on humoral immune responses. in fact, little is known about cellular immunity following a primary ai infection in poultry, especially regarding cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl's). | 2011 | 21645292 |
| a review of the 1996-98 nonpathogenic h7n2 avian influenza outbreak in pennsylvania. | the nonpathogenic avian influenza (ai) outbreak in pennsylvania began in december 1996 when there was a trace back from a new york live bird market to a dealer's flock. a total of 18 commercial layer flocks, two commercial layer pullet flocks, and a commercial meat turkey flock were diagnosed with nonpathogenic ai (h7n2) viral infection with an economic loss estimated at between 3 and 4 million dollars. clinical histories of flocks infected with the disease included respiratory disease, elevated ... | 2003 | 14575071 |
| characterization of an avian influenza virus of subtype h7n2 isolated from chickens in northern china. | an h7n2 avian influenza virus was isolated from chickens during routine surveillance in northern china in 2002. to understand the origin of this virus, we completely sequenced its genome. the pb1, pa, ha, and m genes of this virus were highly homologous with those of the wild bird virus a/africa starling/eng-q/983/79 (h7n1). the np and ns genes were closely related to those of two other wild bird viruses isolated 30 years ago. the closest relatives of the pb2 and na genes of the virus were those ... | 2006 | 16791426 |
| pathogenic potential of north american h7n2 avian influenza virus: a mutagenesis study using reverse genetics. | an h7n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) first appeared in the live bird marketing system (lbms) in the northeastern united states in 1994. since then this lineage of virus has become the predominant subtype of aiv isolated from the lbms and has been linked to several costly commercial poultry outbreaks. concern for this low pathogenicity isolate mutating to the highly pathogenic form has remained high because of the increasing number of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage si ... | 2006 | 16828833 |
| avian influenza in north and south america, 2002-2005. | between 2002 and 2005, three outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) occurred in the americas: one outbreak in chile (h7n3) in 2002, one outbreak in the united states (h5n2) in 2004, and one outbreak in canada (h7n3) in 2004. the outbreak in chile was limited to a large broiler breeder operation and a nearby turkey flock and represented the first outbreak of hpai in that country. the outbreak of hpai in the united states occurred in texas and was limited to one premise where chicke ... | 2007 | 17494549 |
| a new generation of modified live-attenuated avian influenza viruses using a two-strategy combination as potential vaccine candidates. | in light of the recurrent outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), there is a pressing need for the development of vaccines that allow rapid mass vaccination. in this study, we introduced by reverse genetics temperature-sensitive mutations in the pb1 and pb2 genes of an avian influenza virus, a/guinea fowl/hong kong/wf10/99 (h9n2) (wf10). further genetic modifications were introduced into the pb1 gene to enhance the attenuated (att) phenoty ... | 2007 | 17596317 |
| characteristics of diagnostic tests used in the 2002 low-pathogenicity avian influenza h7n2 outbreak in virginia. | an outbreak of low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) h7n2 occurred in 2002 in the shenandoah valley, a high-density poultry production region in virginia. infected flocks were identified through a combination of observation of clinical signs and laboratory diagnostic tests designed to detect avian influenza (ai) antibodies, virus, or h7-specific rna. in this report, fitness for purpose of 3 virus/rna detection assays used during the outbreak was examined: 1) antigen capture enzyme immunoassay ... | 2007 | 17609341 |
| pathogenesis of avian influenza (h7) virus infection in mice and ferrets: enhanced virulence of eurasian h7n7 viruses isolated from humans. | before 2003, only occasional case reports of human h7 influenza virus infections occurred as a result of direct animal-to-human transmission or laboratory accidents; most of these infections resulted in conjunctivitis. an increase in isolation of avian influenza a h7 viruses from poultry outbreaks and humans has raised concerns that additional zoonotic transmissions of influenza viruses from poultry to humans may occur. to better understand the pathogenesis of h7 viruses, we have investigated th ... | 2007 | 17686867 |
| automated extraction of avian influenza virus for rapid detection using real-time rt-pcr. | highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza (ai) poses a grave risk to human health. an important aspect of influenza control is rapid diagnosis. | 2007 | 17875401 |
| inactivation of avian influenza virus using common detergents and chemicals. | six disinfectant chemicals were tested individually for effectiveness against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) a/h7n2/chick/minhma/04. the tested agents included acetic acid (c2h4o2), citric acid (c6h8o7), calcium hypochlorite (ca(clo)2), sodium hypochlorite (naocl), a powdered laundry detergent with peroxygen (bleach), and a commercially available iodine/acid disinfectant. four of the six chemicals, including acetic acid (5%), citric acid (1% and 3%), calcium hypochlorite (750 ppm), ... | 2008 | 18459307 |
| an avian live attenuated master backbone for potential use in epidemic and pandemic influenza vaccines. | the unprecedented emergence in asia of multiple avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes with a broad host range poses a major challenge in the design of vaccination strategies that are both effective and available in a timely manner. the present study focused on the protective effects of a genetically modified aiv as a source for the preparation of vaccines for epidemic and pandemic influenza. it has previously been demonstrated that a live attenuated aiv based on the internal backbone of influenza ... | 2008 | 18931063 |
| assessing the role of contact tracing in a suspected h7n2 influenza a outbreak in humans in wales. | the detailed analysis of an outbreak database has been undertaken to examine the role of contact tracing in controlling an outbreak of possible avian influenza in humans. the outbreak, initiating from the purchase of infected domestic poultry, occurred in north wales during may and june 2007. during this outbreak, extensive contact tracing was carried out. following contact tracing, cases and contacts believed to be at risk of infection were given treatment/prophylaxis. | 2010 | 20509927 |
| summary of avian influenza activity in europe, asia, and africa, 2006-2009. | events during the period extending from 2006 to 2009 have been overshadowed by the ongoing panzootic with h5n1 (highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza [hpnai]), which has afflicted 63 countries and three continents (africa, asia, and europe) during the review period. two countries, indonesia and egypt, have formally declared the disease endemic to the world organisation for animal health, while others have used a variety of approaches aimed at containment, control, and eradication. these a ... | 2010 | 20521631 |
| role of real-time rt-pcr platform technology in the diagnosis and management of notifiable avian influenza outbreaks: experiences in great britain. | diagnosis and management of avian influenza outbreaks now include the use of validated real-time reverse transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) methods in many countries, including all member states of the european union. two outbreaks in poultry of notifiable avian influenza (h5 and h7 subtypes) that occurred in great britain during 2007 will serve as examples in which rrt-pcr demonstrated its value in 1) rapid diagnosis and confirmation of disease by sensitive and specific laboratory testing of samples d ... | 2010 | 20521700 |
| non-replicating adenovirus vectors expressing avian influenza virus hemagglutinin and nucleocapsid proteins induce chicken specific effector, memory and effector memory cd8(+) t lymphocytes. | avian influenza virus (aiv) specific cd8(+) t lymphocyte responses stimulated by intramuscular administration of an adenovirus (ad) vector expressing either ha or np were evaluated in chickens following ex vivo stimulation by non-professional antigen presenting cells. the cd8(+) t lymphocyte responses were aiv specific, mhc-i restricted, and cross-reacted with heterologous h7n2 aiv strain. specific effector responses, at 10 days post-inoculation (p.i.), were undetectable at 2 weeks p.i., and mem ... | 2010 | 20557918 |
| molecular analysis of h7 avian influenza viruses from australia and new zealand: genetic diversity and relationships from 1976 to 2007. | full-genome sequencing of 11 australian and 1 new zealand avian influenza a virus isolate (all subtype h7) has enabled comparison of the sequences of each of the genome segments to those of other subtype h7 avian influenza a viruses. the inference of phylogenetic relationships for each segment has been used to develop a model of the natural history of these viruses in australia. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin segment indicates that the australian h7 isolates form a monophyletic clade ... | 2010 | 20668069 |
| structures of receptor complexes of a north american h7n2 influenza hemagglutinin with a loop deletion in the receptor binding site. | human infections with subtype h7 avian influenza viruses have been reported as early as 1979. in 1996, a genetically stable 24-nucleotide deletion emerged in north american h7 influenza virus hemagglutinins, resulting in an eight amino acid deletion in the receptor-binding site. the continuous circulation of these viruses in live bird markets, as well as its documented ability to infect humans, raises the question of how these viruses achieve structural stability and functionality. here we repor ... | 2010 | 20824086 |
| improved hatchability and efficient protection after in ovo vaccination with live-attenuated h7n2 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses. | mass in ovo vaccination with live attenuated viruses is widely used in the poultry industry to protect against various infectious diseases. the worldwide outbreaks of low pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza highlight the pressing need for the development of similar mass vaccination strategies against avian influenza viruses. we have previously shown that a genetically modified live attenuated avian influenza virus (laiv) was amenable for in ovo vaccination and provided optimal prote ... | 2011 | 21255403 |
| exposure to a low pathogenic a/h7n2 virus in chickens protects against highly pathogenic a/h7n1 virus but not against subsequent infection with a/h5n1. | recent evidences have demonstrated that the presence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) may play an important role in host ecology and transmission of avian influenza viruses (aiv). while some authors have clearly demonstrated that lpaiv can mutate to render highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv), others have shown that their presence could provide the host with enough immunological memory to resist re-infections with hpaiv. in order to experimentally study the role of ... | 2013 | 23469288 |
| transmission of avian influenza a viruses among species in an artificial barnyard. | waterfowl and shorebirds harbor and shed all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of influenza a viruses and interact in nature with a broad range of other avian and mammalian species to which they might transmit such viruses. estimating the efficiency and importance of such cross-species transmission using epidemiological approaches is difficult. we therefore addressed this question by studying transmission of low pathogenic h5 and h7 viruses from infected ducks to other common animals in a ... | 2011 | 21483843 |
| contemporary north american influenza h7 viruses possess human receptor specificity: implications for virus transmissibility. | avian h7 influenza viruses from both the eurasian and north american lineage have caused outbreaks in poultry since 2002, with confirmed human infection occurring during outbreaks in the netherlands, british columbia, and the united kingdom. the majority of h7 infections have resulted in self-limiting conjunctivitis, whereas probable human-to-human transmission has been rare. here, we used glycan microarray technology to determine the receptor-binding preference of eurasian and north american li ... | 2008 | 18508975 |
| virulence of low pathogenicity h7n2 avian influenza viruses from the delmarva peninsula for broiler and leghorn chickens and turkeys. | the virulence of low pathogenicity (lp) type a h7n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) isolates recovered from chickens in delaware and the eastern shore of maryland in 2004 was evaluated. three-week-old leghorn- and broiler-type chickens and turkeys were inoculated via the conjunctival sac with 10(3.5)-10(4.0) 50% embryo infections dose (eid50) of virus per bird with a/ chicken/delaware/viva/04, a/chicken/delaware/hobo/04, and a/chicken/maryland/minh ma/04. in broilers, the viruses produced respirator ... | 2008 | 19166053 |
| inactivation of avian influenza virus using four common chemicals and one detergent. | five disinfectant chemicals were tested individually for effectiveness against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv), a/h7n2/chick/minhma/04, on hard, nonporous surfaces. the tested agents included acetic acid, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and a powdered laundry detergent without bleach. multiple common chemicals including acetic acid (1 and 3%), sodium hydroxide (2%), and calcium hydroxide (1%) effectively inactivated lpaiv on a metal surface. the laundry deterg ... | 2009 | 19439628 |
| vaccination of chickens with recombinant salmonella expressing m2e and cd154 epitopes increases protection and decreases viral shedding after low pathogenic avian influenza challenge. | avian influenza (ai) is a significant public health concern and serious economic threat to the commercial poultry industry worldwide. previous research demonstrates that antibodies against m2e confer protection against influenza challenge. using the red recombinase system in combination with overlapping extension pcr, we recently developed several novel attenuated salmonella enteritidis strains that express a protective m2e epitope in combination with a potential immune-enhancing cd154 peptide s ... | 2009 | 19834072 |
| universal influenza dna vaccine encoding conserved cd4+ t cell epitopes protects against lethal viral challenge in hla-dr transgenic mice. | the goal of the present study was to design a vaccine that would provide universal protection against infection of humans with diverse influenza a viruses. accordingly, protein sequences from influenza a virus strains currently in circulation (h1n1, h3n2), agents of past pandemics (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) and zoonotic infections of man (h1n1, h5n1, h7n2, h7n3, h7n7, h9n2) were evaluated for the presence of amino acid sequences, motifs, that are predicted to mediate peptide epitope binding with high af ... | 2010 | 19895924 |
| in vitro antiviral activity of favipiravir (t-705) against drug-resistant influenza and 2009 a(h1n1) viruses. | favipiravir (t-705) has previously been shown to have a potent antiviral effect against influenza virus and some other rna viruses in both cell culture and in animal models. currently, favipiravir is undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of influenza a and b virus infections. in this study, favipiravir was evaluated in vitro for its ability to inhibit the replication of a representative panel of seasonal influenza viruses, the 2009 a(h1n1) strains, and animal viruses with pandemic (pd ... | 2010 | 20350949 |
| recombinant influenza h7 hemagglutinins induce lower neutralizing antibody titers in mice than do seasonal hemagglutinins. | vaccines against avian influenza viruses often require high hemagglutinin (ha) doses or adjuvants to achieve serological titers associated with protection against disease. in particular, viruses of the h7 subtype frequently do not induce strong antibody responses following immunization. | 2014 | 25213778 |
| characterization of the whole-genome sequence of an h3n6 avian influenza virus, isolated from a domestic duck in guangxi, southern china. | a field strain of h3n6 avian influenza virus (aiv), a/duck/guangxi/175d12/2014(h3n6), was isolated from a native duck in guangxi province, southern china, in 2014. all of the eight aiv gene segments were sequenced, and sequence results revealed that there were 11 amino acid deletions at the na stalk region. the na, pb2, and np genes showed highest homology to h5n6 aiv, and the pa gene showed highest homology to h7n2 aiv. phylogenetic analysis indicated that the eight aiv gene segments belonged t ... | 2015 | 26472834 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analysis of matrix gene of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and live bird markets in the usa. | wild birds are the natural hosts for influenza a viruses (iavs) and provide a niche for the maintenance of this virus. | 2013 | 22958470 |
| novel h7n2 and h5n6 avian influenza a viruses in sentinel chickens: a sentinel chicken surveillance study. | in 2014, a sentinel chicken surveillance for avian influenza viruses was conducted in aquatic bird habitat near wuxi city, jiangsu province, china. two h7n2, one h5n6, and two h9n2 viruses were isolated. sequence analysis revealed that the h7n2 virus is a novel reassortant of h7n9 and h9n2 viruses and h5n6 virus is a reassortant of h5n1 clade 2.3.4 and h6n6 viruses. substitutions v186 and l226 (h3 numbering) in the hemagglutinin (ha) gene protein was found in two h7n2 viruses but not in the h5n6 ... | 2016 | 27899915 |
| selection and characterization of dna aptamers for use in detection of avian influenza virus h5n1. | aptamers are artificial oligonucleotides (dna or rna) that can bind to a broad range of targets. in diagnostic and detection assays, aptamers represent an alternative to antibodies as recognition agents. the objective of this study was to select and characterize dna aptamers that can specifically bind to avian influenza virus (aiv) h5n1 based on systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) and surface plasmon resonance (spr). the selection was started with an ssdna (single-s ... | 2013 | 23523887 |
| influenza virus-like particle can accommodate multiple subtypes of hemagglutinin and protect from multiple influenza types and subtypes. | despite existing vaccines and specific therapies, epidemics of seasonal influenza annually claim 200,000-500,000 lives worldwide. pandemic influenza represents an even greater threat, with numerous potentially pandemic viruses circulating in nature. development of multi-specific vaccines against multiple pandemic or seasonal strains is important for human health and the global economy. here we report a novel virus-like particle (vlp) platform that contains three hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes. this ... | 2011 | 21723354 |
| genetic characterization of h7n2 influenza virus isolated from pigs. | because pigs have respiratory epitheliums which express both +¦2-3 and +¦2-6 linked sialic acid as receptors to influenza a viruses, they are regarded as mixing vessel for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through genetic reassortment. a h7n2 influenza virus (a/swine/ku/16/2001) was isolated from pig lungs collected from the slaughterhouse. all eight genes of the influenza virus were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis indicated that a/swine/ku/16/2001 originated in hong kong and gene ... | 2011 | 21741185 |
| thermal inactivation of avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus in a fat-free egg product. | high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) virus, low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus, virulent newcastle disease virus (vndv) and low-virulent newcastle disease virus (lndv) can be present on the eggshell surface, and hpai viruses and vndv can be present in the internal contents of chicken eggs laid by infected hens. with the increase in global trade, egg products could present potential biosecurity problems and affect international trade in liquid and dried egg products. therefore, t ... | 2011 | 21740719 |
| rapid detection of avian influenza virus h5n1 in chicken tracheal samples using an impedance aptasensor with gold nanoparticles for signal amplification. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 is a continuous threat to public health and poultry industry. the recurrence of the h5n1 led us to develop a robust, specific, and rapid detection method for the virus. in this study, an impedance aptasensor was developed for the virus detection using specific h5n1 aptamer and a gold interdigitated microelectrode. streptavidin was immobilized on the microelectrode surface and biotin labeled h5n1 aptamer was bound to the immobilized streptavidin. the m ... | 2016 | 27452670 |
| an impedance aptasensor with microfluidic chips for specific detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | in this research a dna aptamer, which was selected through selex (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) to be specific against the h5n1 subtype of the avian influenza virus (aiv), was used as an alternative reagent to monoclonal antibodies in an impedance biosensor utilizing a microfluidics flow cell and an interdigitated microelectrode for the specific detection of h5n1 aiv. the gold surface of the interdigitated microelectrode embedded in a microfluidics flow cell was modi ... | 2015 | 26230699 |
| small intestinal injury in mice infected with respiratory influenza a virus: evidence for virus induced gastroenteritis. | influenza in humans is often accompanied by gastroenteritis-like symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain nausea, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. | 2015 | 25967033 |
| bio-nanogate controlled enzymatic reaction for virus sensing. | the objective of this study was to develop an aptamer-based bifunctional bio-nanogate, which could selectively respond to target molecules, and control enzymatic reaction for electrochemical measurements. it was successfully applied for sensitive, selective, rapid, quantitative, and label-free detection of avian influenza viruses (aiv) h5n1. a nanoporous gold film with pore size of ~20 nm was prepared by a metallic corrosion method, and the purity was checked by energy-dispersive x-ray spectrosc ... | 2015 | 25212377 |
| apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine response of mast cells induced by influenza a viruses. | the pathogenesis of the influenza a virus has been investigated heavily, and both the inflammatory response and apoptosis have been found to have a definitive role in this process. the results of studies performed by the present and other groups have indicated that mast cells may play a role in the severity of the disease. to further investigate cellular responses to influenza a virus infection, apoptosis and inflammatory response were studied in mouse mastocytoma cell line p815. this is the fir ... | 2014 | 24923273 |
| intranasal vaccination with h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinins co-localized in a virus-like particle protects ferrets from multiple avian influenza viruses. | avian influenza h5, h7 and h9 viruses top the world health organization's (who) list of subtypes with the greatest pandemic potential. here we describe a recombinant virus-like particle (vlp) that co-localizes hemagglutinin (ha) proteins derived from h5n1, h7n2, and h9n2 viruses as an experimental vaccine against these viruses. a baculovirus vector was configured to co-express the h5, h7, and h9 genes from a/viet nam/1203/2004 (h5n1), a/new york/107/2003 (h7n2) and a/hong kong/33982/2009 (h9n2) ... | 2013 | 23618102 |
| [evaluation of the anti-neuraminidase antibodies in clinical trials of the live influenza vaccine of the a(h5n2) subtype]. | in the current study, we evaluated the neuraminidase-inhibition (ni) antibodies among volunteers during the phase i and phase ii of the clinical trials of a monovalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) a/17/duck/ potsdam/86/92(h5n2). the reassortant influenza virus rn2/57-human a(h7n2) containing neuraminidase (na) from the a/leningrad/134/17/57(h2n2) was used in ni test. it was shown that two doses of the monovalent laiv a(h5n2) led to a statistically significant increase in the ni antib ... | 2016 | 24772644 |
| characterization of a novel h3n2 influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in china. | cases of human infection with a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) were first reported in march 2013, which caused 115 deaths within a single year. beyond that, other subtypes of h7 aiv were isolated from poultry in eastern china during the same period, including h7n7 and h7n2 aiv. in the present study, a subtype h3n2 aiv was isolated from ducks from anhui province, china. sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that seven gene segments of this virus showed the highest sequence homology ... | 2016 | 27000112 |
| serological report of influenza a (h7n9) infections among pigs in southern china. | in 2013, a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from ill humans in shanghai and anhui province, china. since then, the virus has spread quickly throughout china. previous isolation of h7n2 virus from swine suggests that additional h7 subtype aivs may be transmitted through pigs. however, prior to the recent zoonosis of h7n9, there were very few studies on the seroprevalence of the h7 subtypes in this species. thus, there is a need to perform serological surveys for novel h7n9 as w ... | 2014 | 25178684 |
| quantification of viral proteins of the avian h7 subtype of influenza virus: an isotope dilution mass spectrometry method applicable for producing more rapid vaccines in the case of an influenza pandemic. | vaccination is the most effective means to prevent influenza and its serious complications. influenza viral strains undergo rapid mutations of the surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) requiring vaccines to be frequently updated to include current circulating strains. it is nearly impossible to predict which strains will be circulating in the next influenza season. it is, therefore, imperative that the process of producing a vaccine be streamlined and as swift as possible. w ... | 2014 | 24689548 |
| prevalence and control of h7 avian influenza viruses in birds and humans. | the h7 subtype ha gene has been found in combination with all nine na subtype genes. most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans). during the past few years infections of poultry and humans with h7 subtypes have increased markedly. this review summarizes the emergence of avian influenza virus h7 subtypes in birds and humans, and the possibilities of its control in poultry. all h7nx combinations were reported from wild birds, the natural reservoir of t ... | 2014 | 24423384 |
| virus interference between h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys. | low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) and lentogenic newcastle disease virus (lndv) are commonly reported causes of respiratory disease in poultry worldwide with similar clinical and pathobiological presentation. co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. in this study chickens and turkeys were infected with a lndv vaccine strain (lasota) and a h7n2 lpaiv (a/turkey/va/sep-67/2002) simultaneously or sequentially three ... | 2014 | 24393488 |
| limited airborne transmission of h7n9 influenza a virus between ferrets. | wild waterfowl form the main reservoir of influenza a viruses, from which transmission occurs directly or indirectly to various secondary hosts, including humans. direct avian-to-human transmission has been observed for viruses of subtypes a(h5n1), a(h7n2), a(h7n3), a(h7n7), a(h9n2) and a(h10n7) upon human exposure to poultry, but a lack of sustained human-to-human transmission has prevented these viruses from causing new pandemics. recently, avian a(h7n9) viruses were transmitted to humans, cau ... | 2013 | 23925116 |
| optimal specimen collection and transport methods for the detection of avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus. | active and passive surveillance for avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) is widespread in commercial poultry worldwide, therefore optimization of sample collection and transport would be valuable to achieve the best sensitivity and specificity possible, and to develop the most accurate and efficient testing programs. a h7n2 low pathogenicity (lp) aiv strain was selected and used as an indicator virus because it is present in lower concentrations in swabbings and thus req ... | 2013 | 23432911 |
| quantitative description of glycan-receptor binding of influenza a virus h7 hemagglutinin. | in the context of recently emerged novel influenza strains through reassortment, avian influenza subtypes such as h5n1, h7n7, h7n2, h7n3 and h9n2 pose a constant threat in terms of their adaptation to the human host. among these subtypes, it was recently demonstrated that mutations in h5 and h9 hemagglutinin (ha) in the context of lab-generated reassorted viruses conferred aerosol transmissibility in ferrets (a property shared by human adapted viruses). we previously demonstrated that the quanti ... | 2013 | 23437033 |
| highly (h5n1) and low (h7n2) pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in falcons via nasochoanal route and ingestion of experimentally infected prey. | an experimental infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses was carried out on falcons in order to examine the effects of these viruses in terms of pathogenesis, viral distribution in tissues and viral shedding. the distribution pattern of influenza virus receptors was also assessed. captive-reared gyr-saker (falco rusticolus x falco cherrug) hybrid falcons were challenged with a hpai h5n1 virus (a/great crested grebe/basque country/0 ... | 2012 | 22427819 |
| serum and egg yolk antibody detection in chickens infected with low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | surveillance for low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infections has primarily relied on labor-intensive collection and serological testing of serum, but for many poultry diseases, easier-to-collect yolk samples have replaced serum for surveillance testing. a time-course lpaiv infection study in layers was performed to evaluate the utility of antibody detection in serum vs. egg yolk samples. layers inoculated with the lpaiv a/bobwhite quail/pennsylvania/20304/98 (h7n2) were tested for ... | 2012 | 23050482 |
| low pathogenic avian influenza a (h7n2) virus infection in immunocompromised adult, new york, usa, 2003. | in 2003, infection with low pathogenic avian influenza a (h7n2) virus was identified in an immunocompromised man with fever and community-acquired pneumonia in new york, usa. the patient recovered. although the source of the virus was not identified, this case indicates the usefulness of virus culture for detecting novel influenza a viruses. | 2012 | 22710273 |
| comparison of pooling 11 or 5 oropharyngeal swabbings for detecting avian influenza virus by real-time reverse transcription-pcr in broiler chickens. | the effect of pooling 11 or 5 oropharyngeal (o/p) swabbings on detecting avian influenza virus (aiv) by real-time reverse transcription (rrt)-pcr was evaluated. the model used for the evaluation was designed to minimize viral load and, thus, assess the effect of the pooling on detection. two-week-old broiler chickens were inoculated via the intranasal route with the low pathogenicity chicken/maryland/minh ma/04 h7n2 strain or remained uninoculated. on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 postinocul ... | 2012 | 22545551 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the norovirus p particle-m2e chimeric vaccine in chickens. | the ectodomain of the influenza matrix protein 2 (m2e) is highly conserved across strains and has been shown to be a promising candidate for universal influenza vaccine in the mouse model. in this study, we tested immune response and protective efficacy of a chimeric norovirus p particle containing the avian m2e protein against challenges with three avian influenza (ai) viruses (h5n2, h6n2, h7n2) in chickens. two-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were vaccinated 3 times with an m2e-p part ... | 2015 | 26232342 |
| mekabu fucoidan: structural complexity and defensive effects against avian influenza a viruses. | fucoidan from the sporophyll (mekabu) of brown seaweed undaria pinnatifida (wakame) is interesting due to its various biological activities. mekabu fucoidan (mw ∼ 9 kda) of this study (mf) was previously isolated and characterized by chemical and separation methods including gpc and methylation analysis (lee, hayashi, hashimoto, nakano, & hayashi, 2004). it was found that this fucoidan composed of partially sulphated (ds ∼ 0.72) fucose and galactose at approximately equal amounts. methylation an ... | 2014 | 25037398 |
| characterization of h7n2 avian influenza virus in wild birds and pikas in qinghai-tibet plateau area. | qinghai lake is a major migrating bird breeding site that has experienced several recent highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) epizootics. from 2006 to 2009 we studied qinghai's wild birds and pikas for evidence of aiv infections. we sampled 941 healthy wild animals and isolated seventeen h7n2 viruses (eight from pikas and nine from wild birds). the h7n2 viruses were phylogenetically closely related to each other and to viruses isolated in hong kong in the 1970s. we determined the path ... | 2016 | 27553660 |
| cross-reactivity between avian influenza a (h7n9) virus and divergent h7 subtypic- and heterosubtypic influenza a viruses. | the number of human avian h7n9 influenza infections has been increasing in china. understanding their antigenic and serologic relationships is crucial for developing diagnostic tools and vaccines. here, we evaluated the cross-reactivities and neutralizing activities among h7 subtype influenza viruses and between h7n9 and heterosubtype influenza a viruses. we found strong cross-reactivities between h7n9 and divergent h7 subtypic viruses, including h7n2, h7n3, and h7n7. antisera against h7n2, h7n3 ... | 2016 | 26907865 |
| specific determination of influenza h7n2 virus based on biotinylated single-domain antibody from a phage-displayed library. | the unpredicted spread of avian influenza virus subtype h7n2 in the world is threatening animals and humans. specific and effective diagnosis and supervision are required to control the influenza. however, the existing detecting methods are laborious, are time-consuming, and require appropriate laboratory facilities. to tackle this problem, we isolated vhh antibodies against the h7n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) and performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect the h7n2 virus. ... | 2016 | 26450565 |
| novel influenza a(h7n2) virus in chickens, jilin province, china, 2014. | in february 2014, while investigating the source of a human infection with influenza a(h7n9) virus in northern china, we isolated subtypes h7n2 and h9n2 viruses from chickens on the patient's farm. sequence analysis revealed that the h7n2 virus is a novel reassortant of h7n9 and h9n2 viruses. continued surveillance is needed. | 2014 | 25271958 |