| a description of isospora amphiboluri (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from the inland bearded dragon, pogona vitticeps (sauria: agamidae). | fecal samples from 50 captive inland bearded dragons, pogona vitticeps (ahl, 1926), bred in california, were examined for coccidian parasites. sixteen (32%) of the lizards were found to be passing oocysts of isospora amphiboluri cannon, 1967, previously described from bearded dragons pogona barbata (cuvier, 1829) from australia. sporulated oocytes were spherical to subspherical, 25.3 x 25.1 (23-26 x 23-26) microns, with a shape index (length/width) of 1.0 (1.0-1.1). a micropyle, oocyst residuum, ... | 1995 | 7707208 |
| neuropeptide y-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of two australian lizards. | wholemounts and sectioned retina from adults of two lizard species, pogona vitticeps and varanus gouldii, were studied by immunohistochemistry for neuropeptide y (npy)-like immunoreactivity. in both species the morphology of two classes of amacrine cells (types a and b) were described. cell somata were located mostly in the inner nuclear layer (inl) but were occasionally displaced into the ganglion cell layer (gcl). in the pogona retina, type a cells had large somata and dendritic arbor that bra ... | 1994 | 8068405 |
| coinfection of a bearded dragon, pogona vitticeps, with adenovirus- and dependovirus-like viruses. | four neonate bearded dragons, pogona vitticeps, from two collections became ill and died. multiple tissues were collected and processed for light microscopy. in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of liver of one lizard, numerous basophilic intranuclear inclusions were observed. in three lizards, intranuclear inclusions were primarily seen within enterocytes in the small intestine. a portion of paraffin-embedded liver of one lizard and small intestine of a second lizard were removed, deparaff ... | 1996 | 8740710 |
| development of the pulmonary surfactant system in two oviparous vertebrates. | in birds and oviparous reptiles, hatching is often a lengthy and exhausting process, which commences with pipping followed by lung clearance and pulmonary ventilation. we examined the composition of pulmonary surfactant in the developing lungs of the chicken, gallus gallus, and of the bearded dragon, pogona vitticeps. lung tissue was collected from chicken embryos at days 14, 16, 18 (prepipped), and 20 (postpipped) of incubation and from 1 day and 3 wk posthatch and adult animals. in chickens, s ... | 2000 | 10666151 |
| occurrence of an invertebrate iridescent-like virus (iridoviridae) in reptiles. | viral isolates were obtained in 1998, 1999 and 2000 from the lung, liver and intestine of two bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) and a chameleon (chamaeleo quadricornis) and from the skin of a frill-necked lizard (chamydosaurus kingii) by using viper heart cells (vh2) at 28 degrees c. electron microscopic examination of infected vh2 cells revealed the assembly of icosahedral iridovirus-like particles measuring 139 nm (side to side) and 151 nm (apex to apex). negatively stained virus particles ha ... | 2001 | 11765804 |
| antioxidant enzymes in the developing lungs of egg-laying and metamorphosing vertebrates. | the activities of the pulmonary antioxidant enzymes (aoe), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and catalase, increase in the final 10-20 % of gestation in the mammalian lung, to protect the lung from attack by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species at birth. whether the increase occurs as a normal 'preparation for birth', i.e. by a genetically determined mechanism, or in response to increased levels of oxygen, i.e. in response to the environment, is not completely unde ... | 2001 | 11807115 |
| an outbreak of adenoviral infection in inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) coinfected with dependovirus and coccidial protozoa (isospora sp.). | thirty of 200 (15%) hatchling inland bearded dragons were found dead after a short period (48 hours) of weakness and lethargy. the most common clinical signs were head tilt and circling. six bearded dragons with neurological signs were euthanized, and postmortem examination revealed no gross abnormalities. microscopically, severe, randomly distributed hepatocellular necrosis with large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in numerous hepatocytes was noted. small-intestinal enterocytes contai ... | 2002 | 12152815 |
| prey capture kinematics of ant-eating lizards. | while morphological and behavioral feeding specializations are obvious in many vertebrate groups, among lizards there appear to be few dietary specialists. by comparing the prey capture kinematics and overall feeding behavior in two highly specialized ant-eating lizards (moloch horridus and phrynosoma platyrhinos) with those of two closely related dietary generalists (pogona vitticeps and uma notata), we investigate whether dietary specialization has been accompanied by changes in the function a ... | 2005 | 15601883 |
| why are some mitochondria more powerful than others: insights from comparisons of muscle mitochondria from three terrestrial vertebrates. | we studied the molecular composition of muscle mitochondria to evaluate whether the contents of cytochromes or adenine nucleotide translocase (ant) or phospholipid acyl compositions reflect differences in mitochondrial oxidative capacities. we isolated mitochondria from three vertebrates of similar size and preferred temperature, the rat (rattus norvegicus), the cane toad (bufo marinus) and the bearded dragon lizard (pogona vitticeps). mitochondrial oxidative capacities were higher in rats and c ... | 2005 | 16085440 |
| hypoxia progressively lowers thermal gaping thresholds in bearded dragons, pogona vitticeps. | most animals, including reptiles, lower body temperature (tb) under hypoxic conditions. numerous physiological and behavioural traits significant to the regulation of tb are altered by hypoxia in ways that suggest an orchestrated adjustment of tb at a new and lower regulated level. we examined this matter in bearded dragons, pogona vitticeps, a species of reptile that naturally exhibits open mouth gaping at high temperatures, presumably in order to promote evaporation and thus prevent or avoid f ... | 2005 | 16109893 |
| how might you compare mitochondria from different tissues and different species? | mitochondria were isolated from the liver, kidney and mixed hindlimb skeletal muscle of three vertebrate species; the laboratory rat rattus norvegicus, the bearded dragon lizard pogona vitticeps, and the cane toad bufo marinus. these vertebrate species are approximately the same body mass and have similar body temperatures. the content of cytochromes b, c, c1, and a were measured in these isolated mitochondria by oxidised-reduced difference spectra. adenine nucleotide translocase (ant) was measu ... | 2006 | 16408229 |
| granulomatous osteomyelitis associated with atypical mycobacteriosis in a bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | the zoonotic potential of mycobacterium spp has been well documented and has been implicated in cutaneous and subcutaneous nodular disease in humans. treatment of the infected reptiles is often not recommended, because of the zoonotic potential. moreover, the often-advanced nature of the disease when diagnosed, the lengthy and expensive treatment regimens, and lack of a reported successful treatment regimen for reptiles usually warrant euthanasia in these patients. strict attention must be paid ... | 2006 | 16931375 |
| systemic mycobacteriosis in an inland bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | | 2007 | 17435102 |
| deep fungal dermatitis in three inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) caused by the chrysosporium anamorph of nannizziopsis vriesii. | the chrysosporium anamorph of nannizziopsis vriesii (canv), a keratinophilic fungus that naturally and experimentally causes severe and often fatal dermatitis in multiple reptile species, was isolated in pure culture from skin samples of three inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) with deep granulomatous dermatomycosis. the first animal presented with a focal maxillary swelling involving the skin and gingiva. this lizard died while undergoing itraconazole and topical miconazole therapy. the ... | 2007 | 17510861 |
| devriesea agamarum causes dermatitis in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | devriesea agamarum is frequently isolated from dermatitis in lizards, notably from cheilitis in spiny tailed lizards (genus uromastyx). it was the aim of the present study to assess the role of this bacterium as a causative agent of dermatitis by fulfilling koch's postulates. first, its association with diseased lizards was demonstrated. the bacterium was isolated from several, mainly desert dwelling squamate species showing symptoms of dermatitis and/or septicaemia. the affected lizards mainly ... | 2009 | 18834680 |
| molecular marker suggests rapid changes of sex-determining mechanisms in australian dragon lizards. | distribution of sex-determining mechanisms across australian agamids shows no clear phylogenetic segregation, suggesting multiple transitions between temperature-dependent (tsd) and genotypic sex determination (gsd). these taxa thus present an excellent opportunity for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes, and evolutionary transitions between tsd and gsd. here we report the hybridization of a 3 kb genomic sequence (pvzw3) that marks the z and w microchromosomes of the australian central bea ... | 2009 | 19172405 |
| the tendinous patterns in the palmar surface of the lizard manus: functional consequences for grasping ability. | in lizards, distinct patterns of the tendinous structures associated with the forearm flexors have been described. in most lizards, the m. flexor digitorum longus ends in a tendinous plate with an embedded sesamoid, from which tendons run to the terminal phalanx of each digit. this structure is known as the flexor plate. in many polychrotid lizards, however, the flexor digitorum longus muscle is continuous with individual tendons running to each digit, and no complete flexor plate is present. in ... | 2009 | 19462454 |
| designing a successful antimicrobial treatment against devriesea agamarum infections in lizards. | dermatitis caused by devriesea agamarum poses a major health problem for the captive maintenance of several desert lizard species. this study was conducted to determine the optimal antimicrobial treatment to eliminate d. agamarum infections from lizards. first, the in vitro susceptibility of 42 d. agamarum isolates was determined for 10 different antimicrobial agents using an agar dilution method. in none of the isolates acquired antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated. then, two intramuscular ... | 2009 | 19497687 |
| dermatomycosis in a pet inland bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) caused by a chrysosporium species related to nannizziopsis vriesii. | a chrysosporium sp. related to nannizziopsis vriesii was isolated in pure culture from squames and biopsies of facial lesions in a pet inland bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) in spain. the presence in histological sections of morphologically consistent fungal elements strongly incriminates this fungus as the aetiological agent of infection. lesions regressed following treatment with oral ketoconazole and topical chlorhexidine and terbinafine until the lizard was lost to follow up 1 month later. ... | 2009 | 19659541 |
| the zw sex microchromosomes of an australian dragon lizard share no homology with those of other reptiles or birds. | reptiles show a diverse array of sex chromosomal systems but, remarkably, the z sex chromosomes of chicken are homologous to the zw sex chromosomes of a species of gecko, gekko hokouensis, suggesting an ancient but common origin. this is in contrast to the zw sex chromosomes of snakes and a species of soft-shelled turtle, pelodiscus sinensis, which are nonhomologous to those of chicken or each other and appear to have been independently derived. in this paper, we determine what homology, if any, ... | 2009 | 19967443 |
| voriconazole, a safe alternative for treating infections caused by the chrysosporium anamorph of nannizziopsis vriesii in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | dermal and systemic infections caused by the chrysosporium anamorph of nannizziopsis vriesii (canv) are highly prevalent in reptiles and may result in severe disease and high mortality. due to the high incidence of therapeutic failures, optimizing treatment is required. we first determined in this study the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin b and terbinafine against 32 canv isolates. for voriconazole, amphotericin b and terbinafine a monomodal mi ... | 2010 | 20370369 |
| necrotising fungal dermatitis in a group of bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | | 2010 | 20382936 |
| atherosclerosis associated with pericardial effusion in a central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | atherosclerosis is a common disease in pet birds, particularly in psittacines, and is frequently found when performing postmortem examinations on adult and old dogs, in which it is mainly associated with endocrine diseases, such as hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. however, atherosclerosis is poorly documented in reptiles and consequently poorly understood. in the current case report, atherosclerosis and pericardial effusion were diagnosed in a 2-year-old male central bearded dragon (pogona ... | 2010 | 20807945 |
| isolation of a variant porphyromonas sp. from polymicrobial infections in central bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | isolates of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria from reptiles have only occasionally been identified to the genus and species level in the veterinary medical literature. in particular, reports identifying porphyromonas spp. from infections in reptiles are scarce. the present report describes unique porphyromonas isolates obtained from necrosuppurative infections in central bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). the isolates grew in the presence of oxygen, were strongly hemolytic, and did not produce d ... | 2011 | 21217036 |
| bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) asymptomatically infected with devriesea agamarum are a source of persistent clinical infection in captive colonies of dab lizards (uromastyx sp.). | devriesea agamarum causes dermatitis and septicaemia in a variety of lizards, notably those belonging to the genus uromastyx, whereas other species such as bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) seem to be asymptomatic carriers. using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), the relatedness between 69 d. agamarum isolates was examined. the isolates derived from 44 diseased lizards, of which 31 belonged to the genus uromastyx, and from 25 healthy lizards, of which 21 were bearded dragons. eight ... | 2011 | 21354721 |
| melanophoromas and iridophoromas in reptiles. | chromatophoromas are tumours of pigment-producing cells of the skin and are rarely reported in reptiles. these tumours are subclassified on the basis of the type of pigment. the present study characterizes chromatophoromas arising in 26 reptiles, including six snakes, 19 lizards and a tortoise. these include the first reports of melanophoromas in a yellow anaconda (eunectes notaeus), pigmy rattlesnake (sistrurus spp.), southern water snake (nerodia fasciata), veiled chameleon (chamaeleo calyptra ... | 2011 | 21864845 |
| complete genome sequence of campylobacter iguaniorum strain 1485et, isolated from a bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | campylobacter iguaniorum has been isolated from reptiles. this campylobacter species is genetically related to campylobacter fetus and campylobacter hyointestinalis. here we present the first whole-genome sequence for this species. | 2014 | 25146144 |
| infection with devriesea agamarum and chrysosporium guarroi in an inland bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | description of clinical, microbiological and histopathological findings in a case of deep dermatitis in an inland bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) caused by devriesea agamarum and chrysosporium guarroi. | 2014 | 24963553 |
| encephalitozoonosis in two inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | microsporidiosis is reported rarely in reptiles. sporadic multisystemic granulomatous disease of captive bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) has been associated with microsporidia showing encephalitozoon-like morphology. two such cases are described herein. both animals displayed clinical signs suggestive of renal failure. necropsy examination revealed granulomatous lesions in the liver and adrenal area in both animals, and in several other organs in one animal. the lesions were associated with i ... | 2013 | 22784783 |
| pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations of a 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin intramuscular administration in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps): a preliminary assessment. | enrofloxacin (e) is commonly used in veterinary medicine. it is necessary to perform pharmacokinetic/dynamic studies to minimize the selection of resistant mutants of bacteria and extend the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. eight healthy adult pogona vitticeps were assigned into two groups of equal size and treated with a single intramuscular injection of e at 10 mg/kg. blood samples were withdrawn at different scheduled times for each group, and rectal swabs were collected. e and ciprofloxacin ... | 2017 | 27121980 |
| ranavirus infections associated with skin lesions in lizards. | ranaviral disease in amphibians has been studied intensely during the last decade, as associated mass-mortality events are considered to be a global threat to wild animal populations. several studies have also included other susceptible ectothermic vertebrates (fish and reptiles), but only very few cases of ranavirus infections in lizards have been previously detected. in this study, we focused on clinically suspicious lizards and tested these animals for the presence of ranaviruses. virological ... | 2013 | 24073785 |
| triple infection with agamid adenovirus 1, encephaliton cuniculi-like microsporidium and enteric coccidia in a bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | a 2-month-old juvenile central bearded dragon was presented for anorexia and cachexia. another specimen from the same cage had died suddenly 2 weeks prior. fecal analysis revealed a high quantity of isospora amphiboluri and a few pinworm eggs. other examinations were not performed and the animal died a few days later despite supportive care. a third individual from the same cage presented with anorexia and a distended cœlom and was euthanized. in this third dragon, histological examination revea ... | 2016 | 27385082 |
| development and validation of a novel hydrolysis probe real-time polymerase chain reaction for agamid adenovirus 1 in the central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | agamid adenovirus 1 (agadv-1) is a significant cause of disease in bearded dragons (pogona sp.). clinical manifestations of agadv-1 infection are variable and often nonspecific; the manifestations range from lethargy, weight loss, and inappetence, to severe enteritis, hepatitis, and sudden death. currently, diagnosis of agadv-1 infection is achieved through a single published method: standard nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) and sequencing. standard npcr with sequencing provides reliable ... | 2015 | 25776549 |
| detection of agamid adenovirus-1 in clinically healthy bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) in the uk. | | 2013 | 23542658 |
| genotype differentiation of agamid adenovirus 1 in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) in the usa by hexon gene sequence. | bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) are popular pets in the united states. agamid adenovirus 1 (agadv1) is an important infectious agent of bearded dragons. the only agadv1 sequences available to date are from a highly conserved region of the dna polymerase gene. degenerate primers were designed to amplify a variable region of the agadv1 hexon gene for sequencing. genetic differences were identified within the hexon gene of 17 bearded dragons from 4 collections. much less diversity was present in ... | 2009 | 19460315 |
| porphyromonas pogonae sp. nov., an anaerobic but low concentration oxygen adapted coccobacillus isolated from lizards (pogona vitticeps) or human clinical specimens, and emended description of the genus porphyromonas shah and collins 1988. | during the process of identifying a gram-negative coccobacillus isolated from a human clinical specimen, we found that the isolate's 16s rrna gene had very close sequence identity with that of a variant porphyromonas isolated from polymicrobial infections in the central bearded dragon, a species of lizard [2]. the 16s rrna gene sequences of the human isolate and of six isolates from lizards were nearly identical (99.9-100%). phylogenetic analysis placed all of these isolates in a single phylogen ... | 2015 | 25481042 |
| prevalence of neutralising antibodies against adenoviruses in lizards and snakes. | adenoviruses (advs) are relatively common in lizards and snakes, and several genetically distinct advs have been isolated in cell culture. the aims of this study were to examine serological relationships among lizard and snake advs and to determine the frequency of adv infections in these species. isolates from a boa constrictor (boa constrictor), a corn snake (pantherophis gutattus) and a central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps), and two isolates from helodermatid lizards (heloderma horridum a ... | 2014 | 25163614 |
| comparison of chemistry analytes between 2 portable, commercially available analyzers and a conventional laboratory analyzer in reptiles. | advantages of handheld and small bench-top biochemical analyzers include requirements for smaller sample volume and practicality for use in the field or in practices, but little has been published on the performance of these instruments compared with standard reference methods in analysis of reptilian blood. | 2010 | 21198734 |
| amplification of microsatellite repeat motifs is associated with the evolutionary differentiation and heterochromatinization of sex chromosomes in sauropsida. | the sex chromosomes in sauropsida (reptiles and birds) have evolved independently many times. they show astonishing diversity in morphology ranging from cryptic to highly differentiated sex chromosomes with male (xx/xy) and female heterogamety (zz/zw). comparing such diverse sex chromosome systems thus provides unparalleled opportunities to capture evolution of morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes in action. here, we describe chromosomal mapping of 18 microsatellite repeat motifs in ei ... | 2016 | 26194100 |
| sex reversal in reptiles: reproductive oddity or powerful driver of evolutionary change? | is sex a product of genes, the environment, or both? in this review, we describe the diversity of sex-determining mechanisms in reptiles, with a focus on systems that display gene-environment interactions. we summarise the field and laboratory-based evidence for the occurrence of environmental sex reversal in reptiles and ask whether this is a widespread evolutionary mechanism affecting the evolution of sex chromosomes and speciation in vertebrates. sex determination systems exist across a conti ... | 2016 | 27794577 |
| autocrine and paracrine shh signaling are necessary for tooth morphogenesis, but not tooth replacement in snakes and lizards (squamata). | here we study the role of shh signaling in tooth morphogenesis and successional tooth initiation in snakes and lizards (squamata). by characterizing the expression of shh pathway receptor ptc1 in the developing dentitions of three species (eublepharis macularius, python regius, and pogona vitticeps) and by performing gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we demonstrate that shh signaling is active in the squamate tooth bud and is required for its normal morphogenesis. shh apparently mediates t ... | 2010 | 19850027 |
| in situ cardiac perfusion reveals interspecific variation of intraventricular flow separation in reptiles. | the ventricles of non-crocodilian reptiles are incompletely divided and provide an opportunity for mixing of oxygen-poor blood and oxygen-rich blood (intracardiac shunting). however, both cardiac morphology and in vivo shunting patterns exhibit considerable interspecific variation within reptiles. in the present study, we develop an in situ double-perfused heart approach to characterise the propensity and capacity for shunting in five reptile species: the turtle trachemys scripta, the rock pytho ... | 2016 | 27207643 |
| expression of a hindlimb-determining factor pitx1 in the forelimb of the lizard pogona vitticeps during morphogenesis. | with over 9000 species, squamates, which include lizards and snakes, are the largest group of reptiles and second-largest order of vertebrates, spanning a vast array of appendicular skeletal morphology. as such, they provide a promising system for examining developmental and molecular processes underlying limb morphology. using the central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) as the primary study model, we examined limb morphometry throughout embryonic development and characterized the expression o ... | 2016 | 27784790 |
| anchoring genome sequence to chromosomes of the central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) enables reconstruction of ancestral squamate macrochromosomes and identifies sequence content of the z chromosome. | squamates (lizards and snakes) are a speciose lineage of reptiles displaying considerable karyotypic diversity, particularly among lizards. understanding the evolution of this diversity requires comparison of genome organisation between species. although the genomes of several squamate species have now been sequenced, only the green anole lizard has any sequence anchored to chromosomes. there is only limited gene mapping data available for five other squamates. this makes it difficult to reconst ... | 2016 | 27286959 |
| immunofluorescent staining reveals hypermethylation of microchromosomes in the central bearded dragon, pogona vitticeps. | studies of model organisms have demonstrated that dna cytosine methylation and histone modifications are key regulators of gene expression in biological processes. comparatively little is known about the presence and distribution of epigenetic marks in non-model amniotes such as non-avian reptiles whose genomes are typically packaged into chromosomes of distinct size classes. studies of chicken karyotypes have associated the gene-richness and high gc content of microchromosomes with a distinct e ... | 2015 | 26719769 |
| high-coverage sequencing and annotated assembly of the genome of the australian dragon lizard pogona vitticeps. | the lizards of the family agamidae are one of the most prominent elements of the australian reptile fauna. here, we present a genomic resource built on the basis of a wild-caught male zz central bearded dragon pogona vitticeps. | 2015 | 26421146 |
| sequence and gene content of a large fragment of a lizard sex chromosome and evaluation of candidate sex differentiating gene r-spondin 1. | scant genomic information from non-avian reptile sex chromosomes is available, and for only a few lizards, several snakes and one turtle species, and it represents only a small fraction of the total sex chromosome sequences in these species. | 2013 | 24344927 |
| molecular cytogenetic map of the central bearded dragon, pogona vitticeps (squamata: agamidae). | reptiles, as the sister group to birds and mammals, are particularly valuable for comparative genomic studies among amniotes. the australian central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) is being developed as a reptilian model for such comparisons, with whole-genome sequencing near completion. the karyotype consists of 6 pairs of macrochromosomes and 10 pairs microchromosomes (2n = 32), including a female heterogametic zw sex microchromosome pair. here, we present a molecular cytogenetic map for p. ... | 2013 | 23703235 |
| the diet of free-roaming australian central bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | the central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) is one of the most popular pet lizards. however, little is known regarding their nutrient requirement, or their natural diet. therefore, the stomach contents of 14 free-roaming p. vitticeps were determined by flushing. these stomach contents were described taxonomically, and analyzed for crude protein content as well as fatty acid content and composition. most of the dry matter intake was in the form of animal material (61%) stemming from nine arthro ... | 2015 | 25773132 |
| morphology and fibre-type distribution in the tongue of the pogona vitticeps lizard (iguania, agamidae). | agamid lizards use tongue prehension for capturing all types of prey. the purpose of this study was to investigate the functional relationship between tongue structure, both surface and musculature, and function during prey capture in pogona vitticeps. the lack of a detailed description of the distribution of fibre-types in the tongue muscles in some iguanian lizards has hindered the understanding of the functional morphology of the lizard tongue. three methodological approaches were used to fil ... | 2014 | 25109482 |
| a simple non-invasive protocol to establish primary cell lines from tail and toe explants for cytogenetic studies in australian dragon lizards (squamata: agamidae). | primary cell lines were established from cultures of tail and toe clips of five species of australian dragon lizards: tympanocryptis pinguicolla, tympanocryptis sp., ctenophorus fordi, amphibolurus norrisi and pogona vitticeps. the start of exponential cell growth ranged from 1 to 5 weeks. cultures from all specimens had fibroblastic morphology. cell lines were propagated continuously up to ten passages, cryopreserved and recovered successfully. we found no reduction in cell viability after shor ... | 2008 | 19199067 |
| substance p-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of two lizards. | the dendritic morphology and retinal distribution of substance p(sp)-immunoreactive neurons was determined in two australian lizard species pogona vitticeps and varanus gouldii, by using immunohistochemistry on retinal wholemounts and sectioned materials. in both species, two classes of sp-immunoreactive neurons were described in the inner nuclear layer (inl) and classified as amacrine cells (types a and b). type a amacrine cells had large somata and wide-field, bistratified dendrites branching ... | 1991 | 1720010 |
| fungal dermatitis, glossitis and disseminated visceral mycosis caused by different metarhizium granulomatis genotypes in veiled chameleons (chamaeleo calyptratus) and first isolation in healthy lizards. | metarhizium (m.) granulomatis (formerly chamaeleomyces granulomatis) invariably causes fatal fungal glossitis and systemic mycosis in veiled chameleons (chamaeleo calyptratus). isolation of m. granulomatis in other lizards thus far has not been described. the aim of this study therefore was to obtain information on the presence of m. granulomatis in reptiles kept as pets, and to examine whether there was an association between specific genotypes and clinical/pathological outcomes. besides 18s ri ... | 2017 | 28757044 |
| characterization of metarhizium viride mycosis in veiled chameleons (chamaeleo calyptratus), panther chameleons (furcifer pardalis), and inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | metarhizium viride has been associated with fatal systemic mycoses in chameleons, but subsequent data on mycoses caused by this fungus in reptiles are lacking. the aim of this investigation was therefore to obtain information on the presence of m. viride in reptiles kept as pets in captivity and its association with clinical signs and pathological findings as well as improvement of diagnostic procedures. beside 18s ribosomal dna (rdna) (small subunit [ssu]) and internal transcribed spacer region ... | 2017 | 28003420 |
| sodium pump molecular activity and membrane lipid composition in two disparate ectotherms, and comparison with endotherms. | previous research has shown that the lower sodium pump molecular activity observed in tissues of ectotherms compared to endotherms, is largely related to the lower levels of polyunsaturates and higher levels of monounsaturates found in the cell membranes of ectotherms. marine-based ectotherms, however, have very polyunsaturated membranes, and in the current study, we measured molecular activity and membrane lipid composition in tissues of two disparate ectothermic species, the octopus (octopus v ... | 2005 | 15726386 |
| comparative genomics of campylobacter iguaniorum to unravel genetic regions associated with reptilian hosts. | campylobacter iguaniorum is most closely related to the species c fetus, c hyointestinalis, and c lanienae reptiles, chelonians and lizards in particular, appear to be a primary reservoir of this campylobacter species. here we report the genome comparison of c iguaniorum strain 1485e, isolated from a bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps), and strain 2463d, isolated from a green iguana (iguana iguana), with the genomes of closely related taxa, in particular with reptile-associated c fetus subsp. test ... | 2016 | 27604878 |
| shapes of differential pulse voltammograms and level of metallothionein at different animal species. | metallothioneins play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of essential metalsand in protecting of cells against metal toxicity as well as oxidative damaging. exceptinghumans, blood levels of metallothionein have not yet been reported from any animalspecies. blood plasma samples of 9 animal species were analysed by the adsorptive transferstripping technique to obtain species specific voltammograms. quite distinct records wereobtained from the takin (budorcas taxicolor), while other interesting ... | 2007 | 28903235 |
| slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and rem in sleeping dragons. | sleep has been described in animals ranging from worms to humans. yet the electrophysiological characteristics of brain sleep, such as slow-wave (sw) and rapid eye movement (rem) activities, are thought to be restricted to mammals and birds. recording from the brain of a lizard, the australian dragon pogona vitticeps, we identified sw and rem sleep patterns, thus pushing back the probable evolution of these dynamics at least to the emergence of amniotes. the sw and rem sleep patterns that we obs ... | 2016 | 27126045 |
| social learning by imitation in a reptile (pogona vitticeps). | the ability to learn through imitation is thought to be the basis of cultural transmission and was long considered a distinctive characteristic of humans. there is now evidence that both mammals and birds are capable of imitation. however, nothing is known about these abilities in the third amniotic class-reptiles. here, we use a bidirectional control procedure to show that a reptile species, the bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps), is capable of social learning that cannot be explained by simple ... | 2015 | 25199480 |
| gastric neuroendocrine carcinomas in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | this article describes a newly recognized highly malignant neoplastic entity in young bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps), gastric neuroendocrine carcinomas, which readily metastasize. ten bearded dragons with histories of anorexia (8), vomiting (3), hyperglycemia (2), and anemia (3) were included in this study. all animals had neoplastic masses in their stomach, with metastasis to the liver. microscopically, 6 of these neuroendocrine carcinomas were well-differentiated and 4 were poorly differen ... | 2009 | 19605903 |
| genomic structure and expression of immunoglobulins in squamata. | the squamata order represents a major evolutionary reptile lineage, yet the structure and expression of immunoglobulins in this order has been scarcely studied in detail. from the genome sequences of four squamata species (gekko japonicus, ophisaurus gracilis, pogona vitticeps and ophiophagus hannah) and rna-seq datasets from 18 other squamata species, we identified the immunoglobulins present in these animals as well as the tissues in which they are found. all squamata have at least three immun ... | 2016 | 26998711 |
| characterization of nannizziopsis guarroi with genomic and proteomic analysis in three lizard species. | fungal infections in captive as well as in free-living reptiles caused by emerging obligate pathogenic fungi appear with increasing frequency and give occasion to establish new and fast methods for routine diagnostics. the so-called yellow fungus disease is one of the most important and common fungal dermatomycoses in central bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) and green iguanas (iguana iguana) and is caused by nannizziopsis guarroi. the aim of this study was to prove reliability in identificatio ... | 2017 | 29420823 |
| comparative evaluation of the cadaveric and computed tomographic features of the coelomic cavity in the green iguana (iguana iguana), black and white tegu (tupinambis merianae) and bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | contrast-enhanced computed tomographic studies of the coelomic cavity in four green iguanas, four black and white tegus and four bearded dragons were performed using a conventional ct scanner. anatomical reference cross sections were obtained from four green iguana, four black and white tegu and six bearded dragon cadavers; the specimens were stored in a -20°c freezer for 24 h then sliced into 5-mm intervals. the frozen sections were cleaned with water and photographed on both sides. the individ ... | 2013 | 23410482 |
| comparative evaluation of the cadaveric, radiographic and computed tomographic anatomy of the heads of green iguana (iguana iguana), common tegu (tupinambis merianae) and bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | radiology and computed tomography are the most commonly available diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of pathologies affecting the head and skull in veterinary practice. nevertheless, accurate interpretation of radiographic and ct studies requires a thorough knowledge of the gross and the cross-sectional anatomy. despite the increasing success of reptiles as pets, only a few reports over their normal imaging features are currently available. the aim of this study is to describe the normal cadaver ... | 2012 | 22578088 |
| [evaluation of a number of commercial diets for iguana (iguana iguana), bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps), and land and marsh tortoises]. | fifteen commercially available, complete diets for iguanas, bearded dragons, and chelonians were analysed and compared with the ideal composition of a diet formulated by the authors. the clinical risks of feeding with a too high or a too low content of specific nutrients are described. nutrient deficiencies are not expected if these diets are the sole source of nutrients. however, one diet had only a marginally adequate protein content, five diets for herbivorous reptiles contained a too low per ... | 2003 | 14535069 |
| novel parvoviruses in reptiles and genome sequence of a lizard parvovirus shed light on dependoparvovirus genus evolution. | here, we report the detection and partial genome characterization of two novel reptilian parvoviruses derived from a short-tailed pygmy chameleon (rampholeon brevicaudatus) and a corn snake (pantherophis guttatus) along with the complete genome analysis of the first lizard parvovirus, obtained from four bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). both homology searches and phylogenetic tree reconstructions demonstrated that all are members of the genus dependoparvovirus. even though most dependoparvovir ... | 2015 | 26067293 |
| devrieseasis in a plumed basilisk (basiliscus plumifrons) and chinese water dragons (physignathus cocincinus) in a zoologic collection. | devriesea agamarum is a gram-positive bacterium that was first described in 2008 as a causative agent of disease in lizards. until today, reports from several countries reported the presence of this bacterium in various lizard species, which suggests a wide distribution among lizard collections. pathologic lesions ranged from proliferative dermatitis and cheilitis to abscesses in multiple organs and septicemia in single animals, as well as entire groups. until now, disease caused by d. agamarum ... | 2016 | 27010288 |
| mitochondrial genome of pogona vitticepes (reptilia; agamidae): control region duplication and the origin of australasian agamids. | the complete mitochondrial dna sequence for an australian agamid pogona vitticepes was determined. twenty-two trna genes, two rrna genes, thirteen protein-coding genes, and two control regions were identified in this mitochondrial genome. the second control region was inserted between nadh dehydrogenase subunits 5 and 6 genes. the duplication of the control region was found in all australasian agamids examined and was not found in other asian or african taxa. the two control regions had nearly i ... | 2005 | 15716001 |
| perception of artificial conspecifics by bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | artificial animals are increasingly used as conspecific stimuli in animal behavior research. however, researchers often have an incomplete understanding of how the species under study perceives conspecifics, and hence which features needed for a stimulus to be perceived appropriately. to investigate the features to which bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) attend, we measured their lateralized eye use when assessing a successive range of stimuli. these ranged through several stages of realism in ... | 2018 | 29316228 |
| effects of a light-emitting diode on the production of cholecalciferol and associated blood parameters in the bearded dragon ( pogona vitticeps). | the importance of vitamin d3has been documented in multiple reptile species, with deficiencies resulting in alterations in calcium homeostasis, including nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. though vitamin d3can be obtained directly from dietary sources or from photobiosynthetic production, species variability in diet and behavior makes exposure to ultraviolet b (uvb) radiation an essential requirement for some diurnal species. the effect of different bulbs to promote synthesis of cholecal ... | 2017 | 29297816 |
| incubation environment impacts the social cognition of adult lizards. | recent work exploring the relationship between early environmental conditions and cognition has shown that incubation environment can influence both brain anatomy and performance in simple operant tasks in young lizards. it is currently unknown how it impacts other, potentially more sophisticated, cognitive processes. social-cognitive abilities, such as gaze following and social learning, are thought to be highly adaptive as they provide a short-cut to acquiring new information. here, we investi ... | 2017 | 29291066 |
| sex determination mode does not affect body or genital development of the central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | the development of male- or female-specific phenotypes in squamates is typically controlled by either temperature-dependent sex determination (tsd) or chromosome-based genetic sex determination (gsd). however, while sex determination is a major switch in individual phenotypic development, it is unknownhow evolutionary transitions between gsd and tsd might impact on the evolution of squamate phenotypes, particularly the fast-evolving and diverse genitalia. here, we take the unique opportunity of ... | 2017 | 29225770 |
| thermoregulatory behavior and orientation preference in bearded dragons. | the regulation of body temperature is a critical function for animals. although reliant on ambient temperature as a heat source, reptiles, and especially lizards, make use of multiple voluntary and involuntary behaviors to thermoregulate, including postural changes in body orientation, either toward or away from solar sources of heat. this thermal orientation may also result from a thermoregulatory drive to maintain precise control over cranial temperatures or a rostrally-driven sensory bias. th ... | 2017 | 29037379 |
| first report of fatal disseminated microsporidiosis in two inland bearded dragonspogona vitticepsin japan. | introduction.encephalitozoon pogonaeis a newly described pathogen belonging to the phylum microsporidia. in austria and the usa, this species has been isolated from fatal and disseminated cases of captive-bred inland bearded dragons. here, we report the case of fatal disseminated microsporidiosis caused by e. pogonae in two bearded dragons in japan.case presentation.the two lizards from different private households in tokyo, japan, had been brought to an animal hospital for examination. in both ... | 2017 | 29026616 |
| karyotype analysis and sex determination in australian brush-turkeys (alectura lathami). | sexual differentiation across taxa may be due to genetic sex determination (gsd) and/or temperature sex determination (tsd). in many mammals, males are heterogametic (xy); whereas females are homogametic (xx). in most birds, the opposite is the case with females being heterogametic (zw) and males the homogametic sex (zz). many reptile species lack sex chromosomes, and instead, sexual differentiation is influenced by temperature with specific temperatures promoting males or females varying across ... | 2017 | 28910392 |
| [salmonellosis in an infant as a result of indirect contact with reptiles]. | reported is a case of enteritis caused by salmonella oranienburg in an approximately one-month-old infant due to indirect contact with reptiles. an epidemiological investigation included tests of faeces of bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) kept in the patient's household that revealed salmonella oranienburg. the comparison of salmonella isolates obtained from the infant's stools and the reptiles' faeces using macrorestriction analysis showed 100% similarity, confirming that the reptiles were th ... | 2017 | 28903170 |
| differential intron retention injumonjichromatin modifier genes is implicated in reptile temperature-dependent sex determination. | in many vertebrates, sex of offspring is determined by external environmental cues rather than by sex chromosomes. in reptiles, for instance, temperature-dependent sex determination (tsd) is common. despite decades of work, the mechanism by which temperature is converted into a sex-determining signal remains mysterious. this is partly because it is difficult to distinguish the primary molecular events of tsd from the confounding downstream signatures of sexual differentiation. we use the austral ... | 2017 | 28630932 |
| cholelithiasis in adult bearded dragons: retrospective study of nine adult bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) with cholelithiasis between 2013 and 2015 in southern germany. | with an increased number of pet reptiles, many diseases occur due to nutritional disorders. between 2013 and 2015, irregular gallbladder contents (sludge/choleliths) in adult bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) were recorded in many of the routinely conducted necropsies at the reptile rescue station in munich (auffangstation für reptilien, münchen e.v., munich, germany). nine animals, six from the rescue station and three from an associated veterinary practice (tierärztliche praxis für exoten, au ... | 2017 | 28627055 |
| validation of a thermal threshold nociceptive model in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | to validate a thermal threshold (tt) nociceptive model in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) and to document tt changes after administration of morphine. | 2017 | 28551416 |
| a comparison of uvb compact lamps in enabling cutaneous vitamin d synthesis in growing bearded dragons. | the effect of exposure to different uvb compact lamps on the vitamin d status of growing bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) was studied. forty-two newly hatched bearded dragons (<24 h old) were allocated to six treatment groups (n = 7 per group). five groups were exposed to different uvb compact lamps for two hours per day, with a control group not exposed to uvb radiation. at 120 days of age, blood samples were obtained and concentrations of 25(oh)d3, ca, p and uric acid were determined. in add ... | 2018 | 28452197 |
| geographic divergence and colour change in response to visual backgrounds and illumination intensity in bearded dragons. | animals may improve camouflage by both dynamic colour change and local evolutionary adaptation of colour but we have little understanding of their relative importance in colour-changing species. we tested for differences in colour change in response to background colour and light intensity in two populations of central bearded dragon lizards (pogona vitticeps) representing the extremes in body coloration and geographical range. we found that bearded dragons change colour in response to various b ... | 2017 | 28298465 |
| what is your diagnosis? joint and associated tissue aspirates from a bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | | 2017 | 28263401 |
| color change for thermoregulation versus camouflage in free-ranging lizards. | animal coloration has multiple functions including thermoregulation, camouflage, and social signaling, and the requirements of each function may sometimes conflict. many terrestrial ectotherms accommodate the multiple functions of color through color change. however, the relative importance of these functions and how color-changing species accommodate them when they do conflict are poorly understood because we lack data on color change in the wild. here, we show that the color of individual radi ... | 2016 | 27860512 |
| the impact of egg incubation temperature on the personality of oviparous reptiles. | personality traits, defined as differences in the behavior of individual animals of the same species that are consistent over time and context, such as 'boldness,' have been shown to be both heritable and be influenced by external factors, such as predation pressure. currently, we know very little about the role that early environmental factors have upon personality. thus, we investigated the impact of incubation temperature upon the boldness on an oviparous reptile, the bearded dragon (pogona v ... | 2017 | 27599495 |
| identification of interleukin genes in pogona vitticeps using a de novo transcriptome assembly from rna-seq data. | interleukins are a group of cytokines with complex immunomodulatory functions that are important for regulating immunity in vertebrate species. reptiles and mammals last shared a common ancestor more than 350 million years ago, so it is not surprising that low sequence identity has prevented divergent interleukin genes from being identified in the central bearded dragon lizard, pogona vitticeps, in its genome assembly. to determine the complete nucleotide sequences of key interleukin genes, we c ... | 2016 | 27255409 |
| nannizziopsis guarroi infection in 2 inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps): clinical, cytologic, histologic, and ultrastructural aspects. | chrysosporium-related infections have been increasingly reported in reptiles over the last 2 decades. in this report, we describe clinical, cytologic, histopathologic, and ultrastructural aspects of chrysosporium-related infection in 2 inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). case 1 was presented for an enlarging raised lesion over the left eye and multiple additional masses over the dorsum. case 2 was submitted to necropsy by the referring veterinarian for suspected yellow fungus disease. imp ... | 2016 | 27010762 |
| dermatomycosis in three central bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) associated with nannizziopsis chlamydospora. | chronic dermatomycosis was identified in 3 central bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps), held as companion animals by the same owner. clinical signs of dermatomycosis included subcutaneous masses as well as crusty, erosive, and ulcerative skin lesions. the facial region was affected in 2 of the 3 cases. masses were surgically excised, and histology confirmed necrotizing and granulomatous inflammatory processes associated with fungal hyphae. two of the bearded dragons were euthanized because of the ... | 2016 | 26951329 |
| ranavirus in an outbreak of dermatophilosis in captive inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | various pathogens cause skin diseases in lizards. an outbreak of skin disease occurred in a population of 100 inland bearded dragons at a breeding facility in japan; 50 developed skin lesions and 15 mortalities were reported. | 2016 | 26940568 |
| standardization of the two-dimensional transcoelomic echocardiographic examination in the central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | to objectively and subjectively describe the normal spectrum of two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in the central bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). | 2016 | 26810489 |
| establishing a new species encephalitozoon pogonae for the microsporidian parasite of inland bearded dragon pogona vitticeps ahl 1927 (reptilia, squamata, agamidae). | the microsporidium parasitizing inland bearded dragons pogona vitticeps, and developing primarily in macrophages within foci of granulomatous inflammation of different organs, is described as a new species encephalitozoon pogonae. establishing the new species was based on sequencing the its-ssurdna region of the ribosomal gene and consequent ssurdna-inferred phylogenetic analyses, as well as on comparison of pathogenesis, host specificity, and ultrastructure among encephalitozoon species and iso ... | 2016 | 26785360 |
| reclassification of eimeria pogonae walden (2009) as choleoeimeria pogonae comb. nov. (apicomplexa: eimeriidae). | the presented paper provides a reclassification of eimeria pogonae from pogona vitticeps into the correct genus choleoeimeria. a description of exogenous and endogenous stages of biliary coccidium is given. sporulation of the oocysts was endogenous. the mature oocysts contained four sporocysts each with two sporozoites. oocysts were ellipsoidal in shape, with average length/width ratio 1.7 and measured 28.4 (sd1.5) × 16.8 (sd 1.5). the micropyle, residuum, and polar granules were absent from the ... | 2016 | 26468146 |
| anesthetic induction and recovery parameters in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps): comparison of isoflurane delivered in 100% oxygen versus 21% oxygen. | inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps, n=6) were anesthetized for 1 hr using isoflurane in either 100% oxygen or 21% oxygen (fi 21; medical-grade room air). parameters of anesthetic depth were recorded throughout both induction and recovery by an observer blinded to the fraction of inspired oxygen (fio2), including the loss and return of withdrawal and righting reflexes, muscle tone, ability to intubate or extubate, and return to spontaneous respiration. physiologic data were recorded every 5 ... | 2015 | 26352957 |
| sex reversal triggers the rapid transition from genetic to temperature-dependent sex. | sex determination in animals is amazingly plastic. vertebrates display contrasting strategies ranging from complete genetic control of sex (genotypic sex determination) to environmentally determined sex (for example, temperature-dependent sex determination). phylogenetic analyses suggest frequent evolutionary transitions between genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination in environmentally sensitive lineages, including reptiles. these transitions are thought to involve a genotypic sys ... | 2015 | 26135451 |
| measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy unanesthetized inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | to evaluate the use of rebound and applanation tonometry for the measurement of intraocular pressure (iop) and to assess diurnal variations in and the effect of topical anesthesia on the iop of healthy inland bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | 2015 | 26000596 |
| ultrasonographic anatomy of bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | to determine which organs can be reliably visualized ultrasonographically in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps), describe their normal ultrasonographic appearance, and describe an ultrasonographic technique for use with this species. | 2015 | 25835171 |
| thermoregulatory consequences of salt loading in the lizard pogona vitticeps. | previous research has demonstrated that dehydration increases the threshold temperature for panting and decreases the thermal preference of lizards. conversely, it is unknown whether thermoregulatory responses such as shuttling and gaping are similarly influenced. shuttling, as an active behavioural response, is considered one of the most effective thermoregulatory behaviours, whereas gaping has been proposed to be involved in preventing brain over-heating in lizards. in this study we examined t ... | 2015 | 25714566 |
| assessment of platelet-derived growth factor using a splinted full thickness dermal wound model in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | wounds in reptiles are a common reason for presentation to a veterinarian. at this time there is limited information on effective topical medications to aid in wound closure. the objectives of this study were to translate the splinted, full-thickness dermal wound model, validated in mice, to the bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps) and to determine the effect of topical becaplermin (bp), a platelet-derived growth factor (0.01%), on the rate of wound closure. ten bearded dragons were anesthetized an ... | 2014 | 25632675 |
| autovaccination confers protection against devriesea agamarum associated septicemia but not dermatitis in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). | devrieseasis caused by devriesea agamarum is a highly prevalent disease in captive desert lizards, resulting in severe dermatitis and in some cases mass mortality. in this study, we assessed the contribution of autovaccination to devrieseasis control by evaluating the capacity of 5 different formalin-inactivated d. agamarum vaccines to induce a humoral immune response in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps). each vaccine contained one of the following adjuvants: cpg, incomplete freund's, ribi, alu ... | 2014 | 25479609 |
| cyclic colour change in the bearded dragon pogona vitticeps under different photoperiods. | the ability to change colour rapidly is widespread among ectotherms and has various functions including camouflage, communication and thermoregulation. the process of colour change can occur as an aperiodic event or be rhythmic, induced by cyclic environmental factors or regulated by internal oscillators. despite the importance of colour change in reptile ecology, few studies have investigated the occurrence of a circadian rhythm in lizard pigmentation. additionally, although colour change also ... | 2014 | 25354192 |
| diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasound, radiography and computed tomography for gender determination in four species of lizards. | gender determination is frequently requested by reptile breeders, especially for species with poor or absent sexual dimorphism. the aims of the current study were to describe techniques and diagnostic sensitivities of ultrasound, radiography, and computed tomography for gender determination (identification of hemipenes) in four species of lizards. nineteen lizards of known sex, belonging to four different species (pogona vitticeps, uromastyx aegyptia, tiliqua scincoides, gerrhosaurus major) were ... | 2016 | 25065912 |