| thermal plasticity of skeletal muscle phenotype in ectothermic vertebrates and its significance for locomotory behaviour. | seasonal cooling can modify the thermal preferenda of ectothermic vertebrates and elicit a variety of physiological responses ranging from winter dormancy to an acclimation response that partially compensates for the effects of low temperature on activity. partial compensation of activity levels is particularly common in aquatic species for which seasonal temperature changes provide a stable cue for initiating the response. thermal plasticity of locomotory performance has evolved independently o ... | 2002 | 12110664 |
| cane toad toxicity: an assessment of extracts from early developmental stages and adult tissues using mdck cell culture. | extracts of the cane toad (bufo [chaunus] marinus) adversely affected the growth of mardin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells during culture. in a similar manner to ouabain treatment, application of toad extracts over a 24 h period resulted in high levels of cytotoxicity, as indicated by cell detachment, increased membrane permeability and loss of mitochondrial function. cell viability and growth were unchanged for controls (pbs) and increased with the application of limnodynastes peronii tadpole ... | 2009 | 18948131 |
| tadpoles of four common australian frogs are not effective predators of the common pest and vector mosquito culex annulirostris. | in a laboratory investigation of tadpoles of 4 australian frogs, limnodynastes peronii, limnodynastes tasmaniensis, litoria aurea, and litoria peronii, there was no evidence of active predation on larvae of culex annulirostris. the mortality of larvae was greatest when exposed to the tadpoles of litoria spp., which may have been the result of specific foraging behavior. results indicate that litoria spp. tadpoles may have a minor impact on mosquito populations, but they are unlikely to be useful ... | 2005 | 16506583 |
| competition between tadpoles and mosquito larvae. | tadpoles and mosquito larvae often co-occur, and may compete for scarce resources. however, competition between such distantly related organisms has attracted less scientific attention than have interactions among closely related taxa. we examined ecological interactions in two tadpole-mosquito systems in southeastern australia, one from freshwater ponds (limnodynastes peronii and culex quinquefasciatus) and one from brackish-water habitats (crinia signifera and ochlerotatus australis). diets of ... | 2003 | 12684864 |
| geographic variation in thermal sensitivity of jumping performance in the frog limnodynastes peronii. | i compared the thermal sensitivity of jumping performance of five populations of the striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii) over a wide geographic range extending from the cool-temperate south to the tropical north of australia. maximum jumping performance of adult l. peronii was assessed for each population at eight temperatures between 5 degrees c and 32 degrees c using a custom-designed force platform. from force recordings for each individual jump, maximum jumping force (f(max)) and acce ... | 2001 | 11815647 |
| description and life-cycle of thrinascotrema brisbanica n. g., n. sp. (digenea: plagiorchiida), a parasite of the freshwater turtle elseya latisternum from australia, and the erection of the family thrinascotrematidae. | a new genus and species, thrinascotrema brisbanica, is proposed to accommodate a plagiorchiidan trematode parasitic in the stomach of the freshwater turtle elseya latisternum. the distinctive taxonomic features of the parasite are the shape and extent of the excretory bladder, and the stenostomate arrangement of the excretory collecting ducts in the adult, cercaria and metacercaria together with a cercarial protonephridial formula of 2¿(12 + 12 + 12) + (12 + 12 + 12)¿. the life-cycle is three- h ... | 1999 | 10619069 |
| description and life-cycle of three new species of dingularis n.g. (digena: plagiorchiida), parasites of australian freshwater turtles. | dingularus n.g. is proposed to accommodate three new species, d. anfracticirrus, d. pearsoni and d. megapharynx, within the plagiorchiida. dingularus is closely related to the plagiorchiidae, despite the unusual excretory systems of the three species. adult worms were parasitic in the intestines of freshwater turtles, chelodina expansa (d. pearsoni and d. megapharynx) and emydura macquarii (d. anfracticirrus), and appeared to be host-specific. the three species had similar, three-host, aquatic l ... | 1999 | 10619067 |
| experimental infection of striped marshfrog tadpoles (limnodynastes peronii) by ichthyophthirius multifiliis. | ichthyophthirius multifiliis, or white spot, is a well known and widely distributed parasite of freshwater fish. however, it is not know whether it can infect other aquatic vertebrates such as amphibians. this study uses a series of laboratory-based experiments to demonstrate that i. multifiliis can infect the tadpole stage of an amphibian, the striped marshfrog (limnodynastes peronii) of eastern australia. the tadpoles did not appear to develop ichthyophthiriasis at low parasite levels (200 par ... | 1999 | 10386457 |
| comparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species to wastewater from an operational coal mine in central queensland, australia. | coal excavation and refinement processes generate substantial volumes of contaminated effluent that may be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. as such, understanding the impacts of coal mine water releases on aquatic animals and ecosystems is essential for effectively managing and protecting neighboring environments. such information will ultimately be applied towards developing ongoing monitoring strategies that are protective of native wildlife. despite intensive mining operations in australia, ... | 2016 | 26970880 |
| treatment of amphibians infected with chytrid fungus: learning from failed trials with itraconazole, antimicrobial peptides, bacteria, and heat therapy. | amphibian conservation goals depend on effective disease-treatment protocols. desirable protocols are species, life stage, and context specific, but currently few treatment options exist for amphibians infected with the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd). treatment options, at present, include antifungal drugs and heat therapy, but risks of toxicity and side-effects make these options untenable in some cases. here, we report on the comparison of several novel treatments with a mo ... | 2012 | 22422126 |
| striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii) tadpoles do not acclimate metabolic performance to thermal variability. | human-induced climate change is predicted to affect not only the mean temperature of the environment but also the variability and frequency of extreme climatic events. variability in an organism's developmental environment has the potential to markedly affect an individual's growth trajectory and physiological function, leading to impacts on individual fitness and population dynamics. thus, it is important to consider the consequences of thermal variability on developing organisms and understand ... | 2011 | 21562184 |
| museum material reveals a frog parasite emergence after the invasion of the cane toad in australia. | abstract: | 2010 | 20537137 |
| individual and mixture toxicity of pharmaceuticals naproxen, carbamazepine, and sulfamethoxazole to australian striped marsh frog tadpoles (limnodynastes peronii). | nonsteroidal human pharmaceuticals are prevalent in domestic wastewater and may find their way into the environment at low concentrations. since most pharmaceuticals are designed to be biologically active at low concentrations, there is a risk that these compounds may affect aquatic wildlife. of particular concern is the occurrence of pharmaceutical mixtures, which may lead to increased adverse effects compared to individual compounds. interactive effects were previously demonstrated for amphibi ... | 2014 | 24593146 |
| embryonic developmental temperatures modulate thermal acclimation of performance curves in tadpoles of the frog limnodynastes peronii. | performance curves of physiological rates are not fixed, and determining the extent to which thermal performance curves can change in response to environmental signals is essential to understand the effect of climate variability on populations. the aim of this study was to determine whether and how temperatures experienced during early embryonic development affect thermal performance curves of later life history stages in the frog limnodynastes peronii. we tested the hypotheses that a) the embry ... | 2014 | 25181291 |
| long-term changes in food availability mediate the effects of temperature on growth, development and survival in striped marsh frog larvae: implications for captive breeding programmes. | food availability and temperature are known to trigger phenotypic change, but the interactive effects between these factors are only beginning to be considered. the aim of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of long-term stochastic food availability and water temperature on larval survivorship, growth and development of the striped marsh frog, limnodynastes peronii. larval l. peronii were reared in conditions of either constant or stochastic food availability and in ... | 2015 | 27293714 |
| developmental thermal plasticity of prey modifies the impact of predation. | environmental conditions during embryonic development can influence the mean expression of phenotypes as well as phenotypic responses to environmental change later in life. the resulting phenotypes may be better matched to their environment and more resilient to environmental change, including human-induced climate change. however, whether plasticity does improve success in an ecological context is unresolved. in a microcosm experiment, we show that developmental plasticity in embryos of the fro ... | 2015 | 25767143 |
| oxidative stress, energy storage, and swimming performance of limnodynastes peronii tadpoles exposed to a sub-lethal pharmaceutical mixture throughout development. | pharmaceutical contaminants represent emerging threats to aquatic animals and ecosystem health, and research exploring toxicological outcomes associated with these compounds in non-target wildlife has been flagged for prioritization. amphibians represent particularly vulnerable organisms and many populations around the world are currently at risk of extinction. however, to date, relatively few studies have explored the consequences of exposures to common non-steroidal pharmaceuticals during sens ... | 2016 | 26391467 |
| plasticity of protective mechanisms only partially explains interactive effects of temperature and uvr on upper thermal limits. | temperature and ultraviolet radiation (uvr) are key environmental drivers that are linked in their effects on cellular damage. exposure to both high temperatures and uvr can cause cellular damage that result in the up-regulation of common protective mechanisms, such as the induction of heat shock proteins (hsps) and antioxidants. as such, the interactive effects of these stressors at the cellular level may determine physiological limits, such as thermal tolerance. furthermore, antioxidant activi ... | 2015 | 26408107 |
| behaviour, development and metal accumulation in striped marsh frog tadpoles (limnodynastes peronii) exposed to coal mine wastewater. | coal mining generates large quantities of complex effluent, and this often contains high levels of dissolved solids, suspended solids, metals, hydrocarbons, salts and other compounds. substantial volumes of mine wastewater are periodically discharged into the environment, through both planned and accidental releases, and this raises concerns about the potential for adverse impacts on aquatic wildlife. there have been few attempts to explore sub-lethal effects of coal mine wastewater on amphibian ... | 2016 | 26854186 |
| altered bioenergetics and developmental effects in striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii) tadpoles exposed to uv treated sewage. | effectively treating domestic wastewater so that it can be safely discharged or reused is critical for maintaining the integrity of freshwater resources, and for protecting the health of animals that rely on these systems. amphibians are currently facing widespread population declines, so there is a particularly urgent need to investigate exposure scenarios that might result in weakened amphibian populations. domestic sewage has received little attention as a possible factor that could influence ... | 2016 | 26991752 |
| short- and long-term consequences of developmental saline stress: impacts on anuran respiration and behaviour. | secondary salinization has been identified as a major stressor to amphibians. exposure to elevated salinity necessitates physiological adjustments and biochemical changes that may be energetically demanding. as such, exposure to non-lethal levels of salinity during development could potentially alter anuran metabolic rates and individual performance in both pre- and post-metamorphic life stages. we investigated the effects of non-lethal levels of salinity on metamorphic traits (time to reach met ... | 2016 | 26998337 |
| early exposure to ultraviolet-b radiation decreases immune function later in life. | amphibians have declined dramatically worldwide. many of these declines are occurring in areas where no obvious anthropogenic stressors are present. it is proposed that in these areas, environmental factors such as elevated solar ultraviolet-b (uv-b) radiation could be responsible. ultraviolet-b levels have increased in many parts of the world as a consequence of the anthropogenic destruction of the ozone layer. amphibian tadpoles are particularly sensitive to the damaging effects of uv-b radiat ... | 2016 | 27668081 |
| 1h nmr-based metabolomics reveals sub-lethal toxicity of a mixture of diabetic and lipid-regulating pharmaceuticals on amphibian larvae. | pharmaceuticals are widely used for the treatment of various physical and psychological ailments. due to incomplete removal during sewage treatment many pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in aquatic waterways at trace concentrations. the diversity of pharmaceutical contaminants and potential for complex mixtures to occur makes it very difficult to predict the toxicity of these compounds on wildlife, and robust methods are therefore needed to explore sub-lethal effects. metabolic syndrome is ... | 2017 | 28131079 |
| selenium speciation influences bioaccumulation in limnodynastes peronii tadpoles. | despite being essential for animal health and fitness, se has a relatively narrow range between deficiency and toxicity, and excess se can cause a variety of adverse effects in aquatic organisms. amphibians are particularly vulnerable to contaminants during larval aquatic life stage, because they can accumulate toxic ions through various routes including skin, gills, lungs and digestive tract. few attempts have been made to understand the tissue-specific accumulation of trace elements, including ... | 2017 | 28343020 |
| bioaccumulation and biodistribution of selenium in metamorphosing tadpoles. | selenium is an important macronutrient with a very narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity. amphibians are hypothesized to be particularly sensitive due to the potential for metamorphosis-driven mobilization, which could transfer or concentrate contaminant burdens within specific organs. we explored the potential role of tissue degeneration and remodeling during anuran metamorphosis as a mechanism for altering tissue-specific se burdens. limnodynastes peronii tadpoles were exposed to dis ... | 2017 | 28423270 |
| uptake and tissue distributions of cadmium, selenium and zinc in striped marsh frog tadpoles exposed during early post-embryonic development. | metals and metalloids released through anthropogenic activities can accumulate in aquatic organisms, resulting in adverse effects in sensitive species. we investigated the influence of feeding regime and exposure complexity (i.e., mixture) on bioaccumulation kinetics and body distribution of common metal(loid) pollutants in limnodynastes peronii during early post-embryonic development. tadpoles were exposed to radiolabelled 109cd, 75se and 65zn alone and in a mixture for 4 days, followed by 3 da ... | 2017 | 28645030 |
| adult frogs are sensitive to the predation risks of olfactory communication. | olfaction is a common sensory mode of communication in much of the vertebrata, although its use by adult frogs remains poorly studied. being part of an open signalling system, odour cues can be exploited by 'eavesdropping' predators that hunt by smell, making association with odour a high-risk behaviour for prey. here, we show that adult great barred frogs (mixophes fasciolatus) are highly attracted to odour cues of conspecifics and those of sympatric striped marsh frogs (limnodynastes peronii). ... | 2011 | 21227975 |
| life in acid: interactive effects of ph and natural organic acids on growth, development and locomotor performance of larval striped marsh frogs (limnodynastes peronii). | the low ph of naturally acidic aquatic environments is the result of soft-water with low buffering capacity and high concentrations of natural organic acids. our current understanding of the influence of ph on aquatic organisms is largely limited to laboratory studies conducted under controlled conditions with little incorporation of these organic acids. recent studies suggest natural organic acids may influence the physiology of aquatic species independent of low ph. we examined the effects of ... | 2010 | 20348341 |
| beneficial acclimation: sex specific thermal acclimation of metabolic capacity in the striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii). | reproductive success in thermally varying environments will depend on maintaining metabolic capacity of tissues that are important in mating behaviours. here we test the hypothesis that cold acclimation will occur in those tissues that are important for reproduction, and that acclimation will be sex specific, reflecting behavioural differences between the sexes. we used the frog limnodynastes peronii as a model because anurans engage in energetically demanding reproductive behaviour, and many sp ... | 2007 | 17690242 |
| short- and long-term consequences of thermal variation in the larval environment of anurans. | 1. to survive adverse or unpredictable conditions in the ontogenetic environment, many organisms retain a level of phenotypic plasticity that allows them to meet the challenges of rapidly changing conditions. larval anurans are widely known for their ability to modify behaviour, morphology and physiological processes during development, making them an ideal model system for studies of environmental effects on phenotypic traits. although temperature is one of the most important factors influencin ... | 2006 | 16689951 |
| do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native australian frogs? | one of the most devastating impacts of an invasive species is the introduction of novel parasites or diseases to native fauna. invasive cane toads (rhinella marina) in australia contain several types of parasites, raising concern that the toads may increase rates of parasitism in local anuran species. we sampled cane toads and sympatric native frogs (limnodynastes peronii, litoria latopalmata, and litoria nasuta) at the southern invasion front of cane toads in north-eastern new south wales (nsw) ... | 2013 | 24533330 |
| towards gene banking amphibian maternal germ lines: short-term incubation, cryoprotectant tolerance and cryopreservation of embryonic cells of the frog, limnodynastes peronii. | gene banking is arguably the best method available to prevent the loss of genetic diversity caused by declines in wild populations, when the causes of decline cannot be halted or reversed. for one of the most impacted vertebrate groups, the amphibians, gene banking technologies have advanced considerably, and gametes from the male line can be banked successfully for many species. however, cryopreserving the female germ line remains challenging, with attempts at cryopreserving oocytes unsuccessfu ... | 2013 | 23577155 |
| do high temperatures enhance the negative effects of ultraviolet-b radiation in embryonic and larval amphibians? | for the embryos and tadpoles of amphibian species, exposure to ultraviolet-b radiation (uvbr) can be lethal, or cause a variety of sublethal effects. low temperatures enhance the detrimental effects of uvbr and this is most likely because the enzyme-mediated processes involved in the repair of uvbr-induced damage function less effectively at low temperatures. whether these repair processes are also impaired, and thus the negative effects of uvbr similarly enhanced, at high temperatures is not kn ... | 2012 | 23213484 |
| relations between conspecific density and effects of ultraviolet-b radiation on tadpole size in the striped marsh frog. | global increases in ultraviolet-b radiation (uvbr) associated with stratospheric ozone depletion are potentially contributing to the decline of numerous amphibian species around the world. exposure to uvbr alone reduces survival and induces a range of sublethal effects in embryonic and larval amphibians. when additional environmental stressors are present, uvbr can have compounding negative effects. thus, examination of the effects of uvbr in the absence of other stressors may substantially unde ... | 2012 | 22834955 |
| predicting the physiological performance of ectotherms in fluctuating thermal environments. | physiological ecologists have long sought to understand the plasticity of organisms in environments that vary widely among years, seasons and even hours. this is now even more important because human-induced climate change is predicted to affect both the mean and variability of the thermal environment. although environmental change occurs ubiquitously, relatively few researchers have studied the effects of fluctuating environments on the performance of developing organisms. even fewer have tried ... | 2012 | 22279077 |
| does simultaneous uv-b exposure enhance the lethal and sub-lethal effects of aquatic hypoxia on developing anuran embryos and larvae? | recent catastrophic global amphibian declines have been partially linked to increases in uv-b radiation as a consequence of stratospheric ozone depletion. previous studies have shown that in the presence of other environmental stressors including aquatic ph and temperature and the presence of contaminants or pathogens, the lethal effects of uv-b on amphibian larvae are enhanced due to interactions between the stressors. little is known about the interactions between uv-b and aquatic hypoxia, a c ... | 2011 | 21541673 |
| a small increase in uv-b increases the susceptibility of tadpoles to predation. | increased ultraviolet-b (uv-b) radiation as a consequence of ozone depletion is one of the many potential drivers of ongoing global amphibian declines. both alone and in combination with other environmental stressors, uv-b is known to have detrimental effects on the early life stages of amphibians, but our understanding of the fitness consequences of these effects remains superficial. we examined the independent and interactive effects of uv-b and predatory chemical cues (pcc) on a suite of trai ... | 2011 | 21270039 |
| predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles: extension or innovation? | phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a trait to change as a function of the environment, is central to many ideas in evolutionary biology. a special case of phenotypic plasticity observed in many organisms is mediated by their natural predators. here, we used a predator-prey system of dragonfly larvae and tadpoles to determine if predator-mediated phenotypic plasticity provides a novel way of surviving in the presence of predators (an innovation) or if it represents a simple extension of the wa ... | 2006 | 16599921 |
| biochemical acclimation of metabolic enzymes in response to lowered temperature in tadpoles of limnodynastes peronii. | we measured the rate at which the metabolic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), citrate synthase (cs), and cytochrome c oxidase (cco) acclimate in the response to lowered temperature in the axial muscle of tadpoles of limnodynastes peronii (anura: myobatrachidae) over 6 weeks. in addition, we measured growth rates of the tadpoles kept at both temperatures and examined the activities of these enzymes in the liver tissue of the control group and cold-acclimated group at the end of the experiment. ... | 2004 | 15123181 |
| inability of adult limnodynastes peronii (amphibia: anura) to thermally acclimate locomotor performance. | despite several studies on adult amphibians, only larvae of the striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii) have been reported to possess the ability to compensate for the effects of cool temperature on locomotor performance by thermal acclimation. in this study, we investigated whether this thermal acclimatory ability is shared by adult l. peronii. we exposed adult l. peronii to either 18 or 30 degrees c for 8 weeks and tested their swimming and jumping performance at six temperatures between 8 ... | 2000 | 10996814 |
| allometric scaling relationships of jumping performance in the striped marsh frog limnodynastes peronii. | we constructed a force platform to investigate the scaling relationships of the detailed dynamics of jumping performance in striped marsh frogs (limnodynastes peronii). data were used to test between two alternative models that describe the scaling of anuran jumping performance; hill's model, which predicts mass- independence of jump distance, and marsh's model, which predicts that jump distance increases as m(0.2), where m is body mass. from the force platform, scaling relationships were calcul ... | 2000 | 10821750 |
| effect of ontogenetic increases in body size on burst swimming performance in tadpoles of the striped marsh frog, limnodynastes peronii. | the effect of ontogenetic increases in total length on burst swimming performance was investigated in tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii) over the total-length range of 1. 5-4 cm and gosner developmental stages 25-38. the burst swimming performance of tadpoles at 10 degrees and 24 degrees c was determined by videotaping startle responses with a high-speed video camera at 200 hz and analysing the sequences frame by frame. maximum swimming velocity (umax) and acceleration (a ... | 2006 | 10801392 |
| thermal acclimation of locomotor performance in tadpoles of the frog limnodynastes peronii. | previous analyses of thermal acclimation of locomotor performance in amphibians have only examined the adult life history stage and indicate that the locomotor system is unable to undergo acclimatory changes to temperature. in this study, we examined the ability of tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii) to acclimate their locomotor system by exposing them to either 10 degrees c or 24 degrees c for 6 weeks and testing their burst swimming performance at 10, 24, and 34 degrees ... | 1999 | 10549144 |
| a pathogenic skin fungus and sloughing exacerbate cutaneous water loss in amphibians. | batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is a pathogenic fungus that causes the cutaneous, infectious disease chytridiomycosis and has been implicated in population declines of numerous anuran species worldwide. proximate cause of death by chytridiomycosis is asystolic cardiac arrest as a consequence of severe disruption to electrolyte balance. animals heavily infected with bd also experience a disruption to their skin sloughing regime, indicating that core functions of the skin, such as water retent ... | 2018 | 29752415 |
| effects of ultraviolet-b radiation on physiology, immune function and survival is dependent on temperature: implications for amphibian declines. | multiple environmental changes are thought to be contributing to the widespread decline of amphibians in montane regions, but interactions between drivers of decline are not well understood. it has been proposed previously that elevated ultraviolet-b radiation (ubvr) and low temperatures may interact in their negative effects on health, immune function and disease susceptibility in exposed amphibians. in the present study, we chronically exposed larvae of the striped-marsh frog (limnodynastes pe ... | 2020 | 32467758 |
| cooler temperatures slow the repair of dna damage in tadpoles exposed to ultraviolet radiation: implications for amphibian declines at high altitude. | ultraviolet b radiation (uvbr) damages the dna of exposed cells, causing dimers to form between adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides. these dimers block dna replication, causing mutations and apoptosis. most organisms utilize biochemical or biophysical dna repair strategies to restore dna structure; however, as with most biological reactions, these processes are likely to be thermally sensitive. tadpoles exposed to elevated uvbr at low environmental temperatures have significantly higher rates of mor ... | 2020 | 31518484 |
| metabolite profiles of striped marsh frog (limnodynastes peronii) larvae exposed to the anti-androgenic fungicides vinclozolin and propiconazole are consistent with altered steroidogenesis and oxidative stress. | amphibians use wetlands in urban and agricultural landscapes for breeding, growth and development. fungicides and other pesticides used in these areas have therefore been identified as potential threats that could contribute towards amphibian population declines. however, relatively little is known about how such chemicals influence sensitive early life-stages or how short episodic exposures influence sub-lethal physiological and metabolic pathways. the present study applied untargeted metabolom ... | 2018 | 29660695 |
| 1h nmr-based metabolomics reveals interactive effects between the carrier solvent methanol and a pharmaceutical mixture in an amphibian developmental bioassay with limnodynastes peronii. | organic carrier solvents are used in aquatic toxicity testing to improve chemical solubility and facilitate the exploration of dose-response relationships. both water- and solvent-control groups are normally included in these scenarios to ensure that the solvent itself has no effect on the test organism, but this fails to consider possible interactive effects between carrier solvents and contaminants of interest. we explored this topic by exposing limnodynastes peronii tadpoles to a mixture of c ... | 2018 | 29453063 |