| carrier herbal medicine: traditional and contemporary plant use. | the carrier, an athapaskan-speaking people of northcentral british columbia, occupy the sub-boreal spruce forests of the central interior. this report, which is based on field study, documents some traditional and contemporary knowledge of the medicinal use of plants by the carrier people. important medicinal plants include: abies lasiocarpa, alnus incana, arctostaphylos uva-ursi, artemisia frigida, fragaria virginiana, juniperus communis, picea glauca, pinus contorta, populus tremuloides, rubus ... | 1996 | 8735452 |
| high variability and disomic segregation of microsatellites in the octoploid fragaria virginiana mill. (rosaceae). | the objectives of the present study were to develop microsatellite markers for the wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana, to evaluate segregation patterns of microsatellite alleles in this octoploid species, and assess genetic variability at microsatellite loci in a wild population. a genomic library was screened for microsatellite repeats and several pcr primers were designed and tested. we also tested the use of heterologous primers and found that f. virginiana primers amplified products in cul ... | 2003 | 12908097 |
| the limits on sexual dimorphism in vegetative traits in a gynodioecious plant. | gynodioecious plants exhibit modest sexual dimorphism in vegetative and phenological traits, which stands in stark contrast to pronounced dimorphism in reproductive traits. i evaluate the roles of limited genetic variation, negative genetic covariation (within and between sex morphs), and lack of gender-differential selection in contributing to minimal sexual dimorphism for these traits in fragaria virginiana. major findings are as follows. first, selection was sometimes differential but rarely ... | 2005 | 16224712 |
| time course of photosynthetic response to changes in incident light energy. | the response of whole leaf photosynthetic rate in fragaria virginiana to sudden changes in photosynthetically active radiation (par) is described. two components of the response, consisting of a time lag and time constant, are estimated under varying par changes for plants grown under two different light regimes. both the time lag and time constant are found to vary with par but not with growth light regime. a model of thornley for leaf photosynthetic response is refuted and an alternative form ... | 1979 | 16660852 |
| multifunctional in vitro antioxidant evaluation of strawberry (fragaria virginiana dutch.). | berries have shown the highest potential antioxidant activity among fruits using a unique antioxidant method. the antioxidant activity of aqueous-organic extracts of strawberry (fragaria virginiana dutch., var. camarosa) were determined using three methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph*) radical scavenging, antioxidant ferric-reducing power (frap), and inhibition of cu(ii)-catalysed in vitro human low-density lipoprotein (ldl) oxidation. a serving (100 g) of strawberry had a dpph* activit ... | 2007 | 17852512 |
| antifungal activity of medicinal plant extracts; preliminary screening studies. | in the setting of hiv and organ transplantation, opportunistic fungal infections have become a common cause of morbidity and mortality. thus antifungal therapy is playing a greater role in health care. traditional plants are a valuable source of novel antifungals. | 2008 | 17996411 |
| are flower-visiting ants mutualists or antagonists? a study in a gynodioecious wild strawberry. | ants are common flower visitors, but their effects on plant reproductive fitness have not often been assessed. flower-visiting ants were studied to determine whether they are antagonists or mutualists and whether they could influence floral or breeding system evolution in gynodioecious wild strawberry (fragaria virginiana). ant and flying pollinator (bees/flies) access to plants was manipulated, and visitation, fruit, and seed set were assessed. ants visited flowers of hermaphrodites more often ... | 2005 | 21652471 |
| sexes show differential tolerance to spittlebug damage and consequences of damage for multi-species interactions. | antagonists can play a role in sexual system evolution if tolerance or resistance is sex-dependent. our understanding of this role will be enhanced by consideration of the effects of antagonists on other plant-animal interactions. this study determined whether the sex morphs of a gynodioecious fragaria virginiana differ in their susceptibility and response to damage by spittlebugs and whether damage altered pollinator attraction traits or interactions with other antagonists. tolerance, but not r ... | 2005 | 21646088 |
| isolation of the plant hormone (+)-abscisic acid as an antimycobacterial constituent of the medicinal plant endophyte nigrospora sp. | an extract of the endophytic fungus nigropsora sp. (isolate tc2-054) from the canadian medicinal plant fragaria virginiana exhibited significant antimycobacterial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra. bioassay guided fractionation revealed that linoleic acid derivatives and the plant hormone (+)-abscisic acid (aba) were responsible for the observed antimycobacterial activity. this activity of aba has not been previously reported. | 2013 | 24555269 |
| evolutionary origins and dynamics of octoploid strawberry subgenomes revealed by dense targeted capture linkage maps. | whole-genome duplications are radical evolutionary events that have driven speciation and adaptation in many taxa. higher-order polyploids have complex histories often including interspecific hybridization and dynamic genomic changes. this chromosomal reshuffling is poorly understood for most polyploid species, despite their evolutionary and agricultural importance, due to the challenge of distinguishing homologous sequences from each other. here, we use dense linkage maps generated with targete ... | 2014 | 25477420 |
| sex-determining chromosomes and sexual dimorphism: insights from genetic mapping of sex expression in a natural hybrid fragaria × ananassa subsp. cuneifolia. | we studied the natural hybrid (fragaria × ananassa subsp. cuneifolia) between two sexually dimorphic octoploid strawberry species (fragaria virginiana and fragaria chiloensis) to gain insight into the dynamics of sex chromosomes and the genesis of sexual dimorphism. male sterility is dominant in both the parental species and thus will be inherited maternally, but the chromosome that houses the sex-determining region differs. thus, we asked whether (1) the cytotypic composition of hybrid populati ... | 2013 | 23169558 |
| public availability of a genotyped segregating population may foster marker assisted breeding (mab) and quantitative trait loci (qtl) discovery: an example using strawberry. | much of the cost associated with marker discovery for marker assisted breeding (mab) can be eliminated if a diverse, segregating population is generated, genotyped, and made available to the global breeding community. herein, we present an example of a hybrid, wild-derived family of the octoploid strawberry that can be used by other breeding programs to economically find and tag useful genes for mab. a pseudo test cross population between two wild species of fragaria virginiana and f. chiloensis ... | 2016 | 27242825 |
| idiosyncratic responses of grizzly bear habitat to climate change based on projected food resource changes. | climate change vulnerability assessments for species of conservation concern often use species distribution and ecological niche modeling to project changes in habitat. one of many assumptions of these approaches is that food web dependencies are consistent in time and environmental space. species at higher trophic levels that rely on the availability of species at lower trophic levels as food may be sensitive to extinction cascades initiated by changes in the habitat of key food resources. here ... | 2014 | 25154102 |
| use of wild genotypes in breeding program increases strawberry fruit sensorial and nutritional quality. | this study evaluated 20 advanced selections, derived from a strawberry interspecific backcross program, and their parents for fruit weight, commercial yield, acidity, sugar content, antioxidant capacity, and phenol and anthocyanin contents. phytochemical profiling analysis was performed to determine the compositional characteristics of the improved selections in comparison with their parents and an important commercial variety ('elsanta'). advanced selections showed substantial improvement for a ... | 2014 | 24730477 |
| increasing strawberry fruit sensorial and nutritional quality using wild and cultivated germplasm. | increasing antioxidant levels in fruit through breeding is an important option to support higher antioxidant intake particularly when fruit consumption is low. indeed, if nutritional components are also combined with a high standard of sensorial fruit quality, the perspective for consumer health can be further improved by encouraging more fruit consumption. wild species are valued by strawberry breeders as sources of novel traits, especially for pest resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. furt ... | 2012 | 23056317 |
| sex ratio and subdioecy in fragaria virginiana: the roles of plasticity and gene flow examined. | here we examined the roles of sex-differential plasticity (sdp) and gene flow in sex ratio evolution of subdioecious fragaria virginiana. we assessed whether female frequency varied with resource availability in 17 natural populations and then characterized plasticity and mean investment in allocation to female function at flower and plant levels in the sex morphs in the glasshouse. we estimated patterns of population divergence using five microsatellite markers. we reveal sdp in fruit productio ... | 2011 | 21352233 |
| genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism in a subdioecious plant with a proto-sex chromosome. | the rise of sexual dimorphism is thought to coincide with the evolution of sex chromosomes. yet because sex chromosomes in many species are ancient, we lack empirical evidence of the earliest stages of this transition. we use qtl analysis to examine the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism in subdioecious octoploid fragaria virginiana. we demonstrate that the region housing the male-function locus controls the majority of quantitative variation in proportion fruit set, confirming the existe ... | 2011 | 21062281 |
| comparative mapping reveals autosomal origin of sex chromosome in octoploid fragaria virginiana. | recent evolution of separate sexes in flowering plants provides unparalleled opportunities for understanding the early stages of sex chromosome evolution, including their origin from autosomes. moreover, the transition from combined to separate sexes can be associated with speciation via polyploidization in angiosperms, suggesting that genome doubling/merger may facilitate sterility mutations required for sex chromosome formation. to gain insight into the origin of sex chromosomes in a polyploid ... | 2010 | 20421320 |
| high variation in clonal vs. sexual reproduction in populations of the wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana (rosaceae). | many plants reproduce both clonally and sexually, and the balance between the two modes of reproduction will vary among populations. clonal reproduction was characterized in three populations of the wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana, to determine the extent that reproductive mode varied locally between sites. the study sites were fragmented woodlands in cook county, illinois, usa. | 2009 | 19797422 |
| florivory increases selfing: an experimental study in the wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana. | florivores are antagonists that damage flowers, and have direct negative effects on flowering and pollination of the attacked plants. while florivory has mainly been studied for its consequences on seed production or siring success, little is known about its impact on mating systems. damage to flowers can alter pollinator attraction to the plant and may therefore modify patterns of pollen transfer. however, the consequences of damage for mating systems can take two forms: a decrease in flower nu ... | 2009 | 19121112 |
| genetic mapping of sex determination in a wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana, reveals earliest form of sex chromosome. | the evolution of separate sexes (dioecy) from hermaphroditism is one of the major evolutionary transitions in plants, and this transition can be accompanied by the development of sex chromosomes. studies in species with intermediate sexual systems are providing unprecedented insight into the initial stages of sex chromosome evolution. here, we describe the genetic mechanism of sex determination in the octoploid, subdioecious wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana mill., based on a whole-genome sim ... | 2008 | 18797475 |
| sex ratio represents a unique context for selection on attractive traits: consequences for the evolution of sexual dimorphism. | we explored the idea that sex ratio represents a unique context for selection on attractive traits by manipulating sex ratio and pollinator abundance in experimental populations of a gender-dimorphic wild strawberry fragaria virginiana. we found that increasing the frequency of functional males (the pollen-bearing morph) increased the frequency of pollen-collecting syrphid flies in the pollinator assemblage, decreased pollinator visitation to less preferred morph (females), and decreased the deg ... | 2001 | 18707294 |
| an experimental test of the effects of resources and sex ratio on maternal fitness and phenotypic selection in gynodioecious fragaria virginiana. | resources, sex ratio, and seed production by hermaphrodites covary among natural populations of many gynodioecious plant species, such that they are functionally "more dioecious" as resources become more limiting. strong correlations among these three factors confound our understanding of their relative roles in maintaining polymorphic sexual systems. we manipulated resource availability and sex ratio and measured their effects on relative fertility and phenotypic selection through the maternal ... | 2007 | 17683432 |
| constraints on the evolution of males and sexual dimorphism: field estimates of genetic architecture of reproductive traits in three populations of gynodioecious fragaria virginiana. | to understand how genetic constraints may limit the evolution of males and sexual dimorphism in a gynodioecious species, i conducted a quantitative genetic experiment in a gynodioecious wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana. i estimated and compared genetic parameters (narrow-sense heritabilities, between-trait and between-sex genetic correlations, as well as phenotypic and genetic variance-covariance matrices) in the two sex morphs from three populations grown in a common field garden. i measure ... | 2003 | 14575323 |
| quantitative character evolution under complicated sexual systems, illustrated in gynodioecious fragaria virginiana. | | 2003 | 12858268 |
| dissecting the causes of variation in intra-inflorescence allocation in a sexually polymorphic species, fragaria virginiana (rosaceae). | in this study we dissect the causes of variation in intra-inflorescence allocation in a sexually polymorphic species, fragaria virginiana. we separated out the effects of resource competition during flowering from those of inflorescence architecture, as well as identified the effects of sex morph and genotype. we found position-based variation in petal length, ovule, pollen, and flower number to be influenced more by architecture than by our resource manipulations during flowering. we also found ... | 2000 | 10675306 |
| quantitative genetics of floral traits in a gynodioecious wild strawberry fragaria virginiana: implications for the independent evolution of female and hermaphrodite floral phenotypes. | the independent evolution of floral phenotype is an important part of the process of gender specialization during the evolution of dioecy from hermaphroditism. however, we have little information on the genetic variation of floral traits in species with separate genders. gynodioecious species (co-occurrence of females and hermaphrodites) have a breeding system intermediate between hermaphroditism and complete separation of the sexes (dioecy) and thus can provide insight into the genetic architec ... | 1999 | 10651918 |
| is relative pollen production or removal a good predictor of relative male fitness? an experimental exploration with a wild strawberry (fragaria virginiana, rosaceae). | understanding plant reproduction requires knowledge of genetic contributions through pollen and seeds. since direct genetic assessments of fitness through pollen are often intractable, reproductive ecologists use components of male fitness such as pollen production and pollen removal as surrogates tot paternity. however, we know little of the strength of the relationship between these components and actual paternity. here, i report on a study undertaken to examine the relationship of pollen prod ... | 1998 | 21685001 |
| morphological and molecular variation among populations of octoploid fragaria virginiana and f. chiloensis (rosaceae) from north america. | relationships among 37 north american octoploid strawberry populations were studied by evaluating 44 morphological traits and 36 randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers. both data sets were analyzed by principal components analysis and upgma clustering based on genetic distances. morphological data defined five groups: east of the missouri river (fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana), the black hills (f. virginiana ssp. virginiana and ssp. glauca), from the eastern cascades to the easte ... | 1997 | 21708613 |
| leaf dynamics and profitability in wild strawberries. | leaf dynamics and carbon gain were evaluated for two species of wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana and f. vesca. five populations on sites representing a gradient of successional regrowth near ithaca, n.y., u.s.a., were studied for two or three years each. a computer-based model of plant growth and co2 exchange combined field studies of leaf biomass dynamics with previously-determined gas exchange rates to estimate carbon balances of leaves and whole plants in different environments.leaves wer ... | 1986 | 28311374 |
| differential costs of sexual and vegetative reproduction in wild strawberry populations. | the co2 costs of producing sexual and vegetative reproductive propagules were calculated for two species of wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana and f. vesca. five populations on sites representing a gradient of successional regrowth near ithaca, new york, usa, were studied for two or three years each. field studies of phenology, biomass, demography, and environment and laboratory studies of co2 exchange were integrated using a computerbased model of co2 dynamics to estimate costs of propagules. ... | 1985 | 28310869 |
| osmotic adjustment and the development of freezing resistance in fragaria virginiana. | cold temperature acclimation in strawberry (fragaria virginiana) leaves apparently involves the alteration of cellular osmotic properties. alterations in leaf osmotic potential were closely correlated with alterations in soluble carbohydrate content of the leaf tissue and changing temperatures. leaf starch content was inversely related to soluble carbohydrate levels, suggesting that starch is a partial source of osmoticum during osmotic adjustment associated with cold temperature stress. free am ... | 1983 | 16663142 |
| role of osmotic potential gradients during water stress and leaf senescence in fragaria virginiana. | the physiological basis underlying differences in sensitivity of different aged leaves to water stress was investigated in fragaria virginiana duchesne. differential susceptibility of only older leaves to water stress in the field during summer months appeared related to gradients in leaf osmotic potential within the plant and by an age dependency in the ability of leaves to adjust osmotically when challenged by periodic water deficits. under greenhouse conditions, older leaves senesced invariab ... | 1983 | 16663141 |
| effects of light and nutrients on leaf size, co(2) exchange, and anatomy in wild strawberry (fragaria virginiana). | plants of a single genotype of wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana duchesne, were grown with or without fertilizer in high (406 microeinsteins per square meter per second) and low (80 microeinsteins per square meter per second) light. high-light leaves were thicker than low-light leaves and had greater development of the mesophyll. within a light level, high-nutrient leaves were thicker, but the proportions of leaf tissues did not change with nutrient level. maximum net co(2) exchange rate and ... | 1982 | 16662610 |
| temperature and aging effects on leaf membranes of a cold hardy perennial, fragaria virginiana. | the lipid composition of leaves of wild strawberry (fragaria virginiana duchesne) was analyzed throughout an annual growth cycle in the field. cellular hardiness to temperature stress was assessed concomitantly by a solute leakage technique. leaves were shown to be very sensitive to an applied temperature of -5 degrees c during the summer months but insensitive to a 35 degrees c treatment. this general pattern was also seen in young overwintering leaves but was reversed after a period of low-tem ... | 1981 | 16662118 |
| ontogeny of photosynthetic performance in fragaria virginiana under changing light regimes. | apparent photosynthesis and dark respiration were followed during development in four light environments of leaves of fragaria virginiana duchesne. leaf expansion was completed more rapidly the higher the growth photon flux density and leaves senesced more quickly in high light. maximum photosynthetic capacity coincided with the completion of blade expansion and declined quickly thereafter. leaves were transferred from high to low and low to high photon flux densities at several stages during ex ... | 1979 | 16660763 |