| an immunohistochemical study of gut endocrine cells in two species of insectivorous vespertilinid bats (chiroptera: pipistrellus abramus and plecotus auritus sacrimontis). | 11 endocrine cell types immunoreactive for either 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), somatostatin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (cck), gastric inhibitory peptide (gip), motilin, secretin, neurotensin, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon or bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bpp) were found in gastrointestinal tract of 2 species of insectivorous bats. 5 of these 11 types of endocrine cells were located in the stomach and all 11 types of endocrine cells were found in the intestine. however, the distribution and ... | 1988 | 3402710 |
| normal embryonic development of the japanese pipistrelle, pipistrellus abramus. | the normal embryonic development of the japanese pipistrelle, pipistrellus abramus was described. a total of 13 stages between the early pharyngula and the embryo just before birth were established, based on external morphological features of 33 embryonic specimens. to aid embryological comparison between chiropteran lineages, the stage numbers used in the carollia perspicillata embryonic staging system (cretekos et al., 2005) were applied to each embryonic stage of p. abramus. the size (crown-r ... | 2006 | 16616468 |
| [detection of serum antibodies against japanese encephalitis virus in bats in hainan and guangdong provinces of china]. | to investigate the prevalence of serum antibodies against japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in bats. | 2015 | 26018270 |
| changes in body temperature pattern in vertebrates do not influence the codon usages of alpha-globin genes. | codon usages are known to vary among vertebrates chiefly due to variations in isochore structure. under the assumption that marked differences exist in isochore structure between warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals, the variations among vertebrates were previously attributed to an adaptation to homeothermy. however, based on data from a turtle species and a crocodile (archosauromorpha), it was recently proposed that the common ancestors of mammals, birds and extent reptiles already had the "wa ... | 2002 | 12207041 |
| adaptive functional diversification of lysozyme in insectivorous bats. | the role of gene duplication in generating new genes and novel functions is well recognized and is exemplified by the digestion-related protein lysozyme. in ruminants, duplicated chicken-type lysozymes facilitate the degradation of symbiotic bacteria in the foregut. chicken-type lysozyme has also been reported to show chitinase-like activity, yet no study has examined the molecular evolution of lysozymes in species that specialize on eating insects. insectivorous bats number over 900 species, an ... | 2014 | 25135943 |
| genetic characterization of betacoronavirus lineage c viruses in bats reveals marked sequence divergence in the spike protein of pipistrellus bat coronavirus hku5 in japanese pipistrelle: implications for the origin of the novel middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | while the novel middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is closely related to tylonycteris bat cov hku4 (ty-batcov hku4) and pipistrellus bat cov hku5 (pi-batcov hku5) in bats from hong kong, and other potential lineage c betacoronaviruses in bats from africa, europe, and america, its animal origin remains obscure. to better understand the role of bats in its origin, we examined the molecular epidemiology and evolution of lineage c betacoronaviruses among bats. ty-batcov hku4 and ... | 2013 | 23720729 |
| karyology of eight species of bats (mammalia: chiroptera) from hainan island, china. | karyotypes and chromosomal data are presented for eight bat species representing two families (rhinolophidae and vespertilionidae) from hainan island, china. the species investigated were rhinolophus lepidus (2n = 62, fn = 60), r. pusillus (2n = 62, fn = 60), r. affinis (2n = 62, fn = 60), r. sinicus (2n = 36, fn = 60), myotis horsfieldi (2n = 44, fn = 52), pipistrellus abramus (2n = 26, fn = 44), miniopterus australis (2n = 46, fn = 50) and m. schreibersii (2n = 46, fn = 50). the karyotype of r ... | 2009 | 19847322 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of nyctalus noctula (chiroptera: vespertilionidae). | the mitochondrial genome of nyctalus noctula is a circular molecule of 17,478 bp in length, containing 22 transfer rna genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rnas and a d-loop region. the overall a + t content of the h-strand is 61.4% (a 32.0%, t 29.4%, c 24.1% and g 14.5%). among the 13 protein-coding genes, most of them begin with atg as the start codon except for nd5 with ata and nd2 and nd3 with att. nd1 and nd2 genes terminate with tag as the stop codon, cyt b ends with aga, coiii, nd3 ... | 2016 | 26000936 |
| three-dimensional sonar beam-width expansion by japanese house bats (pipistrellus abramus) during natural foraging. | three-dimensional directivity patterns of sonar sounds emitted by japanese house bats (pipistrellus abramus) during natural foraging were measured by a 44-channel microphone array. just before prey capture, the terminal frequency (tf) of emitted sounds decreased, and the beam width (mean ± standard deviation) expanded from 40 ± 10° to 63 ± 9° (horizontal) and from 32 ± 10° to 52 ± 7° (vertical). p. abramus decrease the tf to simultaneously expand the beam width in both the horizontal and vertica ... | 2017 | 28599524 |
| coordinated control of acoustical field of view and flight in three-dimensional space for consecutive capture by echolocating bats during natural foraging. | echolocating bats prey upon small moving insects in the dark using sophisticated sonar techniques. the direction and directivity pattern of the ultrasound broadcast of these bats are important factors that affect their acoustical field of view, allowing us to investigate how the bats control their acoustic attention (pulse direction) for advanced flight maneuvers. the purpose of this study was to understand the behavioral strategies of acoustical sensing of wild japanese house bats pipistrellus ... | 2017 | 28085936 |
| species-specific control of acoustic gaze by echolocating bats, rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon and pipistrellus abramus, during flight. | based on the characteristics of the ultrasounds they produce, echolocating bats can be categorized into two main types: broadband fm (frequency modulated) and narrowband cf (constant frequency) echolocators. in this study, we recorded the echolocation behavior of a broadband fm (pipistrellus abramus) and a narrowband cf echolocator species (rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon) while they explored an unfamiliar space in a laboratory chamber. during flight, p. abramus smoothly shifted its acoustic ga ... | 2016 | 27566319 |
| auditory brainstem responses of japanese house bats (pipistrellus abramus) after exposure to broadband ultrasonic noise. | echolocating bats forage and navigate within an intense soundscape containing their own sonar sounds as well as sounds from other bats. to determine how the bat's auditory system copes with these high noise levels, auditory brainstem responses (abr) were measured in the japanese house bat, pipistrellus abramus, before and after exposure to ultrasonic noise (30 min duration). noise spectral content (10-80 khz) and level (90 db sound pressure level) are within the ranges these bats experience in t ... | 2015 | 26520325 |
| auditory brainstem response of the japanese house bat (pipistrellus abramus). | auditory brainstem responses (abr) to high frequencies encompassing the species' vocal repertoire were recorded from the inferior colliculus of the japanese house bat, pipistrellus abramus. amplitudes of tone pips were systematically decreased to obtain a threshold of response at different tone frequencies. the compiled audiogram has a broad u-shape over the frequency range from 4 to 80 khz, with low thresholds between 20 and 50 khz. the most sensitive frequency region of 35-50 khz occurs at the ... | 2015 | 25786921 |
| rapid shifts of sonar attention by pipistrellus abramus during natural hunting for multiple prey. | flight paths of echolocating japanese house bats, pipistrellus abramus, were tracked during insect hunting in a natural setting using a 32-microphone array. the array surrounded the foraging area, locating each bat, and determined the directional aim of the sonar beam. successive interceptions, indicated by feeding "buzzes" and post-buzz pauses, occurred singly at intervals from over 20 s down to multiple interceptions at 2-3 s intervals. bats flew on looping, curved paths. turning radius tighte ... | 2014 | 25480083 |
| introgression of mitochondrial dna promoted by natural selection in the japanese pipistrelle bat (pipistrellus abramus). | introgression of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) between closely related taxa can be promoted by either neutral processes or natural selection. since mitochondrial gene-encoded proteins play critical roles in oxidative metabolism, mtdna genes are commonly considered to experience strong selective constraint. however, metabolic requirements vary across climatic and ecological gradients, thus modifying potential selective pressures acting on mtdna genes. here we conducted tests to detect adaptive evolut ... | 2014 | 25266707 |
| adaptive changes in echolocation sounds by pipistrellus abramus in response to artificial jamming sounds. | the echolocation behavior of pipistrellus abramus during exposure to artificial jamming sounds during flight was investigated. echolocation pulses emitted by the bats were recorded using a telemetry microphone mounted on the bats' backs, and their adaptation based on acoustic characteristics of emitted pulses was assessed in terms of jamming-avoidance responses (jars). in experiment 1, frequency-modulated jamming sounds (3 ms duration) mimicking echolocation pulses of p. abramus were prepared. a ... | 2014 | 25122918 |
| phylogeny and origins of hantaviruses harbored by bats, insectivores, and rodents. | hantaviruses are among the most important zoonotic pathogens of humans and the subject of heightened global attention. despite the importance of hantaviruses for public health, there is no consensus on their evolutionary history and especially the frequency of virus-host co-divergence versus cross-species virus transmission. documenting the extent of hantavirus biodiversity, and particularly their range of mammalian hosts, is critical to resolving this issue. here, we describe four novel hantavi ... | 2013 | 23408889 |
| developmental changes in ultrasonic vocalizations by infant japanese echolocating bats, pipistrellus abramus. | developmental changes in vocalizations by pipistrellus abramus were investigated during the first post-natal month. vocalizations by pups on the day of birth were frequency-modulated ultrasounds from 30.0 ± 4.0 khz to 19.3 ± 1.9 khz with multiple harmonics. the terminal frequency of the second harmonic (tf(2)) of pup vocalizations corresponded to that of the fundamental (tf(1)) in adult bats (41.4 ± 2.6 khz), suggesting that pup vocalizations can be easily detected by the mother. in addition, th ... | 2011 | 21974484 |
| echolocation and flight strategy of japanese house bats during natural foraging, revealed by a microphone array system. | using only a microphone array system, echolocation pulses and three-dimensional flight paths in the frequency-modulated bat, pipistrellus abramus, during natural foraging, were simultaneously examined. during the search phase, the inter-pulse interval, pulse duration, and moving distance of the bat between successive emissions were relatively constant at around 89.5 ± 18.7 ms, 6.90 ± 1.31 ms, and 0.50 ± 0.20 m, respectively. the bats started to decrease these acoustical parameters within 2-3 m o ... | 2011 | 21361464 |
| frequency tuning and latency organization of responses in the inferior colliculus of japanese house bat, pipistrellus abramus. | pipistrellus abramus emits quasi-constant frequency pulses during search, which extend the end frequency portion of the downward frequency-modulated sweep (terminal frequency; tf). if the narrowed frequency range is important for detecting a small frequency change caused by insect fluttering, the bats may need much finer frequency resolution at the tf. to test this hypothesis, the distribution of the best frequencies (bfs) in the inferior colliculus (ic) was electrophysiologically measured. the ... | 2010 | 20815479 |
| recovery cycle of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the fm bat determined with varied pulse-echo duration and amplitude. | the recovery cycle of auditory neurons is an important neuronal property which underlies a bat's ability in analyzing returning echoes and to determine target distance (i.e., echo ranging). in the same token, duration selectivity of auditory neurons plays an important role in pulse recognition in bat echolocation. because insectivorous bats progressively vary the pulse parameters (repetition rate, duration, and amplitude) during hunting, the recovery cycle of auditory neurons is inevitably affec ... | 2010 | 21793319 |
| adaptive echolocation sounds of insectivorous bats, pipistrellus abramus, during foraging flights in the field. | echolocation pulses emitted by wild pipistrellus abramus were investigated while foraging for insects in the field. similar to other european pipistrelles, the frequency structure during foraging varied. during the search phase, the bats emitted long shallow frequency-modulated pulses 9-11 ms in duration, whereas the maximum pulse duration of the bats approaching a large target wall in the laboratory was 3 ms. no significant difference was observed between decreases in the interpulse interval du ... | 2008 | 18681502 |
| echo-intensity compensation in echolocating bats (pipistrellus abramus) during flight measured by a telemetry microphone. | an onboard microphone (telemike) was developed to examine changes in the basic characteristics of echolocation sounds of small frequency-modulated echolocating bats, pipistrellus abramus. using a dual high-speed video camera system, spatiotemporal observations of echolocation characteristics were conducted on bats during a landing flight task in the laboratory. the telemike allowed us to observe emitted pulses and returning echoes to which the flying bats listened during flight, and the acoustic ... | 2007 | 17407911 |
| maximum likelihood analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eutherians and a reevaluation of the phylogeny of bats and insectivores. | the complete mitochondrial genomes of two microbats, the horseshoe bat rhinolophus pumilus, and the japanese pipistrelle pipistrellus abramus, and that of an insectivore, the long-clawed shrew sorex unguiculatus, were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically by a maximum likelihood method in an effort to enhance our understanding of mammalian evolution. our analysis suggested that (1) a sister relationship exists between moles and shrews, which form an eulipotyphlan clade; (2) chiropterans have a ... | 2006 | 11675611 |
| subcellular localization of prolactin in the anterior pituitary cells of the female japanese house bat, pipistrellus abramus. | we investigated the subcellular localization of prl and gh in the pituitary gland of the female japanese house bat by the double immunolabeling procedure using the protein a-gold method combined with electron microscopy and demonstrated a seasonal alteration in the distribution of prl within the cells. the seasonal changes were related to the different phases of the bats' reproductive cycles. mammosomatotrophs (ms cells) containing both prl and gh were constantly present throughout the reproduct ... | 1989 | 2912684 |
| a peculiar lamellated body observed in the cells of the pigment epithelium of the retina of the bat, pipistrellus abramus. | | 1958 | 13549507 |
| lyssavirus in japanese pipistrelle, taiwan. | a putative new lyssavirus was found in 2 japanese pipistrelles (pipistrellus abramus) in taiwan in 2016 and 2017. the concatenated coding regions of the virus showed 62.9%-75.1% nucleotide identities to the other 16 species of lyssavirus, suggesting that it may be representative of a new species of this virus. | 2018 | 29553328 |
| rapid detection of mers coronavirus-like viruses in bats: pote1ntial for tracking mers coronavirus transmission and animal origin. | recently, we developed a monoclonal antibody-based rapid nucleocapsid protein detection assay for diagnosis of mers coronavirus (mers-cov) in humans and dromedary camels. in this study, we examined the usefulness of this assay to detect other lineage c betacoronaviruses closely related to mers-cov in bats. the rapid mers-cov nucleocapsid protein detection assay was tested positive in 24 (88.9%) of 27 tylonycteris bat cov hku4 (ty-batcov-hku4) rna-positive alimentary samples of tylonycteris pachy ... | 2018 | 29511173 |
| biosonar interpulse intervals and pulse-echo ambiguity in four species of echolocating bats. | in complex biosonar scenes, the delay of echoes represents the spatial distribution of objects in depth. to avoid overlap of echo streams from successive broadcasts, individual echolocation sounds should only be emitted after all echoes of previous sounds have returned. however, close proximity of obstacles demands rapid pulse updates for steering to avoid collisions, which often means emitting a new sound before all of the previous echoes have returned. when two echo streams overlap, there is a ... | 2019 | 30877230 |
| replication of mers and sars coronaviruses in bat cells offers insights to their ancestral origins. | previous findings of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)-related viruses in bats, and the ability of tylonycteris-batcov hku4 spike protein to utilize mers-cov receptor, human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 hdpp4, suggest a bat ancestral origin of mers-cov. we developed 12 primary bat cell lines from seven bat species, including tylonycteris pachypus, pipistrellus abramus and rhinolophus sinicus (hosts of tylonycteris-batcov hku4, pipistrellus-batcov hku5, and sars-related-cov respec ... | 2018 | 30531999 |
| sars-cov-2: structural diversity, phylogeny, and potential animal host identification of spike glycoprotein. | to investigate the evolutionary history of the current pandemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a total of 137 genomes of coronavirus strains with release dates between january 2019 and 25 march 2020, were analyzed. to investigate the potential intermediate host of the sars-cov-2, we analyzed spike glycoprotein sequences from different animals, with particular emphasis on bats. we performed phylogenetic analysis and structural reconstruction of the spike ... | 2020 | 32374452 |
| standard operating procedure for lyssavirus surveillance of the bat population in taiwan. | viruses within the genus lyssavirus are zoonotic pathogens, and at least seven lyssavirus species are associated with human cases. because bats are natural reservoirs of most lyssaviruses, a lyssavirus surveillance program of bats has been conducted in taiwan since 2008 to understand the ecology of these viruses in bats. in this program, non-governmental bat conservation organizations and local animal disease control centers cooperated to collect dead bats or bats dying of weakness or illness. b ... | 2019 | 31524862 |
| evoked potential study of the inferior collicular response to constant frequency-frequency modulation (cf-fm) sounds in fm and cf-fm bats. | the auditory system of echolocating bats is adapted for processing species-specific ultrasonic signals. while fm (frequency modulation) bats are strictly sensitive to the frequency ranges of their orientation signals or prey-generated noise, cf-fm (constant frequency-fm) bats have a disproportionate number of neurons tuned to frequencies near the cf component of their orientation sounds, and most of them are on-off responders. furthermore, the inferior collicular neurons of the cf-fm bats discha ... | 2019 | 30903279 |
| organization of subcortical auditory nuclei of japanese house bat (pipistrellus abramus) identified with cytoarchitecture and molecular expression. | the auditory system of echolocating bats shows remarkable specialization likely related to analyzing echoes of sonar pulses. however, significant interspecies differences have been observed in the organization of auditory pathways among echolocating bats, and the homology of auditory nuclei with those of non-echolocating species has not been established. here, in order to establish the homology and specialization of auditory pathways in echolocating bats, the expression of markers for glutamater ... | 2018 | 30168138 |
| mercury bioaccumulation in two species of insectivorous bats from urban china: influence of species, age, and land use type. | mercury (hg) is a widespread, toxic pollutant, and china is the world's largest emitter. we investigated hg concentrations of fur in japanese pipistrelles (pipistrellus abramus) and chinese noctules (nyctalus plancyi) from chengdu, sichuan province, in relation to degree of urbanization. bats were mist-netted in june and july 2013, and the fur was analyzed via atomic absorption. statistical comparisons were made between ages, species, and site types with unpaired t tests and between hg concentra ... | 2018 | 30027306 |
| organization of projection from brainstem auditory nuclei to the inferior colliculus of japanese house bat (pipistrellus abramus). | echolocating bats show remarkable specialization which is related to analysis of echoes of biosonars in subcortical auditory brainstem pathways. the inferior colliculus (ic) receives inputs from all lower brainstem auditory nuclei, i.e., cochlear nuclei, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and superior olivary complex, and create de novo responses to sound, which is considered crucial for echolocation. inside the central nucleus of the ic (icc), small domains which receive specific combination of e ... | 2018 | 29999234 |