| ixodes ricinus: vector of a hitherto undescribed spotted fever group agent in switzerland. | a tick/rickettsial survey in various parts of switzerland revealed the presence of a new, hitherto undescribed spotted fever group rickettsia ("swiss agent") in up to 11.7% of i. ricinus collected off vegetation. infection in ticks was found to be generalized with rickettsiae developing intracellularly and occasionally also intranuclearly. as a result of massive growth in ovarial tissues, including the germinative cells, the rate of transovarial and filial infection was 100%. the "swiss agent" a ... | 1979 | 44100 |
| antigenic relationships between the typhus and spotted fever groups of rickettsiae. | paired sera from cases of epidemic typhus in ethiopia and from probable cases of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) in the united states were examined by microagglutination (ma) and microimmunofluorescence (micro-if) tests for antibodies against rickettsia prowazekii, rickettsia typhi, rickettsia canada, rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia conorii and ricksettsia akari. igg and igm antibodies against the various rickettsiae were titrated with specific fluorescein-conjugated anti-igg and anti-igm ... | 1978 | 99029 |
| an apparent outbreak of rickettsial illness in costa rica, 1974. | a focal outbreak of highly fatal disease occurred in eastern costa rica in 1974. no rickettsial spotted fevers have previously been reported in costa rica. nevertheless, the available evidence points to an unidentified rickettsial pathogen, probably of the spotted fever group, as the agent responsible for this outbreak. | 1978 | 100162 |
| surface proteins of typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. | six proteins, previously established as major constituents of intact organisms, were identified in cell envelopes obtained from intrinsically radiolabeled rickettsia prowazekii. extrinsic radioiodination of intact organisms conducted at 0.5 micronm iodide indicated that protein 4 was the most peripheral, although protein 1 also had reactive groups exposed on the surface of the organisms. a 10-fold increase in iodide concentration resulted in labeling of protein 2, and at 50 micronm iodide, all s ... | 1978 | 101466 |
| serologic typing of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group by microimmunofluorescence. | | 1978 | 101593 |
| distribution and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from south carolina, with an epidemiological survey of persons bitten by infected ticks. | live ticks removed from human hosts were tested for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae from 1974 through 1976. spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in dermacentor variabilis, amblyomma americanum, amblyomma maculatum, and ixodes scapularis. persons from whom positive ticks were removed in 1974 and 1975 were questioned about ensuing illness. eleven of 51 persons from whom rickettsia-positive d. variabilis were removed reported some unexplained combination of symptoms compati ... | 1978 | 103448 |
| rickettsioses studies. 1. natural foci of rickettsioses in the armenian soviet socialist republic. | ixodid ticks collected in the armenian ssr during 1971 and 1974 were positive for rickettsiae of the spotted fever group, as confirmed by haemocyte tests and by isolation experiments. serum specimens collected from human beings and from domestic and wild animals in the same areas contained antibodies against such rickettsiae and against coxiella burnetii. these results indicate the existence of mixed natural foci of rickettsioses of the spotted fever group and of q fever in the armenian ssr. | 1976 | 134846 |
| [antigenic structure of rickettsia of the tick-borne spotted fever group isolated in the armenian ssr]. | the authors present data concerning the study of the antigenic properties of rickettisa of the tick-borne spotted fever group isolated from the ixodes ticks in the armenain ssr. in order to determine the species of the isolated strains a method of serological identification of rickettsia in the complement fixation reaction with the species-specific immune sera of albino mice was used. the results obtained permitted to refer the armenia-74, no. 11, 29, and 57 species to the r. sibricia species. | 1978 | 151462 |
| anticomplementarity in complement-fixation test with soluble antigens of the spotted fever group rickettsiae. | anticomplementarity occurring in the complement-fixation (cf) test with soluble antigens of rickettsiae of the spotted fever (sf) group is caused by interaction of soluble antigens with guinea pig sera serving as the source of complement. the serum factor responsible for anticomplementarity is thermostable and cannot be removed by treatment of guinea pig serum with co2 or nitrogen. an adverse effect of such serum was also observed upon its mixing with other guinea pig sera lacking anticomplement ... | 1978 | 219638 |
| isolation of spotted fever group and wolbachia-like agents from field-collected materials by means of plaque formation in mammalian and mosquito cells. | three isolations from ticks (dermacentor occidentalis) of a rickettsia of the spotted fever group and 5 isolations from chipmunk (eutamias rugicaudus) blood of a wolbachia-like agent were obtained from plaques formed in singh's aedes albopictus (mosquito) and vero (african green monkey kidney) cell cultures. these organisms could not be isolated by injection of the infected ticks or blood into embryonated chicken eggs, guinea pigs, or voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), but fluid cultures of grace' ... | 1975 | 241251 |
| rickettsioses studies. 3. natural foci of rickettsioses in south bohemia. | antibodies against coxiella burnetii and against rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were found in human sera and in sera from domestic and wild animals collected in south bohemia. spotted fever group rickettsiae were also discovered in the tick ixodes ricinus. these results indicate the presence of both types of rickettsiae in this part of czechoslovakia. as no epizootics or epidemics of q fever have as yet been reported in the area, it can be assumed that c. burnetii occurs in the latent st ... | 1977 | 304389 |
| rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in slovakia. | | 1977 | 408981 |
| [isolation of rickettsia of the spotted fever group (sf group) from dermacentor marginatus ticks in tirol, austria]. | | 1977 | 410728 |
| comparative electrophoresis of spotted fever group rickettsial proteins. | | 1978 | 415197 |
| antigenic relations of rickettsia prowazekii and rickettsia canada, established in the study of sera of patients with brill's disease. | sera of patients with brill's disease and of healthy persons with spotted fever in their past history were examined in the complement fixation reaction (cfr) to determine antigenic relations between r. prowazekii and r. canada. r. canada was found to have common antigenic determinants with r. prowazekii and r. mooseri. however, the antigenic determinants of r. canada differed from those of the mentioned rickettsiae. the titres of complement-fixing antibodies in the sera of patients with brill's ... | 1977 | 560410 |
| ultrastructure of rickettsia rhipicephali, a new member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae in tissues of the host vector rhipicephalus sanguineus. | rickettsia rhipicephali is similar in ultrastructure to r. rickettsii while differing from other rickettsiae of the typhus group and of q fever and others by its lack of a prominently reticulated cytoplasmic matrix and in the thickness of the inner osmophilic layer of the cell wall. in tissues of the tick vector rhipicephalus sanguineus, r. rhipicephali had a mean length and width of 1.2 and 0.46 micrometer, respectively. it possessed a trilaminar cell wall with an adhering capsule-like layer. t ... | 1979 | 570191 |
| presence of complement fixing (cf) antibody against spotted fever group of rickettsiae in human beings from kerala, south india. | | 1978 | 730266 |
| rhipicephalus sanguineus: vector of a new spotted fever group rickettsia in the united states. | a rickettsia related to but distinct from the spotted fever agent, rickettsia rickettsii, has been detected in 167 (18.9%) of 884 rhipicephalus sanguineus taken off dogs in central and northern mississippi. the organisms could readily be isolated in male meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), where it produced massive infections in the tissues of tunica vaginalis. it was practically nonpathogenic for male guinea pigs, although inoculation of these animals with infected tunica vaginalis of voles ... | 1975 | 806533 |
| rocky mountain spotted fever (tick-borne typhus) in south carolina: an educational program and tick/rickettsial survey in 1973 and 1974. | because the incidence of spotted fever is increasing in south carolina, campaigns were carried out in 1973 and 1974 to provide the public and medical practitioners, through pamphlets and news media, with information about spotted fever and the ticks which transmit the causative agent, rickettsia rickettsii. people were also invited to save and submit live ticks removed from vegetation, animals and humans, for examination by the hemolymph test. a total of 1,186 ticks consisting of 987 dermacentor ... | 1975 | 811127 |
| indirect hemagglutination test for human antibody to typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. | an indirect hemagglutination (iha) test is described that uses glutaraldehyde-stabilized erythrocytes treated with a rickettsial erythrocyte-sensitizing substance obtained from rickettsia typhi or rickettsia rickettsii. the serological reagent was stable for at least 3 months at room temperature and 6 months at 4 c. it exhibited group specificity and no group cross-reactivity. at a minimum dilution of 1:40, acute and early convalescent epidemic and murine typhus antisera showed 86% positive reac ... | 1975 | 811685 |
| rocky mountain spotted fever in mississippi: survey for spotted fever antibodies in dogs and for spotted fever group reckettsiae in dog ticks. | during epidemiologic studies of rocky mountain spotted fever in mississippi in 1973, dogs were surveyed for antibodies tp spotted fever group antigens and for tick parasites infected with rickettsiae of the spotted fever group. fifty-three (46%) of 116 serum samples had complement-fixing antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:8 as compared to only one (5%) of 21 samples from a group of dogs obtained from metropolitan chicage. fifty-two per cent of the dogs tested from mississippi had microag ... | 1976 | 814809 |
| microimmunofluorescence test for the serological study of rocky mountain spotted fever and typhus. | a microimmunofluorescence test was used to study antibody responses to various spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsiae during rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) and epidemic typhus (et). patients with rmsf reacted most strongly to rickettsia rickettsii; those with et reacted predominantly to r. prowazekii. the degree of cross-reaction to other rickettsial strains varied from patient to patient, but a particular pattern of cross-reaction was consistently observed in serial sera from the ... | 1976 | 815267 |
| rickettsiae belonging to the spotted fever group from ticks in the tribec mountains. | rickettsiae of the spotted (sf) group were found in a selected locality of the tribec mountains in southern slovakia in 1974. the rickettsiae were found in 10.8% of females and 6.1% of males of haemaphysalis inermis and 7.3% of females and 4.8% of males of ixodes ricinus. no significant differences in the incidence were observed during the year. coxiella burneti was found in 1 male and 4 females of h. inermis and 1 male of i. ricinus in ad adjacent locality. antibodies against rickettsiae of the ... | 1976 | 820614 |
| proteins of typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. | purified radioactive rickettsiae were obtained from irradiated and cycloheximide-inhibited l cells, and their proteins were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. rickettsial species could be distinguished by comparing the relative mobilities of constituent proteins after migration of two differentially labeled preparations in a single gel. distinct differences were observed in gel patterns of rickettsiae from the typhus and spotted fever groups, as well as with different species within ... | 1976 | 820639 |
| rickettsiae of the spotted fever isolated from dermacentor marginatus ticks in south germany. | rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were detected by haemocyte test in 8 (12%) of 51 partially engorged dermacentor marginatus females collected in march/april 1975 in south germany. four strains of rickettsiae were isolated from ticks positive in haemocyte test. it was concluded with isolated strain brd-1 and homologous immune guinea pig, hamster and mouse sera in cf cross reactions with antigens and immune sera against other members of the sf group, that the newly isolated strains are simil ... | 1977 | 930478 |
| comparison of structural polypeptides, detected by immunoblotting technique, in the sera of spotted fever group rickettsia positive cases--symptomatic versus asymptomatic. | in an attempt to characterize the nature of symptomatic versus asymptomatic spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) infection, the immune response to r. conorii (boutonneuse fever) structural polypeptides was studied by western-blot immunoassay. sera from immunoperoxidase assay (ipa), sfgr seropositive (titre greater than or equal to 80) individuals, symptomatic and asymptomatic and from sfgr seronegative (ipa titre less than 80) individuals living in a kibbutz community in the desert region of so ... | 1992 | 1350173 |
| the reactivity between rickettsiae and weil-felix test antigens against sera of rickettsial disease patients. | of the sera which were positive to rickettsia tsutsugamushi by indirect immunoperoxidase test, approximately 80% sera were positive to a proteus oxk antigen by weil-felix test at 10 or more days after the onset of fever, while only 10% sera were positive within 9 days from the onset of fever. in elisa using the oxk antigen, almost all of the paired sera of tsutsugamushi disease (td) patients increased on the igm antibody titres with the rise of their titres by weil-felix test, whereas the igg an ... | 1992 | 1350175 |
| human and tick spotted fever group rickettsia isolates from israel: a genotypic analysis. | the genomes of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated in different geographical areas of israel (two from ticks and four from humans, obtained over a span of 20 years) were studied by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. the human isolates were obtained from patients suffering from rickettsial disease of different degrees of severity. the pcr products obtained with five pairs of oligonucleotide primers (two primer sets deriv ... | 1992 | 1356998 |
| african tick-bite fever: a new spotted fever group rickettsiosis under an old name. | | 1992 | 1357393 |
| serological studies of antigenic similarity between japanese spotted fever rickettsiae and weil-felix test antigens. | acute and convalescent-phase sera obtained from 10 patients infected with a japanese strain of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia were tested by the indirect immunoperoxidase test, the weil-felix test, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and immunoblotting. by the weil-felix test, the reactivity of these sera to the ox2 antigen was higher than those to the ox19 antigen, as is the case with sera from persons infected with other sfg rickettsiae. by elisa, the titers of immunoglobulin m ... | 1992 | 1383270 |
| evidence of the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in dogs and dog ticks of the central provinces in spain. | to assess canine exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae in the central provinces of spain, ticks removed from dogs were studied by immunofluorescence (if) staining. twenty-eight out of 65 (43.0%) samples from ticks were positive. sera from 58 dogs were also collected and the presence of antibodies to rickettsia conorii studied. thirty-four (58.6%) dogs presented significant titers by if. surveillance data from these provinces show the presence of boutonneuse fever cases during recent years, ... | 1992 | 1397228 |
| [spotted fever group rickettsiosis in chiba prefecture]. | in chiba prefecture, the first patient of infection with spotted fever group rickettsia was found in 1987, thereafter nine patients were detected serologically by the end of 1990. patients were found in the villages of amatsukominato, katsuura and ootaki, which were located in southern part of chiba prefecture. the illness occurred from june to october. on the other hand, patients with rickettsia tsutsugamushi were seen from october to september. difference of prevalent seasons of these two type ... | 1992 | 1402081 |
| the laboratory diagnosis of rickettsial diseases in hong kong. | indirect immunoperoxidase (ip) tests against antigens of rickettsia typhi, r. sibirica and r. tsutsugamushi were carried out on serum samples from 10 patients known to have high titres against one or more proteus ox antigens in the weil-felix (wf) test. the ip test confirmed rickettsial infection in nine of the 10 patients, giving unequivocal indications of the grouping of the infecting rickettsia species and, in one instance, showing a diagnostic igm titre in a specimen taken on day 3 of the pa ... | 1992 | 1404554 |
| characterization and comparison of australian human spotted fever group rickettsiae. | the microbiological and molecular characteristics of the rickettsiae isolated from humans with queensland tick typhus (qtt) caused by rickettsia australis and the recently described flinders island spotted fever (fisf) were compared. clinically and serologically, the diseases are similar. cell culture reveals differences in the plaque-forming abilities of the isolates. characterization of the gene encoding the genus-specific 17-kda antigen of r. australis revealed a unique nucleotide sequence un ... | 1992 | 1452660 |
| seroepidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsiae in small field rodents in japan. | to clarify the geographic distribution of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in japan, small field rodents captured in endemic and nonendemic areas were screened for anti-sfg rickettsia antibodies by the immunofluorescence test. among total 716 specimens tested, 73-75% of rodents were antibody-positive against rickettsia japonica and/or rickettsia montana, showing different degree of antibody-positive proportions among each species of the rodents. interestingly, these profiles were not differ ... | 1992 | 1522815 |
| detection of rickettsia rickettsii in saliva, hemolymph and triturated tissues of infected dermacentor andersoni ticks by polymerase chain reaction. | the technique of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is potentially superior to existing methods for detecting rickettsial infections in ticks. for this reason, we developed assays for identifying rickettsial infections in ticks by pcr. our assays amplified a 500 bp fragment from the gene encoding the romp b protein of rickettsia rickettsii. the selected primers amplified fragments of the predicted size from all spotted fever group rickettsiae (r. rickettsii, r. parkeri, r. conorii, r. sibirica) tes ... | 1992 | 1528203 |
| spotted fever rickettsiae in ticks from the northern sinai governate, egypt. | a field study was initiated in 1988 to investigate whether spotted fever group rickettsiae occur in geographic areas in egypt that are adjacent to an area in the southern israeli negev that has a defined focus of spotted fever disease. ticks were collected from dogs, sheep, and camels at four study sites in the northern sinai. tick hemolymph was processed for rickettsial detection by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody to rickettsia rickettsii. of the 442 hemolymphs exam ... | 1992 | 1599048 |
| case report: fatal seronegative rickettsial infection diagnosed by the polymerase chain reaction. | a previously healthy man presented with a five day history of high fever and headache, later followed by rash and the appearance of jaundice. on the second hospital day, he suddenly developed seizures, lapsed into a coma, and died. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification revealed a 434 base pairs dna fragment common to the genome of typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae in the patient's blood (estimated at about 1 x 10(2) organisms/ml), and to a lesser degree in the cerebrospinal flui ... | 1992 | 1605168 |
| dna polymorphism in the conserved 190 kda antigen gene repeat region among spotted fever group rickettsiae. | the 190 kda protein gene of r. rickettsii (r strain) contains a large region of tandemly arranged repeats. homologous sequences were discovered within the genomes of all but one species of spotted fever group rickettsiae. southern blots showed restriction fragment length polymorphisms between species of rickettsiae indicating structural differences among repeat regions. further analysis using polymerase chain reaction techniques indicated the repeat regions vary in size among rickettsiae. in add ... | 1991 | 1677592 |
| rickettsia japonica sp. nov., the etiological agent of spotted fever group rickettsiosis in japan. | we propose the name rickettsia japonica sp. nov. (with type strain yh [= atcc vr-1363]) for a serologically specific species of spotted fever group rickettsiae that are pathogenic for humans (j. infect. dis. 159:1122-1126, 1989; j. clin. microbiol. 28:1177-1180, 1990). the biologic and genomic characteristics of the organism (g+c content, 31.2 +/- 0.7 mol%) are essentially the same as those of other pathogenic spotted fever group rickettsiae, although the r. japonica isolates cause a persistent ... | 1992 | 1581190 |
| isolation by a sensitive centrifugation cell culture system of 52 strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae from ticks collected in france. | boutonneuse fever caused by rickettsia conorii is transmitted mainly by the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. we collected 540 ticks in marseille, france, and tried to isolate as many strains of rickettsia as possible. ticks were evaluated for the presence of rickettsia by the hemolymph test and by a new culture system, the centrifugation-shell vial technique. we avoided contamination in the culture system. prior to ticks being submitted to the hemolymph test, they were disinfected. only ... | 1990 | 1696286 |
| demonstration and partial characterization of antigens of rickettsia rhipicephali that induce cross-reactive cellular and humoral immune responses to rickettsia rickettsii. | the relatively unrelated spotted fever group rickettsia rickettsia rhipicephali conferred on guinea pigs protective immunity against challenge with virulent r. rickettsii. immunity was conferred at all doses of r. rhipicephali used in the study. because of the serologic unrelatedness of these two rickettsiae, determined by the use of microimmunofluorescence and other serological assays, further studies were performed to define the nature of the immune response elicited by r. rhipicephali and the ... | 1992 | 1452343 |
| [an immunoenzyme test system for detecting rickettsiae of the tick-borne spotted fever group]. | an enzyme immunoassay (eia) test system has been developed for the detection of tick spotty fever (tsf) group rickettsia. a long scheme of immunization in an isogenic system on rabbits has been used with an adjuvant without bacterial components, and based on aluminum hydroxide. this eia test system detects whole soluble r. akari, r. sibirica, and r. conorii antigens and is at least 10-20 times more sensitive than the indirect hemagglutination test. treatment in a temperature gradient permits the ... | 1991 | 1722858 |
| isolation of spotted fever group rickettsia from apodemus speciosus in an endemic area in japan. | a spotted fever group rickettsia was isolated from apodemus mice captured near the site where a person had been infected in miyazaki prefecture. antigenic characteristics of the isolate designated as strain to-1 were compared with those of rickettsia japonica (strain yh) and rickettsia montana (atcc vr611) by the indirect fluorescent antibody test with 14 serum specimens obtained from apodemus speciosus, immune rat antisera against the strains to-1 and yh, and three patients' sera. the titers of ... | 1992 | 1434069 |
| susceptibility of some species of rodents to rickettsiae. | the present study was designed to test the susceptibility of free-living rodents, viz apodemus flavicollis, microtus arvalis, clethrionomys glareolus, mus musculus, and outbred white mice from dobrá voda farm, csfr, to coxiella burnetii, rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (rickettsia sibirica, r. conorii, r. slovaca and r. akari) and rickettsiae of typhus group (r. typhi and r. prowazekii) by various routes of administration. the highest levels of antibodies to c. burnetii were found in a. f ... | 1992 | 1427494 |
| a cluster of tick-borne infections: association with military training and asymptomatic infections due to rickettsia rickettsii. | during the spring of 1989, 86 members of a military unit from the state of maryland, usa, participated in two-week-long training manoeuvres in the states of arkansas (location fc) and virginia (location faph). acute febrile illnesses due to infections with two tick-borne pathogens, rickettsia rickettsii and ehrlichia sp., were confirmed serologically in 2 initial cases who were admitted to the hospital. a seroepidemiological investigation among unit members found an additional 17 of 109 individu ... | 1992 | 1412666 |
| cutaneous eruptions in indian tick typhus. | although frequently unrecognized, rickettsial infections may be an important cause for fever and exanthem in persons presenting to physicians in south india. most often these patients are referred to dermatology departments with a diagnosis of "drug eruption." in the current study the authors analyzed 12 cases of rickettsial fever that were seen in the dermatology department of st. john's medical college hospital, bangalore, between 1985 and 1989. the distinctive cutaneous eruption was found to ... | 1991 | 1757181 |
| transient infections of goats with a novel spotted fever group rickettsia from zimbabwe. | a novel spotted fever group rickettsia has recently been isolated from amblyomma hebraeum ticks in zimbabwe. in a survey of 172 goat sera collected throughout zimbabwe the highest prevalence of antibodies reactive with this rickettsia was in the south of the country, the area where a hebraeum is most commonly found. nine goats were infected using male and female a hebraeum taken from a tick line shown to be infected with the novel rickettsia. by week 3 after infection, seroconversion occurred in ... | 1991 | 1780580 |
| serologic survey of spotted fever group rickettsiosis on hainan island of china. | a serosurvey for antibodies to rickettsia japonica was conducted on hainan island of china. serum specimens were collected from 1,030 outpatients at hospitals in different parts of the island regardless of their diagnosis. only two among 538 serum specimens collected in baoting and tongshi counties, located in the southern part of the island, were demonstrated to contain antibodies reactive with r. japonica at a high dilution. the specimens also reacted with r. rickettsii at the same titer as wi ... | 1991 | 1808466 |
| antigenic diversity of rickettsia conorii. | analysis of seven strains designated as rickettsia conorii for reactivity with a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies to surface-protein epitopes of spotted fever group rickettsiae and by western immunoblotting with standard serotyping sera revealed remarkable antigenic diversity. rickettsial strains from france, morocco, ethiopia, kenya, south africa, india, and the ussr differed from one another in reactivity with at least one and as many as five monoclonal antibodies. simko and indian strains we ... | 1992 | 1379008 |
| comparison of serologic typing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein analysis, and genetic restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of rickettsiae: characterization of two new rickettsial strains. | in 1990, 17 adult rhipicephalus turanicus ticks were collected in the south of france. two spotted fever group rickettsiae, mtu1 and mtu5, were isolated from the hemolymphs of two of these ticks by the centrifugation shell-vial technique by using hel cells. these isolates were compared with reference spotted fever group rickettsial serotypes by using three identification methods: microimmunofluorescence serologic typing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), and p ... | 1992 | 1354221 |
| serum antibodies in rickettsia patients as determined by immunoblotting technique. | the western-blot technique (wb) was used to determine which polypeptides of israeli spotted fever (isf) isolates and other spotted fever group rickettssia (sfgr) reference isolates (g212, s484, a828) and two reference strains. r. rickettsii (sheila smith strain) and r. conorii (boutonneuse fever), were used as antigen sources for the wb. immunoperoxidase assay (ipa) seropositive (titer greater than 80) and seronegative (titer less than) sera were examined with the separated polypeptides of the a ... | 1992 | 1350167 |
| identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae using polymerase chain reaction and restriction-endonuclease length polymorphism analysis. | in order to facilitate the isolation and identification of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae from their tick vectors, we used the centrifugation shell vial technique or traditional isolation procedures and genotypic identification using the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain amplified fragments. the presence of rickettsia conorii both in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected in southern france, and in rhipicephalus simus and haemaphysalis leachi from zim ... | 1992 | 1350164 |
| studies of a "new" rickettsiosis "astrakhan" spotted fever. | the acute febrile disease with characteristic rash seen in astrakhan region and named as "viral exanthema of unknown etiology" was proved to be a spotted fever group rickettsiosis. serological examination of humans from endemic areas by complement fixation test revealed antibodies to r. conorii, r. akari and strains netsvetaev and ar-74 of r. sibirica in titres from 20 to 640 in sera from ill persons. of 429 sera from healthy persons, 5.1% were serologically positive in a titre of 20-40. the pre ... | 1991 | 1884783 |
| spotted fever group rickettsiae or borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes cookei (ixodidae) in connecticut. | immatures and females of ixodes cookei, a hard-bodied tick, were collected from woodchucks and other mammals in the northeastern united states and examined for spotted fever group rickettsiae and borrelia burgdorferi. of the 93 nymphs analyzed by a hemolymph test, 4 (4.3%) harbored rickettsiae. six (15%) of 40 females were also infected. all infected ticks were collected from woodchucks in connecticut. indirect fluorescent antibody staining of midgut tissues from 128 nymphs revealed b. burgdorfe ... | 1991 | 1885748 |
| tick-bite fever in zimbabwe. survey of antibodies to rickettsia conorii in man and dogs, and of rickettsia-like organisms in dog ticks. | as part of a study of tick-bite fever in zimbabwe, the prevalence of antibodies to rickettsia conorii in dogs and humans was examined. blood samples were obtained from 184 dogs in different parts of the country and tested by indirect immunofluorescence. in all, 150 (82%) were positive at a titre of 1/40 or higher. dogs from the south and east of the country showed very high seroprevalence compared with dogs from the main urban centre, harare. human serum was obtained from blood donors, from peop ... | 1991 | 1887350 |
| flinders island spotted fever: a newly recognised endemic focus of tick typhus in bass strait. part 2. serological investigations. | twenty-six cases of a spotted-fever-like illness have been identified on flinders island, tasmania, over a 17 year period. these patients and 335 healthy persons from the island were investigated serologically using the weil-felix agglutination test (proteus sp. antigens ox2, ox19, oxk) and rickettsia-specific microimmunofluorescence. the antigens used in these latter tests comprised one member of the typhus group (rickettsia typhi) and three members of the spotted fever group (rickettsia ricket ... | 1991 | 1898756 |
| the role of rodents as reservoirs for some diseases in new reclaimed areas in north sinai. | in a trial to determine the role of sinai rodents as reservoirs to rickettsial diseases, the ifa technique was used to detect the presence of r. typhi and spotted fever group in blood of some commensal and wild rodent species collected in sinai during the last five years (1985-1989). out of 277 rattus spp. collected in el arish (47.3%) were positive to r. typhi and only (5.9%) of 35 mus musculus were positive to r. typhi. as for gerbillus spp. only (1.5%) of 206 animals were positive for r. typh ... | 1991 | 1908502 |
| determination of genome sizes of rickettsia spp. within the spotted fever group, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | the chromosome lengths of six spotted fever group rickettsia species (rickettsia rickettsii, r. conorii, r. rhipicephali, r. sibirica, r. australis, and r. akari) were estimated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the genome size of r. rickettsii was about 2,100 kb, but the chromosome lengths of the five other species were, surprisingly, much lower and ranged between 1,200 and 1,300 kb. | 1992 | 1331027 |
| seroepidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsial infections in humans in zimbabwe. | in sera collected throughout zimbabwe the prevalence of antibodies reactive with rickettsia conorii (kenya) and a zimbabwean spotted fever group rickettsia (zsfr) was investigated using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). a random sample of these sera was also tested using a commercial ifa test. there was close agreement between ifa titres using the african rickettsial antigens and the commercial antigen slides. when differences in titre were detected, these were rarely greater than a tw ... | 1991 | 1942207 |
| [current status of knowledge on the epidemiology of rickettsiosis in africa]. | rickettsioses have been reported all over africa. serologic investigations have been driven using non specific methods as giroud microagglutination and weil-felix test which led to numerous false positive. this explains the difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the prevalence of such diseases in africa. however, three recent studies made in tunisia, central africa and zimbabwe show that seroprevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae infections is close to 45% using mif as reference me ... | 1992 | 1292794 |
| spotted fever in hong kong. | a previously healthy 7-year-old hong kong-born caucasian child developed sudden onset fever, followed by a generalized rash and systemic symptoms of rigor and prostration, mucous membrane involvement (conjunctivitis) and arthralgia. he lives in a rural area of hong kong and has been in contact with various domestic animals--rodents, dogs and cows. chloramphenicol 50 mg/kg/day was given on day 4 with rapid response. subsequent weil-felix test and specific serology suggested the diagnosis of ricke ... | 1992 | 1280039 |
| ricettsioses studies. 2. natural foci of rickettsioses in east slovakia. | natural foci of q fever and of spotted fever group rickettsiae in the kosice district of east slovakia are described and discussed. it was established that the natural focus of q fever was a secondary one. cattle were observed to be the main source of human infection and a high proportion of synanthropic rodents was found to be infested with coxiella burnetii. the natural focus of spotted fever group rickettsiae was shown to be of a primary character, such rickettsiae circulating among ticks and ... | 1976 | 1085666 |
| isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from the pacific coast tick, ixodes pacificus, in oregon. | a rickettsia of the spotted fever group was isolated on three occasions from ixodes pacificus in western oregon. these isolations, and additional evidence furnished by complement fixation tests on guinea pigs inoculated with other oregon ticks of this species, indicate that the association of this rickettsia with the pacific coast tick may be widespread. this is the first isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from i. pacificus. because the oregon isolates are mildly virulent for guinea p ... | 1976 | 937637 |
| susceptibility of laboratory animals to infection by spotted fever group rickettsiae. | an attempt was made to find a suitable animal model for studies of spotted fever group rickettsiae. inbred and outbred mice, the guinea pig, ferret, gerbil, hamster, wild rabbit, cotton rat, sheep, and miniature swine were tested. of these, only certain strains of the mouse [mai:(s) and balb/cj] and the guinea pig [hla:(ha)] exhibited, overtly, the desired characteristics of disease. other laboratory animals (such as sheep or rabbits) can be used for the production of antiserum against the spott ... | 1977 | 857087 |
| suppression of cellular immune responses in guinea pigs infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae. | using a guinea pig model, we demonstrated that infections with pathogenic species of spotted fever group rickettsiae transiently and nonspecifically suppress established cellular immune responses as measured by in vitro lymphocyte transformation and in vivo delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to unrelated, nonrickettsial antigens. the correlation of the duration of this immunosuppression with the virulence of the infecting rickettsial species suggests that this suppression is a patholog ... | 1978 | 730362 |
| rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in hungary. | rickettsiae were detected by haemocyte test in 7.2% of dermacentor marginatus and 4.7% of d. reticulatus ticks collected in hungary. six strains of rickettsiae were isolated from positive specimens. these rickettsiae according to cfr are closely related, probably identical with r. slovaca and they represent the first rickettsiae of the spotted fever group found in that country. | 1979 | 544393 |
| [spotted fever group rickettsiosis on awaji island, japan]. | three cases of spotted fever group rickettsiosis occurring on awaji island, hyogo prefecture, the first reported in the kinki district, are described. the illness appeared from august to september in 1988. high-grade fever and papular erythema were observed in all cases. eschar, lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly were observed in two-thirds of the cases, respectively. the antibody titers for proteus ox-2 by the weil-felix reaction were elevated, and immunofluorescence test with r. rickettsii of th ... | 1990 | 2119406 |
| enzyme immunoassay of antibody to rochalimaea quintana: diagnosis of trench fever and serologic cross-reactions among other rickettsiae. | enzyme immunoassay (eia) tests were used to diagnose trench fever and to determine cross-reactions of rochalimaea quintana with other rickettsiae. the results were compared with those obtained by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie). all sera from cases of primary or relapsed forms of trench fever were positive both in eia, with serum antibody titers of 1:20-1:640, and in cie, giving one to three precipitin lines. sera from patients with other rickettsial infections were also tested for reactivity ... | 1978 | 351072 |
| [isolation and identification of the w-88 strain of spotted fever group rickettsiae from a human case in tongliao city, inner mongolia]. | one strain of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae was isolated from a patient with febrile and headache who was missdiagnosed as common cold. the rickettsia was isolated by inoculation of yolk sacs of embryonated hen eggs with the patient's blood. the isolate was named as w-88 following the initial letter of the patient's name. it is the first time to report the isolation of sfg rickettsiae from human being who lived in city in china. in this study we compared the antigens of w-88 strain with ... | 1990 | 2225005 |
| rocky mountain spotted fever in connecticut: human cases, spotted-fever group rickettsiae in ticks, and antibodies in mammals. | three parameters were used in 1976 and 1977 to assess the status of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) in connecticut--compilation and review of clinical data on suspected human cases for the 13-year period 1965--1977, examination of tick tissues for spotted fever-group rickettsiae by the hemolymph test and direct immunofluorescence, and analyses of mammalian sera for antibodies against rickettsia rickettsii. there were six presumptive rmsf cases which probably originated in connecticut. four o ... | 1979 | 111543 |
| massive occurrence of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in fowl tampan, argas persicus, in the armenian s.s.r. | fowl tampans (argas persicus) collected in oktemberyan in the armenian s.s.r. in 1974 were found to be massively infected with rickettsiae of the spotted fever (sf) group. one isolated rickettsial strain, designated armenia 9, is antigenically related to, and probably identical with, strain armenia 11 and strain b of rickettsia slovaca, isolated from dermacentor marginatus ticks. strain armenia 9 grows readily in chick embryo yolk sacs and in chick embryo cell (cec) and l-cell cultures. it cause ... | 1977 | 22239 |
| the prevalence of igg antibodies to spotted-fever group rickettsiae among urban and rural dwelling children in southern israel. | the prevalence of igg antibodies to spotted-fever group rickettsiae was studied in a sample of 1,055 healthy children aged 2-17 years, residents of the desert negev region of southern israel. groups of children from 5 different places of residency were tested: (1) urban children from the city of beer-sheva; (2) children from omer, a suburb of the city; (3) children from rural communes ("kibbutz"); (4) children from small agricultural settlements ("moshav"); and (5) seminomadic bedouin children. ... | 1990 | 2320961 |
| species-specific monoclonal antibodies to rickettsia japonica, a newly identified spotted fever group rickettsia. | a total of 192 hybridomas were developed from mice immunized with rickettsia japonica, a newly identified spotted fever group rickettsia pathogenic for humans. of these hybridomas, 101 were species specific, 37 were spotted fever group reactive, and the other 54 were also reactive with one or more of the other pathogenic species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, rickettsia akari, rickettsia australis, rickettsia conorii, rickettsia rickettsii, and rickettsia sibrica. seven of the species-speci ... | 1990 | 1696280 |
| a ten years experience on diagnosis of rickettsial diseases using the indirect immunoperoxidase methods. | an accurate diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease (td) can be made within a few hours after receiving serum specimens by detecting the specific igg and igm antibodies in the patient's serum. using the indirect immunoperoxidase test we found a total of 730 cases of td in 32 out of 47 prefectures when serum samples from 2,224 cases of suspected disease or fever of unknown origin or from patients with febrile exanthema of unknown cause were examined during a 10 years period (from may 1980 till decembe ... | 1991 | 1687642 |
| rickettsia in texas. | since the first reported case in 1941, rocky mountain spotted fever in humans has been reported from many areas of texas, with two major foci, one located in the north-central region and the other in the eastern region of the state. during the period 1979-1988, 421 cases of rmsf were reported, reaching 108 cases in 1983 and declining in subsequent years. statewide surveillance programs to detect spotted fever group rickettsiae in tick populations were initiated in 1976. in recent years, the sfg ... | 1990 | 2378448 |
| the distribution and dynamics of rickettsia in the tick population of ohio. | a five-year survey of ticks and associated rickettsia in ohio shows a partitioning of spotted fever group rickettsia (namely, rickettsia montana and r. rickettsii) into three areas of the state where the majority of human spotted fever cases occur. the percentage of ticks infected, even in areas with a high incidence of disease, is remarkably low, less than 1%. the statewide infection rate for r. bellii approaches 3%, and this organism appears to be more evenly distributed throughout the state. ... | 1990 | 2378449 |
| prospective study on symptomatic versus asymptomatic infections and serological response to spotted fever group rickettsiae in two rural sites in the negev (southern israel). | | 1990 | 2378451 |
| genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. | dna sequences from specific genes, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction technique, were used as substrata for nonisotopic restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism differentiation of rickettsial species and genotypes. the products amplified using a single pair of oligonucleotide primers (derived from a rickettsial citrate synthase gene sequence) and cleaved with restriction endonucleases were used to differentiate almost all recognized species of rickettsiae. a second set of pr ... | 1991 | 1671856 |
| ultrastructural study of the response of cells infected in vitro with causative agent of spotted fever group rickettsiosis in japan. | the response of host cells l929 infected with causative agent of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiosis in japan, the katayama strain, was studied by electron microscopy. the rickettsiae penetrated the cytoplasm and multiplied here and after prolonged incubation progressed into the dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), the perinuclear space, the deep invaginated nuclear membrane, and then the nucleoplasm of the host cells. the intranuclear rickettsiae showed different states: ... | 1992 | 1610553 |
| prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsia antibody in apodemus speciosus captured in an endemic focus in miyazaki prefecture, japan. | fourteen of apodemus speciosus (large japanese field mouse) were captured near the place where one of the patients with spotted fever group rickettsiosis had been infected, in takaoka town, miyazaki prefecture. in the town, four human cases were reported. all of the mice had antibodies against rickettsia japonica and r. montana. the incidence of the antibody was significantly higher in apodemus mice in the area than in those from nonendemic area. | 1990 | 2395224 |
| isolation of an agent of the spotted fever group rickettsia from tick eggs in madrid, spain. | ticks recovered from dogs in rural villages around madrid (spain) were processed to isolate rickettsiae. one sample containing mixtures of ticks and four containing eggs, in which rickettsiae had been detected by indirect immunofluorescence with a human serum highly reactive to rickettsia conorii, were decontaminated, homogenized and inoculated onto vero cells. two egg samples yielded a cytopathic agent that reacted positively by immunofluorescence. one sample (14h) was successfully subcultured ... | 1992 | 1601085 |
| polypeptides constituting the antigenic basis for identification of rickettsia sibirica species by the standard serotyping method for spotted fever group rickettsiae. | the antigens of rickettsia sibirica, rickettsia rickettsii, and rickettsia conorii were examined by western immunoblots and the standard immunofluorescent serotyping assay with mouse anti-rickettsia sibirica serum that is used for determining the species identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae. serum was employed prior to absorption and after absorption with purified native or heated rickettsia sibirica. the unabsorbed antiserum, the antiserum absorbed with heated rickettsia sibirica a ... | 1990 | 1697727 |
| genetic characterization and transovarial transmission of a typhus-like rickettsia found in cat fleas. | the identification of apparently fastidious microorganisms is often problematic. dna from a rickettsia-like agent (called the elb agent) present in cat fleas could be amplified by pcr with conserved primers derived from rickettsial 17-kda common protein antigen and citrate synthase genes but not spotted fever group 190-kda antigen gene. alu i sites in both the 17-kda and citrate synthase pcr products obtained with the rickettsia-like agent and rickettsia typhi were different even though both age ... | 1992 | 1729713 |
| antigenic analysis of chinese strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae by protein immunoblotting. | protein immunoblotting demonstrated that 6 chinese strains of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae from northern china had antigenic polypeptides identical to those of rickettsia siberica (strains 246 and 232), and dissimilar to other sfg rickettsiae. the various species of other sfg rickettsiae exhibited serologically distinct epitopes as well as many cross-reactive epitopes in protein immunoblotting. all sfg rickettsiae examined in this study had major antigenic polypeptides of 113-160 kda. | 1988 | 2461661 |
| intrafamilial outbreak of mediterranean spotted fever. | the existence of intrafamilial outbreaks of spotted-fever group rickettsioses has seldom been reported, and their true incidence is not known. we here report the occurrence of mediterranean spotted fever (msf) in three members of a family: a boy, his grandmother and his grandfather. the infection resolved uneventfully in the boy, and followed a more protracted course in the two older patients, who suffered complications including drowsiness, clotting defects and acute renal failure. this finding ... | 1992 | 1732403 |
| electron microscopic studies on the in vitro proliferation of spotted fever group rickettsia isolated in japan. | rickettsia was isolated from a patient with japanese spotted fever, and its proliferation in cultured green monkey kidney cells was observed by electron microscopy. in the course of this study, we observed fusion of infected cells to uninfected cells which may be a way of spreading the rickettsiae from a cell to another. on the other hand, whirlpool-like, multilayer membranous structures, similar to the mesosomes of gram-negative bacteria, were sometimes seen in the rickettsial cells. the other ... | 1991 | 1753883 |
| prevalence of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae in dogs from southeastern australia. | recent epidemiologic data suggests that rickettsia australis, the cause of queensland tick typhus, is present in southeastern australia. in order to further confirm this observation, a canine serosurvey was undertaken to determine if naturally occurring antibodies were present in pet and farm dogs from this newly-recognized endemic area. thirty-five of 312 surveyed dogs (11.2%) had indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers of 1:64 or greater against r. australis antigen. positive control sera w ... | 1991 | 1877719 |
| production of antibody to and cellular localization of erythrocyte-sensitizing substance from rickettsia rickettsii. | antibodies to rickettsia rickettsii erythrocyte-sensitizing substance (ess) were raised in rabbits by using a derivatized ess. the resulting antibodies reacted with r. rickettsii and cross-reacted with rickettsia conorii, a member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae, but did not react with rickettsia typhi, a member of the typhus group rickettsiae, legionella bozemanii, or proteus vulgaris ox19 or ox2. immunoblot analysis indicated that ess was present in more than one fraction and that the m ... | 1989 | 2497137 |
| comparison of antigenic reactivity between intracellular and extracellular rickettsiae of spotted fever group. | antigens of intracellular rickettsiae in vero cells persistently infected with japanese yh strain of the spotted fever group (rickettsia japonica sp. nov.) reacted in the immunofluorescence test with sera from patients to the same extent by igg antibody titration as did antigens of extracellular rickettsiae prepared from culture fluid of lytically infected bhk cells. on the other hand, igm antibody titers measured with intracellular rickettsiae in vero cells were significantly higher in some cas ... | 1989 | 2516664 |
| ecological questions concerning rickettsiae. | the past ten years were characterized by the appearance of several "new" transmissible spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses, e.g. israeli, japanese and astrakhan fevers. the factors responsible for their establishment probably include the introduction of chemicals from industry, agriculture and the timber industry into natural habitats. such factors may influence the pathogenicity of these rickettsiae. in this case, in addition to the human influence, the mechanism of the circulation of the a ... | 1991 | 1884774 |
| epidemiology of rickettsial diseases. | rickettsial diseases have a diversity of epidemiologic characteristics reflective of the variety of ecologic situations in which the obligate intracellular bacteria are transmitted to humans. for the spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, rickettsia typhi, r. tsutsugamushi, coxiella burnetii, and the human ehrlichial agent, humans are a dead-end host who plays no role in the maintenance of the organism in nature. all rickettsioses exist as zoonoses. moreover, all rickettsiae are found in infecte ... | 1991 | 1884775 |
| control of rickettsial diseases. | prevention of rickettsial infections is aimed at individual control and epidemic measures (especially in epidemic typhus), vector and rodent control, milk pasteurization (in q fever), chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis. in vector and rodent control, the main obstacle is the rise in resistance to insecticides and rodenticides. for this reason in vector control, apart from insecticides, enhancement of the natural immunity acquired by animals in response to tick infestation and vaccination with ... | 1991 | 1884780 |
| transmission of a spotted fever group rickettsia by amblyomma hebraeum (acari: ixodidae). | amblyomma hebraeum, a cattle tick common in southern africa, was demonstrated to be capable of maintaining an infection with an unclassified spotted fever group rickettsia both transtadially and transovarially. all feeding stages of the tick transmitted the infection to rabbits. the rickettsia was isolated and found to be serotypically distinct from three strains of rickettsia conorii by microimmunofluorescence. rabbit serum titers were found to be higher with indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) ... | 1991 | 1941925 |
| isolation of spotted fever group rickettsias from triturated ticks using a modification of the centrifugation-shell vial technique. | a modification of the centrifugation-shell vial technique was used to isolate spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsias from triturated ticks which had previously been stored at -80 degrees c for up to 7 months. sfg rickettsias were successfully isolated in vero cells from all 7 haemolymph positive ticks (amblyomma hebraeum) used in the experiment. attempts were also made to use these tick triturates to establish sfg rickettsial infections in tissue culture. vero cells were used for 5 of the tick tr ... | 1991 | 1949146 |
| spotted fever group rickettsial infections in australia. | more than four decades ago, rickettsia australis was discovered to be the etiologic agent of queensland tick typhus (qtt), yet many unanswered questions persist about the ecology, epidemiology, and clinical features of this disease. we review 46 previously published cases of qtt along with 16 cases discovered by active surveillance. qtt is usually a mild disease. patients often have regional lymphadenopathy and eschars. some have vesicular rashes. because clinical features overlap, serologic tes ... | 1991 | 1962102 |
| use of dna probes for differentiation of spotted fever group and other rickettsiae. | | 1990 | 1974125 |
| molecular genetics of populations of intracellular bacteria: the spotted fever group rickettsiae. | the population structure of tick-borne rickettsiae show the following characteristics: (1) the amount of genetic differentiation between strains within subpopulations is very small. (2) the evolution of the subpopulations does not fit into models based on either host or geographic similarities, suggesting the need for more information on the frequency of vertical versus horizontal transmission of strains between hosts. (3) the species are highly clonal, with little evidence of genetic exchange b ... | 1990 | 1974126 |
| spotted fever in east gippsland, victoria: a previously unrecognised focus of rickettsial infection. | a new focus of spotted fever group rickettsial infection has been recognised in east gippsland, victoria. seven cases have been identified among melbourne residents after they holidayed in the area. the infections were confirmed serologically. the precise identity of the rickettsia has not been determined. | 1991 | 1986189 |
| causative agent of spotted fever group rickettsiosis in japan. | since 1984, it has been known that spotted fever group rickettsiosis exists in japan. we isolated three strains of the causative rickettsiae, designated katayama, misaka, and abe, from patients with the disease and studied the characteristics of the isolates. nude mice and cyclophosphamide-treated mice died after infection with the isolates. however, infected normal mice recovered and acquired immunity. infected adult male guinea pigs had fever, a scrotal reaction, and seroconversion. the isolat ... | 1990 | 2108090 |