| microbial impact of canada geese (branta canadensis) and whistling swans (cygnus columbianus columbianus) on aquatic ecosystems. | quantitative and qualitative analyses of the intestinal bacterial flora of canada geese and whistling swans were carried out with the finding that wild birds harbor significantly more fecal coliforms than fecal streptococci. the reverse was typical of captive and fasting birds. neither salmonella spp. nor shigella spp. were isolated from 44 migratory waterfowl that were wintering in the chesapeake bay region. enteropathogenic escherichia coli were detected in seven birds. geese eliminated 10(7) ... | 1979 | 104659 |
| mortality factors in whistling swans at lake st. clair, ontario. | post mortem examinations of 31 whistling swans (olar columbianus) collected from the lake st. clair marshes in the spring of 1972 indicated that lead toxicosis and filariasis (sarconema eurycerca) were the main causes of mortality. | 1975 | 1113445 |
| correlations of daily activity with avian cholera mortality among wildfowl. | we tested the hypothesis that wildfowl activities can influence the risk of avian cholera (pasteurella multocida infection) for susceptible birds at centerville, humboldt county, california (usa). avian cholera mortality characteristics from past epizootics were correlated with variations in flock size, habitat use and 11 feeding and nonfeeding behaviors among six empirically defined groups of wildfowl: american coots (fulica americana), tundra swans (cygnus columbianus), american wigeon (anas a ... | 1991 | 1758019 |
| isolation of influenza a viruses from migratory waterfowls in san-in district, western japan, in the winter of 1982-1983. | from november 1982 to march 1983, winter migratory waterfowls of some species staying in san-in district, western japan, were surveyed for influenza virus at five stations. a total of eight influenza a viruses were isolated from 354 faeces samples of whistling swans; in contrast, no virus was isolated from any sample of 261 black-tailed gulls, of 113 pintails and of 10 mallards. five of eight isolates belonged to human pandemic subtype h2n2, two isolates belonged to fowl plague subtype h7n7, and ... | 1987 | 2891283 |
| intracerebral pathogenicity for chickens of avian influenza viruses isolated from free-living waterfowl in japan. | the pathogenicity for chickens of 91 strains of avian influenza a virus isolated from such free-living waterfowl as whistling swan, pintail, tufted duck, mallard and black-tailed gull in japan was tested. the majority of the virus strains infected and were pathogenic for the chickens. the virulence of these viruses seemed not to be as high as that of fowl plague virus. there were no significant differences in the intracerebral index score among the viruses belonging to the same subtype, irrespec ... | 1988 | 3232319 |
| cryptosporidia-positive rates of avian necropsy accessions determined by examination of auramine o-stained fecal smears. | fecal smears from 112 avian necropsy accessions representing 431 birds were stained with auramine o and examined for cryptosporidium oocysts by fluorescence microscopy. stained cryptosporidium oocysts fluoresced bright yellow-green and were easily differentiated from extraneous material by their uniform small size (approx. 5 micron) and morphology. the rates of cryptosporidia-positive accessions were 27.3% (9/33) of broilers, 10% (3/30) of broiler breeders, and 5.9% (1/17) of layers. further ana ... | 1988 | 3382366 |
| isolation of influenza a viruses from migratory waterfowls in san-in district, western japan in winters of 1980-1982. | in the two winters of 1980-1982, we surveyed migratory waterfowl of some species staying in san-in district, western japan for influenza virus at a few stations. from november 1980 to april 1981, only two strains of influenza virus, h13n1 and h11n6 subtypes, were isolated from 465 fecal samples from pintails but none from 255 samples from whistling swans nor from 625 black-tailed gulls. from november 1981 to march 1982, 17 viruses were isolated from 1156 fecal samples. fourteen viruses, 10 h7n3, ... | 1987 | 3673333 |
| isolation of influenza a viruses from migratory waterfowl in san-in district, western japan in the winter of 1983-1984. | certain species of winter migratory waterfowl in san-in district, western japan, were surveyed for influenza virus from november 1983 to march 1984. faeces of the waterfowl were collected regularly at five stations. eleven influenza a viruses including h5n3 and h10n4 subtypes were isolated from 450 faecal samples from whistling swans, 28 viruses including h2n2 and h10n4 subtypes were isolated from 362 faecal samples from pintails; and subtype h13n6 was isolated from 240 faecal samples of black-t ... | 1987 | 3685630 |
| pasteurella anatipestifer infection in migrating whistling swans. | | 1974 | 4436930 |
| heart worm, sarconema eurycerca, infection in whistling swans, cygnus columbianus, in chesapeake bay. | | 1968 | 5693834 |
| studies on lesions simulating tuberculosis in whistling swans (cygmus columbianus). | | 1966 | 5948374 |
| isolation of h5 influenza viruses from whistling swans in western japan in november 1983. | | 1984 | 6152134 |
| pathogenicity for chickens of avian influenza viruses isolated from whistling swans and a black-tailed gull in japan. | we isolated 24 hav1 neq1 and 18 hav6 nav3 influenza viruses from such free-living wild waterfowl as whistling swans, black-tailed gulls, and tufted ducks in western japan in 1980. two hav1 neq1 viruses isolated from a whistling swan and a black-tailed gull and a hav6 nav3 virus from a whistling swan were examined for their pathogenicity for chickens. five-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated with the viruses intratracheally or intraperitoneally. virus was recovered successful ... | 1982 | 6213223 |
| ventricular septal defect and bacterial endocarditis in a whistling swan. | | 1983 | 6643253 |
| isolation of influenza a viruses from migratory waterfowls in san-in district, western japan in 1979-1980. | from december, 1979 to april, 1980, winter migratory waterfowls of some species staying in san-in district, western japan were surveyed for influenza virus. a total of 27 influenza a viruses, 11 hav1 neq1 and 16 hav6 nav3, were isolated from 90 fecal specimens of whistling swans. a total of 13 influenza a viruses, 11 hav1 neq1 and one hav6 nav3, were isolated from 245 fecal samples of black-tailed gulls. two viruses (hav1 neq1) were isolated from 40 tufted ducks. sampling date, incidence and the ... | 1981 | 7324612 |
| drug resistance and conjugative r plasmids in escherichia coli strains isolated from migratory waterfowl. | we evaluated drug resistance and r plasmids of 554 stains of escherichia coli isolated from feces of migratory watefowl, including whistling swans (cygnus columbianus), pintails (anas acuta) and black-tailed gulls (larus crassirostris) collected from the san-in district, japan, between each november and march, 1983 to 1984, 1984 to 1985, and 1985 to 1986. seven antimicrobial agents were tested: dihydrostreptomycin (dsm), kanamycin, spectinomycin, ampicillin (abpc), oxytetracycline (otc), chloram ... | 1995 | 8592356 |
| newcastle disease viruses in birds in the atlantic flyway: isolations, haemagglutination-inhibition and elution-inhibition antibody profiles. | the study involved 15 avian species with 5,012 attempts to isolate newcastle disease viruses (ndv) from their faeces over a three-year period (1977-1979). ndv were isolated from asymptomatic adult canada geese, nestling royal terms, a juvenile european mute swan, and adult tundra swans on the eastern flyway. ring-billed gulls were negative for haemagglutination-inhibition (hi), elution-inhibition (ei) (anti-neuraminidase) antibodies, and ndv despite 3,403 isolation attempts. the ei antibody assa ... | 1996 | 8767883 |
| enhanced neuropathogenicity of avian influenza a virus by passages through air sac and brain of chicks. | three-day-old, specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks were inoculated with the strains of influenza a/whistling swan/shimane/ 499/83 (h5n3) via the air sac route. the strains had been passaged through air sacs or air sacs and brains of spf chicks. two experiments were undertaken to examine the pathogenicity of these strains and the development of brain lesions based on time-interval changes. in experiment 1, original strain (4e) showed low pathogenicity with mild respiratory signs and zero mortalit ... | 1997 | 9101471 |
| avian influenza a virus induced stunting syndrome-like disease in chicks. | two-day-old specific-pathogen free chicks were inoculated with type a influenza virus (a/whistling swan/shimane/499/83 (h5n3) through the air sac. inoculated chicks showed mild to severe diarrhea and lesions of pancreatitis and atrophy of the pancreas, thymus and bursa of fabricius. one chick died on each of days 4, 6 and 14 postinoculation (pi). reduced weight gain was conspicuous from day 22 pi. positive immunoreaction to the virus antigen was detected in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, lungs an ... | 1997 | 9101480 |
| male-driven evolution among eoaves? a test of the replicative division hypothesis in a heterogametic female (zw) system. | because avian females are heterogametic, the reverse of mammals, avian sex chromosomes undergo significantly different patterns and numbers of dna replications than do those in mammals. this makes the w (female-specific) and the z chromosomes an excellent model system for the study of the replicative division hypothesis, which purports that dna substitution rate is determined by the number of germline replications. the sex-specific chromosome in birds (the w) is predicted to change at the slowes ... | 1999 | 10594176 |
| avian cholera on north coast california: distinctive epizootiological features. | between 1945 and 2001, avian cholera (pasteurella multocida infection) was confirmed at 27 epizootics in 18 different years on northcoastal california. estimated mortality ranged from 1 to 6750 birds per site, with a median total mortality of about 1000 birds per year. eight epizootics involved < 150 birds; thus, minor epizootics were common. annual total wildfowl mortality ranged from 0.4% to 7.0% of estimated live populations; median annual mortality for american coots (fulica americana) (11.5 ... | 2002 | 12381596 |
| isolation of myxoviruses from migratory waterfowls in san-in district, western japan in winters of 1997-2000. | between november 1997 and february 2000, winter migratory waterfowls of several species staying in san-in district, western japan were surveyed for influenza a virus and paramyxovirus at four stations. a total of 18 influenza a viruses was isolated from 1,404 fecal samples of whistling swans, pintails, mallards, and white-fronted geese. five different hemagglutinins and eight neuraminidases were identified in the viruses isolated, in 11 different combinations, including h7n8 related to a subtype ... | 2002 | 12499693 |
| a recent chicken repeat 1 retrotransposition confirms the coscoroba-cape barren goose clade. | chicken repeat 1 (cr1) is a member of the non-long terminal repeat class of retrotransposons. we have isolated a truncated cr1 element within the third intron of the lactate dehydrogenase b gene of the coscoroba and the cape barren goose (anseriformes; coscoroba coscoroba, cereopsis novaehollandiae). because the element was absent in orthologous loci within mallard (anas platyrhynchos), snow goose (anser caerulescens), and tundra swan (cygnus columbianus), it provides strong support to the recen ... | 2005 | 16182151 |
| outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in japan and anti-influenza virus activity of povidone-iodine products. | on january 12, 2004, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by the h5n1 strain, occurred in a one-layer flock in yamaguchi prefecture, japan. it had been 79 years since the last outbreak of avian influenza was confirmed in japan. by february, 3 additional outbreaks had occurred (1 in oita prefecture and 2 in kyoto prefecture). influenza viruses are enveloped viruses and are relatively sensitive to inactivation by lipid solvents, such as detergents. infectivity is also rapidly d ... | 2006 | 16490988 |
| animal-plant-microbe interactions: direct and indirect effects of swan foraging behaviour modulate methane cycling in temperate shallow wetlands. | wetlands are among the most important ecosystems on earth both in terms of productivity and biodiversity, but also as a source of the greenhouse gas ch(4). microbial processes catalyzing nutrient recycling and ch(4) production are controlled by sediment physico-chemistry, which is in turn affected by plant activity and the foraging behaviour of herbivores. we performed field and laboratory experiments to evaluate the direct effect of herbivores on soil microbial activity and their indirect effec ... | 2006 | 16736186 |
| [highly pathogenic avian influenza--monitoring of migratory waterfowl]. | since 1979, the group belonging to departments of veterinary microbiology, veterinary public health and the avian zoonoses research centre, faculty of agriculture, tottori university is continuing isolation of avian influenza virus from such migratory waterfowls as whistling swan, pintail and tufted dugs flying from siberia and/or northern china. they have already isolated many interesting influenza viruses. serotype of the isolates is various; some h5 and h7 and human types of viruses were also ... | 2006 | 17037371 |
| the mitochondrial genome of cygnus columbianus, the whistling swan. | the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the whistling swan, cygnus columbianus, is reported. many of the features common to avian mitochondrial genomes are present in c. columbianus and are described here. the gene order is the same as in gallus gallus. the sequence of this mitochondrial genome allows relationships within the family anatidae (swans, geese and ducks) to be reconsidered in the light of a large suite of mitochondrial characters. protein-coding gene sequences of c. co ... | 2006 | 17076251 |
| hampered foraging and migratory performance in swans infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza a virus. | it is increasingly acknowledged that migratory birds, notably waterfowl, play a critical role in the maintenance and spread of influenza a viruses. in order to elucidate the epidemiology of influenza a viruses in their natural hosts, a better understanding of the pathological effects in these hosts is required. here we report on the feeding and migratory performance of wild migratory bewick's swans (cygnus columbianus bewickii yarrell) naturally infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai ... | 2007 | 17264886 |
| sediment ingestion rates in waterfowl (anatidae) and their use in environmental risk assessment. | when waterfowl (anatidae) ingest sediment as they feed, they are exposed to the environmental contaminants in those sediments. the rate of ingestion may be key to assessing environmental risk. rates of sediment ingestion were estimated as from <2% to 22% in 16 species of waterfowl collected in the northeastern united states. the piscivorous red-breasted merganser (mergus serrator) ingested sediment at the lowest rate and the benthos-feeding canvasback (aythya valisineria) at the highest rate. se ... | 2008 | 18237229 |
| pathogenesis of pancreatic atrophy by avian influenza a virus infection. | specific-pathogen-free (spf), 2-day-old chicks were inoculated with type a influenza virus (a/whistling swan/shimane/499/83/(h5n3)) into their caudal thoracic air sac. the original isolate of the virus was of low virulence (icpi 0. 20 to 0.40), and was passaged 10 times through the respiratory organs of spf chicks. most of the chicks inoculated with the passaged virus (strain 499) showed respiratory and alimentary signs. three of 30 chicks died on days 2, 6 and 7 post-inoculation (p.i.). almost ... | 1995 | 18645819 |
| effects of influenza a virus infection on migrating mallard ducks. | the natural reservoir of influenza a virus is waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks (genus anas). although it has long been assumed that waterfowl are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, a recent study found that low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) infection in bewick's swans (cygnus columbianus bewickii) negatively affected stopover time, body mass and feeding behaviour. in the present study, we investigated whether lpai infection incurred ecological or physiological costs to migratory malla ... | 2009 | 19129127 |
| host behaviour and physiology underpin individual variation in avian influenza virus infection in migratory bewick's swans. | individual variation in infection modulates both the dynamics of pathogens and their impact on host populations. it is therefore crucial to identify differential patterns of infection and understand the mechanisms responsible. yet our understanding of infection heterogeneity in wildlife is limited, even for important zoonotic host-pathogen systems, owing to the intractability of host status prior to infection. using novel applications of stable isotope ecology and eco-immunology, we distinguish ... | 2011 | 21733894 |
| inactivation of high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus h5 subtypes by copper ions incorporated in zeolite-textile materials. | the effect of cotton textiles containing cu(2+) held by zeolites (cuzeo-textile) on the inactivation of h5 subtype viruses was examined. allantoic fluid (af) containing a virus (af virus) (0.1ml) was applied to the textile (3×3-cm), and incubated for a specific period at ambient temperature. after each incubation, 0.9ml of culture medium was added followed by squeezing to recover the virus into the medium. the recovered virus was titrated using madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells or 10-day-ol ... | 2011 | 22179064 |
| hematology, plasma chemistry, and bacteriology of wild tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) in alaska. | blood and cloacal swabs were collected from 100 (66 female, 34 male) wild tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) molting in northwestern alaska, usa, 25-28 july 2008, to establish hematologic and serum chemistry reference values and to isolate enteric salmonella spp. and escherichia coli o157:h7. plasma biochemistry and hematology values did not vary significantly by sex or age. tundra swans had high levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase compared with som ... | 2012 | 22247394 |
| prevalence of multiple subtypes of influenza a virus in japanese wild raccoons. | raccoons (procyon lotor), which are not native to japan, have been suspected to transmit various pathogens by frequent intrusion into agricultural and residential areas. to determine influenza a virus seropositivity in raccoons in japan, we examined a total of 634 raccoons captured in 19 towns (a-s) from 2009 to 2012. agar gel precipitation tests showed that the antibody prevalence was 1.89% (12/634). all positive raccoons were captured in three towns (a-c) located within a radius of approximate ... | 2014 | 24818620 |
| high seroprevalence of antibodies to avian influenza viruses among wild waterfowl in alaska: implications for surveillance. | we examined seroprevalence (presence of detectable antibodies in serum) for avian influenza viruses (aiv) among 4,485 birds, from 11 species of wild waterfowl in alaska (1998-2010), sampled during breeding/molting periods. seroprevalence varied among species (highest in eiders (somateria and polysticta species), and emperor geese (chen canagica)), ages (adults higher than juveniles), across geographic locations (highest in the arctic and alaska peninsula) and among years in tundra swans (cygnus ... | 2013 | 23472177 |
| acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, cygnus olor. | among the waterfowl affected by white phosphorus (p4) at a military base in alaska are tundra (cygnus columbianus) and trumpeter (c. buccinator) swans. to estimate the toxicity of p4 to swans and compare the toxic effects to those of mallards (anas platyrhynchos), we dosed 30 juvenile mute swans (c. olor) with 0 to 5.28 mg p4/kg body weight. the calculated ld50 was 3.65 mg/kg (95% ci: 1.40 to 4. 68 mg/kg). however, many of the swans still had p4 in their gizzards after dying, as determined by "s ... | 1999 | 10047600 |
| a mallophaga, trinoton anserinum, as a cyclodevelopmental vector for a heartworm parasite of waterfowl. | the biting louse trinoton anserinum serves as the intermediate host in the life cycle of the filarial heartworm, sarconema eurycerca. microfilariae, second-, and third-stage larvae were dissected from 39 of 89 lice infesting whistling swans, cygnus columbianus columbianus, in north america and mute swans, cygnus olor, in the black sea, u.s.s.r. infective third-stage larvae obtained from lice collected from heartworm-parasitized whistling swans were injected subcutaneously into each of two hand-r ... | 1976 | 982042 |
| aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria associated with the gut of canada geese (branta canadensis) and whistling swans (cygnus columbianus columbianus). | aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the intestinal tracts of swans and geese were isolated and characterized as part of a larger study of the microbiological effects of migratory waterfowl on water quality. a total of 356 isolates were identified by using rapid identification methods and classified by using numerical taxonomy. a diverse population of bacteria was recovered from the waterfowl, and representative strains could be classified into 21 phena. the majority of the aerobic, ... | 1979 | 518085 |
| short-term foraging costs and long-term fueling rates in central-place foraging swans revealed by giving-up exploitation times. | foragers tend to exploit patches to a lesser extent farther away from their central place. this has been interpreted as a response to increased risk of predation or increased metabolic costs of prey delivery. here we show that migratory bewick's swans (cygnus columbianus bewickii), though not incurring greater predation risks farther out or delivering food to a central place, also feed for shorter periods at patches farther away from their roost. predictions from an energy budget model suggest t ... | 2007 | 17427132 |
| lead poisoning in swans in japan. | we investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (cygnus cygnus cygnus) and bewick's swans (cygnus columbianus bewickii) in japan during the winters of 1984-1987. concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in japan. mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, l ... | 1990 | 15092262 |
| avian herbivory: an experiment, a field test, and an allometric comparison with mammals. | mechanistic studies on herbivore functional responses have largely taken place in mammals; very little has been done in herbivorous birds so far. here we aim to fill that gap by experimentally quantifying the (short-term) functional response of a large avian herbivore, the bewick's swan (cygnus columbianus bewickii). we explicitly distinguish between encounter-limited and handling-limited foraging by analyzing the results in the framework of the models of d. e. spalinger and n. t. hobbs, origina ... | 2007 | 18051661 |
| longer guts and higher food quality increase energy intake in migratory swans. | 1. within the broad field of optimal foraging, it is increasingly acknowledged that animals often face digestive constraints rather than constraints on rates of food collection. this therefore calls for a formalization of how animals could optimize food absorption rates. 2. here we generate predictions from a simple graphical optimal digestion model for foragers that aim to maximize their (true) metabolizable food intake over total time (i.e. including nonforaging bouts) under a digestive constr ... | 2008 | 18662243 |
| habitat use throughout migration: linking individual consistency, prior breeding success and future breeding potential. | 1. habitat use can influence individual performance in a wide range of animals, either immediately or through carry-over effects in subsequent seasons. given that many animal species also show consistent individual differences in reproductive success, it seems plausible that individuals may have consistent patterns of habitat use representing individual specializations, with concomitant fitness consequences. 2. stable-carbon isotope ratios from a range of tissues were used to discern individual ... | 2012 | 22272688 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of the bewick's swan cygnus columbianus bewickii (aves, anseriformes, anatidae). | the mitochondrial genome of bewick's swan cygnus columbianus bewickii was completely sequenced and then the resultant data were compared with those of the whistling swan cygnus columbianus columbianus. the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of c. c. bewickii was 16,727 bp in length and its gene arrangement pattern, gene content, and genome organization were identical to those of cygnus species. the similarities of nucleotide and amino acid sequences between the two swans were 99.1% and 99.6% ... | 2012 | 22409756 |
| molecular detection of hematozoa infections in tundra swans relative to migration patterns and ecological conditions at breeding grounds. | tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) are broadly distributed in north america, use a wide variety of habitats, and exhibit diverse migration strategies. we investigated patterns of hematozoa infection in three populations of tundra swans that breed in alaska using satellite tracking to infer host movement and molecular techniques to assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of parasites. we evaluated whether migratory patterns and environmental conditions at breeding areas explain the prevalence ... | 2012 | 23049862 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of tundra swan cygnus columbianus jankowskii (anseriformes: anatidae). | cygnus columbianus jankowskii is a subspecies of tundra swan, which breeds in eastern russia and northeast china, wintering in the middle and lower reaches of the yangtze river. in this study, we used pcr-based method to obtain the complete mtdna of this subspecies. the arrangement pattern of the complete mtdna is identical with typical bird species, which is the shortest (16,723 bp) in three subspecies. the length of the pcgs is same except nd2, nd3 and nd6, and the initiation/termination codon ... | 2016 | 24438252 |
| data mining and model-predicting a global disease reservoir for low-pathogenic avian influenza (a) in the wider pacific rim using big data sets. | avian influenza (ai) is a complex but still poorly understood disease; specifically when it comes to reservoirs, co-infections, connectedness and wider landscape perspectives. low pathogenic (low-path lp) ai in chickens caused by less virulent strains of ai viruses (aivs)-when compared with highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs)-are not even well-described yet or known how they contribute to wider ai and immune system issues. co-circulation of lpaivs with hpaivs suggests their interactions in their eco ... | 2020 | 33033298 |
| h5n8 avian influenza virus acquires enhanced pathogenicity after a single passage in chicken. | the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) isolated in japan during the 2014-2015 winter differed in their pathogenicity in chickens. in the present study, we examined the possibility that a comparatively less pathogenic strain was first brought into the country by migratory birds, and then acquired enhanced pathogenicity by infecting chicken flocks. we showed that the a/tundra swan/tottori/c6nk/2014 (h5n8) (tottori p0) strain required 10 days to kill all chickens via the intran ... | 2019 | 31585646 |
| blood lead concentrations in alaskan tundra swans: linking breeding and wintering areas with satellite telemetry. | tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) like many waterfowl species are susceptible to lead (pb) poisoning, and pb-induced mortality has been reported from many areas of their wintering range. little is known however about pb levels throughout the annual cycle of tundra swans, especially during summer when birds are on remote northern breeding areas where they are less likely to be exposed to anthropogenic sources of pb. our objective was to document summer pb levels in tundra swans throughout their b ... | 2014 | 24468922 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of cygnus cygnus (aves, anseriformes, anatidae). | in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of cygnus cygnus (aves, anseriformes, anatidae) was sequenced. the genome, consisting of 16 724 base pairs (bp), encoded 13 protein coding genes (pcgs), two ribosomal rnas (rrnas), 22 transfer rnas (trnas), and a control region (cr). two rrna genes for 12s rrna (991 bases) and 16s rrna (1608 bases) are located between trna-phe and trna-leu (uur) and divided by the trna-val. the cr, of 1156 bp in length, is located between trna-glu and trna-phe. th ... | 2016 | 26153753 |
| migration of tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) wintering in japan using satellite tracking: identification of the eastern palearctic flyway. | migration through the eastern palearctic (ep) flyway by tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) has not been thoroughly documented. we satellite-tracked the migration of 16 tundra swans that winter in japan. the objectives of this study were 1) to show the migration pattern of the ep flyway of tundra swans; 2) to compare this pattern with the migration pattern of whooper swans; and 3) to identify stopover sites that are important for these swans' conservation. tundra swans were captured at kutcharo la ... | 2016 | 26853870 |
| predicting effects of water regime changes on waterbirds: insights from staging swans. | predicting the environmental impact of a proposed development is notoriously difficult, especially when future conditions fall outside the current range of conditions. individual-based approaches have been developed and applied to predict the impact of environmental changes on wintering and staging coastal bird populations. how many birds make use of staging sites is mostly determined by food availability and accessibility, which in the case of many waterbirds in turn is affected by water level. ... | 2016 | 26862895 |
| demographic outcomes of diverse migration strategies assessed in a metapopulation of tundra swans. | migration is a prominent aspect of the life history of many avian species, but the demographic consequences of variable migration strategies have only infrequently been investigated, and rarely when using modern technological and analytical methods for assessing survival, movement patterns, and long-term productivity in the context of life history theory. we monitored the fates of 50 satellite-implanted tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) over 4 years from five disparate breeding areas in alaska, ... | 2016 | 27134751 |
| lead poisoning and other causes of mortality in trumpeter (cygnus buccinator) and tundra (c. columbianus) swans in western washington. | lead poisoning and other causes of mortality of 115 trumpeter (cygnus buccinator) and 21 tundra (c. columbianus) swans from northwestern washington (usa) from 1986 to 1992 are reported. necropsies were performed on all 136 swans, liver lead analysis conducted on 110, and differentiation between lead and steel shot pellets recovered from gizzards in 97 swans. shot pellets were detected in 44 (32%) of 136 gizzards. lead shot was recovered from 32 (33%) of 97 gizzards and steel shot from 16 (16%). ... | 1994 | 8151825 |
| epidemiologic investigation of lead poisoning in trumpeter and tundra swans in washington state, usa, 2000-2002. | an observational study was conducted to determine the proportionate mortality of wild trumpeter (cygnus buccinator) and tundra (cygnus columbianus columbianus) swans that died during the winters of 2000-02 in northwestern washington state, usa. among 400 swans necropsied, 81% were lead poisoned (302/365 trumpeter swans; 20/35 tundra swans). mortality started in mid-november and peaked from late december through mid-february; swan mortality that was not associated with lead poisoning was uniforml ... | 2006 | 16870857 |
| body size mediated coexistence in swans. | differences in body sizes may create a trade-off between foraging efficiency (foraging gains/costs) and access to resources. such a trade-off provides a potential mechanism for ecologically similar species to coexist on one resource. we explored this hypothesis for tundra (cygnus columbianus) and trumpeter swans (cygnus buccinator), a federally protected species, feeding solely on sago pondweed (stuckenia pectinata) tubers during fall staging and wintering in northern utah. foraging efficiency w ... | 2014 | 24672347 |
| lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the coeur d'alene river. | the coeur d'alene river basin in idaho has been contaminated by mine tailings that have impaired the health of wildlife since the early 1900s. in other parts of the world, virtually all lead poisoning of waterfowl is caused by the ingestion of manmade lead artifacts, primarily spent lead shotshell pellets or, occasionally, fishing sinkers. however, in the coeur d'alene river basin in idaho, nonartifactual lead poisoning was the ultimate cause of death of most of 219 (77%) of 285 waterfowl carcas ... | 2001 | 11503074 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in zoo and domestic animals in jiangxi province, china. | toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals throughout the world. in the present study, antibodies to t. gondii were determined using a commercial indirect hemagglutination (iha) test in wild animals in a zoo. three of 11 giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis) (27%), 1 of 5 wolves (canis lupus laniger) (20%), 1 of 6 hippopotamuses (hippopotamus amphibious) (17%), and 2 of 9 tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) (22%) were found to be positive. no a ... | 2017 | 28224883 |
| first detection of allobilharzia visceralis (schistosomatidae, trematoda) from cygnus cygnus in japan. | adult schistosomes were detected in the veins or capillaries of the large intestine, mesentery, liver, and adrenal glands in eight of 13 whooper swans (cygnus cygnus) examined in iwate prefecture, japan. however, neither eggs nor severe tissue injuries were observed in any of the swans. the schistosomes were definitively identified as allobilharzia visceralis based on the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) region. allobilharzia visceralis infections have been ... | 2017 | 27776999 |
| seasonal dynamics of wintering waterbirds in two shallow lakes along yangtze river in anhui province. | the shallow lake wetlands in the middle and lower yangtze river floodplain are important wintering and stopover habitats for migratory waterbirds on the east asia-australia flyway. with increasing fishery practices in recent years, however, the wetlands have deteriorated significantly and now threaten wintering waterbirds. to gain insight into the influence of deteriorating wetlands on waterbirds, we conducted a survey of wintering waterbird species, population size, and distribution across 11 b ... | 2011 | 22006808 |
| compensatory growth in an aquatic plant mediates exploitative competition between seasonally tied herbivores. | the degree to which vertebrate herbivores exploitatively compete for the same food plant may depend on the level of compensatory plant growth. such compensation is higher when there is reduced density-dependent competition in plants after herbivore damage. whether there is relief from competition may largely be determined by the life-history stage of plants under herbivory. such stage-specific compensation may apply to seasonal herbivory on the clonal aquatic plant sago pondweed (potamogeton pec ... | 2009 | 19694137 |
| the occurrence of the avian schistosome allobilharzia visceralis kolákrová, rudolfová, hampl et skirnisson, 2006 (schistosomatidae) in the tundra swan, cygnus columbianus (anatidae), from north america. | twelve tundra swans, cygnus columbianus (ord), from nevada and one from new mexico were collected and examined for schistosomes. mature worms, determined as allobilharzia visceralis, were found in 92% of the swans, in the inferior mesenteric vein of the large intestine and its branches. in 12 cases, there was endophlebitis of the inferior mesenteric vein. the morphology of the worms is consistent with the recently described genus allobilharzia. placement in this genus was confirmed also by phylo ... | 2007 | 17886738 |
| lead poisoning in whooper and tundra swans. | six weak whooper swans (cygnus cygnus) and two weak tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) were found at swamp miyajima (hokkaido, japan) in may 1998. anorexia, depression, green watery feces, pale conjunctiva, and anemia were observed. radiographs showed from six to 38 suspected lead pellets in the gizzard. blood lead concentrations were 2.5-6.7 microg/g (mean+/-sd=4.6+/-1.14 microg/g) on day 1. after blood collection, the birds were treated with calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (caedta) ... | 2005 | 15827233 |
| optimal trajectories for the short-distance foraging flights of swans. | optimal flight theory relates body measurements (wing span, body cross-section, body mass) and aerodynamic variables (air density, drag, profile and induced power ratios) to the most energy-efficient velocity for long distance migration. for short-range (2-10 km) foraging flights the theory is expanded to include non-negligible costs for take-off and energy savings/losses for climbing to altitude (drag decreases with air density and therefore with altitude). the theory predicts clear differences ... | 2000 | 10816365 |
| the tundra swan strabismus retractor. | | 1998 | 10532757 |
| lead toxicosis in tundra swans near a mining and smelting complex in northern idaho. | die-offs of waterfowl have occurred in the coeur d'alene river system in northern idaho since at least the early 1900's. we investigated causes of mortality and lead and cadmium contamination of 46 tundra swans (cygnus columbianus) from 1987 to 1989; an additional 22 swans found dead in 1990 were not examined. we necropsied 43 of the 46 birds found from 1987 to 1989; 38 of these were from the coeur d'alene river system, which has been contaminated with mining and smelting wastes for a century, a ... | 1991 | 1759849 |
| heartworm, sarconema sp. infection in a whistling swan, olor columbianus. | | 1975 | 1122477 |
| movement of foraging tundra swans explained by spatial pattern in cryptic food densities. | we tested whether tundra swans use information on the spatial distribution of cryptic food items (below ground sago pondweed tubers) to shape their movement paths. in a continuous environment, swans create their own food patches by digging craters, which they exploit in several feeding bouts. series of short (<1 m) intra-patch movements alternate with longer inter-patch movements (>1 m). tuber biomass densities showed a positive spatial auto-correlation at a short distance (<3 m), but not at a l ... | 2006 | 16995625 |
| probable drowning of tundra swans on the northern coast of california. | | 1986 | 3951055 |
| fatal enteritis caused by sphaeridiotrema globulus (trematoda: psilostomidae) in a whistling swan. | | 1983 | 6644942 |
| avian pox in a whistling swan. | | 1980 | 6256334 |
| cervical tumor in a whistling swan (a case report). | | 1974 | 4491933 |
| less is more: on-board lossy compression of accelerometer data increases biologging capacity. | gps-tracking devices have been used in combination with a wide range of additional sensors to study animal behaviour, physiology and interaction with their environment. tri-axial accelerometers allow researchers to remotely infer the behaviour of individuals, at all places and times. collection of accelerometer data is relatively cheap in terms of energy usage, but the amount of raw data collected generally requires much storage space and is particularly demanding in terms of energy needed for d ... | 2020 | 31828775 |
| concurrent shifts in wintering distribution and phenology in migratory swans: individual and generational effects. | range shifts and phenological change are two processes by which organisms respond to environmental warming. understanding the mechanisms that drive these changes is key for optimal conservation and management. here we study both processes in the migratory bewick's swan (cygnus columbianus bewickii) using different methods, analysing nearly 50 years of resighting data (1970-2017). in this period the wintering area of the bewick's swans shifted eastwards ('short-stopping') at a rate of ~13 km/year ... | 2020 | 32515077 |
| the influence of food density, flock size, and disturbance on the functional response of bewick's swans (cygnus columbianus bewickii) in wintering habitats. | perceiving how animals adjust their feeding rate under a variety of environmental conditions and understanding the tradeoffs in their foraging strategies are necessary for conservation. the holling functional response, which describes the relationship of feeding rate and food density to searching rate and handling time, has been applied to a range of waterbirds, especially with regard to type ii functional responses that describe an increasing feeding rate with food density but at a decelerating ... | 2019 | 31717685 |
| persistence of spatial variance and spatial pattern in the abundance of a submerged plant. | organisms usually benefit from heterogeneous conditions, but, by doing so, may reduce the degree of heterogeneity. the question therefore arises how heterogeneity is maintained. we investigated within-year spatiotemporal patterns in a monospecific stand of a submerged plant (fennel pondweed, potamogeton pectinatus), with the novelty that we distinguished between different forms of heterogeneity: spatial variance (the frequency distribution of densities) and spatial pattern (the spatial distribut ... | 2008 | 31766804 |