| [scatophaga stercoraria l. as a culicidophage on a livestock rearing farm complex in the mari assr]. | | 1978 | 146184 |
| to the knowledge of fauna of synanthropic flies of the nepal himalya. | a material of flies collected in two localities (altitude of 3900 and 4500 m) in the barun khola valley (east nepal) was studied, representing the early spring aspect of the species composition of flies. of the total number of 2309 fly specimens 99.3% represented two species of the genus paregle (p. aterrima, p. sp.); both are autochthonous high altitude hemisynanthrophic forms. the remainining 0.7% represent 9 species, most of which are more or less eurytopic species of palearctic or holoarctic ... | 1976 | 950185 |
| some effects of ivermectin on the yellow dung fly, scatophaga stercoraria. | ivermectin was added to fresh cattle dung at a range of concentrations based on those found in faeces of livestock treated by injection. newly hatched larvae of scatophaga stercoraria were then reared in the dung as a bioassay. the ec50 values for 24 h and 48 h larval mortalities were 0.051 ppm and 0.036 ppm (wet wt.) respectively. when the dung concentration was 0.015 ppm, 50% of the insects failed to pupariate and a level of 0.001 ppm prevented adult emergence in 50% of the insects. when batch ... | 1993 | 8346631 |
| an ess treatment of the pattern of female arrival at the mating site in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (l.) | in most previous work on the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (l.), as on other species, adaptive explanations have been sought for male behaviour whereas female behaviour has not been examined in similar detail. here, the arrival of females at the mating site, fresh cattle droppings, is investigated. while almost all males are present shortly after pat deposition females arrive at a low, decreasing rate over an interval of about 5 hours. we propose that the distribution of female arrival ... | 1998 | 9826490 |
| geographical and altitudinal population genetic structure of two dung fly species with contrasting mobility and temperature preference. | local adaptation of populations requires some degree of spatio-temporal isolation. previous studies of the two dung fly species scathophaga stercoraria and sepsis cynipsea have revealed low levels of geographic and altitudinal genetic differentiation in quantitative life history and morphological traits, but instead high degrees of phenotypic plasticity. these patterns suggest that gene flow is extensive despite considerable geographic barriers and large spatio-temporal variation in selection on ... | 2002 | 12136411 |
| temperature-mediated seasonal variation in phosphoglucomutase allozyme frequency in the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria. | the allozyme genetic variability of various species is correlated with a variety of morphological, physiological and fitness-related traits. in particular, temperature can affect the fitness of insects through its influence on enzyme function. we examined the seasonal (12 days over 1 year) and daily (nine samples over each day) allozyme variation at the phosphoglucomutase (pgm) locus in one population of yellow dung flies (scathophaga stercoraria; diptera: scathophagidae). pgm is of central func ... | 2004 | 15367133 |
| effects of avermectin residues in cattle dung on yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (diptera: scathophagidae) populations in grazed pastures. | the effects of avermectin exposure on natural populations of the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria linnaeus, were investigated at the field scale on farms in south-west scotland. pastures forming the focus of the study were grazed with either untreated cattle or cattle receiving standard, manufacturer-recommended treatment regimes of an avermectin product. flies were sampled between april and july in 2002 and 2003 using dung-baited pitfall traps. abundance and wing asymmetry in s. stercor ... | 2007 | 17411477 |
| the veterinary drug ivermectin influences immune response in the yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria). | phenoloxidase (po) is a key enzyme involved in the immune response of insects. we show that egg-to-adult exposure to residues of 0.001, but not 0.0005 mgkg(-1) ivermectin elevated po activity in yellow dung flies (scathophaga stercoraria) developing in cattle dung. fly fat content was unaffected by the treatments. therefore, the response of po was a direct effect of ivermectin and not an indirect one caused by an alteration in body 'condition'. this supports the non-intuitive conclusion that fli ... | 2009 | 19036486 |
| assessment of risk of monepantel faecal residues to dung fauna. | to evaluate the safety of monepantel and its major metabolite for dung fauna. monepantel is a new oral anthelmintic drug for use in sheep at a dose of 2.5 mg active ingredient/kg body weight. hazard (toxicity) is related to the expected exposure. | 2010 | 21091461 |
| application of nested-pcr technique to resting spores from the entomophthora muscae species complex: implications for analyses of host-pathogen population interactions. | we developed new entomophthora-specific primers for nested-pcr of the its ii region to be used on in vivo material and combined it with rflp. resting spores from scathophaga stercoraria (3 specimens), delia radicum (9 specimens), botanophila fugax (1 specimen), and two syrphid host species, platycheirus peltatus and melanostoma mellinum (one specimen of each) were characterized genetically after analysis of rflp-profiles of the pcr-products. the genetic characterization of the resting spore isol ... | 2002 | 21156553 |
| infections with wolbachia and spiroplasma in the scathophagidae and other muscoidea. | the microbes wolbachia and spiroplasma are common reproductive parasites of arthropods and may strongly influence reproduction of infected hosts and also impact on reproductive isolation. such infections could hence influence results of many studies assessing reproductive behaviour and fitness of possible hosts, as well as reproductive isolation. previous work indicates that infections with the microbes wolbachia and spiroplasma are common in the drosophilidae. however, extensive and targeted su ... | 2011 | 22172602 |
| salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies in denmark: prevalence, host range, and comparison with a florida isolate. | house flies (musca domestica) infected with musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (mdsghv) were found in fly populations collected from 12 out of 18 danish livestock farms that were surveyed in 2007 and 2008. infection rates ranged from 0.5% to 5% and averaged 1.2%. none of the stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans), rat-tail maggot flies (eristalis tenax) or yellow dung flies (scathophaga stercoraria) collected from mdsghv-positive farms displayed characteristic salivary gland hypertroph ... | 2011 | 22129394 |
| a model of constant random sperm displacement during mating: evidence from scatophaga. | this paper extends the sperm displacement model of parker et al. (behav. ecol. sociobiol. 27, 55 (1990)), in which sperm displacement is viewed as a process in which one unit of sperm introduced displaces one unit of sperm from the female's sperm stores. here this process is envisaged in terms of the change in density of sperm in the sperm stores. in matings with virgin females, only sperm store fluid is displaced at the start of sperm transfer, but if there is swift random mixing of seminal and ... | 1991 | 1685235 |
| standardized laboratory tests with 21 species of temperate and tropical sepsid flies confirm their suitability as bioassays of pharmaceutical residues (ivermectin) in cattle dung. | veterinary pharmaceuticals excreted in the dung of treated livestock can have strong non-target effects on the dung organism community. we report results of ecotoxicological tests with ivermectin for 21 species of temperate (europe, north america) and tropical (asia, central america) black scavenger flies (diptera: sepsidae), using standardized methods developed previously for the yellow dung fly and the face fly. our study documents great variation in ivermectin sensitivity of more than two ord ... | 2013 | 23260241 |
| sperm length is not influenced by haploid gene expression in the flies drosophila melanogaster and scathophaga stercoraria. | recent theoretical models have postulated a role for haploid-diploid conflict and for kin selection favouring sperm cooperation and altruism in the diversification and specialization of sperm form. a critical assumption of these models-that haploid gene expression contributes to variation in sperm form-has never been demonstrated and remains contentious. by quantifying within-male variation in sperm length using crosses between males and females from populations that had been subjected to diverg ... | 2009 | 19710066 |
| sexual conflict selects for male and female reproductive characters. | strict genetic monogamy leads to sexual harmony because any trait that decreases the fitness of one sex also decreases the fitness of the other. any deviation from monogamy increases the potential for sexual conflict. conflict is further enhanced by sperm competition, and given the ubiquity of this phenomenon, sexual conflict is rife. in support of theory, experimentally enforced monogamy leads to the evolution of sexual benevolence. in contrast, with multiple mating, males evolve traits causing ... | 2001 | 11412998 |
| phylogenetic relationships among muscoidea (diptera: calyptratae) based on mitochondrial dna sequences. | the utility of a mitochondrial dna (mtdna) fragment of about 1100 bp (including partial coi and coii sequences and trnaleu) for evolutionary studies in muscoidea is discussed. the species investigated are scathophaga stercoraria, microprosopa pallidicauda and trichopalpus fraterna (family scathophagidae), musca domestica (muscidae), lasiomma seminitidum (anthomyiidae) and fannia armata (fanniidae). comparisons were made with published mtdna sequences of drosophila, anopheles and three calliphori ... | 2000 | 10672073 |
| evaluation of eco-toxicological effects of the parasiticide moxidectin in comparison to ivermectin in 11 species of dung flies. | a standardized bioassay previously developed with ivermectin for the yellow dung fly (scathophagidae) and the face fly (muscidae) was applied to test the response of 11 dung fly species to the presumably less toxic parasiticide moxidectin. the results were compared to existing data for the same species tested with ivermectin, albeit two new species (scathophaga suilla and musca domestica) were tested here with both the substances. estimated lethal effect concentrations lc50 at which 50% of the f ... | 2013 | 23273869 |
| the complete mitochondrial genomes of musca domestica and scathophaga stercoraria (diptera: muscoidea: muscidae and scathophagidae). | the complete mitochondrial genomes of musca domestica (muscidae) and scathophaga stercoraria (scathophagidae) are circular molecules of 16,108 bp and 16,223 bp in length, respectively. the first complete mitochondrial genome of scathophagidae is reported here. both genomes contain all 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (pcgs), 22 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and a large control region, with conserved arrangement pattern reported in all cyclorrhaphan flies. all pcgs start with standard atn ... | 2016 | 25163032 |
| modelling the impact of targeted anthelmintic treatment of cattle on dung fauna. | the insecticidal properties of many anthelmintics pose a risk to dung fauna through the effects of drug residues in dung on the activity, oviposition and development of dung-dwelling invertebrates. reductions in dung fauna numbers can inhibit dung degradation, which may impact biodiversity and nutrient cycling on farms. a simulation model was created to predict the impact of antiparasitic drugs on cattle dung fauna, and calibrated using published data on the dung-breeding fly scathophaga stercor ... | 2017 | 28843101 |
| critical weight mediates sex-specific body size plasticity and sexual dimorphism in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (diptera: scathophagidae). | ultimate factors driving insect body size are rather well understood, while-apart from a few model species-the underlying physiological and developmental mechanisms received less attention. we investigate the physiological basis of adaptive size variation in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria, which shows pronounced male-biased sexual size dimorphism and strong body size plasticity. we estimate variation of a major physiological threshold, the critical weight, which is the mass at which ... | 2017 | 28463473 |
| antennal sensory organs of scathophaga stercoraria (linnaeus, 1758) (diptera: scathophagidae): ultramorphology and phylogenetic implications. | scathophaga stercoraria (linnaeus, 1758) is a well-established insect model species involved in numerous investigations on behavior, biology, phylogeny, genetics and evolution. the antennal sensilla of s. stercoraria are examined via scanning electron microscopy in order to emphasize their importance on taxonomy and phylogeny. on antennal scape and pedicel, both microtrichiae and several sharp-tipped mechanoreceptors are observed, while another two structures, setiferous plaques and pedicellar b ... | 2016 | 27395880 |
| investigating yellow dung fly body size evolution in the field: response to climate change? | uncovering genetic responses to selection in wild populations typically requires tracking individuals over generations and use of animal models. our group monitored the body size of one swiss yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria; diptera: scathophagidae) field population over 15 years, including intermittent common-garden rearing in the laboratory to assess body size with minimized environmental and maximized genetic variation. contrary to expectations based on repeated heritability and phen ... | 2015 | 26174483 |
| stage- and sex-specific heat tolerance in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria. | thermal tolerance varies at all hierarchical levels of biological organization: among species, populations, individuals, and even within individuals. age- or developmental stage- and sex-specific thermal effects have received relatively little attention in the literature, despite being crucial for understanding thermal adaptation in nature and responses to global warming. we document stage- and sex- specific heat tolerance in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (diptera: scathophagidae), ... | 2014 | 25455934 |
| the effect of fluctuating temperatures during development on fitness-related traits of scatophaga stercoraria (diptera: scathophagidae). | development of ectotherms is highly temperature dependent. studies using variable thermal environments can improve ecological relevance of data because organisms naturally face day-to-day stochastic temperature fluctuations as well as seasonal changes in the amplitude of such daily fluctuations. the objective of this study was to investigate if, and to what extent, the use of constant temperatures is justified in studies of the model species, yellow dung fly, scatophaga stercoraria (l.). we exam ... | 2013 | 24331617 |
| alternative mating tactics in the yellow dung fly: resolving mechanisms of small-male advantage off pasture. | recent work suggests that the yellow dung fly mating system may include alternative patroller-competitor mating tactics in which large males compete for gravid females on dung, whereas small, non-competitive males search for females at foraging sites. small males obtain most matings off pasture, yet the behavioural mechanism(s) giving rise to this pattern are unknown. we investigated the male and female behaviours that determine mating success in this environment by conducting field mating exper ... | 2014 | 24225455 |
| high temperatures reveal cryptic genetic variation in a polymorphic female sperm storage organ. | variation in female reproductive morphology may play a decisive role in reproductive isolation by affecting the relative fertilization success of alternative male phenotypes. yet, knowledge of how environmental variation may influence the development of the female reproductive tract and thus alter the arena of postcopulatory sexual selection is limited. yellow dung fly females possess either three or four sperm storage compartments, a polymorphism with documented influence on sperm precedence. w ... | 2011 | 21967425 |
| genetic and environmental sources of covariance among internal reproductive traits in the yellow dung fly. | substantial inter- and intraspecific variation is found in reproductive traits, but the evolutionary implications of this variation remain unclear. one hypothesis is that natural selection favours female reproductive morphology that allows females to control mating and fertilization and that diverse male reproductive traits arise as counter adaptations to subvert this control. such co-evolution predicts the establishment of genetic correlations between male and female reproductive traits that cl ... | 2011 | 21545422 |
| the karyotype of the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria, a model organism in studies of sexual selection. | knowledge of karyotypical characteristics of a species is essential for understanding how sexually selected and sexually antagonistic traits evolve. the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria l. (diptera: scathophagidae) is an established model system for studies of sexual selection and sexual conflict, but karyotypical data are lacking to date. here, the karyotype of s. stercoraria was characterized using conventional giemsa-staining and c-banding techniques. the diploid chromosome set consist ... | 2010 | 20874599 |
| a review of the natural history and laboratory culture methods for the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria. | the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (l.) (diptera: scathophagidae) is a widespread and locally abundant fly associated with the dung of large mammals, especially farm animals. this species has recently become a standard test organism for evaluating toxic effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals in livestock dung. in this context, a review of its natural history and a general description of the field and laboratory rearing methods of this species are provided here to benefit the scientific c ... | 2010 | 20575742 |
| sperm competition and ejaculate economics. | sperm competition was identified in 1970 as a pervasive selective force in post-copulatory sexual selection that occurs when the ejaculates of different males compete to fertilise a given set of ova. since then, sperm competition has been much studied both empirically and theoretically. because sperm competition often favours large ejaculates, an important challenge has been to understand the evolution of strategies through which males invest in sperm production and economise sperm allocation to ... | 2010 | 20560928 |
| the assessment of insemination success in yellow dung flies using competitive pcr. | in spite of considerable interest in postcopulatory sexual selection, separating the effects of sperm competition from cryptic female choice remains difficult because mechanisms underlying postcopulatory processes are poorly understood. one methodological challenge is to quantify insemination success for individual males within the sperm stores of multiply mated females to discover how insemination translates into eventual paternity. any proposed method must be applicable in organisms without ex ... | 2010 | 21565024 |
| response to selection and realized heritability of sperm length in the yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria). | sperm length shows considerable phenotypic variation both inter- and intra-specifically, but a general explanation for this variation is lacking. in addition, our understanding of the genetic variation underlying sperm length variation is also limited because there have been few studies on the genetics of sperm size. one factor that could explain the variation in sperm length is that length influences sperm competitiveness, and there is some evidence for this. however, in yellow dung flies (scat ... | 2010 | 19639007 |
| size-dependent alternative male mating tactics in the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria. | whenever males can monopolize females and/or resources used by females, the opportunity for sexual selection will be great. the greater the variation among males in reproductive success, the greater the intensity of selection on less competitive males to gain matings through alternative tactics. in the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria, males aggressively compete for access to receptive, gravid females on fresh dung. larger males are better able to acquire mates and to complete copulation ... | 2009 | 19553251 |
| lethal and sublethal toxic effects of a test chemical (ivermectin) on the yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria) based on a standardized international ring test. | a standardized bioassay using the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria l. (diptera: scathophagidae), was developed to test the lethal and sublethal toxicity of parasiticide residues in livestock dung. the repeatability of the bioassay was assessed for the parasiticide ivermectin in 13 tests performed by seven laboratories in germany, the united kingdom, switzerland, and canada. test results had an acceptable range of heterogeneity. the calculated median effective concentration for 50% (ec50) ... | 2009 | 19432504 |
| molecular and quantitative genetic differentiation across europe in yellow dung flies. | relating geographic variation in quantitative traits to underlying population structure is crucial for understanding processes driving population differentiation, isolation and ultimately speciation. our study represents a comprehensive population genetic survey of the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria, an important model organism for evolutionary and ecological studies, over a broad geographic scale across europe (10 populations from the swiss alps to iceland). we simultaneously assessed ... | 2008 | 18800996 |
| analysing body condition: mass, volume or density? | 1. body condition (defined as the relative amount of energy reserves in the body) is an animal trait with strong ecological implications. in some animal taxa (e.g. arthropods), the external volume of the body part in which most nutrients are stored (e.g. abdomen) is used interchangeably with body mass to estimate body condition, making the implicit assumption that abdomen residual volume is a good surrogate of residual mass. however, the degree of correlation between these two measures should la ... | 2008 | 18573143 |
| the anatomy of fertilization in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria. | female yellow dung flies, scathophaga stercoraria, can influence the traffic of sperm stored in their spermathecae to the site of fertilization in the bursa copulatrix. however, the anatomical mechanisms employed are largely unknown. we investigated the anatomy of the female genital tract, seeking structures involved in sperm transfer and egg fertilization. we found a membranous structure descending from the ends of the spermathecal and accessory gland ducts into the bursa copulatrix. we call th ... | 2008 | 18196572 |
| phenoloxidase activity and pathogen resistance in yellow dung flies scathophaga stercoraria. | phenoloxidase (po) is an important component of the insect immune system and is frequently used to measure an individual's immune defence ability. however, evidence documenting positive correlations between the immune assay and resistance against pathogens is scarce and contradictory. we used replicate lines of yellow dung flies scathophaga stercoraria (l.) with different po levels to investigate whether po levels affect resistance against parasitic mites and entomopathogenic fungi. prevalence o ... | 2007 | 17956383 |
| a cost of cryptic female choice in the yellow dung fly. | female dung flies scathophaga stercoraria (l.) store sperm from several males in three or four spermathecae. selection on the number of spermathecae was successful and the morphological intermediate stages in the evolution from three to four spermathecae are illustrated. the genetic quality of a male from a female's perspective depends on an interaction between their genotypes and the microhabitat in which the offspring will grow. females influence the paternity pattern of their offspring, and d ... | 2008 | 17906956 |
| correlated responses to artificial body size selection in growth, development, phenotypic plasticity and juvenile viability in yellow dung flies. | most life history traits are positively influenced by body size, whereas disadvantages of large body size are poorly documented. to investigate presumed intrinsic costs of large size in the yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria; diptera: scathophagidae), we established two replicates each of three body size laboratory selection lines (small, control and large; selection on males only), and subjected flies of the resulting extended body size range to various abiotic stresses. response to selec ... | 2007 | 17210003 |
| responses to selection on phenoloxidase activity in yellow dung flies. | maintaining an immune system is costly. resource allocation to immunity should therefore trade off against other fitness components. numerous studies have found phenotypic trade-offs after immune challenge, but few have investigated genetic correlations between immune components and other traits. furthermore, empirical evidence for the costs of maintaining an innate immune system in the absence of challenges is rare. we examined responses to artificial selection on phenoloxidase (po) activity, a ... | 2006 | 17017062 |
| sex and immunity in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria. | the immune system is of increasing interest to evolutionary biologists. immunity may trade-off against other fitness components, with recent work suggesting reproduction in particular impinges on immune defence. there may also be sex differences in the immune system. additionally, while life history traits typically have low heritability, little is known about additive genetic variance of immunity. an insect's major defence against multicellular pathogens is to encapsulate the invader. phenoloxi ... | 2005 | 15715851 |
| bergmann and converse bergmann latitudinal clines in arthropods: two ends of a continuum? | two seemingly opposite evolutionary patterns of clinal variation in body size and associated life history traits exist in nature. according to bergmann's rule, body size increases with latitude, a temperature effect. according to the converse bergmann rule, body size decreases with latitude, a season length effect. a third pattern causally related to the latter is countergradient variation, whereby populations of a given species compensate seasonal limitations at higher latitudes by evolving fas ... | 2004 | 21676727 |
| post-copulatory sexual selection and female fitness in scathophaga stercoraria. | whether sexual selection increases or decreases female fitness is determined by the occurrence and relative importance of sexual-conflict processes and the ability of females to choose high-quality males. experimentally enforced polyandry and monogamy have previously been shown to cause rapid evolution in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria. flies from polyandrous lines invested more in reproductive tissue, and this investment influenced paternity in sperm competition, but came at a cost ... | 2004 | 15101693 |
| sexual selection on morphological and physiological traits and fluctuating asymmetry in the yellow dung fly. | previous univariate studies of the yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria) have demonstrated strong sexual selection, in terms of mating success, on male size (estimated as hind tibia length). to identify specific target(s) of selection on body size and possible conflicting selection pressures on particular body parts, two multivariate field studies of sexual selection were conducted. in one study using point samples from three populations, we assessed several morphological traits, including g ... | 2003 | 14635905 |
| superior sperm competitors sire higher-quality young. | the evolution of polyandry remains controversial. this is because, unlike males, in many cases multiple mating by females does not increase fecundity and inevitably involves some costs. as a result, a large number of indirect benefit models have been proposed to explain polyandry. one of these, the good sperm hypothesis, posits that high-quality males are better sperm competitors and sire higher-quality offspring. hence, by mating multiply, females produce offspring of superior quality. despite ... | 2003 | 14561307 |
| female accessory reproductive gland activity in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (l.). | the role of the female accessory reproductive glands has been investigated in relatively few insects. gland secretion has a number of potential functions, including lubrication during copula, involvement in fertilization and protection of eggs. female yellow dung flies (scathophaga stercoraria) have large paired accessory glands whose function(s) prior to this study were unknown. our study indicated glands were involved in copulation and egg laying. the volume of secretion remaining in glands wa ... | 1999 | 12770293 |
| sperm survival in the female reproductive tract in the fly scathophaga stercoraria (l.). | while sperm competition risk favours males transferring many sperm to secure fertilizations, females of a variety of species actively reduce sperm numbers reaching their reproductive tract, e.g. by extrusion or killing. potential benefits of spermicide to females include nutritional gains, influence over sperm storage and paternity, and the elimination of sperm bearing somatic mutations that would lower zygote fitness.we investigated changes in sperm viability after in vivo and in vitro exposure ... | 2002 | 12770119 |
| maternal effects on offspring depend on female mating pattern and offspring environment in yellow dung flies. | direct costs and benefits to females of multiple mating have been shown to have large effects on female fecundity and longevity in several species. however, with the exception of studies examining genetic benefits of polyandry, little attention has been paid to the possible effects on offspring of multiple mating by females. we propose that nongenetic effects of maternal matings on offspring fitness are best viewed in the same context as other maternal phenotype effects on offspring that are wel ... | 2003 | 12683526 |
| field experiments on the distributions of eggs of different phosphoglucomutase (pgm) genotypes in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (l.). | female yellow dung flies can, in the laboratory, influence the probability that stored sperm from different males are used to fertilize eggs. this matches offspring phosphoglucomutase genotypes to the environmental conditions in which the larvae will grow, increasing larval growth success. we conducted field experiments in which dung topology or shading conditions were controlled. the proportions of the five common phosphoglucomutase alleles in eggs laid in north-facing slopes or in shaded condi ... | 2002 | 12207727 |
| heteropopulation males have a fertilization advantage during sperm competition in the yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria). | sexual conflict occurs whenever there is not strict genetic monogamy. the sexually antagonistic coevolution that potentially occurs because of this conflict involves adaptation by one sex followed by the counter-adaptation by the other, and may be thought of as an evolutionary arms-race. as a result of these cycles of antagonistic coevolution, females from one population may be less resistant to heteropopulation males, at least after short periods of allopatry, as they will not have evolved any ... | 2002 | 12204131 |
| the consistency of quantitative genetic estimates in field and laboratory in the yellow dung fly. | how consistent quantitative genetic estimates are across environments is unclear and under discussion. heritability (h2) estimates of hind tibia length (body size), development time and diapause induction in the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria, generated with various methods in various environments are reported and compared. estimates varied considerably within and among studies, but yielded good overall averages. the genetic correlations between the sexes for body size and development ... | 2002 | 12041830 |
| population variation in sexual selection and its effect on size allometry in two dung fly species with contrasting sexual size dimorphism. | body size is one of the most important quantitative traits under evolutionary scrutiny. sexual size dimorphism (ssd) in a given species is expected to result if opposing selection forces equilibrate differently in both sexes. we document variation in the intensity of sexual and fecundity selection, male and female body size, and thus ssd among 31 and 27 populations of the two dung fly species, scathophaga stercoraria and sepsis cynipsea, across switzerland. whereas in s. cynipsea females are lar ... | 2002 | 11926499 |
| polymorphic dna microsatellites identified in the yellow dung fly (scathophaga stercoraria). | | 2000 | 11123656 |
| cryptic female choice in the yellow dung fly scathophaga stercoraria (l.). | both female choice and male-male competition may take place during reproduction in many species. female choice tends to be less obvious than male-male competition and consequently has received less attention from researchers. the opportunity for cryptic female choice arises after multiple insemination. through postcopulatory processes, a female could alter the pattern of paternity among her offspring so that it does not directly reflect the different contributions of sperm made by her mates. to ... | 2000 | 11108595 |
| phylogeny of the scathophagidae (diptera, calyptratae) based on mitochondrial dna sequences. | the family scathophagidae constitutes, together with members of the families muscidae, fannidae, and anthomyiidae, the muscoidea superfamily. the species scathophaga stercoraria has been used extensively to investigate questions in animal ecology and evolution, particularly as a model system for studies of sperm competition and life history evolution. however, no phylogenetic studies have ever been performed on the scathophagidae and the relationships within this family remain unclear. this stud ... | 2000 | 10942617 |
| optimal copula duration in yellow dung flies: ejaculatory duct dimensions and size-dependent sperm displacement. | we aim to interpret sperm displacement in relation to male size in the yellow dung fly, scatophaga stercoraria, and to compare the general properties of indirect and direct size-dependent sperm displacement in insects. we examine the hypothesis that male size-dependent sperm displacement in dung flies can be explained by size-dependent increases in the ejaculatory apparatus, allowing greater sperm flow rates in larger males. we expect sperm flow rates to be proportional to the diameter of the ae ... | 2000 | 10937265 |
| copula in yellow dung flies (scathophaga stercoraria): investigating sperm competition models by histological observation. | while sperm competition has been extensively studied, the mechanisms involved are typically not well understood. nevertheless, awareness of sperm competition mechanisms is currently recognised as being of fundamental importance for an understanding of many behavioural strategies. in the yellow dung fly, a model system for studies of sperm competition, second male sperm precedence appears to result from a combination of sperm displacement and sperm mixing. displacement was until recently thought ... | 2000 | 10878262 |
| female-mediated differential sperm storage in a fly with complex spermathecae, scatophaga stercoraria. | multiple spermathecae potentially allow selective sperm use, provided that sperm from rival males are stored differentially, that is, in different proportions across storage compartments. in the yellow dung fly, scatophaga stercoraria, females have three spermathecae arranged as a doublet and singlet. to test whether females store the sperm of rival males actively and differentially, we mated fixed male pairs to three females. after copulation, females were (1) dissected immediately before they ... | 2000 | 10675253 |
| optimal copula duration in yellow dung flies: effects of female size and egg content. | we examine data on copula duration in dung flies, scatophaga stercoraria, in relation to female phenotype. we use a marginal value theorem approach based on the plausible mechanisms of sperm competition to predict the effect of female variation on optimal copula duration, t *, from the male perspective. future fertilizations are expected to have a trivial effect on t * with fully gravid females, but an increasing relative effect on t * towards completion of oviposition. t * is expected to be aff ... | 1999 | 10202088 |
| adaptive phenotypic plasticity in growth, development, and body size in the yellow dung fly. | life-history theory predicts that age and size at maturity of organisms should be influenced by time and food constraints on development. this study investigated phenotypic plasticity in growth, development, body size, and diapause in the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria. full-sib families were allowed to develop under predator-free field conditions. the time before the onset of winter was varied and each brood was split into three environments differing in the amount of dung a set numbe ... | 1998 | 28565396 |
| effects of temperature on growth, development and diapause in the yellow dung fly - against all the rules? | the effects of rearing temperature (and photoperiod) on growth, development, body size, and diapause induction and termination in the yellow dung fly, scathophaga stercoraria, were investigated by allowing replicate families of larvae to develop in the field along a time sequence approaching the onset of winter. this was supplemented with extensive laboratory rearing. at constant laboratory temperatures, growth rates were maximal between 15°c and 20°c and decreased at higher (25°c) and lower (10 ... | 1997 | 28308125 |
| altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies scathophaga stercoraria and sepsis cynipsea. | field phenologies of high- (ca. 1500 m) and low- (ca. 500 m) altitude populations of the two most common european species of dung flies, scathophaga stercoraria and sepsis cynipsea, differ quite markedly due to differences in climate. to differentiate genetic adaptation due to natural selection and phenotypic plasticity, i compared standard life history characters of pairs of high- and low-altitude populations from three disjunctive sites in switzerland in a laboratory experiment. the f1 rearing ... | 1997 | 28307530 |
| individual variation in sperm competition success of yellow dung flies, scatophaga stercoraria. | intraspecific variation in the proportion of offspring sired by the second male to mate with a female (p2 ) is an aspect of sperm competition that has received little attention. we examined variation in the sperm competition success of individual male dung flies, scatophaga stercoraria. in unmanipulated matings, copula duration was dependent on male size with smaller males copulating for longer. a principal component analysis was used to generate uncorrelated scores based on a male's size and co ... | 1992 | 28564038 |
| experimental changes in resource structure and male density: size-related differences in mating success among male scatophaga stercoraria. | | 1982 | 28563166 |
| the reproductive behaviour and the nature of sexual selection in scatophaga stercoraria l. (diptera: scatophagidae). ix. spatial distribution of fertilization rates and evolution of male search strategy within the reproductive area. | | 1974 | 28563024 |
| the reproductive behavior and the nature of sexual selection in scatophaga stercoraria l. (diptera: scatophagidae). vii. the origin and evolution of the passive phase. | | 1970 | 28564932 |
| hormone-mediated nutritional control of sexual behavior in male dung flies. | male scatophaga stercoraria must prey on other diptera before they display sexual behavior, develop the accessory cells of their ejaculatory ducts, and achieve full elongation of the testes. the corpus allatum also becomes enlarged after predation and is necessary for the onset of sexual behavior and development of reproductive organs. the complex diet consumed during predation apparently activates the corpus allatum, and the hormone released acts independently on organ growth and sexual behavio ... | 1967 | 6060368 |