| a new hepatozoon species from dogs: description of the causative agent of canine hepatozoonosis in north america. | a new species of adeleina, hepatozoon americanum, is described from the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, visceral organs, and blood of dogs (canis familiaris) in the southern united states. the organism was previously identified as hepatozoon canis (james, 1905) wenyon, 1926; however, differences in clinical signs, histopathological and serological findings, gamont size, and ultrastructure define the new species of hepatozoon. attempts to transmit the protozoan from infected dogs to nymphal rhip ... | 1997 | 9406796 |
| observations on tissue stages of hepatozoon americanum in 19 naturally infected dogs. | lesions and associated tissue stages of hepatozoon americanum in 19 naturally infected dogs are described. schizogony takes place in an unidentified host cell which, during the early stages of the asexual cycle, is contained within a broad, multilamellar mucopolysaccharide 'cyst.' material forming the cyst appears to be host-derived. an intense inflammatory response follows rupture of the schizont and disintegration of the cyst wall. there is unusually intense angiogenesis associated with the re ... | 1998 | 9786627 |
| experimental transmission of hepatozoon americanum vincent-johnson et al., 1997 to dogs by the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum koch. | experimental transmission of hepatozoon americanum to dogs was attempted with four ixodid ticks, viz., rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma americanum, amblyomma maculatum and dermacentor variabilis. ticks that dogs ingested included some that were laboratory-reared and experimentally fed as nymphs on a dog with naturally occurring hepatozoonosis; other ticks were collected as replete or partially engorged larvae, nymphs and adults from dogs that had hepatozoonosis and natural infestations of tic ... | 1998 | 9877066 |
| naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in coyotes from oklahoma. | nine of 16 free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central oklahoma (usa) had naturally acquired infections of hepatozoon americanum. infections were confirmed by recognition of tissue stages closely resembling h. americanum in skeletal and cardiac muscle. at the time coyotes were collected they were infested with a variety of ticks, including adult gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum). we propose that the high prevalence of h. americanum in this small sample of free-ranging coyotes and the ... | 1999 | 10073352 |
| canine hepatozoonosis: comparison of lesions and parasites in skeletal muscle of dogs experimentally or naturally infected with hepatozoon americanum. | we report previously undescribed, early lesions in skeletal muscle of dogs experimentally infected with hepatozoon americanum by ingestion of laboratory-reared, infected amblyomma maculatum. the earliest muscle lesion was recognized at the first interval of examination 3 weeks following exposure. the lesion consisted of a large, modified host cell whose cytoplasm frequently contained a demonstrable parasite. in skeletal muscle, the cell was consistently located between muscle fibers or in loose ... | 1999 | 10384901 |
| sporogonic development of hepatozoon americanum (apicomplexa) in its definitive host, amblyomma maculatum (acarina). | light microscopic observations of the sporogonic development of hepatozoon americanum are described in its acarine host, amblyomma maculatum. laboratory-reared nymphal ticks were fed on 2 dogs infected with h. americanum. nymphal ticks were sampled daily, starting 3 days after being placed on a parasitemic dog, until 18 days after infestation (pi), and then every 3 or 4 days until replete nymphs molted. ticks were examined as unstained wet mounts and hematoxylin-eosin-stained paraffin sections. ... | 1999 | 10647032 |
| naturally occurring and experimentally transmitted hepatozoon americanum in coyotes from oklahoma. | twenty free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in oklahoma (usa) were examined for the presence of naturally occurring infections with hepatozoon americanum and to determine if bone lesions attributable to h. americanum were present. although eight of the 20 free-ranging coyotes were found to be naturally infected with h. americanum, no bone lesions were detected. in addition, two coyote pups were exposed to h. americanum oocysts collected from experimentally infected ticks and the course of the re ... | 2000 | 10682757 |
| genetic and antigenic evidence supports the separation of hepatozoon canis and hepatozoon americanum at the species level. | recognition of hepatozoon canis and hepatozoon americanum as distinct species was supported by the results of western immunoblotting of canine anti-h. canis and anti-h. americanum sera against h. canis gamonts. sequence analysis of 368 bases near the 3' end of the 18s rrna gene from each species revealed a pairwise difference of 13.59%. | 2000 | 10699047 |
| phylogenetic relationships of hepatozoon (apicomplexa: adeleorina) based on molecular, morphologic, and life-cycle characters. | to evaluate higher-level affinities of hepatozoon species within apicomplexa, we sequenced the 18s rrna gene from 2 parasites (hepatozoon americanum and hepatozoon canis) of dogs and 1 (hepatozoon catesbianae) of bullfrogs. sequences from other apicomplexans among the sarcocystiidae, eimeriidae, theileriidae, plasmodiidae, cryptosporiidae, and babesiidae, a perkinsus species and 2 dinoflagellates were obtained from genbank. phylogenetic analysis indicated that plasmodium, cryptosporidium, and he ... | 2000 | 10780559 |
| skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by hepatozoon americanum. | canine hepatozoonosis, caused by hepatozoon americanum, is an emerging tick-borne disease of dogs in north america. in addition to the skeletal and cardiac myositis that are prominent features of the disease, there is disseminated periosteal bone proliferation in most dogs that manifest clinical disease. each of six experimentally infected animals (four dogs and two coyotes) and seven of eight naturally infected dogs had gross or histopathologic osteoproliferative lesions. experimental animals w ... | 2000 | 10810986 |
| treatment of dogs infected with hepatozoon americanum: 53 cases (1989-1998). | to determine clinical and pathologic findings before and after short-term (group 1) and long-term (group 2) treatment in dogs with hepatozoon americanum infection. | 2001 | 11149719 |
| an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of american canine hepatozoonosis. | american canine hepatozoonosis (ach), caused by hepatozoon americanum, is an emerging tick-borne disease of dogs. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that should facilitate diagnosis of infection and study of the epidemiology of ach has been developed using h. americanum sporozoites as antigen. efficacy of the new test as a diagnostic tool was compared with that of skeletal muscle biopsy, the current gold standard for confirming h. americanum infection. results show that the te ... | 2001 | 11243356 |
| comparison of tissue stages of hepatozoon americanum in the dog using immunohistochemical and routine histologic methods. | american canine hepatozoonosis is caused by hepatozoon americanum, a recently described species of apicomplexan protozoan parasite. an immunohistochemical procedure using a polyclonal antibody to sporozoites of h. americanum clearly identified asexual stages of h. americanum in canine striated muscle. the method also detects hepatozoa present in naturally infected coyotes and raccoons and reacts with certain other apicomplexans. use of this immunohistochemical procedure confirms the canine inter ... | 2001 | 11467476 |
| larval gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum) [acari: ixodidae] as host for hepatozoon americanum [apicomplexa: adeleorina]. | laboratory-reared larval gulf coast ticks (gcts) (amblyomma maculatum) were exposed experimentally and found to acquire hepatozoon americanum infection while feeding on parasitemic dogs. these ticks supported gamogonic and sporogonic development of the apicomplexan, and oocysts from newly molted nymphs were infectious for a dog. other nymphs from this cohort that were allowed to feed on a blood-parasite naive sheep molted normally; the resulting adult ticks contained oocysts that were infectious ... | 2002 | 11750999 |
| analysis of the 18s rrna gene sequence of a hepatozoon detected in two japanese dogs. | partial sequences of the 18s rrna gene (625 bp) from a hepatozoon detected in two canine hepatozoonosis cases, one clinical and one subclinical, in japan were analyzed. both sequences were identical to each other and they were closely related to the hepatozoon canis strain found in israel with 99% (617/625) nucleotide identity. both hepatozoon americanum and hepatozoon catasbianae were distantly related to the japanese hepatozoon with 94% (586/625) and 91% (566/625) identities, respectively. in ... | 2002 | 12062514 |
| transmission of hepatozoon americanum (apicomplexa: adeleorina) by ixodids (acari: ixodidae). | american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) caused by hepatozoon americanum vincent-johnson, macintire, lindsay, lenz, baneth, and shkap is an emerging, often fatal, tick-borne protozoal disease of dogs in the united states of america. dogs acquire infection by ingesting ticks that contain oocysts. to understand the invertebrate (definitive) host range of h. americanum, experiments were carried out using four ixodids, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille), dermacentor variabilis say, amblyomma americanu ... | 2002 | 12144294 |
| determination of time of onset and location of early skeletal lesions in young dogs experimentally infected with hepatozoon americanum using bone scintigraphy. | canine hepatozoonosis caused by hepatozoon americanum has periosteal proliferation on long bones, pelvis, vertebrae, and skull. the pathogenesis of the periosteal proliferation is unknown but may be similar to hypertrophic osteopathy. objectives were to determine the time frame for onset of bone lesions, to characterize spatial distribution of early bone lesions, and to describe the scintigraphic appearance of bone lesions in six immature dogs infected with 400 h. americanum oocysts on day 0. 99 ... | 2003 | 12620057 |
| persistence of hepatozoon americanum (apicomplexa: adeleorina) in a naturally infected dog. | to determine the persistence of hepatozoon americanum in a naturally infected dog, skeletal muscle biopsies were performed at approximately 6-mo intervals over a period of 5.5 yr, and the samples were examined for presence of lesions of american canine hepatozoonosis (ach). nymphal amblyomma maculatum (gulf coast tick) were allowed to feed to repletion on the dog periodically over the 5.5-yr period, and adult ticks were dissected and examined for presence of h. americanum oocysts. with 3 excepti ... | 2003 | 12880267 |
| american canine hepatozoonosis. | american canine hepatozoonosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted infection of domestic dogs caused by a recently recognized species of apicomplexan parasite, hepatozoon americanum. the known definitive host of the protozoan is the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum. presently recognized intermediate hosts include the domestic dog and the coyote, canis latrans. laboratory-reared larval or nymphal a. maculatum can be infected readily by feeding to repletion on a parasitemic intermediate host; spo ... | 2003 | 12885206 |
| american canine hepatozoonosis. | hepatozoon americanum infection is an emerging tickborne disease in the southern united states. this organism causes a very different and much more severe disease than does hepatozoon canis, the etiologic agent of canine hepatozoonosis in the rest of the world. h americanum is transmitted through ingestion of the definitive host, amblyomma maculatum (the gulf coast tick). clinical signs of american canine hepatozoonosis tend to wax and wane over time and may include lameness, weakness, pain, mus ... | 2003 | 12910749 |
| american canine hepatozoonosis. | american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) is a tick-borne disease that is spreading in the southeastern and south-central united states. characterized by marked leukocytosis and periosteal bone proliferation, ach is very debilitating and often fatal. dogs acquire infection by ingesting nymphal or adult gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum) that, in a previous life stage, ingested the parasite in a blood meal taken from some vertebrate intermediate host. ach is caused by the apicomplexan hepatozoon a ... | 2003 | 14557294 |
| canine inflammatory myopathies: a clinicopathologic review of 200 cases. | a retrospective study was performed on 200 randomly selected cases of inflammatory myopathy in dogs from diagnostic muscle biopsies received at the comparative neuromuscular laboratory, university of california, san diego. the most common clinical signs in dogs diagnosed with an inflammatory myopathy were generalized weakness, stilted gait, dysphagia, masticatory or generalized muscle atrophy, inability to open the jaw, megaesophagus, and dysphonia. myalgia was rarely described. age of onset ran ... | 2004 | 15515585 |
| distinction between hepatozoon canis and hepatozoon americanum. | | 2005 | 15881994 |
| molecular identification and characterization of canine hepatozoon species from brazil. | canine hepatozoon species from brazil was molecular identified and characterized for the first time. from 31 dogs, 7 were positive for blood smear examination and 21 positive for pcr. partial sequences of the 18s rrna gene from eight naturally infected dogs were analyzed. sequences revealed that brazilian hepatozoon is closely related with the japanese hepatozoon, that has 99% nucleotide identity with hepatozoon canis from israel, and different from hepatozoon americanum. these results indicate ... | 2005 | 15948009 |
| hepatozoon spp.: pathological and partial 18s rrna sequence analysis from three brazilian dogs. | molecular and histopathological studies were carried out on samples from three brazilian dogs with persistent hepatozoonosis parasitemia. canine hepatozoonosis was confirmed by finding gametocytes in blood smears. histopathological examination of skeletal muscle biopsy revealed muscle degeneration and atrophy, and degenerating/regenerating myofibers, similar to the muscle degeneration caused by hepatozoon americanum . however, the large cystic structures typical of h. americanum were not observe ... | 2005 | 15988602 |
| experimental infection of adult and juvenile coyotes with domestic dog and wild coyote isolates of hepatozoon americanum (apicomplexa: adeleorina). | each of five adult and four juvenile coyotes (canis latrans) was exposed to an oral dose of 50 hepatozoon americanum oocysts recovered from amblyomma maculatum ticks that previously fed on either naturally infected domestic dogs (canis familiaris) or naturally infected wild coyotes. all coyotes exposed to h. americanum became infected, regardless of isolate source, and all exhibited mild to moderate clinical disease that simulated american canine hepatozoonosis in naturally infected dogs. at 100 ... | 2005 | 16244069 |
| characterization of stages of hepatozoon americanum and of parasitized canine host cells. | american canine hepatozoonosis is caused by hepatozoon americanum, a protozoan parasite, the definitive host of which is the tick, amblyomma maculatum. infection of the dog follows ingestion of ticks that harbor sporulated h. americanum oocysts. following penetration of the intestinal mucosa, sporozoites are disseminated systemically and give rise to extensive asexual multiplication in cells located predominantly in striated muscle. the parasitized canine cells in "onion skin" cysts and in granu ... | 2005 | 16301575 |
| molecular characterization of hepatozoon sp. from brazilian dogs and its phylogenetic relationship with other hepatozoon spp. | to characterize phylogenetically the species which causes canine hepatozoonosis at two rural areas of rio de janeiro state, brazil, we used universal or hepatozoon spp. primer sets for the 18s ssu rrna coding region. dna extracts were obtained from blood samples of thirteen dogs naturally infected, from four experimentally infected, and from five puppies infected by vertical transmission from a dam, that was experimentally infected. dna of sporozoites of hepatozoon americanum was used as positiv ... | 2007 | 17134837 |
| experimental transmission of hepatozoon americanum to rodents. | laboratory-raised cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus), outbred white mice (mus musculus), and c57bl/6j-lystbg-j/j mice (m. musculus) that were administered approximately 50 sporulated oocysts of hepatozoon americanum (af176836) by gavage developed inflammatory lesions containing parasitic cystozoites in cardiac and skeletal muscle, kidney, and lung. sprague-dawley rats (rattus norvegicus) similarly exposed showed no evidence of infection. cystozoites were first detected by histopathologic examinatio ... | 2008 | 18055118 |
| infectivity of hepatozoon americanum cystozoites for a dog. | hepatozoon americanum cystozoites from experimentally infected, laboratory-raised rodents were fed to a hepatozoon-free dog. gamonts were detected by examination of blood smear 42 and 56 days post-exposure. pcr analysis of blood was positive for the 18s rrna hepatozoon gene on days gamonts were demonstrated. meronts were detected histologically in a skeletal muscle biopsy 90 days after ingestion of cystozoites. sequencing confirmed that the parasite in the dog was h. americanum. xenodiagnosis wa ... | 2008 | 18387744 |
| diversity of hepatozoon species in naturally infected dogs in the southern united states. | hepatozoon americanum is a protozoan that causes american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) in the southern united states; hepatozoon canis, the causative agent of canine hepatozoonosis in africa, asia, europe, and south america, has not previously been definitively identified in dogs in the united states. to characterize the diversity of hepatozoon spp. in domestic dogs from oklahoma, blood samples collected from dogs residing in an endemic area of the state, clinical cases presented to veterinarians ... | 2008 | 18485602 |
| new developments in canine hepatozoonosis in north america: a review. | abstract : canine hepatozoonosis is caused by hepatozoon canis and hepatozoon americanum, apicomplexan parasites transmitted to dogs by ingestion of infectious stages. although the two agents are phylogenetically related, specific aspects, including characteristics of clinical disease and the natural history of the parasites themselves, differ between the two species. until recently, h. canis infections had not been clearly documented in north america, and autochthonous infection with h. america ... | 2009 | 19426444 |
| experimental transmission of hepatozoon americanum to new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) and infectivity of cystozoites for a dog. | inflammatory lesions containing parasitic cystozoites developed in multiple organs and tissues of laboratory-raised oryctolagus cuniculus that were administered approximately 100 sporulated oocysts of hepatozoon americanum (oklahoma isolate, genbank accession af176836) orally. the predominantly granulomatous inflammatory lesions were detected histologically 8 weeks after exposure to oocysts. cystozoites, recognized by cresent-shaped, uninucleated bodies surrounded by an accumulation of globular, ... | 2009 | 19559533 |
| alternate pathway of infection with hepatozoon americanum and the epidemiologic importance of predation. | the range of american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) is expanding from the southern usa northward. transmission of hepatozoon americanum occurs by ingestion of infected gulf coast ticks, amblyomma maculatum. the source of the protozoan for the tick remains undetermined; infected dogs are unusual hosts for the tick. | 2009 | 19709355 |
| hepatozoon americanum: an emerging disease in the south-central/southeastern united states. | to review the clinical epidemiologic and pathophysiologic aspects of hepatozoon americanum infection in dogs. | 2010 | 20230436 |
| treatment of hepatozoon americanum infection: review of the literature and experimental evaluation of efficacy. | there is no labeled treatment for dogs with american canine hepatozoonosis (ach), but the drug therapies discussed in this article, although not rapidly curative, may be successful in alleviating acute clinical signs, prolonging life, reducing the number of clinical relapses, and enhancing quality of life. this article also describes a pilot trial conducted to assess the efficacy of a novel treatment approach with ponazuril as a stand-alone parasiticide administered for 4 weeks without follow-up ... | 2010 | 21308664 |
| perspectives on canine and feline hepatozoonosis. | two species of hepatozoon are currently known to infect dogs and cause distinct diseases. hepatozoon canis prevalent in africa, asia, southern europe, south america and recently shown to be present also in the usa causes infection mainly of hemolymphoid organs, whereas hepatozoon americanum prevalent in the southeastern usa causes myositis and severe lameness. h. americanum is transmitted by ingestion of the gulf coast tick amblyomma maculatum and also by predation on infected prey. h. canis is ... | 2011 | 21620568 |
| Infection with a Hepatozoon sp. closely related to Hepatozoon felis in a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex -Pseudalopex -gymnocercus) co-infected with canine distemper virus. | A species of Hepatozoon closely related to Hepatozoon felis found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) is described. The fox was euthanized after showing severe incoordination. On necropsy and histopathology there was bilateral, diffuse, severe, sub-acute, necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. Canine distemper virus was detected by immunohistochemistry in the bronchiolar epi ... | 2011 | 22112977 |
| Cutaneous Hepatozoon canis infection in a dog from New Jersey. | A 7-month-old mixed-breed intact female dog was presented to a private veterinarian with a 2 cm in diameter raised, pruritic, alopecic, subcutaneous, fluctuant swelling over the right eye. Cytology of the mass revealed many degenerate neutrophils, moderate numbers of eosinophils, moderate numbers of macrophages, rare mast cells, and few erythrocytes. Rare neutrophils contained a protozoal agent compatible with a Hepatozoon gamont. Real-time polymerase chain reaction of peripheral blood was posit ... | 2011 | 21908296 |
| development of a pan-babesia fret-qpcr and a survey of livestock from five caribbean islands. | babesia spp. are tick-borne protozoan hemoparasites and the second most common blood-borne parasites of mammals, in particular domestic animals. we used the clustal multiple alignment program and 18s rrna gene sequences of 22 babesia species from genbank to develop a pcr that could detect a wide variety of babesia spp. in a single reaction. the pan-babesia fret-qpcr we developed reliably detected b. gibsoni, b. canis, b. vogeli, b. microti, b. bovis, and b. divergens under controlled conditions ... | 2015 | 26423577 |
| prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in dogs from haiti. | canine vector-borne pathogens are common on some caribbean islands, but survey data in haiti are lacking. to determine the prevalence of selected vector-borne pathogens in dogs from haiti, we tested blood samples collected from 210 owned dogs, 28 (13.3%) of which were infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks at the time of blood collection. no other tick species were identified on these dogs. a commercially available elisa identified antibodies to ehrlichia spp. in 69 (32.9%), antibodies to ... | 2016 | 27270383 |
| tick-borne agents in domesticated and stray cats from the city of campo grande, state of mato grosso do sul, midwestern brazil. | anaplasmataceae agents, piroplasmids and hepatozoon spp. have emerged as important pathogens among domestic and wild felines. the present work aimed to detect the presence of species belonging to the anaplasmataceae family, piroplasmas and hepatozoon spp. dna in blood samples of domesticated and stray cats in the city of campo grande, state of mato grosso do sul, midwestern brazil. between january and april 2013, whole blood samples were collected from 151 cats (54 males, 95 females and two with ... | 2015 | 26187416 |
| molecular analysis reveals the diversity of hepatozoon species naturally infecting domestic dogs in a northern region of brazil. | this study aimed to optimize molecular methods for detecting dna of hepatozoon spp. as well as identify the phylogenetic relationships of hepatozoon strains naturally infecting domestic dogs in belém, pará, northern brazil. blood samples were collected from 138 dogs, and screened for hepatozoon spp. using a new nested pcr assay. positive samples were subjected to genetic characterization based on amplification and sequencing of approximately 670bp of the hepatozoon spp. 18s rrna. of the positive ... | 2016 | 27665264 |
| hepatozoon spp. infections in wild rodents in an area of endemic canine hepatozoonosis in southeastern brazil. | hepatozoon canis is a tick-borne parasite that occurs worldwide. in rural areas of brazil, h. canis vectors remain unknown, which has led to speculation about alternative routes of transmission. small rodents can play a role in the transmission (via predation) of hepatozoon americanum, which led us to question whether predation might be an alternative mode of transmission for h. canis. thus, this study investigated whether hepatozoon spp. are present in wild small rodents in forest fragments tha ... | 2016 | 27091081 |
| the evolving medical and veterinary importance of the gulf coast tick (acari: ixodidae). | amblyomma maculatum koch (the gulf coast tick) is a three-host, ixodid tick that is distributed throughout much of the southeastern and south-central united states, as well as several countries throughout central and south america. a considerable amount of scientific literature followed the original description of a. maculatum in 1844; nonetheless, the gulf coast tick was not recognized as a vector of any known pathogen of animals or humans for >150 years. it is now identified as the principal v ... | 2015 | 26336308 |
| hepatozoon and theileria species detected in ticks collected from mammals and snakes in thailand. | we report the detection of hepatozoon and theileria in 103 ticks from mammals and snakes in thailand. by using a genus-specific 18s rrna pcr, hepatozoon and theileria spp. were detected in 8% and 18%, respectively, of ticks (n=79) removed from mammals. of the ticks removed from snakes (n=24), 96% were infected with hepatozoon spp., but none were infected with theileria. phylogenetic analysis revealed that hepatozoon spp. detected from dermacentor astrosignatus and dermacentor auratus ticks from ... | 2015 | 25736475 |
| prevalence and diversity of hepatozoon canis in naturally infected dogs in japanese islands and peninsulas. | canine hepatozoonosis is a worldwide protozoal disease caused by hepatozoon canis and hepatozoon americanum and is transmitted by ixodid ticks, rhipicephalus and amblyomma spp., respectively. h. canis infection is widespread in africa, europe, south america, and asia, including japan. the objective of this study was to study the distribution pattern and diversity of h. canis in naturally infected dogs in nine japanese islands and peninsulas. therefore, 196 hunting dogs were randomly sampled duri ... | 2013 | 23812601 |
| genetic diversity of hepatozoon spp. in coyotes from the south-central united states. | to better define the strains and species of hepatozoon that infect coyotes in the south-central united states, whole blood and muscle samples were collected from 44 coyotes from 6 locations in oklahoma and texas. samples were evaluated by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers amplifying a variable region of the apicomplexan 18s rrna gene as well as histopathology (muscle only) for presence of tissue cysts. hepatozoon spp. infections were identified in 79.5% (35/44) of coyotes te ... | 2013 | 22924920 |