| kala-azar in ethiopia: survey of south-west ethiopia. the leishmanin skin test and epidemiological studies. | the leishmanin skin test was performed on 1353 people in a kala-azar endemic region of south-west ethiopia. physical examinations were also carried out on 2723. two of these individuals, both males, had active visceral leishmaniasis with leishmania organisms demonstrated by spleen puncture. two other males, including one member of the research team, had parasitologically proven cutaneous leishmaniasis. because there was negligible migration and little movement of individuals outside of their tri ... | 1979 | 534446 |
| leishmania infantum mon-98 isolated from naturally infected phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae) in el agamy, egypt. | leishmania infantum zymodeme mon-98 was isolated in el agamy, egypt. a total of 15 (1.07%) leishmania-like infections in the anterior midgut and in the head was found in 1,405 phlebotomus langeroni (nitzulescu); none of 1,785 phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) was found infected. four of the 15 cultures (26.7%) were indistinguishable from a reference l. infantum mon-98 strain using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. the isolation and identification of l. infantum mon-98 from naturally infected p. la ... | 1992 | 1404272 |
| experimental dual infection of leishmania in phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1991 | 1801341 |
| the development of leishmania infantum in phlebotomus langeroni nitzulescu (diptera: psychodidae). | the extrinsic development of leishmania infantum was observed in phlebotomus langeroni the potential vector of visceral leishmaniasis in el-agamy, egypt. flies were infected with l. infantum isolated from the same area, using membrane feeding technique. flies were examined for infection at 1-10 days post-infection. the initial establishment of the parasites was in the posterior midgut region beginning at sixth day post-infection. parasites were first observed in the esophagus at day 8, and in th ... | 1991 | 1841208 |
| enzyme electrophoresis as an alternative method for separating the sympatric leishmania vectors phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | trials were conducted to determine the accuracy of separating the sympatric sand fly species phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) and p. langeroni nitzulescu by means of cellulose acetate enzyme electrophoresis. malic enzyme, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and fumarate hydratase were each evaluated in laboratory-reared and field-collected populations of the two species. each of the four enzyme-based identifications was highly sensitive (greater than 97%) and specific (greater th ... | 1990 | 2146393 |
| on phlebotomus langeroni in the north coastal zone. | | 1989 | 2768876 |
| feeding patterns of phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae) in el agamy, egypt. | blood meals from 602 phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) and 49 phlebotomus langeroni nitzulescu were collected in el agamy, egypt, and were identified using counterimmunoelectrophoresis. blood meals were tested against specific antisera of eight vertebrate hosts (human, cat, dog, rat, sheep, goat, general avian, and general bovine). of 597 p. papatasi collected indoors, 594 contained human blood and three had mixed blood meals (human-dog, human-rat, and human-avian). four of five p. papatasi collect ... | 1989 | 2795623 |
| development of leishmania major in the phlebotomine sandflies, phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) and phlebotomus langeroni (nitzulescu). | laboratory bred phlebolomus papatasi and p. langeroni were examined for their susceptibility to develop leishmania major promastigotes under laboratory conditions. promastigotes were demonstrated in the gut of both species when they were given sugar 24 hr before or after an infective blood meal and in flies offered only an infective blood. the overall infection rate was slightly higher in p. langeroni than p. papatasi. head promastigotes were detected in p. papatasi provided with sugar 24 hr bef ... | 1988 | 3421642 |
| the immature stages of phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1986 | 3735329 |
| description of the hitherto unknown female of phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1985 | 4009627 |
| the distribution of phlebotomus langeroni orientalis. | | 1969 | 5789099 |
| phlebotomus langeroni: a potential vector of kala-azar in the arab republic of egypt. | | 1984 | 6464146 |
| bloodmeal digestion in the midgut of phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus langeroni. | bloodmeal digestion in midguts of the sandflies phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae) was investigated in optimized assays to detect general protease, trypsin and aminopeptidase activities using synthetic substrates. optimal activity occurred at ph 8-9 for all enzymes examined in both species. protease activity peaked at 24-34 h post human bloodmeal in midguts of p. papatasi and 34-48 h in p. langeroni; all endo- and exoprotease activities were completed by 50 h i ... | 1993 | 8369557 |
| carbohydrate digestion in sandflies: alpha-glucosidase activity in the midgut of phlebotomus langeroni. | midgut alpha-glucosidase (ec 3.2.1.20) activities were measured after ingestion of blood and sugar meals by the phlebotomine sandfly phlebotomus langeroni. alpha-glucosidase activity increased significantly within 1 hr after a blood meal and was maintained at significantly high activities until 48 hr postfeeding, when it fell to basal activity levels. midgut alpha-glucosidase activity also increased within 1 hr of feeding on a sucrose meal, but there was no discernable peak in activity during th ... | 1997 | 9162544 |
| vector-host-parasite inter-relationships in leishmaniasis. i. the effect of leishmania parasites on rate of digestion of blood proteins from various vertebrate hosts by the sand fly phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | protein digestion in the gut of phlebotomus langeroni (nitzulescu) was studied at four subsequent 24 hour intervals post feeding on human, dog (canis familiaris), rat (rattus rattus) and turkey (melagris gallopava) bloods with and without leishmania infantum or l. major promastigotes. most of the proteins of the studied blood meals were digested within 96 hours. the percent of blood proteins digested in the first 48 hours was higher than in the second 48 hours in all cases of the studied blood m ... | 1997 | 9425809 |
| vector-host-parasite inter-relationships in leishmaniasis. ii. influence of blood meal from natural vertebrate hosts with and without leishmania infantum and l. major on the proteolytic activity in the gut of phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | proteolytic activity in the gut of phlebotomus langeroni (nitzulescu) was studied at four subsequent 24 hours intervals post feeding on human, dog (canis familiaris), rat (rattus rattus) and turkey (melagris gallopava) bloods with and without leishmania infantum or l. major promastigotes. the gut proteolytic activity increased gradually after feeding to reach a maximum at 48 hours post feeding on any of the 12 studied blood meals. in all cases, the activity declined after 48 hours and almost ter ... | 1997 | 9425810 |
| histopathological studies of syrian golden hamsters experimentally infected with leishmania d. infantum. | in the 1980s, infantile visceral leishmaniasis was documented in al agamy (alexandria). the causative agent is leishmania d. infantum and the insect vector is phlebotomus langeroni. in this paper, syrian golden hamsters were chosen as a model animal for histopathological studies of l. d. infantum. twenty four male hamsters were experimentally infected with l.d. infantum. every week, two hamsters were sacrificed and parts from the liver, heart, lung, spleen, small intestine and kidney were paraff ... | 1997 | 9425815 |
| vector-host-parasite inter-relationships in leishmaniasis. iii. impact of blood meal from natural vertebrate hosts on the survival and the development of leishmania infantum and l. major in phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | phlebotomus langeroni collected from a leishmaniasis endemic focus at et agamy, alexandria, egypt, were found to have fed on blood from man, dogs (canis familiaris) and rats (rattus rattus). the effect of the kind of blood meal on the development and the life-cycle of l. infantum and l. major in laboratory reared p. langeroni was therefore investigated. a membrane feeding technique was used to infect sand flies. gut smears of infected females were examined immediately after feeding and daily for ... | 1997 | 9425822 |
| vector-host-parasite inter-relationships in leishmaniasis. iv. electrophoretic studies on proteins of four vertebrate bloods with and without leishmania infantum or l. major. | fifty five protein bands with relative mobilities of 8,954 to 245,471 kilo daltons (kd) were electrophoretically separated from 12 feeding media of blood from 4 natural vertebrate hosts of phlebotomus langeroni. the feeding media included human, dog (canis familiaris), rat (rattus rattus) and turkey (melagris gallopava) bloods without or with leishmania infantum or l. major promastigotes. protein bands were identical among the feeding media of one host's blood but varied in number (24-28 bands) ... | 1997 | 9425823 |
| optimised dietary regimens for the laboratory maintenance of phlebotomus langeroni nitzulescu (diptera: psychodidae). | the optimal feeding conditions for laboratory colonies of phlebotomus langeroni, the vector of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in egypt, were investigated. sugarmeals were offered only before bloodmeals (the sb regimen), only after blood (bs), or both before and after blood (sbs). in each regimen, three different solutions of sucrose (10%, 30% and 50%, w/v) were tested as the source of sugarmeals. in general, the concentration of sucrose used had no significant effect on female longevity, altho ... | 1998 | 9797835 |
| induction of some digestive enzymes in the midgut of the sandfly phlebotomus langeroni after sugar and blood meals. | changes associated with blood and sugar meal digestion in the sandfly, phlebotomus langeroni were characterized. different types of sugars: sucrose, glucose, melibiose, cellobiose, lactose, starch, fig fruits, honey dew and a mixture of sucrose and sugar sources were used for the sandfly feeding. activities of glycosidases and proteases in the sandfly guts after blood and sugar meals were determined using the endpoint method. the results showed that glycosidases (alpha-glycosidase, beta-glycosid ... | 1999 | 12561909 |
| wolbachia infection and the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility in sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) from egypt. | a pcr-based method was used to screen four laboratory colonies of sandflies for wolbachia infection. the colonies - one of phlebotomus langeroni, one of p. bergeroti and two of p. papatasi - were all derived from sandflies collected in egypt. only one of the colonies, derived from p. papatasi collected in sinai, was found infected. the sequence of the pcr product for this colony was identical to that previously reported for the wolbachia in p. papatasi from israel. the induction with tetracyclin ... | 2003 | 14511562 |
| a simple micro-assay method for estimating blood meal size of the sand fly, phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | the accurate measurement of blood meal size in phlebotomus langeroni, the potential vector of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in egypt, is important to determine the number of parasites taken in fully engorged insects. a simple protein content micro-assay is introduced for that purpose. the accuracy of this method was confirmed by hemoglobin estimation method. laboratory bred p. langeroni were fed artificially on defibrinated human blood and the fully engorged flies were carefully dissected on ... | 2004 | 15125525 |
| [phlebotomus (larroussius) langeroni nitzulescu, 1930 in tunisia: presence of the female and updating of geographical distribution]. | the authors report the presence of phlebotomus (larroussius) langeroni nitzulescu, 1930 in two epidemic foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum in northwest tunisia. the phlebotomus langeroni female is to be mentioned for the first time in north africa. | 2005 | 16425726 |
| natural infection of phlebotomus (larroussius) langeroni (diptera: psychodidae) with leishmania infantum in tunisia. | phlebotomine sand flies were captured from an active transmission focus of sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by leishmania infantum, in el kef region, northern tunisia. both phlebotomus perniciosus and p. langeroni were found. phlebotomus langeroni females showed a statistically significant intradomiciliary dominance (p<0.01 for the 2003 and 2004 seasons) when compared to animal shelters. during the 2003 season, dissection of collected female specimens showed the presence of flagellates w ... | 2007 | 17049573 |
| [cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum mon-24 in tunisia: extension of the focus to the center of the country]. | three clinico-epidemiological forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) were described in tunisia: the zoonotic cl (zcl) epidemic which occurred in the centre of the country caused by leishmania major mon-25, the chronic cl (ccl) in the south-east of the country caused by leishmania killicki mon-8 and the sporadic cl in the north (scl) caused by leishmania infantum mon-24. the latter form, described in 1991, prevails in northern tunisia with approximately thirty cases per year. its vector, unknown f ... | 2008 | 18432004 |
| the phlebotomine fauna (diptera: psychodidae) of the eastern coast of tunisia. | to identify the phlebotomine sand fly populations of the eastern coast of tunisia, an entomological survey was carried out between september and october 2005 at 71 sites located in three districts. cdc light traps and sticky papers were used to collect a total of 2,138 phlebotomine sand flies representing nine species. the predominant species occurring on the eastern coast of tunisia are, in order of abundance, phlebotomus longicuspis nitzulescu, 1930 (40%); phlebotomus papatasi scopoli, 1786 (2 ... | 2009 | 19198511 |
| attachment of leishmania major and leishmania infantum in the midgut of their respective sand fly vectors phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae). | the attachment of leishmania infantum and leishmania major in the midgut of experimentally infected phlebotomus langeroni and phlebotomus papatasi was examined by transmission electron microscopy. cellular damage in the midgut of infected flies as a byproduct of infection was observed in both species. a difference in the mode of attachment of flagella to the midgut of their respective sand fly vectors suggested higher adaptation between l. major/p. papatasi compared to l. infantum/p. langeroni. | 2008 | 19209766 |
| proteophosphoglycan confers resistance of leishmania major to midgut digestive enzymes induced by blood feeding in vector sand flies. | leishmania synthesize abundant phosphoglycan-containing molecules made up of [gal-man-po(4)] repeating units, including the surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg), and the surface and secreted proteophosphoglycan (ppg). the vector competence of phlebotomus duboscqi and lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies was tested using l. major knockout mutants deficient in either total phosphoglycans (lpg2(-) or lpg5a(-)/5b(-)) or lpg alone (lpg1(-)) along with their respective gene add-back controls. our results confi ... | 2010 | 20088949 |
| punique virus, a novel phlebovirus, related to sandfly fever naples virus, isolated from sandflies collected in tunisia. | sandflies are widely distributed around the mediterranean basin. therefore, human populations in this area are potentially exposed to sandfly-transmitted diseases, including those caused by phleboviruses. whilst there are substantial data in countries located in the northern part of the mediterranean basin, few data are available for north africa. in this study, a total of 1489 sandflies were collected in 2008 in tunisia from two sites, bioclimatically distinct, located 235 km apart, and identif ... | 2010 | 20089800 |
| trypsin-like serine proteases in lutzomyia longipalpis--expression, activity and possible modulation by leishmania infantum chagasi. | midgut enzymatic activity is one of the obstacles that leishmania must surpass to succeed in establishing infection. trypsins are abundant digestive enzymes in most insects. we have previously described two trypsin cdnas of l. longipalpis: one (lltryp1) with a bloodmeal induced transcription pattern, the other (lltryp2) with a constitutive transcription pattern. we have now characterized the expression and activity of trypsin-like proteases of lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of visceral l ... | 2010 | 20502532 |
| Transmission of Leishmania infantum MON-98 to hamsters by the bite of Phlebotomus langeroni Nitzulescu (Diptera: Psychodidae). | The ability of Phlebotomus langeroni to successfully acquire and transmit Leishmania infantum MON-98 to hamsters was demonstrated. Sand flies and Leishmania both originated from an infantile visceral leishmaniasis focus in El Agamy Egypt. P. langeroni females were infected by feeding on lesions of needle-inoculated hamster and on infected blood suspension using a chick-skin membrane apparatus. Infection rate of sand flies fed on membrane was 88% compared to 7.8% for flies fed on leishmanial lesi ... | 2012 | 21964050 |
| impact of urbanization on the sand fly phlebotomus langeroni nitzulescu in an old focus of visceral leishmaniasis in egypt. | changes in the environment often cause changes in disease transmission. land use change especially urbanization can have a huge impact on transmission of vector-borne diseases. this study investigated the effect of urban development on the abundance of sand flies, in an old endemic focus of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the north coast of egypt. sand fly abundance obtained in this study was compared to those obtained in 1984. in context remote sensing techniques are used to identify landsc ... | 2012 | 23469635 |
| the biology and control of leishmaniasis vectors. | vector control remains a key component of many anti-leishmaniasis programs and probably will remain so until an effective vaccine becomes available. technologies similar to those used for control of adult mosquitoes, specifically interior residual sprays and insecticide-treated nets, are currently at the forefront as disease control measures. this article provides a review of literature on the biology and control of sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis in the context of changing disease risks and t ... | 0 | 20606968 |
| effect of leishmania spp infection on the survival, life expectancy, fecundity and fertility of lutzomyia longipalpiss.l. and lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis. | we evaluated the effects of leishmaniaspp infection on several population parameters of lutzomyia longipalpis sensu lato andlutzomyia pseudolongipalpis, vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in venezuela, under experimental conditions during the first post-feeding period. females of both species were allowed to feed and engorge on a suspension of fresh washed human red blood cells in foetal calf serum. these blood cells were either non-infected or infected with one of the fourleishmaniaspp strains a ... | 2015 | 26132427 |
| host modulation by a parasite: how leishmania infantum modifies the intestinal environment of lutzomyia longipalpis to favor its development. | some reports have described the interference of leishmania on sand flies physiology, and such behavior most likely evolved to favor the development and transmission of the parasite. most of these studies showed that leishmania could modulate the level of proteases in the midgut after an infective blood meal, and decreased proteolytic activity is indeed beneficial for the development of promastigotes in the gut of sand flies. in the present study, we performed a detailed investigation of the inte ... | 2014 | 25365351 |
| historical overview of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in el agamy, alexandria, egypt. | infantile visceral leishmaniasis (ivl) is considered a rare and neglected disease in egypt. an outbreak of the disease in el agamy, alexandria occurred in 1982 although the disease was previously reported 80 years before. epidemiological and entomological studies were conducted ever since the 1982 outbreak to identify human cases, the parasite, reservoir host and the sand fly vector. leishmania infantum mon-98, a new and unique zymodeme, was responsible of the disease. stray dogs acted as the re ... | 2017 | 28870535 |
| the infantile visceral leishmaniasis: could it attack egyptian north coastal region again? | visceral leishmaniasis is caused by three species of the l. donovani complex: l. donovani, l. infantum, and l. chagasi. infections with these organisms are often asymptomatic or very mild, but in a minority of individuals there is progression to severe symptomatic disease. this is associated with spread of the infection throughout the reticuloendothelial system. l. infantum typically affect children below the age of 5 years. however, ivl can also occur in immunosuppressed adults, such as transpl ... | 2013 | 24640860 |
| morphometrics and protein profiles of the salivary glands of phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus langeroni sand flies. | sand fly salivary fluid contains numerous proteins that modulate host immune responses to infection and facilitate blood-feeding and establishing leishmania infection. salivary proteins are differentially expressed in adaptation to the host, the meal type and ecological factors. we report on the morphometrics and protein composition of salivary glands of colonised phlebotomus papatasi and p. langeroni sand flies from egypt. female glands were dissected at day 1 (d1, unfed), day 2 (d2, sugar-fed) ... | 2012 | 22341687 |
| [not available]. | | 1946 | 20991153 |