| human influenza a (h1n2) viruses isolated from china. | reassortant influenza a viruses bearing h1 haemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidase were isolated from humans in china between december 1988 and march 1989. as primary isolation of influenza a (h1n2) viruses from humans had not been reported previously, it was of interest to determine the genetic origin of these virus isolates. the haemagglutinins of the h1n2 viruses were antigenically and genetically related to those of h1 viruses isolated world-wide since 1986, and the neuraminidases of these virus ... | 1992 | 1538194 |
| origin and evolutionary characteristics of antigenic reassortant influenza a (h1n2) viruses isolated from man in china. | during the 1988/1989 influenza season, five antigenic reassortant influenza a (h1n2) viruses not previously isolated from man were isolated in hebei province, people's republic of china. all isolates contained haemagglutinins (has) and neuraminidases (nas) which were antigenically similar to those of the recent russian (h1n1) and hong kong influenza a (h3n2) viruses, respectively. the results of antigenic and nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the genes encoding the polymerase, nucleopro ... | 1992 | 1607856 |
| evolutionary pathways of n2 neuraminidases of swine and human influenza a viruses: origin of the neuraminidase genes of two reassortants (h1n2) isolated from pigs. | the complete nucleotide sequences of the neuraminidase (na) genes of two reassortant (h1n2) and two h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs were determined and phylogenetic relationships between these and previously reported n2 na genes were investigated. on the basis of pairwise nucleotide sequence identity, the na genes of two reassortants, a/sw/kanagawa/2/78 and a/sw/ehime/1/80, were most closely related to those of human influenza a virus strains isolated in 1972 and the earliest availab ... | 1991 | 2005434 |
| immunomodulation of influenza virus infection in the precipitating asthma attack. | twelve asthmatic children (ages four to ten years) had attacks of asthma associated with influenza infection during the spring of 1985. virus isolation and serologic studies proved eight cases were a/philippine/2/82 (h1n2) and four cases were b/ussr/100/83. four cases of a/philippine/2/82 and two cases of b/ussr/100/83 were isolated from six control subjects who had suffered from influenza infection without asthma attack. the absolute lymphocyte count, t cell subsets increased in influenza patie ... | 1988 | 3259496 |
| heterogeneity of neuraminidase genetic information in an h1n2 reassortant influenza virus [x-7 (f1)]. brief report. | cdna clones of the neuraminidase gene from the reassortant influenza virus x-7 (f 1) have different sequences. some clones are more closely related to a/tokyo/67 neuraminidase than to the a/ri/5+/57 na gene from which the na of x-7 (f 1) was derived. | 1987 | 3502714 |
| simultaneous administration of live, attenuated influenza a vaccines representing different serotypes. | two live, attenuated cold-adapted influenza a vaccines representing current h1n1 and h3n2 serotypes were simultaneously administered intranasally to doubly seronegative children. no clinical illness resulted. characterization of virus shedding demonstrated shedding of both original vaccine strains and of reassortant virus with the h3n1 and h1n2 phenotype. a serum immune response to both serotypes was demonstrated. the successful simultaneous administration of two influenza a vaccine strains enha ... | 1985 | 3904259 |
| severity of fever in influenza: studies on the relation between viral surface antigens, pyrexia, level of nasal virus and inflammatory response in the ferret. | previous work has shown that fever in influenza of ferrets occurs following release of endogenous pyrogen from virus-phagocyte interaction in the upper respiratory tract (urt), and suggested that the poor inflammatory response and correspondingly low fever elicited by a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1), compared with h3n2 reassortant clones of a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69, were related to its h1 and n1 surface antigens. nasal virus levels, inflammatory and pyrexial responses produced in ferrets by ... | 1985 | 4020349 |
| characteristics of a swine recombinant influenza virus isolated in 1980: recombination between swine and the earliest hong kong (h3n2) viruses. | a recombinant (h1n2, formerly hsw1n2), a/swine/ehime/1/80 was found to possess antigenic biological and genomic characteristics different from those of a previous a/swine/kanagawa/2/78 (h1n2) strain. five monoclonal antibodies to a/nj/8/76 differentiated the haemagglutinin molecules of the former virus from the latter, showing that these viruses differed at two-antigenic determinants at least. immuno-double diffusion tests with antisera to the isolated neuraminidase and neuraminidase-inhibition ... | 1985 | 4060856 |
| characterization of a 1980-swine recombinant influenza virus possessing h1 hemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidase similar to that of the earliest hong kong (h3n2) virus. | a recombinant (h1n2, formerly hsw 1n2), a/swine/ehime/1/80 was found to possess antigenic, biological and genomic characteristics different from those of a previous a/swine/kanagawa/2/78 (h1n2) strain. five monoclonal antibodies to a/nj/8/76 definitely differentiated the hemagglutinin molecules of the former virus from the latter, showing that these viruses differed, at least, at two antigenic determinants. neuraminidase-inhibition tests with monoclonal antibodies to different h2n2 and h3n2 viru ... | 1985 | 4062559 |
| the possible origin h1n1 (hsw1n1) virus in the swine population of japan and antigenic analysis of the isolates. | virus isolation and serological studies on swine sera collected during 1973 to 1978 showed that h1n1 (hsw1n1) influenza viruses first appeared in the swine population of japan about may 1977. with the exception of one strain, both haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of all the h1n1 viruses isolated from swine in japan and from pigs imported from north america were antigenically indistinguishable from those of a/nj/8/76 virus, suggesting the introduction of swine influenza virus into japan ... | 1982 | 6182266 |
| antigenic characteristics and genome composition of a naturally occurring recombinant influenza virus isolated from a pig in japan. | we performed antigenic analysis of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of a recombinant virus (a/swine/kanagawa/2/78) isolated from a pig in japan in 1978, using a series of monoclonal antibodies to h1 (hsw1) haemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidases of h2n2 and h3n2 viruses. results obtained in haemagglutination inhibition tests with five monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin of a/nj/8/76 (h1n1) revealed that the haemagglutinin of three h1n1 and the recombinant viruses were indisting ... | 1983 | 6198440 |
| further isolation of a recombinant virus (h1n2, formerly hsw1n2) from a pig in japan in 1980. | in september 1980, an outbreak of febrile respiratory disease was observed in a herd of sows (1-2 years of age) in ehime prefecture, japan. most of the swine showed clinical signs of disease such as depression, anorexia, fever, nasal discharge, and cough. a hemagglutinating agent was isolated from a nasal swab from one of the diseased pigs. by cross-hemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition tests with antisera to influenza viruses of swine origin, the isolate was identified as an ... | 1983 | 6306408 |
| influenza virus neuraminidase with hemagglutinin activity. | isolated intact influenza virus neuraminidase (na) molecules of the n9 subtype have been found to possess hemagglutinin (ha) activity which, at equivalent protein concentration, was fourfold higher than that of isolated hemagglutinin molecules of the h3 subtype. the amino-terminal sequence of the n9 na is the same as in neuraminidases of the eight other influenza a virus na subtypes previously reported. viruses possessing n9 na therefore have two different ha activities and antibody to either ha ... | 1984 | 6485252 |
| [humoral immunity to influenza a and b viruses in the blood sera of children younger than 14 in 1981]. | blood sera from 317 children with the history of noninfectious diseases or normal children pretreated with rde were collected and examined for antihemagglutinins to 7 influenza virus strains in order to check the results of studies of 1980 and to study the immunity status to influenza a (h1n1), a (h2n2), a (h3n2) and b in the preepidemic period of 1981. negative results of antihemagglutinin detection to influenza a/iksha/1/57 (h2n2) in sera of all the children have confirmed the conclusion made ... | 1983 | 6606903 |
| direct isolation of h1n2 recombinant virus from a throat swab of a patient simultaneously infected with h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. | two h1n2 recombinant viruses were isolated by a plaquing method from a throat swab of a patient who was simultaneously infected with h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses during the tokyo epidemic of 1981. this is the first direct evidence that recombination of influenza viruses occurred in the human body. | 1983 | 6619292 |
| recombination of human influenza a viruses in nature. | in 1977, a unique event occurred in the epidemiology of influenza when a virus of the influenza a (h1n1) subtype, similar to a virus that had occurred in 1950, reappeared and caused worldwide epidemics but did not replace the prevailing influenza a (h2n2) subtype. consequently, the two viruses co-circulated throughout the world and mixed infection of some individuals with both virus strains was detected, raising the possiblitity that recombination between the two strains might affect the future ... | 1980 | 7366737 |
| disease outbreaks in pigs in great britain due to an influenza a virus of h1n2 subtype. | | 1995 | 7541591 |
| the immunogenicity of reassortants of the cold-adapted influenza a master strain a/ann arbor/6/60 is determined by both the genes for cold-adaptation and the haemagglutinin gene. | two surface antigen segregants were prepared by co-infection of chicken embryo kidney cell cultures with reassortants of the cold-adapted influenza a master strain a/ann arbor/6/60-ca (h2n2) possessing the surface antigens of a/queensland/6/72 (h3n2) and a/hong kong/123/77 (h1n1) and other genes that were common to the master strain. the segregants were shown by serological tests to possess h3n1 and h1n2 surface antigens but it was not possible to determine the presence of h1 or n1 genes by sing ... | 1995 | 7646346 |
| isolation of two h1n2 influenza viruses from swine in france. | samples collected in 1987 and 1988 in brittany from influenza-infected swine made it possible to isolate and antigenically characterize two h1n2 recombinant viruses (sw/france/5027/87 and sw/france/5550/88). the former virus was cloned and reinoculated to swine to allow reproduction of the disease and reisolation of a strain similar to the original one. the serodiagnostic tests carried out on both the original sera and those from the experimentally infected animals confirmed that the virus was a ... | 1994 | 7979974 |
| large outbreak of swine influenza in southern japan caused by reassortant (h1n2) influenza viruses: its epizootic background and characterization of the causative viruses. | in the winter of 1989 and the spring of 1990, there were large outbreaks of respiratory disease in two swine herds in nagasaki prefecture, southern japan. serological surveillance indicated that the majority of swine possessed antibodies to swine influenza virus h1 haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of early h3n2 influenza virus strains. eight viruses were isolated from swine that showed typical clinical symptoms of influenza. the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of these isolates were closely rel ... | 1996 | 8760422 |
| hemagglutinin specificity and neuraminidase coding capacity of neuraminidase-deficient influenza viruses. | neuraminidase (na)-deficient mutant virus stocks have been obtained by passaging a/nws/33ha-tern/australia/g70c/75na (h1n9) influenza virus in medium containing neuraminidase from micromonospora viridifaciens and antiserum against the influenza na. growth of the resulting mutants is dependent on addition of bacterial neuraminidase to the medium. nucleotide sequence analysis showed large single deletions in the na genes, with both ends of the na gene segments conserved. these rna fragments all ha ... | 1997 | 9123857 |
| continued circulation of reassortant h1n2 influenza viruses in pigs in japan. | in 1991 and 1992, h1n2 influenza a viruses were isolated from the lungs of pigs with overt signs of respiratory disease at farms in the chiba and kanagawa prefectures of japan. to determine the genetic origin of these isolates, we phylogenetically analyzed partial nucleotide sequences of their genes. the results indicate that influenza viruses possessing the n2 of human influenza virus and seven other gene segments of classical h1n1 swine influenza virus, which were first isolated in 1980, have ... | 1998 | 9787660 |
| multiple genetic reassortment of avian and human influenza a viruses in european pigs, resulting in the emergence of an h1n2 virus of novel genotype. | novel h1n2 influenza a viruses which were first detected in pigs in great britain in 1994 were examined antigenically and genetically to determine their origins and establish the potential mechanisms for genetic reassortment. the haemagglutinin (ha) of all swine h 1 n2 viruses examined was most closely related to, but clearly distinguishable both antigenically and genetically from, the ha of human h1n1 viruses which circulated in the human population during the early 1 980s. phylogenetic analysi ... | 1998 | 9880008 |
| genetic characterization of an h1n2 influenza virus isolated from a pig in indiana. | an h1n2 influenza virus was isolated from a pig during an outbreak of respiratory disease and abortion on an indiana farm in november 1999. results of phylogenetic analyses indicate that this virus is a reassortant between a recent classical h1 swine virus and the reassortant h3n2 viruses that have emerged among american pigs since 1998. | 2000 | 10835031 |
| isolations of h1n2 influenza a virus from pigs in belgium. | | 2000 | 10839238 |
| [study on the origin of influenza a(h1n2) virus ha and na genes]. | to determine the origins of the ha and na genes of new subtype (h1n2) of influenza a virus. | 2000 | 11503022 |
| detection and subtyping of swine influenza h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 viruses in clinical samples using two multiplex rt-pcr assays. | a total of 360 type a swine influenza virus-positive samples including cell culture isolates, nasal swabs or lung tissues along with 30 virus-negative samples were tested for the detection and subtyping of h1n1, h1n2 or h3n2 by two multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. the positive samples had been collected between 1999 and 2001 from pigs with respiratory diseases, and type a influenza virus was isolated and subtyped by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test at the minnesota veterinar ... | 2002 | 11879692 |
| genetic characterization of h1n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs throughout the united states. | an h1n2 influenza a virus was isolated from a pig in the united states for the first time in 1999 (a. i. karasin, g. a. anderson, and c. w. olsen, j. clin. microbiol. 38:2453-2456, 2000). h1n2 viruses have been isolated subsequently from pigs in many states. phylogenetic analyses of eight such viruses isolated from pigs in indiana, illinois, minnesota, ohio, iowa, and north carolina during 2000 to 2001 showed that these viruses are all of the same reassortant genotype as that of the initial h1n2 ... | 2002 | 11880444 |
| antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza a h1n1 and h1n2 viruses in europe. | three subtypes of influenza a viruses, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, co-evolve in pigs in europe. h1n2 viruses isolated from pigs in france and italy since 1997 were closely related to the h1n2 viruses which emerged in the uk in 1994. in particular, the close relationship of the neuraminidases (nas) of these viruses to the na of a previous uk h3n2 swine virus indicated that they had not acquired the na from h3n2 swine viruses circulating in continental europe. moreover, antigenic and genetic heterogeneit ... | 2002 | 11907321 |
| isolation from turkey breeder hens of a reassortant h1n2 influenza virus with swine, human, and avian lineage genes. | type a influenza viruses can infect a wide range of birds and mammals, but influenza in a particular species is usually considered to be species specific. however, infection of turkeys with swine h1n1 viruses has been documented on several occasions. this report documents the isolation of an h1n2 influenza virus from a turkey breeder flock with a sudden drop in egg production. sequence analysis of the virus showed that it was a complex reassortant virus with a mix of swine-, human-, and avian-or ... | 2002 | 11922322 |
| prevalence of swine influenza virus subtypes on swine farms in the united states. | serologic and virologic prevalence of infection with different swine influenza virus (siv) subtypes was investigated using swine sera, nasal swabs and lung samples that had been submitted for a diagnosis to the minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory. a total of 111,418 pig sera were tested for siv antibody between 1998 and 2000, and 25,348 sera (22.8%) were found to be positive by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. of the positive samples, 16,807 (66.7%) and 8,541 (33.7%) had antibod ... | 2002 | 12111430 |
| phylogenetic analysis of h1n2 isolates of influenza a virus from pigs in the united states. | twenty-four h1n2 influenza a viruses were newly isolated from pigs in the united states. these isolates originated from 19 farms in 9 different swine producing states between 1999 and 2001. all farms had clinical histories of respiratory problem and/or abortion. the viral isolates were characterized genetically to determine the origin of all eight gene segments. the results showed that all h1n2 isolates were reassortants of classical swine h1n1 and triple reassortant h3n2 viruses. the neuraminid ... | 2002 | 12191781 |
| [the 2001/2002 influenza season and the vaccine composition for the 2002/2003 season]. | the epidemic in the influenza season 2001/2002 was of moderate activity just like in 2000/2001. the influenza epidemic started in week 2 of 2002 when the clinical influenza activity reported by the general practitioner network of the netherlands institute of primary health care (nivel) increased. this was caused by influenza a viruses of the h3n2 subtype in particular. all influenza a viruses of this subtype were closely related to the vaccine strain for this subtype, a/moscow/10/99. influenza b ... | 2002 | 12382372 |
| intercontinental circulation of human influenza a(h1n2) reassortant viruses during the 2001-2002 influenza season. | reassortant influenza a viruses bearing the h1 subtype of hemagglutinin (ha) and the n2 subtype of neuraminidase (na) were isolated from humans in the united states, canada, singapore, malaysia, india, oman, egypt, and several countries in europe during the 2001-2002 influenza season. the has of these h1n2 viruses were similar to that of the a/new caledonia/20/99(h1n1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, and the nas were antigenically and genetically related to those of recent hum ... | 2002 | 12404167 |
| antibody epitopes on the neuraminidase of a recent h3n2 influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98). | we have characterized monoclonal antibodies raised against the neuraminidase (na) of a sydney-like influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98, h3n2) in a reassortant virus a/nws/33(ha)-a/mem/31/98(na) (h1n2) and nine escape mutants selected by these monoclonal antibodies. five of the antibodies use the same heavy chain vdj genes and may not be independent. another antibody, mem5, uses the same v(h) and j genes with a different d gene and different isotype. sequence changes in escape mutants selected by th ... | 2002 | 12414967 |
| genetic characterization of a porcine h1n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany. | we examined selected influenza virus strains from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases among pigs in germany. besides h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes presently circulating in europe, an h1n2 influenza virus was isolated in 2000. sequence analysis of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix genes indicated that this virus is a reassortant of human h1n1 and human h3n2 strains with an internal gene, the m gene of avian origin. it is a result of a multiple reassortment event. | 2003 | 12566701 |
| protection against a european h1n2 swine influenza virus in pigs previously infected with h1n1 and/or h3n2 subtypes. | a novel swine influenza virus, h1n2, circulates in european swine populations together with h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. this study examines whether post-infection immunity to h1n1 and/or h3n2 viruses provides cross-protection against h1n2 infection. pigs (n=51) were inoculated intranasally with either sw/belgium/1/98 (h1n1) or sw/flanders/1/98 (h3n2), or with both viruses at a 5-week interval. control groups were left uninoculated or inoculated with sw/gent/7625/99 (h1n2). four weeks later, all the p ... | 2003 | 12615433 |
| mild to moderate influenza activity in europe and the detection of novel a(h1n2) and b viruses during the winter of 2001-02. | influenza activity in europe during the 2001-02 influenza season was mild to moderate. compared to historical data, the intensity was low in six countries, medium in eleven and high in one country (spain). the dominant virus circulating in europe was influenza a(h3n2). two novel influenza virus strains were isolated during the 2001-02 season: influenza a(h1n2) viruses (mainly isolated in the united kingdom and ireland, but also in belgium, france, germany, the netherlands, portugal, sweden, swit ... | 2002 | 12631987 |
| influenza ah1n2 viruses, united kingdom, 2001-02 influenza season. | during the winter of 2001-02, influenza ah1n2 viruses were detected for the first time in humans in the u.k. the h1n2 viruses co-circulated with h3n2 viruses and a very small number of h1n1 viruses and were isolated in the community and hospitalized patients, predominantly from children <15 years of age. characterization of h1n2 viruses indicated that they were antigenically and genetically homogeneous, deriving the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from recently circulating a/new caledonia/20/99-like h1n ... | 2003 | 12643824 |
| characterization of a swine-like reassortant h1n2 influenza virus isolated from a wild duck in the united states. | an h1n2 influenza virus (a/duck/north carolina/91347/01) (dk/nc) was isolated from a wild duck in the united states in 2001. genetic analyses showed that this duck virus has the same human/classical swine/avian reassortant genotype as the h1n2 viruses that have been isolated from pigs and turkeys in the us since 1999. phylogenetic analyses of each gene segment further confirmed that the dk/nc virus is closely related to the domestic animal h1n2 isolates. in particular, dk/nc is most closely rela ... | 2003 | 12727349 |
| investigations of the efficacy of european h1n1- and h3n2-based swine influenza vaccines against the novel h1n2 subtype. | the efficacy of a commercial swine influenza vaccine based on a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1) and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) strains was tested against challenge with an h1n2 swine influenza virus. influenza virus-seronegative pigs were vaccinated twice with the vaccine when they were four and eight weeks old, or with the same vaccine supplemented with an h1n2 component. control pigs were left unvaccinated. three weeks after the second vaccination, all the pigs were challenged intratracheally with the ... | 2003 | 12877210 |
| three years of low influenza activity--no reason for complacency. | influenza activity in england and wales has been unusually low over the last three years. despite this, substantial morbidity and mortality has occurred in subgroups of the population. furthermore, the influenza season 2001/02 was characterised by the emergence of a new subtype of the influenza a virus (h1n2), a timely reminder that it is not possible to assess the impact of a change in the virus strains circulating without having a comprehensive surveillance infrastructure in place. | 2003 | 12889292 |
| [differences in oligomerization of nucleocapsid protein of epidemic human influenza a(h1n1), a(h1n2) and b viruses]. | a comparative analysis of involving the nucleocapsid protein (np) into shaping-up of sds-resistant oligomers was carried out presently in circulating epidemic strains of human influenza, viruses a and b. the study results of viral isolates obtained from clinical samples and recent standard strains revealed that the involvement of np in the sds-resistant oligomers, which are different in various subtypes of influenza a viruses. according to this sign, the human viruses a(9h3n2) are close to the a ... | 2003 | 12894477 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2002. | surveillance for influenza in australia in 2002 was based on notifications to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system from all states and territories, national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness and reports of influenza virus isolations from a laboratory network. the impact of influenza was assessed by absenteeism data from a major national employer. influenza a was the dominant type, 99 per cent of which were subtype h3n2 with only a single h ... | 2003 | 12926731 |
| update on molecular epidemiology of h1, h5, and h7 influenza virus infections in poultry in north america. | avian influenza is endemic in wild birds in north america, and the virus routinely has been transmitted from this reservoir to poultry. influenza, once introduced into poultry, can become endemic within the poultry population. it may be successfully eradicated by human intervention, or the virus may fail to successfully spread on its own. in the last 5 yr, influenza virus has been isolated from poultry in the united states on numerous occasions, and, with the use of molecular epidemiology, the r ... | 2003 | 14575082 |
| reassortants in recent human influenza a and b isolates from south east asia and oceania. | from 2000 to 2002, human influenza a and b viruses that were genetic reassortants of contemporary circulating human strains, were isolated in south east asia and oceania. similar to reports from other regions, a(h1n2) isolates were found to be reassortants of circulating a(h3n2) viruses that had acquired only the haemagglutinin gene of an a(h1n1) virus. some of these reassortants from thailand and singapore predate those previously recorded during the winter of 2001-2002 in europe and the middle ... | 2003 | 14609628 |
| evaluation of transmission of swine influenza type a subtype h1n2 virus in seropositive pigs. | to examine clinical signs, virus infection and shedding, and transmission of swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n2 among seropositive pigs. | 2004 | 15027676 |
| use of the dna flow-thru chip, a three-dimensional biochip, for typing and subtyping of influenza viruses. | influenza a viruses, which are further subtyped on the basis of antigenic differences in external hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins, and influenza b viruses are prominent among the viral causes of respiratory diseases and can cause a wide spectrum of illness. each year these viruses are responsible for recurrent epidemics, frequently in association with genetic variation. there is a requirement for sensitive and rapid diagnostic techniques in order to improve both the diagnosis of in ... | 2004 | 15131186 |
| recent changes among human influenza viruses. | recurrent epidemics of influenza are due to the frequent emergence of antigenic variants. with co-circulation of two influenza a subtypes and two antigenically distinct lineages of b viruses, genetic reassortment also has an important role in antigenic drift, as illustrated by recent changes in both a and b viruses. the h1n2 subtype viruses, which emerged during 2001, possessed a h1 ha similar to those of contemporary a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like viruses and seven genes closely related to t ... | 2004 | 15163487 |
| epidemiological features of a new strain of the influenza a virus--influenza a (h1n2) circulating in england and its public health implications. | the uk influenza season of 2001/2002 was characterized by widespread geographic circulation of a new subtype of influenza a (h1n2) virus throughout the duration of the season. younger children were predominantly infected, suggesting primary infection. despite this, the public health impact of this new virus was minimal. it remains to be seen whether influenza a (h1n2) virus will persist and co-circulate with the previously circulating subtypes of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2), or whether it was a ... | 2004 | 15163488 |
| reassortment and evolution of current human influenza a and b viruses. | during the 2001-2002 influenza season, human influenza a (h1n2) reassortant viruses were detected globally. the hemagglutinin (ha) of these h1n2 viruses was similar to that of the a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, while their neuraminidase (na) was antigenically and genetically related to that of recent human influenza h3n2 reference viruses such as a/moscow/10/99. all six internal genes of the h1n2 reassortants originated from an h3n2 virus. after b ... | 2004 | 15163489 |
| multiple lineages of antigenically and genetically diverse influenza a virus co-circulate in the united states swine population. | before the isolation of h3n2 viruses in 1998, swine influenza in the united states was an endemic disease caused exclusively by classical-swine h1n1 viruses. in this study we determined the antigenic and phylogenetic composition of a selection of currently circulating strains and revealed that, in contrast to the situation pre-1998, the swine population in the united states is now a dynamic viral reservoir containing multiple viral lineages. h3n2 viruses still circulate and representatives of ea ... | 2004 | 15163491 |
| genetic relationships, serological cross-reaction and cross-protection between h1n2 and other influenza a virus subtypes endemic in european pigs. | this study examines the genetic relationships between the recently emerged h1n2 swine influenza virus and viruses of h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes, and the extent of protection against h1n2 challenge in pigs immune after infection or vaccination with the other subtypes. there was low amino acid homology (70.4-71.9%) in the haemagglutinin (ha) gene between h1n1 viruses used for primary infection or vaccination and the h1n2 challenge strain, with 94-99 amino acid changes between these viruses involving a ... | 2004 | 15163499 |
| surveillance of influenza isolates for susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors during the 2000-2002 influenza seasons. | neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (ni) have recently been licensed for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza virus infection in humans. this study has utilized a new chemiluminescent (cl) neuraminidase assay to routinely monitor more than a thousand influenza field isolates collected worldwide during the 2000-2002 seasons for susceptibility to both licensed nis, zanamivir, and oseltamivir by determining the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50). our data demonstrated that influenza a viruses of t ... | 2004 | 15163509 |
| molecular epidemiology of porcine h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1982 and 2001. | we examined influenza virus strains of the subtype h3n2 from outbreaks of respiratory diseases in swine herds in germany. four different clusters can be distinguished when comparing parts of the ha1 gene from porcine h3n2 isolates analyzed between 1982 and 2001. comparison between these clusters reveals a bp homology of less than 90%. in contrast, the homology within the clusters is between 93.7 and 100%. each of these clusters was confined to a specific time period. for the na gene an additiona ... | 2004 | 15192270 |
| phylogenetic analysis of an h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from a pig in korea. brief report. | an influenza h1n2 virus was isolated from a pig during an severe outbreak of respiratory disease in a korean herd. the neuraminidase (na) and pb1 genes of the h1n2 isolate were of human origin, while the hemagglutinin (ha), matrix (m), nucleoprotein (np), and non-structural (ns) genes were of swine origin and pa and pb2 gene were of avian origin. phylogenetic results indicate that the korean h1n2 isolate was closely related to h1n2 viruses isolated recently from pigs in the united states. | 2004 | 15221541 |
| binding of influenza viruses to sialic acids: reassortant viruses with a/nws/33 hemagglutinin bind to alpha2,8-linked sialic acid. | we have examined the specificity of binding of a/nws/33 hemagglutinin (ha), exploring the effects of fucosylation, changing the gal-glcnac linkage between the second and third sugars, and binding affinity for alpha2,8-linked sialic acid. the ha of a/nws/33(ha)-tokyo/67(na) (nws-tok, h1n2) virus binds to 3'-linked sialyllactose with 10-fold higher affinity than 3' sialyllactosamine and 3-fold higher affinity than 6' sialyllactosamine. the p227h mutation in a/nws/33(p227h)(ha)-a/memphis/31/98(na) ... | 2004 | 15246273 |
| [isolation of influenza a h1n2 virus from a returning traveller at nagoya international airport]. | a reassortant influenza a h1n2 virus was isolated from a returning traveller arriving at nagoya international airport, japan from indonesia in may, 2002. a hemagglutination inhibition test revealed that the virus was similar to a vaccine strain of a/newcaledonia/20/99. a phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus forms a cluster with other influenza a h1n2 viruses isolated in other countries. the reassortment event was theoretically assumed to have occurred between the 1999/2000 and 2000/ ... | 2004 | 15287474 |
| adaptation and limitations of established hemagglutination inhibition assays for the detection of porcine anti-swine influenza virus h1n2 antibodies. | hemagglutination inhibition (hi) has been a reliable method for determining porcine antibody levels to the well-characterized swine influenza virus (siv) h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes. however, the recent emergence of the novel h1n2 serotype of siv and the persistence of 2 other serotypes (h1n1 and h3n2) in the united states swine population represents a significant challenge to diagnostics. both standardized and modified hi protocols were used in a blinded study to examine a collection of 50 control s ... | 2004 | 15305735 |
| [the 2003/2004 influenza season in the netherlands with a limited epidemic of the virus variant a/fujian, and the vaccine composition for the 2004/2005 season]. | in contrast to the three previous influenza seasons, the influenza epidemic of the 2003/2004 season started early in week 49 of 2003. the epidemic was predominantly caused by influenza-a viruses of the h3n2 subtype. all isolated influenza-a viruses were antigenically related to influenza virus a/fujian/411/02, which was already detected in the influenza season 2002/2003 and that deviated from the vaccine-reference strain a/moscow/10/99 to a certain extent. the magnitude of the epidemic was limit ... | 2004 | 15524136 |
| [discovery of a novel reassortant h1n2 influenza virus]. | three strains of influenza a virus were isolated from patients suffering from influenza like disease in railway hygiene and anti-epidemic station of taiyuan in january 1996. the identification results by serological method indicated that the isolates were different from h1n2 subtype of influenza a virus isolated from men in 1989 and 1992 and that their ha antigenicity was similar to that of a/rp/8/34 (h1n1) virus, but distinguishable from that of influenza a (h1n1) virus circulating in mans rece ... | 1997 | 15619808 |
| pathogenesis of swine influenza virus subtype h1n2 infection in pigs. | the purpose of this study was to elucidate pathogenesis and viral distribution in pigs infected with swine influenza virus subtype h1n2, over a period of 10 days, by morphometric analysis and in-situ hybridization. fifteen colostrum-deprived pigs aged 3 weeks were inoculated intranasally with virus. pneumonia was severe at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi), moderate at 3 and 5 dpi, and mild at 7 and 10 dpi. the pulmonary lesion score was correlated with the score of cells positive by in-situ hybridiz ... | 2005 | 15737344 |
| first outbreak of respiratory disease associated with swine influenza h1n2 virus in pigs in korea. | this report describes the first diagnosis of swine influenza h1n2 virus infection in growing pigs in korea by virus isolation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), histopathology, and in situ hybridization. the subtype of swine influenza virus isolates was determined to be h1n2 by rt-pcr. the most consistent and predominant histological feature was bronchointerstitial pneumonia. lung tissues from these pigs were hybridized with the nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeled compleme ... | 2005 | 15825500 |
| divergent genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in influenza a h1n1 and a h1n2 subtypes isolated in the south-france since the winter of 2001-2002. | influenza a viruses are divided into subtypes based on their hemagglutinin (h1 to h15) and neuraminidase (n1 to n9) glycoproteins. of these, three a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 circulate in the human population. influenza a viruses display a high antigenic variability called "antigenic drift" which allows the virus to escape antibody neutralization. | 2005 | 15911445 |
| evidence of the concurrent circulation of h1n2, h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses in densely populated pig areas in spain. | this paper reports on a serological and virological survey for swine influenza virus (siv) in densely populated pig areas in spain. the survey was undertaken to examine whether the h1n2 siv subtype circulates in pigs in these areas, as in other european regions. six hundred sow sera from 100 unvaccinated breeding herds across northern and eastern spain were examined using haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests against h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 siv subtypes. additionally, 225 lung samples from pigs wi ... | 2006 | 15914047 |
| isolation and characterization of h3n2 influenza a virus from turkeys. | five 34-wk-old turkey breeder layer flocks in separate houses of 2550 birds each in a single farm in ohio experienced a drop in egg production from late january to early february 2004. tracheal swabs (n = 60), cloacal swabs (n = 50), and convalescent sera (n = 110) from the flocks were submitted to the laboratory for diagnostics. virus isolation was attempted in specific-pathogen free embryonating chicken eggs and vero and mdck cells. virus characterization was performed using agar gel immunodif ... | 2005 | 16094824 |
| sensitivity of influenza viruses to zanamivir and oseltamivir: a study performed on viruses circulating in france prior to the introduction of neuraminidase inhibitors in clinical practice. | influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) were introduced in clinical practice in various parts of the world since 1999 but were only scarcely distributed in france. prior to the generalization of zanamivir and oseltamivir utilization in our country, we decided to test a large panel of influenza strains to establish the baseline sensitivity of these viruses to anti-neuraminidase drugs, based upon a fluorometric neuraminidase enzymatic test. our study was performed on clinical samples colle ... | 2005 | 16125799 |
| incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. | adamantanes have been used to treat influenza a virus infections for many years. studies have shown a low incidence of resistance to these drugs among circulating influenza viruses; however, their use is rising worldwide and drug resistance has been reported among influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated from poultry and human beings in asia. we sought to assess adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses isolated during the past decade from countries participating in who's global influenza surve ... | 2005 | 16198766 |
| are swine workers in the united states at increased risk of infection with zoonotic influenza virus? | pandemic influenza strains originate in nonhuman species. pigs have an important role in interspecies transmission of the virus. we examined multiple swine-exposed human populations in the nation's number 1 swine-producing state for evidence of previous swine influenza virus infection. | 2006 | 16323086 |
| identification of human h1n2 and human-swine reassortant h1n2 and h1n1 influenza a viruses among pigs in ontario, canada (2003 to 2005). | since 2003, three novel genotypes of h1 influenza viruses have been recovered from canadian pigs, including a wholly human h1n2 virus and human-swine reassortants. these isolates demonstrate that human-lineage h1n2 viruses are infectious for pigs and that viruses with a human pb1/swine pa/swine pb2 polymerase complex can replicate in pigs. | 2006 | 16517910 |
| activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in swine influenza virus-mediated cell death. | the mitochondrial pathway of swine influenza virus (siv)-induced apoptosis was investigated using porcine kidney (pk-15) cells, swine testicle (st) cells, and hela cervical carcinoma cells which are known not to support viral replication. as judged by cell morphology, annexin v staining, and dna fragmentation, pk-15 and st cells infected with three different subtypes of siv (h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2) were obviously killed by apoptosis, not necrosis. siv infection in pk-15 and hela cells was shown to ... | 2006 | 16520548 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of new reassortant h3n1 swine influenza virus from pigs in the midwestern united states. | since the introduction of h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs) into u.s. swine in 1998, h1n2 and h1n1 reassortant viruses have emerged from reassortment between classical h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. in 2004, a new reassortant h3n1 virus (a/swine/minnesota/00395/2004) was identified from coughing pigs. phylogenetic analyses revealed a hemagglutinin segment similar to those of contemporary cluster iii h3n2 sivs and a neuraminidase sequence of contemporary h1n1 origin. the internal genes were of swine, h ... | 2006 | 16641303 |
| genetic characterization of novel reassortant h1n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs in southeastern china. | in december 2004, three influenza h1n2 viruses were isolated from lung samples of pigs that had died from respiratory disease on a farm in southeastern china. to determine the genetic characterization and probable origin, one of the three isolates, a/swine/zhejiang/1/2004 (sw/zj/1/2004), was genetically analyzed. sw/zj/1/2004 was a reassortant with an na gene most closely related to the corresponding gene from a human-like h3n2 virus circulating in 1995. the remaining seven genes were most close ... | 2006 | 16755371 |
| amantadine resistance among porcine h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1981 and 2001. | this study was designed to gain insight into amantadine susceptibility of porcine influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1981 and 2001. the 12 studied h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 porcine influenza virus strains were isolated in chicken eggs and passaged once in mdck cells. plaque reduction assays were applied to examine virus susceptibility to amantadine. genotyping was used to confirm drug resistance. in the results of these antiviral studies, only 3 of the 12 isolates were shown to be amanta ... | 2006 | 16809934 |
| serological profiles after consecutive experimental infections of pigs with european h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 swine influenza viruses. | swine influenza viruses (sivs) of h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 subtypes, with antigenically different hemagglutinins, are currently cocirculating in pigs in europe. this study aimed to determine whether the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, which is the primary serological test for siv, is sufficiently specific to discriminate between infections with the three subtypes. in experiment 1, pigs were consecutively inoculated with european h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 sivs by the intranasal route, or with the r ... | 2006 | 16987057 |
| serologic surveillance of swine h1 and h3 and avian h5 and h9 influenza a virus infections in swine population in korea. | influenza a is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in korea. an outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in korea during the winter season of 2003. pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more re ... | 2007 | 17223213 |
| prevalence of pb1-f2 of influenza a viruses. | pb1-f2 is a pro-apoptotic polypeptide of many influenza a virus (fluav) isolates encoded by an alternative orf of segment 2. a comprehensive genbank search was conducted to analyse its prevalence. this search yielded 2226 entries of 80 fluav subtypes. of these sequences, 87 % encode a pb1-f2 polypeptide greater than 78 aa. however, classic swine influenza viruses and human h1n1 isolates collected since 1950 harbour a truncated pb1-f2 sequence. while pb1-f2 of human h1n1 viruses terminates after ... | 2007 | 17251572 |
| performance testing of two new one-step real time pcr assays for detection of human influenza and avian influenza viruses isolated in humans and respiratory syncytial virus. | two real time one-step rt-pcr assays were developed for simultaneous detection and typing of influenza a and b viruses and detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). as regard influenza, primers were designed to amplify specific sequences of gene m of a/h1n1, a/h3n2, a/h5n1, a/h7n7 and a/h9n2 viruses and of gene np of type b viruses belonging both yamagata and victoria lineage. specificity, analytical and clinical sensitivity, dynamic range, linearity of the new assays were evaluated. | 2006 | 17263157 |
| genetic analysis of two influenza a (h1) swine viruses isolated from humans in thailand and the philippines. | influenza viruses a/philippines/341/2004 (h1n2) and a/thailand/271/2005 (h1n1) were isolated from two males, with mild influenza providing evidence of sporadic human infection by contemporary swine influenza. both viruses were antigenically and genetically distinct from influenza a (h1n1 and h1n2) viruses that have circulated in the human population. genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin genes found these viruses to have the highest degree of similarity to the classical swine h1 viruses circula ... | 2007 | 17429716 |
| failure of protection and enhanced pneumonia with a us h1n2 swine influenza virus in pigs vaccinated with an inactivated classical swine h1n1 vaccine. | two us swine influenza virus (siv) isolates, a/swine/iowa/15/1930 h1n1 (ia30) and a/swine/minnesota/00194/2003 h1n2 (mn03), were evaluated in an in vivo vaccination and challenge model. inactivated vaccines were prepared from each isolate and used to immunize conventional pigs, followed by challenge with homologous or heterologous virus. both inactivated vaccines provided complete protection against homologous challenge. however, the ia30 vaccine failed to protect against the heterologous mn03 c ... | 2008 | 17719188 |
| evolutionary analyses of european h1n2 swine influenza a virus by placing timestamps on the multiple reassortment events. | a novel h1n2 swine influenza a virus emerged in europe since 1994. previous phylogenetic analyses revealed that its genome segments were derived from h1n1 human virus, h3n2 human virus and avian-like h1n1/h3n2 swine virus, indicating the possibility of multiple reassortments events. however, dates of these reassortment events have not been investigated systematically. in this study, we used both global and local molecular clock concepts in a maximum likelihood framework to extrapolate the times ... | 2008 | 17936394 |
| identification and characterization of a late ah1n2 human reassortant in france during the 2002-2003 influenza season. | we have previously shown a clear differential genetic evolution of the hemagglutinin (ha) of human ah1n1 and ah1n2 viruses, isolated in southern france between 2001 and 2004. however, our analysis revealed that one single ah1n2 isolate, detected in 2003 (a/lyon/0838/2003), had its ha clustering within the has of the ah1n1 subtypes. to determine if this virus was a new reassortant, the nucleotide sequences of its eight rna gene segments were compared with those of five representative strains of t ... | 2008 | 18054811 |
| novel reassortant of swine influenza h1n2 virus in germany. | european porcine h1n2 influenza viruses arose after multiple reassortment steps involving a porcine influenza virus with avian-influenza-like internal segments and human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in 1994. in germany, h1n2 swine influenza viruses first appeared in 2000. two german h1n2 swine influenza virus strains isolated from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza are described. they were characterized by the neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and complete sequencing of ... | 2008 | 18089751 |
| origin of the 1918 spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis. | to test the avian-origin hypothesis of the 1918 spanish influenza virus we surveyed influenza sequences from a broad taxonomic distribution and collected 65 full-length genomes representing avian, human and "classic" swine h1n1 lineages in addition to numerous other swine (h1n2, h3n1, and h3n2), human (h2n2, h3n2, and h5n1), and avian (h1n1, h4n6, h5n1, h6n1, h6n6, h6n8, h7n3, h8n4, h9n2, and h13n2) subtypes. amino acids from all eight segments were concatenated, aligned, and used for phylogenet ... | 2008 | 18353690 |
| avian influenza surveillance in hunter-harvested waterfowl from the gulf coast of texas (november 2005-january 2006). | the objectives of our study were to determine prevalence of avian influenza viruses (aiv) on wintering grounds on the texas gulf coast, usa, and to compare real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) and virus isolation for detection of aiv in cloacal swabs from wild waterfowl. cloacal swabs were collected from hunter-harvested waterfowl from november 2005 to january 2006 at four wildlife management areas. seven aiv were isolated from four species of ducks: green-winged t ... | 2008 | 18436675 |
| flow cytometric monitoring of influenza a virus infection in mdck cells during vaccine production. | in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production the monitoring of virus titres and cell physiology during infection is of great importance for process characterisation and optimisation. while conventional virus quantification methods give only virus titres in the culture broth, data obtained by fluorescence labelling of intracellular virus proteins provide additional information on infection dynamics. flow cytometry represents a valuable tool to investigate the influences of cultivation condi ... | 2008 | 18447925 |
| genetic characterization of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza virus in thailand. | swine have been known to be a suitable host for influenza a virus. in thailand, phylogenetic analysis on swine influenza virus (siv) has as yet not been attempted. the present report presents molecular and phylogenetic analysis performed on siv in thailand. in this study, 12 siv isolates from the central and eastern part of thailand were subtyped and the molecular genetics of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were elucidated. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, are described. phylogenetic analysi ... | 2008 | 18458812 |
| molecular characterization of an h1n2 swine influenza virus isolated in miyazaki, japan, in 2006. | swine influenza virus (siv) was isolated from a farm in miyazaki prefecture in japan in july 2006. an isolate was genetically subtyped as h1n2 and was designated a/swine/miyazaki/1/2006 (h1n2). the nucleotide sequences of all eight viral rna segments were determined, and then phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method. all segments were shown to be closely related to those of japanese siv h1n2 isolates, which have been circulating since the 1980s. the results indicate ... | 2008 | 18460842 |
| one-step multiplex rt-pcr for detection and subtyping of swine influenza h1, h3, n1, n2 viruses in clinical samples using a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo) system. | the swine influenza virus (siv) h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtypes circulate in korean farm. a novel multiplex rt-pcr (m-rt-pcr) was developed to detect and subtype swine influenza viruses. this m-rt-pcr assay could identify h1, h3, n1 and n2 from clinical samples in single tube reaction using dpo system. korean sivs are closely related to the united states influenza viruses, and primers were developed for siv from north american viruses and recently korean isolates. the sensitivity of the m-rt-pcr w ... | 2008 | 18486976 |
| [phylogenetic analysis of human/swine/avian gene reassortant h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from a pig in china]. | our aim in this study was to determine the genetic characterization and probable origin of the h1n2 swine influenza virus (a/swine/guangxi/13/2006) (sw/gx/13/06) from lung tissue of a pig in guangxi province, china. | 2008 | 18590231 |
| comparison of three serological assays to determine the cross-reactivity of antibodies from eight genetically diverse u.s. swine influenza viruses. | swine influenza virus is an economically important pathogen to the u.s. swine industry. new influenza subtypes and isolates within subtypes with different genetic and antigenic makeup have recently emerged in u.s. swineherds. as a result of the emergence of these new viruses, diagnosticians' ability to accurately diagnose influenza infection in pigs and develop appropriate vaccine strategies has become increasingly difficult. the current study compares the ability of subtype-specific commercial ... | 2008 | 18599846 |
| surveillance of avian and swine influenza in the swine population in taiwan, 2004. | we conducted serological and virological surveillance of pig farms in taiwan from areas epidemic for low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n2 subtype, in order to determine the prevalence of aiv and swine influenza virus (siv) in 2004. | 2008 | 18629419 |
| [molecular analyses of human influenza viruses. circulation of new variants since 1995/96]. | the evolution of influenza viruses is increasingly pursued by molecular analyses that complement classical methods. the analyses focus on the two surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) which determine the viral antigenic profile. influenza a(h3n2) viruses are exceptionally variable, so that usually at least two virus variants cocirculate at the same time. together with influenza b viruses they caused approximately 90% of influenza virus infections in germany during the last 1 ... | 2008 | 18773168 |
| seroprevalence and genetic evolutions of swine influenza viruses under vaccination pressure in korean swine herds. | an overall 8,427 total of blood samples collected from growing to finishing pigs were submitted for diagnosis of swine influenza virus infection between january 2002 and december 2006. sera from 2002 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against four different swine influenza subtypes using the hemagglutination inhibition test to investigate seroprevalence rates by natural infection in korean swine herds while nasal swabs and lung tissue samples were used for viral isolation. the natural infectio ... | 2008 | 18789984 |
| prevalence of avian influenza viruses, borrelia garinii, mycobacterium avium, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in waterfowl and terrestrial birds in slovakia, 2006. | the prevalence of borrelia, mycobacteria and avian influenza virus (aiv) infections, together with the distribution of different aiv subtypes, was studied in migratory waterfowl and terrestrial birds trapped in three localities in slovakia during 2006. samples obtained from waterfowl captured in the senianske ponds area of eastern slovakia showed the highest diversity of aiv isolates. a total of 13 different subtypes were detected in 19 samples from this location (h1n2, h2n2, h3n2, h6n6, h7n6, h ... | 2008 | 18798030 |
| ongoing evolution of swine influenza viruses: a novel reassortant. | a novel h3n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza is described. it was characterised by neutralisation test, hemagglutination inhibition test and complete sequencing of the genome. the data demonstrate the emergence of a h3n2 reassortant with the human-like hah3 gene of prevalent european porcine h3n2 influenza viruses and a nan2 gene of the european porcine h1n2 viruses. the gene segments of the internal proteins are avian-like, consistent wit ... | 2008 | 18985274 |
| population dynamics of swine influenza virus in farrow-to-finish and specialised finishing herds in the netherlands. | influenza virus infections with subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 are very common in domestic pigs in europe. data on possible differences of population dynamics in finishing pigs in farrow-to-finish herds and in specialised finishing herds are, however, scarce. the presence of sows and weaned piglets on the same premises may, however, affect the exposure of finishing pigs to influenza viruses. in a longitudinal study on 14 farrow-to-finish herds and 15 finishing herds, groups of pigs were followed b ... | 2009 | 19181461 |
| a human case of swine influenza virus infection in europe--implications for human health and research. | swine are susceptible to the same influenza a virus subtypes as humans--h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2--and the histories of influenza in pigs and people are closely linked. many swine influenza viruses are a result of reassortment and their genes are composed of human and avian and/or swine virus genes. indeed, it is known that both human and avian influenza viruses occasionally transmit to pigs, and that pigs can serve as "mixing vessels" for these viruses, meaning that viruses can exchange genetic mater ... | 2009 | 19232229 |
| novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1 in italy. | to date, three subtypes of swine influenza viruses, h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 have been isolated in italy. in 2006, a novel swine influenza virus subtype (h3n1) was isolated from coughing pigs. rt-pcr performed on lung tissues, experimental infection in pigs with the novel isolate, and cloning the virus by plaque assay confirmed this unique h and n combination. the novel isolate was also antigenically and genetically characterized. genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that the complete ha gene of ... | 2009 | 19398171 |
| different neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibilities of human h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. | in the flu season 2005/2006 amantadine-resistant human influenza a viruses (fluav) of subtype h3n2 circulated in germany. this raises questions on the neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) susceptibility of fluav. to get an answer, chemiluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed with 51 h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 fluav isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. according to the mean ic(50) values (0.38-0.91 nm for oseltamivir and 0.76-1.13 nm for zanamivir) most h1n1 and h3n2 fluav wer ... | 2009 | 19428593 |