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triatoma patagonica (hemiptera, reduviidae), a new host for triatoma virus.previous authors demonstrated that triatoma virus (trv) is able to infect several species of triatomines when injected with viral inoculum obtained from its original host, t. infestans. both vertical (transovarian) and horizontal (faecal-oral) mechanisms of viral transmission were also described. in this paper we report the experimental trv infection of a wild species from southern argentina, t. patagonica. the inoculum consisted of clarified gut contents of infected t. infestans rubbed on the c ...200212048578
structure of the triatoma virus capsid.the members of the dicistroviridae family are non-enveloped positive-sense single-stranded rna (+ssrna) viruses pathogenic to beneficial arthropods as well as insect pests of medical importance. triatoma virus (trv), a member of this family, infects several species of triatomine insects (popularly named kissing bugs), which are vectors for human trypanosomiasis, more commonly known as chagas disease. the potential use of dicistroviruses as biological control agents has drawn considerable attenti ...201323695247
meeting report vlpnpv: session 3: immune responses.virus-like particles (vlps) and nano-particles (np) are increasingly considered for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for a wide variety of human and animal diseases. indeed, 2 vlps have already been licensed for use in humans, the human papilloma virus vaccine and the hepatitis b virus vaccine. (1) reflecting this increased interest, a second international conference with a specific focus on vlps and np was held at the salk institute for biological studies in la jolla, california, in j ...201425529229
capsid protein identification and analysis of mature triatoma virus (trv) virions and naturally occurring empty particles.triatoma virus (trv) is a non-enveloped +ssrna virus belonging to the insect virus family dicistroviridae. mass spectrometry (ms) and gel electrophoresis were used to detect the previously elusive capsid protein vp4. its cleavage sites were established by sequencing the n-terminus of the protein precursor and ms, and its stoichiometry with respect to the other major capsid proteins (vp1-3) was found to be 1:1. we also characterized the polypeptides comprising the naturally occurring non-infectio ...201021030058
prevalence and distribution of parasites and pathogens of triatominae from argentina, with emphasis on triatoma infestans and triatoma virus trv.chagas' disease is the most important endemic arthropod-zoonosis in argentina with an estimated 1.6 million people infected with the causative agent trypanosoma cruzi. triatoma infestans is the main vector of chagas' disease in argentina. a survey for parasites and pathogens of triatominae was conducted from august 2002 to february 2005. collections of insects were made in domiciles, peridomiciles, and in the natural habitats of the triatominae. insects from these collections were dissected and ...200919660466
molecular analysis of capsid protein of homalodisca coagulata virus-1, a new leafhopper-infecting virus from the glassy-winged sharpshooter, homalodisca coagulata.a new virus that infects and causes increased mortality in leafhoppers was isolated from the glassy-winged sharpshooter, homalodisca coagulata (say) (hemiptera: cicadellidae). the virus, named homalodisca coagulata virus -1, hocv-1, was associated with increased mortality of cultured 5(th) instar h. coagulata. to identify the presence of h. coagulata viral pathogens, cdna expression libraries were made from adult and nymphs. analysis using reverse transcriptase pcr demonstrated that the virus wa ...200619537993
phasing of the triatoma virus diffraction data using a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction.the blood-sucking reduviid bug triatoma infestans, one of the most important vector of american human trypanosomiasis (chagas disease) is infected by the triatoma virus (trv). trv has been classified as a member of the cripavirus genus (type cricket paralysis virus) in the dicistroviridae family. this work presents the three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-em) reconstruction of the trv capsid at about 25 a resolution and its use as a template for phasing the available crystallographic ...200818308357
characterization of internal ribosomal entry sites of triatoma virus.triatoma virus (trv) belongs to a new family of rna viruses known as dicistroviridae. nucleotide sequence comparisons between different dicistroviruses allowed two putative internal ribosomal entry sites (iress) in the trv rna to be defined: the 5'utr ires of 548 nt and the intergenic region (igr) ires of 172 nt. using monocistronic and bicistronic rnas, it was shown that the trv genome contains two functional iress that mediate translation initiation in a cap-independent manner. in addition, it ...200516033975
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of triatoma virus (trv) from triatoma infestans.triatoma virus (trv) is a viral pathogen of the blood-sucking reduviid bug triatoma infestans, the most important vector of american human trypanosomiasis (chagas' disease). trv has been putatively classified as a member of the cripavirus genus (type cricket paralysis virus) in the dicistroviridae family. this work describes the purification of trv particles from infected t. infestans and their crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analyses. two different crystal forms, rhombohedral a ...200415333944
nucleotide sequence of 3'-end of the genome of taura syndrome virus of shrimp suggests that it is related to insect picornaviruses.taura syndrome disease, caused by taura syndrome virus (tsv), is one of the most important viral diseases of penaeid shrimp in the western hemisphere resulting in catastrophic disease epidemics in farmed shrimp. we have cloned and sequenced a 3278 bp cdna representing the 3' end of the tsv genome. sequence analyses revealed that frame + 2 had the longest open reading (orf) frame. this frame contained a 5'-terminal 19 non-coding bases followed by an orf from nucleotides 20 to 3053 (encoding 1011 ...200111448031
a tertiary structure model of the internal ribosome entry site (ires) for methionine-independent initiation of translation.cricket paralysis-like viruses have a dicistronic positive-strand rna genome. these viruses produce capsid proteins through internal ribosome entry site (ires)-mediated translation. the ires element of one of these viruses, plautia stall intestine virus (psiv), forms a pseudoknot immediately upstream from the capsid coding sequence, and initiates translation from other than methionine. previously, we estimated that the ires element of psiv consists of seven stem-loops using the program mfold; ho ...200111233983
effects of triatoma virus (trv) on the fecundity and moulting of triatoma infestans (hemiptera: reduviidae).triatoma virus (trv) is a picorna-like virus affecting triatoma infestans (klug, 1834), the most important transmitter of trypanosoma cruzi in south america. the subjects of the present, laboratory study were the longevity and oviposition of female tri. infestans, from stocks with and without viral infection, and the survivorship and developmental time of their progeny through to second-instar nymphs. on average, adult females from an infected stock lived only a third as long as those from the u ...200011064765
direct methods for detecting picorna-like virus from dead and alive triatomine insects.in this work we report four different destructive and non-destructive methods for detecting picorna-like virus particles in triatomines. the methods are based on direct observation under transmission electron microscope and they consist of four ways to prepare samples of presumable infected material. the samples are prepared processing dead or alive insect parts, or even dry or fresh insect feces. the methods can be used as analytical or preparative techniques, for quantifying virus infection an ...200010800189
horizontal transmission of triatoma virus through the fecal-oral route in triatoma infestans (hemiptera: triatomidae).feces from triatoma infestans (klug) infected with trv showed a large number of well-preserved viral particles when examined by electron microscopy. no viral particles were observed in suspensions of feces uninfected insects. fecal suspensions inoculated parenterally into uninfected triatomines killed the insects within 36 h, showing that infective trv is present in the feces of infected insects. it also is demonstrated that t. infestans becomes infected with trv while feeding on contaminated ch ...200010730499
nucleotide sequence analysis of triatoma virus shows that it is a member of a novel group of insect rna viruses.triatoma virus (trv) is the only virus described to date that infects triatomines, and has previously been considered to be a member of the family picornaviridae on the basis of physico-chemical properties. the genome of trv was sequenced completely (9010 nt). analysis of the sequence revealed the presence of two large open reading frames (orfs). the predicted amino acid sequence of orf1 (nt 549-5936) showed significant similarity to the non-structural proteins of several animal and plant rna vi ...200010725445
triatoma virus pathogenicity in laboratory colonies of triatoma infestans (hemiptera:reduviidae).in a survey of wild populations of triatoma infestans (klug) in argentina, 10% were infected with triatoma virus (trv). the virus also was detected in a laboratory colony 18 mo after being established, with infection rates up to 100%. mortality rate was 97.6% in nymphs and the molting process was inhibited, thereby increasing development time. because the virus was detected in colony nymphs. trv may be transmitted vertically. however, the higher infection rate in the colony compared with natural ...19979151486
characterization of triatoma virus, a picorna-like virus isolated from the triatomine bug triatoma infestans.some properties of triatoma virus (trv), a picorna-like virus recently isolated from triatoma infestans, have been studied. electron microscopic observations of purified viral preparations showed the presence of non-enveloped viral particles 30 nm in diameter. the sedimentation coefficient of virus particles was about 165s and the buoyant density in cscl was 1.39 g/ml. the viral genome was composed of one single-stranded rna molecule with an mr of 3 x 10(6). three major polypeptides with mr valu ...19883053988
first description of hemagglutination by a virus belonging to the family dicistroviridae.triatoma virus is the only virus whose genome has been sequenced and studied in triatomines. it belongs to the family dicistroviridae. in order to detect whether trv has the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of domestic and laboratory animals, we performed a hemagglutination assay. positive hemagglutination was found for red blood cells of guinea pigs. the ha assay could be used as a titration method, at least for purified viral particles obtained from triatomine stool. this is the first recor ...201424100474
triatoma virus structural polyprotein expression, processing and assembly into virus-like particles.in contrast to the current wealth of structural information concerning dicistrovirus particle structure, very little is known about their morphogenetic pathways. here, we describe the expression of the two orfs encoded by the triatoma virus (trv) genome. trv, a member of the cripavirus genus of the dicistroviridae family, infects blood-sucking insects belonging to the triatominae subfamily that act as vectors for the transmission of trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of the chagas disease ...201525304655
detection of triatomine infection by triatoma virus and horizontal transmission: protecting insectaries and prospects for biological control.triatoma virus (trv) is the only triatomine entomopathogenic virus identified so far. propagation of trv in insectaries depends on handling procedures and triatomine population dynamics. the effects of propagation can be devastating and entire colonies must often be sacrificed to prevent spread of the virus throughout the insectary. this study found that after 41.3 days from trv ingestion of human blood with 0.04 mg of viral protein by 5th instar triatomainfestans, viral particles could be detec ...201525450195
first study of different insect cells to triatoma virus infection.the use of viruses for biological control is a new option to be considered. the family dicistroviridae, which affects only invertebrates, is one of the families that have been proposed for this purpose. the triatoma virus (trv), a member of this family, affects triatomine transmitters of chagas disease, which is endemic in latin america but also expanding its worldwide distribution. to this end, we attempted virus replication in diptera, aedes albopictus (clone c6/36) and lepidoptera spodoptera ...201525481388
seroprevalence of triatoma virus (dicistroviridae: cripaviridae) antibodies in chagas disease patients.chagas disease is caused by trypanosoma cruzi, and humans acquire the parasite by exposure to contaminated feces from hematophagous insect vectors known as triatomines. triatoma virus (trv) is the sole viral pathogen of triatomines, and is transmitted among insects through the fecal-oral route and, as it happens with t. cruzi, the infected insects release the virus when defecating during or after blood uptake.201525595198
triatoma virus recombinant vp4 protein induces membrane permeability through dynamic pores.in naked viruses, membrane breaching is a key step that must be performed for genome transfer into the target cells. despite its importance, the mechanisms behind this process remain poorly understood. the small protein vp4, encoded by the genomes of most viruses of the order picornavirales, has been shown to be involved in membrane alterations. here we analyzed the permeabilization activity of the natively nonmyristoylated vp4 protein from triatoma virus (trv), a virus belonging to the dicistro ...201525673713
modelling the potential geographic distribution of triatomines infected by triatoma virus in the southern cone of south america.triatoma virus (trv) is the only entomopathogenous virus identified in triatomines. we estimated the potential geographic distribution of triatomine species naturally infected by trv, using remotely sensed and meteorological environmental variables, to predict new potential areas where triatomines infected with trv may be found.201525881183
x-ray structure of triatoma virus empty capsid: insights into the mechanism of uncoating and rna release in dicistroviruses.in viruses, uncoating and rna release are two key steps of successfully infecting a target cell. during these steps, the capsid must undergo the necessary conformational changes to allow rna egress. despite their importance, these processes are poorly understood in the family dicistroviridae. here, we used x-ray crystallography to solve the atomic structure of a triatoma virus(trv) empty particle (protein data bank id 5l7o), which is the resulting capsid after rna release. it is observed that th ...201627519423
virion structure of black queen cell virus, a common honeybee pathogen.viral diseases are a major threat to honeybee (apis mellifera) populations worldwide and therefore an important factor in reliable crop pollination and food security. black queen cell virus (bqcv) is the etiological agent of a fatal disease of honeybee queen larvae and pupae. the virus belongs to the genus triatovirus from the family dicistroviridae, which is part of the order picornavirales here we present a crystal structure of bqcv determined to a resolution of 3.4 å. the virion is formed by ...201728077635
ictv virus taxonomy profile: dicistroviridae.dicistroviridae is a family of small non-enveloped viruses with monopartite, linear, positive-sense rna genomes of approximately 8-10 kb. viruses of all classified species infect arthropod hosts, with some having devastating economic consequences, such as acute bee paralysis virus in domesticated honeybees and taura syndrome virus in shrimp farming. conversely, the host specificity and other desirable traits exhibited by several members of this group make them potential natural enemies for inten ...201728366189
molecular techniques for dicistrovirus detection without rna extraction or purification.dicistroviridae is a new family of small, nonenveloped, and +ssrna viruses pathogenic to both beneficial arthropods and insect pests as well. triatoma virus (trv), a dicistrovirus, is a pathogen of triatoma infestans (hemiptera: reduviidae), one of the main vectors of chagas disease. in this work, we report a single-step method to identify trv, a dicistrovirus, isolated from fecal samples of triatomines. the identification method proved to be quite sensitive, even without the extraction and puri ...201323710438
inoculation of triatoma virus (dicistroviridae: cripavirus) elicits a non-infective immune response in mice.dicistroviridae is a new family of small, non-enveloped, +ssrna viruses pathogenic to both beneficial arthropods and insect pests. little is known about the dicistrovirus replication mechanism or gene function, and any knowledge on these subjects comes mainly from comparisons with mammalian viruses from the picornaviridae family. due to its peculiar genome organization and characteristics of the per os viral transmission route, dicistroviruses make good candidates for use as biopesticides. triat ...201323497610
cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of triatoma virus particles: a clue to unravel genome delivery and capsid disassembly.triatoma virus (trv) is a member of the insect virus family dicistroviridae and consists of a small, non-enveloped capsid that encloses its positive-sense ssrna genome. using cryo-transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques combined with fitting of the available crystallographic models, this study analysed the capsids corresponding to mature and several rna-empty trv particles. after genome release, the resulting reconstruction of the empty capsids displayed ...201323288423
ac-elisa and rt-pcr assays for the diagnosis of triatoma virus (trv) in triatomines (hemiptera: reduviidae) species.triatoma virus (trv) is the only entomopathogenic virus found in triatomines. trv replicates in cells of the midgut epithelium of triatomines, causing a high mortality rate and delayed development of the infected insect. in this work, we report an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for detection of trv infection. for antiserum production, rabbits and hens where inoculated with purified trv. antiserum r ...200818563286
new triatoma virus hosts in wild habitats of argentina.triatoma virus (trv), a member of the dicistroviridae family, replicates in intestinal epithelial cells, causing delayed development and death of infected individuals. the aims of this study were to find naturally infected species of triatominae in the wild in the region endemic for chagas disease and analyze and compare the sequence diversity of trv obtained from different triatominae. a total of 253 triatominae belonging to 10 species were captured by active or passive collection. three new se ...201222484232
immune defence mechanisms of triatomines against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.triatomines are vectors that transmit the protozoan haemoflagellate trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease. the aim of the current review is to provide a synthesis of the immune mechanisms of triatomines against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites to provide clues for areas of further research including biological control. regarding bacteria, the triatomine immune response includes antimicrobial peptides (amps) such as defensins, lysozymes, attacins and cecropins, whose site ...201526082354
phylogenetics based on partial orf2 of triatoma virus in triatomines collected over a decade from domiciliary habitats.the only virus sequenced and studied in triatomines is the triatoma virus, from the dicistroviridae family, which causes delayed development, reduced oviposition, and premature death of infected insects. with the goal of expanding the sequences already obtained in previous years and verifying if any changes occurred in their genomic sequences, 68 samples of triatomines from several provinces of argentina were analyzed. sixteen positive samples were obtained by reverse transcription (rt)-polymera ...201525797795
triatominae in furnariid nests of the argentine gran chaco.triatomines (hemiptera, reduviidae) are bloodsucking insects involved in the transmission of trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease, an important public health problem in latin america. the triatomine species found in sylvatic habitats generally play a limited epidemiological role compared to domestic species, but they may act as a reinfestation source of dwellings after insecticide spraying and have to be carefully considered in control strategies of chagas disease transmissio ...201424820557
probing the biophysical interplay between a viral genome and its capsid.the interaction between a viral capsid and its genome governs crucial steps in the life cycle of a virus, such as assembly and genome uncoating. tuning cargo-capsid interactions is also essential for successful design and cargo delivery in engineered viral systems. here we investigate the interplay between cargo and capsid for the picorna-like triatoma virus using a combined native mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy approach. we propose a topology and assembly model in which heterotri ...201323695632
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