| the january 1977 avian cholera epornitic in northwest california. | a total of 844 birds were observed dead at three sites in humboldt county and an estimated 6750 birds died at three sites in del norte county, california. coots were the primary species affected. the isolation of pasteurella multocida from a snowy egret (egretta thula) is the first reported case of avian cholera in this bird. there was evidence for a distinct sequence in the bird species dying at one site; american coots (fulica americana) appeared to be the first species to die. | 1978 | 691123 |
| viremia in young herons and ibis infected with venezuelan encephalitis virus. | fifty-seven of 61 nestling, 8- to 30-day-old herons of three species (black-crowned night heron, great egret, and snowy egret), developed viremia lasting one to three days following subcutaneous inoculation with small doses of endemic or epidemic strains of venezuelan encephalitis virus from mexico, guatemala or venezuela. two epidemic strains from guatemala or venezuela stimulated levels of viremia similar to those following infection with enzootic strains. great egrets, striated and boat-bille ... | 1976 | 998614 |
| primary immunoglobulin response of herons to infection with venezuelan encephalitis virus. | seven to nine days after inoculation with a replicating antigen, venezuelan encephalitis virus, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were present in plasma of 18 to 20 black-crowned night herons (bcnh), 14 of 15 great egrets (ge) , and 7 of 7 snowy egrets (se). 19s (immunoglobulin m) precedes 7s (immunoglobulin g) antibodies in all but one bird of six ge, six se, and six bcnh. 19s antibodies were detected for only 2 to 4 weeks post-inoculation. the induction period for both types of antibody w ... | 1975 | 1112617 |
| brain cholinesterase activity of nestling great egrets, snowy egrets and black-crowned night-herons. | inhibition of brain cholinesterase (che) activity in birds is often used to diagnose exposure or death from organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides. brain che activity in the young of altricial species increases with age; however, this relationship has only been demonstrated in the european starling (sturnus vulgaris). brain che activity of nestling great egrets (casmerodius albus) collected from a colony in texas (usa) increased significantly with age and did not differ among individuals from ... | 1989 | 2761008 |
| susceptibility parameters of aedes albopictus to per oral infection with eastern equine encephalitis virus. | aedes albopictus (skuse) mosquitoes were fed on snowy egrets, egretta thula (thayer and bangs), that had been infected by subcutaneous inoculation of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus. freshly fed mosquitoes were frozen and tested to determine how much virus they had ingested. other fed mosquitoes from the same lots were incubated for 7 d at 27 degrees c before testing. seven lots of ae. albopictus fed on viremic birds. based on average amounts of virus ingested and day 7 virus infection r ... | 1993 | 8433331 |
| the epizootiology of eustrongylidosis in wading birds (ciconiiformes) in florida. | a total of 2,167 individuals representing 15 species of wading birds was examined for infection with the nematode eustrongylides ignotus in florida (usa). ten of the species were infected with the greatest prevalences occurring in great blue herons (ardea herodius) (33%), great egrets (casmerodius albus) (22%), and snowy egrets (egretta thula) (19%). among nestlings, prevalences increased with age. this parasite was estimated to cause at least 80% mortality among nestling ciconiiforms at one col ... | 1993 | 8487373 |
| pathogenesis of eustrongylides ignotus (nematoda: dioctophymatoidea) in ciconiiformes. | natural (n = 157) and experimental (n = 5) infections with the nematode eustrongylides ignotus are described for ciconiforms collected in florida (usa). larvae perforated the ventriculus in 3 to 5 hr and caused hemorrhage and bacterial peritonitis that sometimes progressed to a fibrous peritonitis with extensive adhesions. severity of the disease was related inversely to the age of the bird and directly to the number of parasites involved. some infections in adult birds were resolved. as a conse ... | 1993 | 8487374 |
| experimental infection of wading birds with eastern equine encephalitis virus. | to study the susceptibility of wading birds to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus and to determine their potential as reservoir or amplifying hosts, fledgling glossy ibises (plegadis falcinellus) and snowy egrets (egretta thula) were captured in new jersey (usa) and shipped to colorado (usa) where they were experimentally inoculated with eee virus. all 16 snowy egrets and 14 (93%) of 15 of the glossy ibises inoculated became viremic with moderate titers, and all survivors developed neutrali ... | 1995 | 8592381 |
| nineteenth century mercury: hazard to wading birds and cormorants of the carson river, nevada. | contemporary mercury interest relates to atmospheric deposition, contaminated fish stocks and exposed fish-eating wildlife. the focus is on methylmercury (mehg) even though most contamination is of inorganic (iohg) origin. however, iohg is readily methylated in aquatic systems to become more hazardous to vertebrates. in response to a classic episode of historical (1859-1890) iohg contamination, we studied fish-eating birds nesting along the lower carson river, nevada. adult double-crested cormor ... | 2002 | 12211695 |
| the life cycle of clinostomum complanatum rudolphi, 1814 (digenea, clinostomidae) on the floodplain of the high paraná river, brazil. | the life cycle of the digenetic trematode clinostomum complanatum was studied on the floodplain of the high paraná river, brazil. sampling was done between june 1999 and june 2000. the mollusc biomphalaria peregrina was the first intermediate host with a prevalence of infection of 0.75%. the fish loricariichthys platymetopon, hoplosternum littorale, parauchenipterus galeatus, hoplias malabaricus and loricaria sp. were second intermediate hosts, with the prevalence varying from 2.45% ( h. malabar ... | 2003 | 12658465 |
| avian minor salivary glands: an ultrastructural study of the secretory granules in mucous and seromucous cells. | ultrastructural descriptions in birds are scarce thus, in this study we have characterized the secretory granules of mucous and seromucous cells from the palatine and lingual salivary glands of birds with different diets. the samples were taken from the tongue and palatine mucosa of chicken (gallus gallus), quail (coturnix coturnix), chimango (milvago chimango) and white heron (egretta thula). the samples were processed for observation by transmission electron microscopy (tem) employing 4% karno ... | 2000 | 15211928 |
| nesting ardeid colonies are not a focus of elevated west nile virus activity in southern california. | a large nesting colony of ardeid birds at the finney-ramer wildlife refuge in imperial county, california, did not appear to be a focus of west nile virus (wnv) amplification during the summer of 2004. blood samples taken during june and july from 155 nestlings of four species of ardeid birds (cattle egrets, black-crowned night herons, great egrets, and snowy egrets) and five nestling double-crested cormorants yielded a single wnv isolation from a 3-week-old cattle egret. antibody was detected b ... | 2005 | 16187895 |
| mercury and drought along the lower carson river, nevada: i. snowy egret and black-crowned night-heron annual exposure to mercury, 1997-2006. | the dynamic nature of the annual volume of water discharged down the carson river over a 10-year period, which included a century flood and drought, was examined in order to gain a better understanding of mercury movement, biological availability, and exposure to waterbirds nesting at lahontan reservoir. total annual water discharge directly influenced total mercury (thg) in unfiltered water above the reservoir and downstream of a mining area, whereas methyl mercury (mehg) at the same site was n ... | 2007 | 17587144 |
| mercury and drought along the lower carson river, nevada: ii. snowy egret and black-crowned night-heron reproduction on lahontan reservoir, 1997--2006. | mercury concentrations in the floodplain of the carson river basin in northwestern nevada are some of the highest ever reported in a natural system. thus, a portion of the basin including lahontan reservoir was placed on the u.s. environmental protection agency's natural priorities list for research and cleanup. preliminary studies indicated that reproduction in piscivorous birds may be at risk. therefore, a 10-year study (1997--2006) was conducted to evaluate reproduction of snowy egrets (egret ... | 2008 | 17994274 |
| species differences in the sensitivity of avian embryos to methylmercury. | we injected doses of methylmercury into the air cells of eggs of 26 species of birds and examined the dose-response curves of embryo survival. for 23 species we had adequate data to calculate the median lethal concentration (lc(50)). based on the dose-response curves and lc(50)s, we ranked species according to their sensitivity to injected methylmercury. although the previously published embryotoxic threshold of mercury in game farm mallards (anas platyrhynchos) has been used as a default value ... | 2009 | 18421496 |
| waterbirds (other than laridae) nesting in the middle section of laguna cuyutlán, colima, méxico. | laguna de cuyutlán, in the state of colima, mexico, is the only large coastal wetland in a span of roughly 1150 km. despite this, the study of its birds has been largely neglected. between 2003 and 2006 we assessed the waterbirds nesting in the middle portion of laguna cuyutlán, a large tropical coastal lagoon, through field visits. we documented the nesting of 15 species of non-laridae waterbirds: neotropic cormorant (phalacrocorax brasilianus), tricolored egret (egretta tricolor), snowy egret ... | 2008 | 18624252 |
| mercury and drought along the lower carson river, nevada: iii. effects on blood and organ biochemistry and histopathology of snowy egrets and black-crowned night-herons on lahontan reservoir, 2002-2006. | a 10-year study (1997-2006) was conducted to evaluate reproduction and health of aquatic birds in the carson river basin of northwestern nevada (on the u.s. environmental protection agency natural priorities list) due to high mercury (hg) concentrations from past mining activities. this part of the study evaluated physiological associations with blood hg in young snowy egrets (egretta thula) and black-crowned night-herons (nycticorax nycticorax), and organ biochemistry and histopathological effe ... | 2009 | 20077191 |
| assessment of heavy metals in egretta thula: case study: coroa grande mangrove, sepetiba bay, rio de janeiro, brazil. | this study focuses on metals analysis in kidney and liver tissues of egretta thula which were collected prostrate or newly dead in coroa grande mangrove, sepetiba bay, rio de janeiro, brazil, between march 2005 and october 2008. kidney and liver were collected and analysed to evaluate heavy metal pollution. high values and widest range were detected for all metals in liver and kidney tissues. geometric mean differences from metals concentrations for zn, cd, ni, pb, cu, and cr, respectively, were ... | 2011 | 21437402 |
| [postnatal growth patterns in eight species of herons and egrets (ciconiiformes: ardeidae)]. | avian postnatal growth has received considerable attention and its ecological implications have been deeply analyzed. in this current paper, i describe the patterns of culmen and tarsus growth, as well as of weight gain patterns in eight species of herons and egrets (aves: ardeidae) found in the birama swamp in eastern cuba. between 1998 and 2006,714 nestlings of the following species were measured every two days: butorides virescens, bubulcus ibis, egretta thula, e. tricolor, e. caerulea, e. ru ... | 2011 | 21721238 |
| host preference of the arbovirus vector culex erraticus (diptera: culicidae) at sonso lake, cauca valley department, colombia. | culex erraticus (dyar & knab) is a competent vector of eastern equine encephalitis virus and subtype ic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and both st. louis encephalitis virus and west nile virus have been isolated from field-collected specimens. previous bloodmeal analysis studies have shown this species to be a generalist, feeding on a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. this behavior can bridge arboviral transmission across different vertebrate groups. our study examined ... | 2012 | 23025191 |
| large scale mortality of nestling ardeids caused by nematode infection. | during the summer of 1976, an epornitic of verminous peritonitis caused by eustrongylides ignotus resulted in large scale mortality of young herons and egrets on pea patch island, delaware. mortality was highest (84%) in snowy egret nestlings ( egretta thula ) and less severe in great egrets ( casmerodius albus ), louisiana herons ( hydranassa tricolor ), little blue herons ( florida caerulea ), and black crowned night herons ( nycticorax nycticorax ). most deaths occured within the first 4 week ... | 1977 | 24228957 |
| dna barcoding and phylogenetic relationships of ardeidae (aves: ciconiiformes). | the avian family ardeidae comprises long-legged freshwater and coastal birds. there has been considerable disagreement concerning the intrafamilial relationships of ardeidae. mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) was used as a marker for the identification and phylogenetic analysis of avian species. in the present study, we analyzed the coi barcodes of 32 species from 17 genera belonging to the family ardeidae. each bird species possessed a barcode distinct from that of other bird s ... | 2016 | 27706576 |
| risk, mercury levels, and birds: relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring. | there is an abundance of field data on levels of mercury in a variety of organisms and there are a number of studies that demonstrate the adverse effects of mercury on laboratory animals, but few studies examine the relationship between the two. thus it is often difficult to determine the ecological relevance of mercury concentrations found in nature, or to predict the ecosystem consequences of current levels. in this paper we review the levels in tissues that are associated with adverse effects ... | 1997 | 9417847 |
| polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congener concentrations in aquatic birds. case study: ilha grande bay, rio de janeiro, brazil. | livers from 108 birds found prostrate or dead in ilha grande bay between 2005 and 2010 were analyzed for 16 pcb congeners (iupac numbers 8, 18, 28, 31, 52, 77, 101, 118, 126, 128, 138, 149, 153, 169, 170, and 180). the species analyzed were egretta caerulea (linnaeus 1758), nycticorax nycticorax (linnaeus 1758), egretta thula (molina 1782), and ardea cocoi (linnaeus 1766). the analysis were performed using origin software (7.5, 2004) with a significant level of p<0.05. data were checked for adhe ... | 2013 | 24346796 |
| gryporhynchidae (cestoda: cyclophyllidea) in mexico: species list, hosts, distribution and new records. | as a result of this study, 8 new host (botaurus lentiginosus for glossocercus caribaensis and valipora mutabilis; egretta caerulea for valipora minuta; egretta thula for glossocercus cyprinodontis; egretta tricolor and nycticorax nycticorax for glossocercus caribaensis; pelecanus occidentalis and platalea ajaja for paradilepis caballeroi) and 31 new locality records for gryporhynchid cestode species in mexico are presented. with these data, the total number of species of this group of helminths ... | 2014 | 24870465 |
| assessment of trace elements and stable isotopes of three ardeid species at birama swamp, cuba. | the birama swamp is the second largest wetland in the caribbean region and it is inhabited by large populations of waterbirds. here we report, for the first time, the foraging ecology and pollutant levels of three ardeidae species: cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), snowy egret (egretta thula), and tricolored heron (e. tricolor) breeding in this wetland using stable-isotope (δ (15)n and δ (13)c) and trace elements [mercury (hg), lead (pb), and selenium (se)] analysis of chick feathers. our results sh ... | 2013 | 23535940 |
| relative patterns and rates of evolution in heron nuclear and mitochondrial dna. | mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data from 15 species of herons (aves: ardeidae), representing 13 genera, were compared with dna hybridization data of single-copy nuclear dna (scndna) from the same species in a taxonomic congruence assessment of heron phylogeny. the two data sets produced a partially resolved, completely congruent estimate of phylogeny with the following basic structure: (tigrisoma, cochlearius, (((zebrilus, (ixobrychus, botaurus)), (((ardea, casmerodius), bubulcus), ((egrett ... | 2000 | 10723744 |
| mercury and drought along the lower carson river, nevada: iv. snowy egret post-fledging dispersal, timing of migration and survival, 2002-2004. | this telemetry study is an extension of our 1997-2006 research on historical mercury contamination on snowy egrets (egretta thula) up to ~ 20 days of age. findings from initial studies at the mercury-contaminated carson river colony at lahontan reservoir (lr) and a similar-sized reference (ref) colony on the humboldt river included mercury-related physiological, biochemical, histopathological and reproductive effects up to ~20 days of age; with poor water years (2000-04), i.e., reduced prey avai ... | 2017 | 27771593 |
| morphometric parameters and total mercury in eggs of snowy egret (egretta thula) from cartagena bay and totumo marsh, north of colombia. | eggs from egrets (egretta thula) were collected from cartagena bay and totumo marsh, two sites at the north of colombia with different pollution background, and measured their morphometric parameters as well as total mercury (t-hg) and calcium levels in eggshell. statistically significant differences were observed for egg weight and size between the two sampling locations. t-hg and calcium concentrations in eggshell were greater in eggs from cartagena bay, the industrial site, compared to totumo ... | 2013 | 23422066 |
| shifts in relative tissue delta15n values in snowy egret nestlings with dietary mercury exposure: a marker for increased protein degradation. | shifts in tissue nitrogen isotope composition may be a more sensitive general indicator of stress than measurement of high-turnover defensive biomolecules such as metallothionein and glutathione. as a physical resource transmitted along the trophic web, perturbations in protein nitrogen metabolism may also help resolve issues concerning the effects of contaminants on organisms and their consequential hierarchical linkages in ecotoxicology. snowy egret nestlings (egretta thula) fed mercury-contam ... | 2005 | 15984804 |
| cestodes of the family dilepididae (cestoda:cyclophyllidea) from fish-eating birds in mexico: a survey of species. | a survey of adults of dilepidid tapeworms (cyclophyllidea) from piscivorous birds from mexico is presented on the basis of the taxonomic evaluation of freshly collected and voucher specimens. the following species are reported (first records from mexico marked with an asterisk): cyclustera capito (rudolphi, 1819); *c. ibisae (schmidt & bush, 1972); *dendrouterina ardeae rausch, 1955; *d. herodiae fuhrmann, 1912; *d. papillifera (fuhrmann, 1908); glossocercus auritus (rudolphi, 1819); *neogryporh ... | 2002 | 12143788 |
| tetramers aspinosa n. sp. from the snowy egret and a new host record for t. robusta (nematoda: tetrameridae). | | 1973 | 4731811 |
| organochlorines and trace elements in four colonial waterbird species nesting in the lower laguna madre, texas. | eggs from four aquatic bird species nesting on the national audubon sanctuary islands of the lower laguna madre were collected during 1993 and 1994 to determine concentrations of organochlorine compounds and trace metals and to evaluate their possible detrimental effects on birds nesting in this aquatic ecosystem. the only chlorinated hydrocarbons found above detection limits were p,p'-dde (dde), p,p'-ddt (ddt), hcb, hch, chlordane, and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). median dde and pcb levels ... | 1996 | 8975826 |
| isolation of a psittacosis-like agent from the blood of snowy egrets. | | 1951 | 14911997 |