| interspecies introgressive hybridization in spiny frogs quasipaa (family dicroglossidae) revealed by analyses on multiple mitochondrial and nuclear genes. | introgression may lead to discordant patterns of variation among loci and traits. for example, previous phylogeographic studies on the genus quasipaa detected signs of genetic introgression from genetically and morphologically divergent quasipaa shini or quasipaa spinosa. in this study, we used mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence data to verify the widespread introgressive hybridization in the closely related species of the genus quasipaa, evaluate the level of genetic diversity, and reveal t ... | 2018 | 29375796 |
| [tandem expression and activity determination of antibacterial peptide spinosan-c from paa spinosa]. | antibacterial peptide can be easily degraded by protease and has the lethal effect on the host escherichia coli. in order to solve these problems and further improve the expression ability of the escherichia coli system, the antimicrobial peptide spinosan-c of paa spinosa was studied. first, the codon of spinosan-c was optimized according to e. coli codon usage frequency. then, the 8 multimeric spinosan-c gene (8×spinosan-c) was synthesized and cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pet-28a. ... | 2018 | 29380578 |
| balantidium grimi n. sp. (ciliophora, litostomatea), a new species inhabiting the rectum of the frog quasipaa spinosa from lishui, china. | balantidium grimi n. sp. is described from the rectum of the frog quasipaa spinosa (amphibia, dicroglossidae) from lishui, zhejiang province, china. the new species is described by both light microscopy (lm) and scanning electron microscopy (sem), and a molecular phylogenetic analysis is also presented. this species has unique morphological features in that the body shape is somewhat flattened and the vestibulum is "v"-shaped, occupying nearly 3/8 to 4/7 of the body length. only one contractile ... | 2018 | 29806591 |
| sicuophora (syn. wichtermania) multigranularis from quasipaa spinosa (anura): morphological and molecular study, with emphasis on validity of sicuophora (armophorea, clevelandellida). | morphological studies of sicuophora (syn. wichtermania) multigranularis xiao et al., 2002, from the rectum of the frog, quasipaa spinosa, performed using silver impregnation and scanning electron microscopy, confirmed the following newly recognized features: (1) only one apical suture on the right surface; (2) two naked regions at the posterior end of both the left and the right side of the body. phylogenetic analysis based on the ssu-rrna gene showed that s. multigranularis is a sister to a cla ... | 2018 | 30052499 |
| effects of both cold and heat stress on the liver of the giant spiny frog (quasipaa spinosa): stress response and histological changes. | ambient temperature-associated stress can affect normal physiological functions in ectotherms. to assess the effects of cold or heat stress on amphibians, giant spiny frogs (quasipaa spinosa) were acclimated at 22°c followed by exposure to 5°c or 30°c for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. histological alterations, apoptotic index, generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ros), antioxidant activity indices and stress-response gene expression in frog livers were subsequently dete ... | 2018 | 30190316 |
| gut microbiota differences during metamorphosis in sick and healthy giant spiny frogs (paa spinosa) tadpoles. | gut microbiota plays important roles in host nutrition, immunity, development and health; therefore, disruption of the gut microbiota is closely associated with development of diseases in the host. in amphibians, metamorphosis is associated not only with extensive changes in the gut microbiota, but also with high mortality. therefore, we hypothesized that unsuccessful restructuring of the gut microbiota during metamorphosis was an important factor that caused the fatalities. to test this hypothe ... | 2020 | 31755992 |
| functional differences of three cxcl10 homologues in the giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa. | chemokines are a superfamily of structurally related chemotactic cytokines exerting significant roles in acting as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. in this study, we identified three cxc motif chemokine 10 (cxcl10) homologues (qscxcl10-1, qscxcl10-2 and qscxcl10-3) from giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa. all three deduced qscxcl10 proteins contained four conserved cysteine residues as found in other known cxc chemokines. phylogenetic analysis showed that qscxcl10-1, 2, ... | 2020 | 32344047 |
| genetic polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class iib alleles and pathogen resistance in the giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes are candidates for determining disease susceptibility due to their pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. accordingly, the association between the genetic variation of mhc genes and the pathogen resistance has been investigated in numerous vertebrates. to date, however, little is reported in amphibians. in this study, we investigate the genetic variation at the mhc class iib gene in the giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa, which has ... | 2014 | 25269786 |
| spermatological characteristics of the family glypthelminthidae (digenea, plagiorchioidea) inferred from the ultrastructural study of glypthelmins staffordi tubangui, 1928. | the present study describes the ultrastructural organization of the mature spermatozoon of the digenean glypthelmins staffordi (glypthelminthidae) by means of transmission electron microscopy. live digeneans were collected from the chinese edible frog (hoplobatrachus rugulosus) in udon thani province (thailand). the ultrastructural study reveals that the mature spermatozoon of g. staffordi is a filiform cell, which is tapered at both extremities. it exhibits the bakhoum et al.'s type iv of sperm ... | 2018 | 30309500 |
| elizabethkingia miricola infection in chinese spiny frog (quasipaa spinosa). | elizabethkingia miricola is a gram-negative rod which has been incriminated in severe infections in humans. recently, a serious infectious disease was identified in chinese spiny frogs (quasipaa spinosa), in the sichuan province of china; the disease was characterized by corneal opacity, the presence of ascites and neurological symptoms. a gram-negative bacillus was isolated from the liver, spleen and kidney of the diseased frogs. experimental infection test revealed that the bacillus could infe ... | 2019 | 30554477 |
| fifteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the giant spiny frog, paa spinosa. | we characterized 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the giant spiny frog, paa spinosa. these loci were highly polymorphic when screened in 38 individuals from two different populations, with nine to 23 alleles per locus. the range of observed and expected heterozygosities was 0.231-0.916 and 0.296-0.944, respectively. these polymorphic loci will be useful for assessing genetic diversity, population structure, gene flow, population assignment and determining paternity in the giant spiny frog. | 2009 | 21564643 |
| complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of paa spinosa (anura: ranoidae). | the mt genome of paa spinosa (anura: ranoidae) is a circular molecule of 18,012 bp in length, containing 38 genes (including an extra copy of trna-met gene). this mt genome is characterized by three distinctive features: a cluster of rearranged trna genes (ltpf trna gene cluster), a tandem duplication of trna-met gene (met1 and met2), and distinct repeat regions at both 5' and 3'-sides in the control region. comparing the locations and the sequences of all trna-met genes among ranoidae, and cons ... | 2009 | 19631263 |
| lethal effect and in vivo genotoxicity of profenofos to chinese native amphibian (rana spinosa) tadpoles. | amphibian populations are decreasing in size due to environmental stressors in most areas of southern china. pesticides are known to be a group of potential stressors to amphibians, especially in agricultural ecosystems. profenofos, an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide, is widely used for controlling insect pests in china. the aim of this study is to evaluate the acute lethality and genotoxicity of profenofos to amphibian under controlled conditions. results showed that profenofos was hi ... | 2010 | 20333372 |
| phylogeographic analyses strongly suggest cryptic speciation in the giant spiny frog (dicroglossidae: paa spinosa) and interspecies hybridization in paa. | species identification is one of the most basic yet crucial issues in biology with potentially far-reaching implications for fields such as conservation, population ecology, and epidemiology. the widely distributed but threatened frog paa spinosa has been speculated to represent a complex of multiple species. in this study, 254 individuals representing species of the genus paa were investigated along the entire range of p. spinosa: 196 specimens of p. spinosa, 8 specimens of p. jiulongensis, 5 s ... | 2013 | 23936199 |
| cdna cloning and functional characterisation of four antimicrobial peptides from paa spinosa. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small peptides found in many organisms defending themselves against pathogens. amps form the first line of host defence against pathogenic infections and are key components of the innate immune system of amphibians. in the current study, cdnas of precursors of four novel antimicrobial peptides in the skin of paa spinosa were cloned and sequenced using the 3'-race technique. mature peptides, named spinosan a-d, encoded by the cdnas were chemically synthesized and ... | 2015 | 26461841 |