| epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in southern sudan: identity and systematic position of the parasites from patients and vectors. | twenty-five strains of leishmania donovani isolated from humans and phlebotomus orientalis in an epidemic area of southern sudan were shown to belong to 3 very similar zymodemes: mon 18 (11 strains), mon 30 (1 strain) and mon 82 (13 strains). the 3 zymodemes are very closely related and seem to behave as a single population. | 1992 | 1440811 |
| leishmaniasis in the sudan republic. 28. anatomical studies on phlebotomus orientalis parrot and p. papatasi scopoli (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1967 | 6074037 |
| phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern sudan. | a field study was carried out in eastern sudan, near the ethiopian border, to investigate the abundance, seasonality, man-biting behaviour and resting sites of sandflies in two areas where visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is endemic: umsalala village, galabat province; and the adjacent dinder national park (dnp), dinder province. abundance of the different species was determined from collections made, using light and sticky-paper traps, in various habitats between november 1993 and february 19 ... | 1997 | 9229023 |
| infection rates of leishmania donovani in phlebotomus orientalis from a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern sudan. | | 1998 | 9625920 |
| towards a kala azar risk map for sudan: mapping the potential distribution of phlebotomus orientalis using digital data of environmental variables. | the need to define the geographical distribution of phlebotomus orientalis results from its importance as the dominant vector of kala azar (visceral iceishmaniasis) in sudan. recent epidermics of this disease in southern and eastern sudan caused an estimated 100000 deaths and have renewed the impetus for defining the ecological boundaries of the vector. this information is an essential prerequisite to the production of a risk map for kala azar. this study uses data on the presence and absence of ... | 1999 | 10206264 |
| environmental determinants of the distribution of phlebotomus orientalis in sudan. | despite its importance as a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in sudan, the ecology of phlebotomus orientalis is still poorly understood. the results of a ground-based survey and a geographical-information-system (gis) study, carried out to investigate the environmental determinants of the distribution of p. orientalis in the wooded areas of the central savannah belt of sudan, are described here. the survey, carried out in april-june 1996, consisted of a collection of sandflies over two consecuti ... | 1998 | 10396348 |
| associations of phlebotomus orientalis and other sandflies with vegetation types in the eastern sudan focus of kala-azar. | abundances of phlebotomus orientalis, p. papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) and other sandflies were investigated in relation to different types of vegetation associated with endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in eastern sudan. sandfly collection sites were in umsalala village (galabat province) and dinder national park (dinder province). sandfly species found in the area were p. orientalis, p. papatasi, sergentomyia africana, s. antennata, s. clydei, s. schwetzi and s. squamipleuri ... | 1999 | 10484166 |
| protective efficacy of lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated bednets against phlebotomus orientalis, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in sudan. | field investigations on the sandfly phlebotomus orientalis (diptera: psychodidae), the vector of leishmania donovani causing visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in sudan, were undertaken in two villages (bellow and elgamel) and dinder national park, to determine the protective value of bednets (polyester, 100 denier) impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin 10 mg a.i./m2 pyrethroid insecticide. after exposure to treated netting for 30 s, p. orientalis females all died within 1 h. when field-tested in acacia ... | 1999 | 10514058 |
| sugars in the gut of the sandfly phlebotomus orientalis from dinder national park, eastern sudan. | the sandfly phlebotomus orientalis parrot (diptera: psychodidae) is the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern and upper nile regions of sudan, where vector infection rates of over 7% have been reported. sugars are known to be important for development of the parasite and for increasing the survival and oviposition rates of several species of sandflies. in the present study we have analysed the sugars present in the guts of individuals and groups of male and female p. orientalis and compare ... | 2000 | 10759314 |
| leishmaniasis in sudan. visceral leishmaniasis. | from the early 1900s, visceral leishmaniasis (vl; kala-azar) has been among the most important health problems in sudan, particularly in the main endemic area in the eastern and central regions. several major epidemics have occurred, the most recent--in western upper nile province in southern sudan, detected in 1988--claiming over 100,000 lives. the disease spread to other areas that were previously not known to be endemic for vl. a major upsurge in the number of cases was noted in the endemic a ... | 2001 | 11370250 |
| the egyptian mongoose, herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir host of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern sudan. | investigations were made on possible reservoir hosts of leishmania donovani in 2 zoonotic foci of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in dinder national park (dnp) and the peri-domestic habitats of adjacent villages of eastern sudan. animals were captured, in november 1997-1998 and april-may 1999 and examined for l. donovani infection using light microscopy and 2 sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) systems. microscopy and pcr investigations were also used to determine the infection rates of l. don ... | 2001 | 11393826 |
| the sandfly fauna in the visceral-leishmaniasis focus of gedaref, in the atbara-river area of eastern sudan. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an acute public-health problem in sudan. between 1997 and 2000, four, brief entomological surveys were carried out in barbar el fugarra, a village in the state of gedaref, in the atbara-river area of eastern sudan. between 1996 and 1999, 658 cases of vl occurred among the village's population of about 4000. cdc miniature light-traps set inside and outside human dwellings were used to collect a total of 12,745 sandflies, including five species of the genus phlebotom ... | 2002 | 12396326 |
| leishmaniasis in the sudan republic. infections in phlebotomus orientalis parrot (diptera: psychodidae) after feeding on a human kala azar patient. | | 1964 | 14135615 |
| [on the presence of phlebotomus (phlebotomus) orientalis parrot, 1936, in the republic of niger]. | | 1964 | 14185700 |
| mapping the potential distribution of phlebotomus martini and p. orientalis (diptera: psychodidae), vectors of kala-azar in east africa by use of geographic information systems. | the distribution of two principal vectors of kala-azar in east africa, phlebotomus martini and phlebotomus orientalis were analysed using geographic information system (gis) based on (1) earth observing satellite sensor data: normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) and midday land surface temperature (lst) derived from advanced very high resolution radiometer (avhrr) of the global land 1km project of united states geological survey (usgs), (2) agroclimatic data from the fao crop production ... | 2004 | 14739026 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: new health tools are needed. | | 2005 | 16033309 |
| discriminative feeding behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.s. on endemic plants in western kenya. | anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) is known to feed on plant sugars, but this is the first experimental study to consider whether it discriminates between plant species. thirteen perennial plant species were selected on the basis of their local availability within the vicinity of human dwellings and larval habitats of an. gambiae s.s. in western kenya. groups of 100 or 200 mosquitoes were released into cages either with a cutting of one plant type at a time (single-plant assay) or ... | 2007 | 17373953 |
| effect of discriminative plant-sugar feeding on the survival and fecundity of anopheles gambiae. | a previous study showed for anopheles gambiae s.s. a gradation of feeding preference on common plant species growing in a malaria holoendemic area in western kenya. the present follow-up study determines whether there is a relationship between the mosquito's preferences and its survival and fecundity. | 2007 | 17711580 |
| studies on the ecology of sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in sudan: the first records of phlebotomus orientalis and p. rodhaini in northern sudan. | | 2007 | 17877884 |
| kala-azar epidemiology and control, southern sudan. | southern sudan is one of the areas in eastern africa most affected by visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), but lack of security and funds has hampered control. since 2005, the return of stability has opened up new opportunities to expand existing interventions and introduce new ones. | 2008 | 18394290 |
| isolation and identification of leishmania donovani from phlebotomus orientalis, in an area of eastern sudan with endemic visceral leishmaniasis. | | 2008 | 18782494 |
| complexities of assessing the disease burden attributable to leishmaniasis. | among parasitic diseases, morbidity and mortality caused by leishmaniasis are surpassed only by malaria and lymphatic filariasis. however, estimation of the leishmaniasis disease burden is challenging, due to clinical and epidemiological diversity, marked geographic clustering, and lack of reliable data on incidence, duration, and impact of the various disease syndromes. non-health effects such as impoverishment, disfigurement, and stigma add to the burden, and introduce further complexities. le ... | 2008 | 18958165 |
| role of the domestic dog as a reservoir host of leishmania donovani in eastern sudan. | abstract: | 2009 | 19534802 |
| chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the indian subcontinent: cluster randomized controlled trials in bangladesh, india and nepal. | bangladesh, india and nepal are working towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) by 2015. in 2005 the world health organization/training in tropical diseases launched an implementation research programme to support integrated vector management for the elimination of vl from bangladesh, india and nepal. the programme is conducted in different phases, from proof-of-concept to scaling up intervention. this study was designed in order to evaluate the efficacy of the three different int ... | 2009 | 19804620 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) and chinaberry (melia azedarach l.) oils as repellents against phlebotomus orientalis and p. bergeroti (diptera: psychodidae) in ethiopia. | the study evaluated the efficacy of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) and chinaberry (melia azedarach l.) seed oils as repellents against laboratory and field populations of some sandflies in ethiopia. in the laboratory, concentrations of 2% and 5% neem oil in coconut oil tested against phlebotomus orientalis (vector of visceral leishmaniasis) provided 96.28% (95% ci=95.60-96.97) protection up to a mean time of 7h and 20 min and 98.26% (95% ci=93.46-104. 07) protection up to 9h, respectively. s ... | 2010 | 19854142 |
| further studies on the phlebotomine sandflies of the kala-azar endemic lowlands of humera-metema (north-west ethiopia) with observations on their natural blood meal sources. | abstract: | 2010 | 20181077 |
| inference of population structure of leishmania donovani strains isolated from different ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas. | parasites' evolution in response to parasite-targeted control strategies, such as vaccines and drugs, is known to be influenced by their population genetic structure. the aim of this study was to describe the population structure of ethiopian strains of leishmania donovani derived from different areas endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) as a prerequisite for the design of effective control strategies against the disease. | 2010 | 21103373 |
| bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in the province of al-baha, saudi arabia. | the bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) were studied for two successive years (january 1996-december 1997) at 12 collecting stations representing six sectors of the province of al-baha, saudi arabia. the predominant species was phlebotomus bergeroti (41.7%), followed by lesser numbers of phlebotomus sergenti (11%), phlebotomus arabicus (10.6%), sergentomyia tiberiadis (10.5%), phlebotomus papatasi (10.2%), sergentomyia antennata (9.6%), phlebotomus alexandri (3%), phlebot ... | 2010 | 21120352 |
| ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of leishmania donovani in east africa, with special emphasis on phlebotomus orientalis. | a literature review is provided on the state of knowledge of the ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of leishmania donovani in east africa, with a special emphasis on phlebotomus orientalis. visceral leishmaniasis caused by l. donovani is a major health problem in several areas in east africa. studies conducted in the past 70 years identified p. orientalis parrot and p. martini parrot as the principal vectors of l. donovani in sudan, ethiopia and kenya and p. celiae minter as the seconda ... | 2011 | 21366778 |
| the afhsc-division of geis operations predictive surveillance program: a multidisciplinary approach for the early detection and response to disease outbreaks. | the armed forces health surveillance center, division of global emerging infections surveillance and response system operations (afhsc-geis) initiated a coordinated, multidisciplinary program to link data sets and information derived from eco-climatic remote sensing activities, ecologic niche modeling, arthropod vector, animal disease-host/reservoir, and human disease surveillance for febrile illnesses, into a predictive surveillance program that generates advisories and alerts on emerging infec ... | 2011 | 21388561 |
| One Health: the global challenge of epidemic and endemic leishmaniasis. | 'One Health' proposes the unification of medical and veterinary sciences with the establishment of collaborative ventures in clinical care, surveillance and control of cross-species disease, education, and research into disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and vaccination. The concept encompasses the human population, domestic animals and wildlife, and the impact that environmental changes ('environmental health') such as global warming will have on these populations. Visceral leishmaniasis ... | 2011 | 21985335 |
| a possible role for phlebotmus (anaphlebotmous) rodhaini (parrot 1930) in transmission of leishmania donovani. | abstract: background: visceral leishmaniasis (vl, kala azar), caused by leishmania donovani is a major health problem in sudan and other east african countries. in this region the only proven vectors of l. donovani are phlebotomus orientalis in eastern sudan, ethiopia and upper nile areas of southern sudan and phlebotomus martini in ethiopia, kenya and southern sudan. in this report, we present the first evidence that phlebotomus rodhaini may also play a role in maintaining transmission of l. d ... | 2011 | 22188864 |
| benefit of insecticide-treated nets, curtains and screening on vector borne diseases, excluding malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | insecticide-treated nets (itns) are one of the main interventions used for malaria control. however, these nets may also be effective against other vector borne diseases (vbds). we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the efficacy of itns, insecticide-treated curtains (itcs) and insecticide-treated house screening (its) against chagas disease, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, dengue, human african trypanosomiasis, japanese encephalitis, lymphatic filariasis and onchoc ... | 2014 | 25299481 |
| consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for integrated vector management in eritrea. | contemporary malaria vector control relies on the use of insecticide-based, indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins). however, malaria-endemic countries, including eritrea, have struggled to effectively deploy these tools due technical and operational challenges, including the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. this manuscript outlines the processes undertaken in consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for vector control t ... | 2015 | 26630934 |
| quantifying the contribution of hosts with different parasite concentrations to the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in ethiopia. | an important factor influencing the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases is the contribution of hosts with different parasitemia (no. of parasites per ml of blood) to the infected vector population. today, estimation of this contribution is often impractical since it relies exclusively on limited-scale xenodiagnostic or artificial feeding experiments (i.e., measuring the proportion of vectors that become infected after feeding on infected blood/host). | 2014 | 25356795 |
| proceedings of the ix international symposium on phlebotomine sandflies (isops ix), reims, france, june 28th-july 1st, 2016. | | 2016 | 27677701 |
| recombinant salivary proteins of phlebotomus orientalis are suitable antigens to measure exposure of domestic animals to sand fly bites. | certain salivary proteins of phlebotomine sand flies injected into the host skin during blood-feeding are highly antigenic and elicit strong antibody-mediated immune responses in repeatedly-exposed hosts. these antibodies can be measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assays (elisas) using salivary gland homogenates (sghs) as the source of antigens and serve as a markers for exposure to biting sand flies. large-scale screening for anti-sand fly saliva antibodies requires replacement of sgh with ... | 2016 | 26986566 |
| exposure to leishmania spp. and sand flies in domestic animals in northwestern ethiopia. | human visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani is considered an anthroponosis; however, leishmania-infected animals have been increasingly reported in l. donovani foci, and the role of these animals as reservoirs for human l. donovani infection remains unclear. | 2015 | 26152578 |
| comparison of bloodmeal digestion and the peritrophic matrix in four sand fly species differing in susceptibility to leishmania donovani. | the early stage of leishmania development in sand flies is closely connected with bloodmeal digestion. here we compared various parameters of bloodmeal digestion in sand flies that are either susceptible (phlebotomus argentipes and p. orientalis) or refractory (p. papatasi and sergentomyia schwetzi) to leishmania donovani, to study the effects on vector competence. the volume of the bloodmeal ingested, time of defecation of bloodmeal remnants, timing of formation and degradation of the peritroph ... | 2015 | 26030610 |
| nocturnal periodicity of phlebotomus (larroussius) orientalis (diptera: psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in northern ethiopia. | phlebotomus orientalis is the major vector of the intramacrophage protozoa, leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in northern ethiopia and sudan. the objective of this study was to determine the nocturnal periodicity of p. orientalis in the vl endemic focus of tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | 2015 | 25889314 |
| attraction of ethiopian phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) to light and sugar-yeast mixtures (co(2)). | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) known as kala-azar is a serious systemic disease caused by leishmania donovani parasites (trypanosomatidae: kinetoplastida). the disease is prevalent in the indian sub-continent, east africa and brazil. in africa, the worst affected regions are in sudan, with an estimated 15,000-20,000 cases annually and ethiopia with 5,000-7,000 cases a year. the main vector of vl in sudan and northern ethiopia is phlebotomus orientalis, a sand fly frequently found in association wit ... | 2013 | 24305038 |
| consolidating tactical planning and implementation frameworks for integrated vector management in uganda. | integrated vector management (ivm) is the recommended approach for controlling some vector-borne diseases (vbd). in the face of current challenges to disease vector control, ivm is vital to achieve national targets set for vbd control. though global efforts, especially for combating malaria, now focus on elimination and eradication, ivm remains useful for uganda which is principally still in the control phase of the malaria continuum. this paper outlines the processes undertaken to consolidate t ... | 2016 | 27074809 |
| eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in ethiopia. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl, kala-azar) is one of the growing public health challenges in ethiopia with over 3.2 million people at risk and estimated up to 4000 new cases per year. historically, vl was known as the diseases of the lowlanders; in the lower and upper kola agro-ecological zones of ethiopia. the 2005-07 out breaks in highlands of libo kemkem and fogera, in the woina degas, that affected thousands and claimed the life of hundreds misdiagnosed as drug resistance malaria marked that vl ... | 2015 | 26187584 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in ethiopia: an evolving disease. | visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) is classified as one of the most neglected tropical diseases. it is becoming a growing health problem in ethiopia, with endemic areas that are continually spreading. the annual burden of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in ethiopia is estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 cases, and the population at risk is more than 3.2 million. there has been a change in the epidemiology of vl in ethiopia. over the last decades, almost all cases and outbreaks of v ... | 2014 | 25188253 |
| phlebotomus orientalis sand flies from two geographically distant ethiopian localities: biology, genetic analyses and susceptibility to leishmania donovani. | phlebotomus orientalis parrot (diptera: psychodidae) is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania donovani in east africa. here we report on life cycle parameters and susceptibility to l. donovani of two p. orientalis colonies originating from different sites in ethiopia: a non-endemic site in the lowlands - melka werer (mw), and an endemic focus of human vl in the highlands - addis zemen (az). | 2013 | 23638207 |
| a review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in south sudan and the consequences for east african countries. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused predominantly by leishmania donovani and transmitted by both phlebotomus orientalis and phlebotomus martini, is highly endemic in east africa where approximately 30 thousands vl cases are reported annually. the largest numbers of cases are found in sudan - where phlebotomus orientalis proliferate in acacia forests especially on sudan's eastern border with ethiopia, followed by south sudan, ethiopia, somalia, kenya and uganda. long-standing civil war and unrest ... | 2016 | 27549162 |
| heterogeneity of leishmania donovani parasites complicates diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: comparison of different serological tests in three endemic regions. | diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis that are based on antigens of a single leishmania strain can have low diagnostic performance in regions where heterologous parasites predominate. the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the performance of five serological tests, based on different leishmania antigens, in three endemic countries for visceral leishmaniasis. a total number of 231 sera of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases and controls from three endemic regions of visceral le ... | 2015 | 25734336 |
| population dynamics and habitat preferences of phlebotomus orientalis in extra-domestic habitats of kafta humera lowlands--kala azar endemic areas in northwest ethiopia. | kafta humera lowlands are endemic for kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). these lowlands are characterized by black clay soil which is used for growing sesame, sorghum and cotton for commercial purposes.the aim of this study was to determine seasonal dynamics and habitat preferences of phlebotomus orientalis, the vector of kala-azar, in extra-domestic habitats of kafta humera lowlands. | 2014 | 25098264 |
| clinical epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in the pokot endemic area of uganda and kenya. | between 2000 and 2010, médecins sans frontières diagnosed and treated 4,831 patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the pokot region straddling the border between uganda and kenya. a retrospective analysis of routinely collected clinical data showed no marked seasonal or annual fluctuations. males between 5 and 14 years of age were the most affected group. marked splenomegaly and anemia were striking features. an rk39 antigen-based rapid diagnostic test was evaluated and found sufficiently ... | 2013 | 24218406 |
| current and future niche of north and central american sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in climate change scenarios. | ecological niche models are useful tools to infer potential spatial and temporal distributions in vector species and to measure epidemiological risk for infectious diseases such as the leishmaniases. the ecological niche of 28 north and central american sand fly species, including those with epidemiological relevance, can be used to analyze the vector's ecology and its association with transmission risk, and plan integrated regional vector surveillance and control programs. in this study, we mod ... | 2013 | 24069478 |
| species composition of phlebotomine sand flies and bionomics of phlebotomus orientalis (diptera: psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a neglected tropical disease, which is strongly associated with poverty. vl caused by leishmania donovani and transmitted by phlebotomus orientalis is endemic in various remote areas of north and north-west ethiopia. the present study was designed to determine the sand fly fauna and bionomics of p. orientalis in the vl endemic focus of tahtay adiyabo district. | 2015 | 25907252 |
| xenodiagnosis of leishmania donovani in balb/c mice using phlebotomus orientalis: a new laboratory model. | in areas endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (vl), the majority of infected hosts remain asymptomatic but potentially infectious to biting sand flies. their infectiousness for sand fly vectors is crucial for the transmission of the disease and can be quantified only by xenodiagnosis. however, in the case of human hosts, xenodiagnosis can be problematic for ethical and logistic reasons. the balb/c mouse model described in this paper was designed to enable xenodiagnostic studies on vl hosts circumv ... | 2015 | 25881258 |
| comparative analysis of salivary gland transcriptomes of phlebotomus orientalis sand flies from endemic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. | in east africa, phlebotomus orientalis serves as the main vector of leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). phlebotomus orientalis is present at two distant localities in ethiopia; addis zemen where vl is endemic and melka werer where transmission of vl does not occur. to find out whether the difference in epidemiology of vl is due to distant compositions of p. orientalis saliva we established colonies from addis zemen and melka werer, analyzed and compared the t ... | 2014 | 24587463 |
| the influence of moonlight and lunar periodicity on the efficacy of cdc light trap in sampling phlebotomus (larroussius) orientalis parrot, 1936 and other phlebotomus sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in ethiopia. | phlebotomus orientalis is the main sandfly vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the north and northwest of ethiopia. cdc light traps and sticky traps are commonly used for monitoring sandfly populations. however, their trapping efficiency is greatly influenced by various environmental factors including moonlight and lunar periodicity. in view of that, the current study assessed the effect of moonlight and lunar periodicity on the performance of light traps in collecting p. orientalis. | 2015 | 25889659 |
| insecticide impregnated curtains to control domestic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in venezuela: cluster randomised trial. | to measure the impact on transmission of leishmaniasis of curtains impregnated with insecticide. | 0 | 12376442 |
| climate change and epidemiology of human parasitosis in egypt: a review. | climate change is an emerging global issue. it is expected to have significant impacts both in egypt and around the world. thus, the country is in need for taking action to prepare for the unavoidable effects of climate change, including the increase in water stress, the rise in sea level, and the rapidly increasing gap between the limited water availability and the escalating demand for water in the country. also, weather and climate play a significant role in people's health. direct impacts of ... | 2013 | 25685530 |
| nocturnal activities and host preferences of phlebotomus orientalis in extra-domestic habitats of kafta-humera lowlands, kala-azar endemic, northwest ethiopia. | phlebotomus orientalis feeds on a variety of wild and domestic animals and transmits leishmania donovani from hitherto unknown reservoir hosts to humans in extra-domestic habitats in the metema-humera lowlands. the aim of this study was to determine the nocturnal activities of p. orientalis and its preferred blood meal hosts. | 2014 | 25515239 |
| concomitant infection with leishmania donovani and l. major in single ulcers of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from sudan. | in sudan human leishmaniasis occurs in different clinical forms, that is, visceral (vl), cutaneous (cl), mucocutaneous (ml), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl). clinical samples from 69 sudanese patients with different clinical manifestations were subjected to a pcr targeting the cytochrome oxidase ii (coii) gene for leishmania species identification. mixed infections were suspected due to multiple overlapping peaks presented in some sequences of the coii amplicons. cloning these amp ... | 2014 | 24744788 |
| appraisal of phlebotomus argentipes habitat suitability using a remotely sensed index in the kala-azar endemic focus of bihar, india. | visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar, is recognised as a serious emerging public health problem in india. in this study, environmental parameters, such as land surface temperature (lst) and renormalised difference vegetation indices (rdvi), were used to delineate the association between environmental variables and phlebotomus argentipes abundance in a representative endemic region of bihar, india. the adult p. argentipes were collected between september 2009-february 2010 using the hand-held asp ... | 0 | 23579800 |
| neglected tropical diseases of the middle east and north africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control. | the neglected tropical diseases (ntds) are highly endemic but patchily distributed among the 20 countries and almost 400 million people of the middle east and north africa (mena) region, and disproportionately affect an estimated 65 million people living on less than us$2 per day. egypt has the largest number of people living in poverty of any mena nation, while yemen has the highest prevalence of people living in poverty. these two nations stand out for having suffered the highest rates of many ... | 2012 | 22389729 |
| integrated vector management: a critical strategy for combating vector-borne diseases in south sudan. | integrated vector management (ivm) based vector control is encouraged by the world health organization (who). however, operational experience with the ivm strategy has mostly come from countries with relatively well-established health systems and with malaria control focused programmes. little is known about deployment of ivm for combating multiple vector-borne diseases in post-emergency settings, where delivery structures are less developed or absent. this manuscript reports on the feasibility ... | 2013 | 24156749 |
| visceral leishmaniasis on the indian subcontinent: modelling the dynamic relationship between vector control schemes and vector life cycles. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a disease caused by two known vector-borne parasite species (leishmania donovani, l. infantum), transmitted to man by phlebotomine sand flies (species: phlebotomus and lutzomyia), resulting in ≈50,000 human fatalities annually, ≈67% occurring on the indian subcontinent. indoor residual spraying is the current method of sand fly control in india, but alternative means of vector control, such as the treatment of livestock with systemic insecticide-based drugs, are be ... | 2016 | 27537774 |
| leptomonas seymouri: adaptations to the dixenous life cycle analyzed by genome sequencing, transcriptome profiling and co-infection with leishmania donovani. | the co-infection cases involving dixenous leishmania spp. (mostly of the l. donovani complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented. the main opportunistic parasite has been identified as leptomonas seymouri of the sub-family leishmaniinae. the molecular mechanisms allowing a parasite of insects to withstand elevated temperature and substantially different conditions of vertebrate tissues are not understood. here we de ... | 2015 | 26317207 |
| in vitro permissiveness of bovine neutrophils and monocyte derived macrophages to leishmania donovani of ethiopian isolate. | epidemiological studies in ethiopia have documented that the risk of visceral leishmaniasis (vl, kala-azar) is higher among people living with domestic animals. the recent report on isolation of leishmania donovani complex dna and the detected high prevalence of anti-leishmanial antibodies in the blood of domestic animals further strengthen the potential role of domestic animals in the epidemiology of vl in ethiopia. in mammalian hosts polymorphonuclear cells (pmn) and macrophages are the key im ... | 2016 | 27090082 |
| determinants of visceral leishmaniasis: a case-control study in gedaref state, sudan. | improving knowledge on local determinants of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is crucial to guide the development of relevant control strategies. this study aimed to identify individual and household level determinants of primary vl in 24 highly endemic villages of tabarak allah hospital's catchment area, gedaref state, sudan. | 2015 | 26544177 |
| host-feeding preference of phlebotomus orientalis (diptera: psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in northern ethiopia. | blood-feeding behavior studies are important for estimating the efficiency of pathogen transmission and assessing the relative human disease risk. however, in ethiopia and other parts of east africa there are large remaining gaps in identifying the feeding habits of phlebotomus orientalis, the vector of leishmania donovani. the aim of the study was to determine the blood feeding patterns of p. orientalis in tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | 2015 | 25963759 |
| host choice of phlebotomus orientalis (diptera: psychodidae) in animal baited experiments: a field study in tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | host choice and feeding success of sand fly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) are important factors in understanding the epidemiology and for developing efficient control strategies. the aim of the present study was to determine the host preference of phlebotomus orientalis in the vl focus of tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | 2015 | 25885333 |
| sero-prevalence of leishmania donovani infection in labour migrants and entomological risk factors in extra-domestic habitats of kafta-humera lowlands - kala-azar endemic areas in the northwest ethiopia. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar cases in seasonal labour migrants from highland areas are addressed to travel history to the metema-humera lowlands, northwestern ethiopia. factors that affect the incidence of vl in extra-domestic habitats were not evaluated. the aim of this study was to evaluate sero-prevalence of leishmania donovani infection in randomly selected labour migrant workers and entomological risk factors which might affect the incidence of kala-azar. | 2015 | 25884167 |
| risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western ethiopia. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl, also called ''kala-azar"), is a life threatening neglected tropical infectious disease which mainly affects the poorest of the poor. vl is prevalent in ethiopia particularly in the northwest of the country. understanding the risk factors of vl infection helps in its prevention and control. the aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with vl. | 2014 | 25312308 |
| global distribution maps of the leishmaniases. | the leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases that have a broad global distribution throughout much of the americas, africa, and asia. despite representing a significant public health burden, our understanding of the global distribution of the leishmaniases remains vague, reliant upon expert opinion and limited to poor spatial resolution. a global assessment of the consensus of evidence for leishmaniasis was performed at a sub-national level by aggregating information from a variety of sources. a ... | 2014 | 24972829 |
| visceral leishmaniasis and hiv coinfection in east africa. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an important protozoan opportunistic disease in hiv patients in endemic areas. east africa is second to the indian subcontinent in the global vl caseload and first in vl-hiv coinfection rate. because of the alteration in the disease course, the diagnostic challenges, and the poor treatment responses, vl with hiv coinfection has become a very serious challenge in east africa today. field experience with the use of liposomal amphotericin b in combination with miltefo ... | 2014 | 24968313 |
| visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in south sudan 2009-2012: epidemiological assessment and impact of a multisectoral response. | | 2014 | 24675573 |
| risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis among residents and migrants in kafta-humera, ethiopia. | visceral leishmaniasis is a lethal parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. the largest focus of vl in ethiopia is located in the lowland region bordering sudan, where the epidemiology is complicated by the presence of thousands of seasonal agricultural workers who live under precarious conditions. | 2013 | 24244778 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: clinical and demographic features in an african population. | to describe the clinical and demographic features of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl), from sudan, africa. | 0 | 24353561 |
| polymorphism in the haspb repeat region of east african leishmania donovani strains. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania donovani is a major health problem in ethiopia. parasites in disparate regions are transmitted by different vectors, and cluster in distinctive genotypes. recently isolated strains from vl and hiv-vl co-infected patients in north and south ethiopia were characterized as part of a longitudinal study on vl transmission. | 2013 | 23358849 |
| factors associated with leishmania asymptomatic infection: results from a cross-sectional survey in highland northern ethiopia. | in northern ethiopia the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis is steadily rising posing an increasing public health concern. in order to develop effective control strategies on the transmission of the disease it is important to generate knowledge on the epidemiological determinants of the infection. | 2012 | 23029576 |
| usefulness of the rk39-immunochromatographic test, direct agglutination test, and leishmanin skin test for detecting asymptomatic leishmania infection in children in a new visceral leishmaniasis focus in amhara state, ethiopia. | in areas where visceral leishmaniasis is anthroponotic, asymptomatically infected patients may play a role in transmission. additionally, the number of asymptomatic patients in a disease-endemic area will also provide information on transmission dynamics. libo kemkem and fogera districts (amhara state, ethiopia) are now considered newly established areas to which visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. in selected villages in these districts, we conducted a study to assess the usefulness of different ... | 0 | 22556076 |
| environmental factors underlying spatial patterns of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) associated with leishmaniasis in southern sinai, egypt. | although leishmania major is endemic in parts of the sinai of egypt, the ecology and distribution of leishmania sand fly vectors in southern sinai has not been well characterized. accordingly, additional sand fly samples were obtained at 41 sites in the southern sinai region during 1996-1997, and analyzed to improve the characterization of risk of sand fly-borne pathogens. using a geographic information system (gis), species-specific spatial distributions that might suggest zoonotic cutaneous le ... | 2012 | 22410540 |
| comparative study on the nocturnal activity of phlebotomine sand flies in a highland and lowland foci of visceral leishmaniasis in north-western ethiopia with special reference to phlebotomus orientalis. | leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), is most probably vectored by phlebotomus orientalis in north-western ethiopia. the aim of this study was to determine and compare the nocturnal activity patterns of ph. orientalis in vl endemic foci of libo-kemkem (highland) and metema (lowland) districts of north-western ethiopia. | 2017 | 28830569 |
| preliminary study on investigation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in endemic foci of ethiopia by detecting leishmania infections in rodents. | to investigate the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (zvl) by identification of the most probable reservoir hosts using parasite isolation and analysis of a possible transmission dynamics of the disease in extra-domestic agricultural fields and rural villages. | 2017 | 28552113 |
| sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in white nile, sudan. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) has been known to occur since the 1980s on the western bank of the white nile river (central sudan), 150 km south of khartoum, and has resulted in high mortality. the most recent outbreak of the disease in this area began in 2006. entomological surveys were carried out during may 2008, june 2010 and may and july 2011 in the white nile area. sandflies were collected using centers for disease control light traps and sticky oil traps in the village of kadaba and the near ... | 2012 | 22666856 |
| diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of northwest ethiopia. | the leishmaniases are caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania and are transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases are widely distributed in different parts of ethiopia. the aim of this study was to determine the diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies from kafta humera to gondar town in northwest ethiopia. | 2017 | 28712974 |
| studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern ethiopia. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) also known as kala-azar is a growing health problem in ethiopia with an estimated annual vl incidence between 3700 and 7400. the disease is mainly endemic in northwestern parts of the country. the aim of the current study was to determine the sand fly fauna and ecology of phlebotomus orientalis in two endemic and ecologically distinct areas of northwestern ethiopia. | 2017 | 28384307 |
| habitat preference and seasonal dynamics of phlebotomus orientalis in urban and semi-urban areas of kala-azar endemic district of kafta humera, northwest ethiopia. | visceral leishmaniasis is a significant public health problem in northwest ethiopia, particularly in kafta humera district. the study was designed to determine the species composition and population dynamics of sand flies in five villages representing urban and semi-urban areas of kafta humera district namely, setit humera, mykadra, rawyan, bereket and adebay. sand flies were collected for two to three nights monthly from may 2011 to april 2012 using cdc light-traps and sticky traps. traps were ... | 2017 | 27771421 |
| rotation of male genitalia in various species of phlebotomine sandfly. | phlebotomine sandflies, vectors of leishmania (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) parasites that affect millions of people worldwide, breed in terrestrial biotopes. as immature stages are rarely accessible, the detection of their natural breeding sites is primarily based on findings of juvenile males with unrotated external genitalia. in males, permanent 180° rotation on the longitudinal body axis occurs soon after eclosion; however, no study has as yet addressed this aspect in detail. the presen ... | 2015 | 26171684 |
| characterization of breeding sites of phlebotomus orientalis - the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in northwestern ethiopia. | we studied breeding sites of phlebotomus orientalis (diptera: psychodidae) the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in northern ethiopia. although numbers were rather small, 165 sand flies were captured emerging from vertisol cracks. the most productive breeding sites were cracked vertisols, dry river banks and close to trees. no sand flies were caught emerging from sandy clay loam soils in peri-domestic habitats but a few were captured emerging from gaps in a stone wall. abiotic parameters in verti ... | 2014 | 25004440 |