| a review of sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs. | the nomenclature, life cycles, and pathogenicity of sarcocystis of domestic animals are reviewed. sarcocystis had a 2-host life cycle, with carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. the following species are found in domestic animals (with the definitive hosts given in parentheses): 3 species in the ox: s cruzi (dog, wolf, coyote, raccoon, fox), s hirsuta (cat), s hominis (man, monkey); 2 species in the sheep: s ovicanis (dog), s tenella (cat); 3 species in the pig: s ... | 1976 | 824260 |
| a simple field diagnostic smear test for bovine besnoitiosis. | a fast and inexpensive skin biopsy smear was used for confirming suspected clinical cases of bovine besnoitiosis. the technique was based on the demonstration of besnoitia besnoiti bradyzoites (cystic stages), which appeared stumpy, each organism 6.2 microns by 3.1 microns in size, or banana-shaped, 7.7 microns by 1.5 micron in affected skin smears. a more rapid non-surgical technique, scleral conjunctival scraping, revealed similar bradyzoites, thus enhancing the diagnostic value of conjunctiva ... | 1991 | 1910222 |
| besnoitia besnoiti: quantitative in vitro studies. | experimental parameters for optimization of the growth conditions of besnoitia besnoiti endozoites in vitro are presented. a combination of hepes-buffered mccoy and leibovitz (ml) medium with 10% bovine serum was preferable to eagle's minimum essential medium (mem) based on either hank's or earle's salts. the ml medium and a co2 balanced gas phase significantly increased the growth rate of the parasite. infection of vero cells at 1 h after subcultivation resulted in higher yields of endozoites t ... | 1991 | 1957481 |
| identification and partial purification of soluble antigens from culture-grown besnoitia besnoiti endozoites. | soluble antigens from culture-grown besnoitia besnoiti endozoites were identified following their partial purification by affinity chromatography. a specific eluate obtained after affinity chromatography on a column to which antibodies from serum of a naturally infected cow were bound exhibited seven polypeptide bands on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). five bands were observed in the eluate from an immunoadsorbent to which antibodies from an experimentally in ... | 1990 | 2124714 |
| soluble antigens from culture-grown besnoitia besnoiti endozoites. | soluble antigens from besnoitia besnoiti cell culture-grown endozoites, obtained either by hypotonic lysis or by freeze-thawing and ultrasonication (fts) of the organisms, were detected by the agar gel immunodiffusion method. each antigenic preparation yielded 1-4 precipitin lines when reacted with the corresponding rabbit hyperimmune serum, while no reaction was observed with besnoitia-positive sera from naturally infected cattle. soluble exoantigens released by viable besnoitia endozoites into ... | 1989 | 2511662 |
| cultivation of besnoitia besnoiti and evaluation of susceptibility of laboratory animals to cultured parasites. | cultivation of besnoitia besnoiti on five mammalian cell types showed that vero (green monkey kidney), l929 (mouse fibroblasts) and bek (bovine embryo kidney) cells were highly susceptible and were almost destroyed after 5 days of incubation, while mdbk (madin-darby bovine kidney) and bl (theileria annulata-infected bovine lymphoid) cells were less affected. intraperitoneal infection with culture-derived endozoites was fatal for gerbils (meriones tristrami) and sand rats (psammomys obesus). rabb ... | 1987 | 3105163 |
| besnoitia besnoiti: long term cultivation in tick cell lines. | | 1987 | 3115817 |
| cultivation of besnoitia besnoiti in four tick cell lines. | | 1988 | 3135277 |
| transmission and scanning electron microscopy of besnoitia besnoiti. | | 1988 | 3142818 |
| besnoitia besnoiti: studies on the definitive host and experimental infections in cattle. | domestic cats, 11 other species of carnivorous mammals, 6 species of snakes, and white-backed vultures were tested for their possible role as definitive hosts of benoitia besnoiti by feeding with cystic material from chronically infected bovines. none of the species tested is a definitive host; hence, the life cycle of this parasite remains obscure. in attempts to produce clinical cases of besnoitiosis by experimental infection, bovines were inoculated iv, sc, and ip with cystozoites or tachyzoi ... | 1988 | 3148929 |
| besnoitia besnoiti: chemotherapeutic trials in vivo and in vitro. | | 1987 | 3453513 |
| ultrastructure of the asexual multiplication of besnoitia besnoiti (marotel, 1912) in vero- and crfk-cell cultures. | | 1985 | 3922175 |
| specific antibodies to besnoitia besnoiti precipitated from serum of cattle by live parasites and by soluble antigen. | specific precipitable antibodies of both igg and igm classes were detected in sera of cattle naturally infected with b. besnoiti. the amount of specific antibodies of the igg class precipitated by soluble antigen was in the range of 17-50 micrograms/ml serum while that of the igm class ranged between 5 and 24 micrograms/ml serum. specific antibodies precipitated by live b. besnoiti parasites were in amounts of 10 to 22 micrograms/ml serum for igg and 4 to 26 micrograms/ml serum for igm. differen ... | 1985 | 3927569 |
| chemotherapy of experimental besnoitia besnoiti infection in rabbits. | rabbits were infected with a bovine strain of besnoitia besnoiti parasites derived from vero cell cultures. oxytetracycline, given at 30 mg/kg i.m. simultaneously with infection, prevented the development of orchitis. the controls received no treatment. all infected animals showed a transient febrile reaction. it is concluded that oxytetracycline has some therapeutic potential against besnoitia besnoiti and that rabbits are suitable models for therapeutic trials. | 1985 | 4088644 |
| immunization against bovine besnoitiosis with a live vaccine prepared from a blue wildebeest strain of besnoitia besnoiti grown in cell cultures. 1. studies on rabbits. | | 1974 | 4213163 |
| cultivation of besnoitia besnoiti marotel, 1912, in cell culture. | | 1974 | 4214036 |
| serological survey of besnoitia besnoiti (marotel 1912) infection in israel by immunofluorescence. | | 1972 | 4559310 |
| observations on the pathogenesis of bovine and antelope strains of besnoitia besnoiti (marotel, 1912) infection in cattle and rabbits. | | 1970 | 5005082 |
| the artificial transmission of besnoitia besnoiti (marotel, 1912) from chronically infected to susceptible cattle and rabbits. | | 1967 | 5583772 |
| a preliminary report on the finding of besnoitia besnoiti in goat skins affected with dimple in kenya. | | 1967 | 5625717 |
| the relationship between besnoitia of antelopes and besnoitia besnoiti (marotel, 1912) of cattle. | | 1966 | 6011942 |
| studies on the relationship between besnoitia of blue wildebeest and impala, and besnoitia besnoiti of cattle. | | 1967 | 6069326 |
| enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against besnoitia besnoiti in cattle. | the use of the elisa method for the detection of antibodies to b. besnoiti in cattle is described and compared to the ifat technique. one hundred and twenty-one sera were examined, of which 61 were sera of calves experimentally infected with b. besnoiti, 52 sera from field animals and eight were sera with high titres of antibodies to other parasites. the specificity of both assays correlates but elisa seemed to be more sensitive. the elisa technique provides a rapid and reliable method for the s ... | 1984 | 6441325 |
| serodiagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis by elisa and immunofluorescence tests. | sera from non-infected cattle and cattle infected with anaplasma, babesia, theileria and sarcocystis were tested for antibodies to besnoitia in elisa and immunofluorescence tests (ift) with besnoitia besnoiti of blue wildebeest origin as antigen. only 2 out of 86 sera gave false positive reactions in elisa and none in the ift, indicating a high specificity for the tests. three-hundred-and-three bovine sera from 3 farms in an area endemic for besnoitiosis were similarly tested and the results wer ... | 1984 | 6442765 |
| activity of a monoclonal antibody against besnoitia besnoiti endozoites. | besnoitia besnoiti multiplication in vitro was inhibited by a specific organelle complex-directed monoclonal antibody (moab) raised against the endozoite stage. multiplication rates in antibody-treated cultures were lower at parasite/cell ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:10, than in untreated cultures, after 4 or 8 d of incubation. at 1:100 ratio, there was no difference between test and control cultures irrespective of the incubation period. in in vivo experiments, the anti-b besnoiti moab had no neutr ... | 1995 | 7550404 |
| differentiating between besnoitia besnoiti from cattle and sarcocystis hoarensis from rodents. | to provide a biological basis for studies designed to establish the mode of transmission of the veterinary pathogen besnoitia besnoiti, we compared salient features of this pathogen in cattle with those of sarcocystis hoarensis in rodents. the cysts and cystozoites of these organisms can readily be distinguished morphologically. in contrast to s. hoarensis, which is well adapted to rodents, b. besnoiti fails to mature in jirds or mice and generally is lethal in jirds. serological reagents discri ... | 1995 | 7567907 |
| the route of immunization of gerbils with live besnoitia besnoiti as a factor in protection against lethal challenge. | gerbils (meriones tristrami) were infected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with live culture-grown besnoitia besnoiti at doses ranging from 10(1) to 10(7) endozoites. all animals injected subcutaneously survived the infection and were refractory to a lethal challenge dose of 10(7) endozoites given intraperitoneally 6 weeks later. by contrast, gerbils surviving primary intraperitoneal inoculation with 10(2) to 10(6) endozoites showed a variable survival rate to challenge. all gerbils develope ... | 1993 | 8128584 |
| preliminary findings from an experimental study of caprine besnoitiosis in kenya. | inoculation of cystozoites obtained from natural, chronic cases of caprine besnoitiosis produced clinical disease in goats but not in rabbits, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats or cattle. histological examination of tissue sections from the experimental animals showed besnoitia cysts only in goats. this, together with field observations that cattle reared together with goats having besnoitiosis do not contract the disease, suggests that the besnoitia species that infects goats in kenya is host-s ... | 1993 | 8284897 |
| besnoitiosis in a horse. | besnoitiosis was confirmed in a pony which presented with inspiratory dyspnoea, scleroderma and ventral oedema. numerous cysts were visible in the sclerae. histological examination of the skin confirmed the presence of numerous cysts. the parasite could not be transmitted by subcutaneous injection of homogenised skin from the infected horse to rabbits and a horse. ultrastructural morphology of the crescent-shaped bradyzoites was not compatable with besnoitia besnoiti or b. jellisoni and it is pr ... | 1993 | 8410950 |
| comparative ultrastructural studies on besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia caprae. | comparative transmission electron microscopy on besnoitia besnoiti and on a strain of besnoitia derived from goats in kenya revealed that the two organisms differ in their pellicle, micropore, microtubules, nucleus, wall-forming body 1 (w1), amount of lipids and amylopectin. thus the caprine besnoitia is probably a different organism and the term besnoitia caprae should continue to be used. | 1995 | 8540241 |
| vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in israel with special reference to quality assurance. | four vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases (anaplasmosis, babesiosis and theileriosis) and a vaccine against besnoitiosis are currently used in israel. these vaccines contain live attenuated parasites derived from cell culture (theileria annulata and besnoitia besnoiti) or from blood of infected, splenectomized calves (babesia bigemina, b. bovis and anaplasma centrale). cryopreserved master seed is used to initiate production of the vaccines. quality control performed during the preproduction ... | 1997 | 9512751 |
| an epidemic of besnoitiosis in cattle in kenya. | a total of 17 head of cattle presenting with typical "elephant skin disease" were isolated from the rest of the herd within a beef ranch for further clinical observation. on physical examination, all the animals had characteristic sclero-conjunctival cysts of besnoitia besnoiti. in addition, some of the animals had characteristic skin nodules on the legs, ears and back. histological examination of skin sections revealed typical large besnoitia cysts. microscopic examination of crush preparations ... | 1998 | 9741057 |
| the relationship of hammondia hammondi and sarcocystis mucosa to other heteroxenous cyst-forming coccidia as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of the 18s ssu ribosomal dna sequence. | the complete sequence of the 18s small subunit (ssu) ribosomal dna of hammondia hammondi and sarcocystis mucosa was obtained and compared to ssu rdna sequences of neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, besnoitia besnoiti, 2 species of frenkelia, 3 species of isospora, and 13 species of sarcocystis. analyses showed that h. hammondi and t. gondii are monophyletic and that these taxa shared a common ancestor with n. caninum and b. besnoiti. the weight of evidence shows that s. mucosa, s. neurona, and ... | 1999 | 10466120 |
| immunohistochemical study of the cyst of besnoitia besnoiti. | the present study has been undertaken in order to provide information on the molecular structure of the cysts of besnoitia besnoiti. to that end, immunohistochemical techniques have been used to investigate the expression of several enzymes and proteins implicated in the cellular membrane permeability of bradyzoites. paraffin and frozen sections, which were obtained from subcutaneous tissue samples taken from naturally infected cattle (coming from northeast spain), were treated with a panel of a ... | 2000 | 10889354 |
| molecular phylogeny of besnoitia and the genetic relationships among besnoitia of cattle, wildebeest and goats. | knowledge on parasites of the genus besnoitia is sparse, which are classified in the subfamily toxoplasmatinae of the phylum apicomplexa. this arrangement hypotheses that besnoitia represents the sister group to species such as toxoplasma gondii and hammondia hammondi. in order to test this hypothesis, phylogenetic analyses of 18s ribosomal dna (rdna) from besnoitia, hammondia, isospora, frenkelia, eimeria, neospora, sarcocystis and toxoplasma were performed. the 18s rdna of besnoitia besnoiti, ... | 2000 | 11212893 |
| immunological relationship between neospora caninum and besnoitia besnoiti. | neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite identified as a major cause of abortion in cattle. a combined infection of n. caninum with another taxonomically related parasite of cattle, besnoitia besnoiti can occur in geographical areas endemic for both species. both infections are routinely diagnosed serologically, and incorrect diagnosis could occur if immunological cross-reactivity exists between the two parasites. to investigate the possible degree of cross-reactivity, we compared results obtain ... | 2002 | 11992709 |
| ultrastructure of besnoitia besnoiti tissue cysts and bradyzoites. | besnoitia besnoiti is an economically important tissue cyst-forming apicomplexan of cattle in africa and israel. tissue cysts and bradyzoites of b. besnoiti from the skin of a naturally infected bull were studied by transmission electron microscopy. tissue cysts enclosed host cell and bradyzoites. bradyzoites were 6-7.5 x 1.9-2.3 microm in size and contained organelles found in coccidian merozoites including numerous micronemes, rhoptries, amylopectin granules, and a posteriorly located nucleus. ... | 2003 | 15132166 |
| monoclonal antibodies identify two neutralization-sensitive epitopes in besnoitia besnoiti endocytes. | four monoclonal antibodies were produced against endozoite membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of b. besnoiti. in immunofluorescence antibody tests, three of the clones, designated 2m3c5, 2m1g8 and 2m9g3 recognized antigens restricted to the anterior pole of the endozoites. the fourth clone, 2m9c4, recognized a membrane-associated component in a "beaded" pattern, cytoplasmic granules and extracellular background. the staining characteristics differed from the solid diffuse staining of polyclonal s ... | 2004 | 15349773 |
| redescription of besnoitia tarandi (protozoa: apicomplexa) from the reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | besnoitia tarandi tissue cysts were found in naturally-infected reindeer (rangifer tarandus) from finland. infectivity of its tissue cysts, bradyzoites, and tachyzoites to animals and cell culture was studied. the bradyzoites and tissue cysts were not infectious to out-bred mice, rabbits or gerbils. when fed tissue cysts, neither cats nor dogs excreted oocysts. however, the parasite was lethal to interferon-gamma gene knock out mice irrespective of the route of inoculation. the parasite was grow ... | 2004 | 15491590 |
| redescription of besnoitia bennetti (protozoa: apicomplexa) from the donkey (equus asinus). | besnoitia bennetti tissue cysts were found in four naturally-infected donkeys (equus asinus) from the usa. infectivity of its bradyzoites and tachyzoites to animals and cell culture was studied. the bradyzoites were not infectious to out-bred swiss webster mice, rabbits or gerbils. when fed tissue cysts, cats did not excrete oocysts. however, the parasite was infectious to interferon-gamma gene knock out mice. the parasite from tissues of two donkeys was grown successfully in bovine monocyte mon ... | 2005 | 15862579 |
| bovine besnoitiosis and its effect on the male reproductive system. | besnoitia besnoiti and several species of the genus have been reported in a variety of domestic and wild animals in many parts of the world (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). cutaneous besnoitiosis in cattle has been described as a serious skin condition characterized by painful swellings, alopecia and thickening of the skin (6). it is a chronic, debilitating and occasionally fatal disease with both cutaneous and systemic manifestations (6, 7, 8). besnoitia cysts and lesions have been observed in the testes, epid ... | 1981 | 16725665 |
| isolation of besnoitia besnoiti from infected cattle in portugal. | besnoitia besnoiti, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum apicomplexa, is the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis. besnoitiosis is responsible for significant losses in the cattle industry of africa and mediterranean countries due to the high morbidity rate, abortion and infertility in males. the acute stage of disease is associated with the proliferative forms (tachyzoites) and is characterized by fever, whimpery, general weakness and swelling of the superficia ... | 2006 | 16822614 |
| immunodiagnosis of besnoitia besnoiti infection by elisa and western blot. | besnoitia besnoiti, an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis. this infection may dramatically affect body condition and lead to irreversible infertility in males, resulting in important economical losses in livestock production. identification of serologically positive animals is of major relevance to elaborate appropriate measures of control. while identification of clinical cases is relatively easy to carry out, the finding of sub ... | 2006 | 16822616 |
| microtubule cytoskeleton behavior in the initial steps of host cell invasion by besnoitia besnoiti. | besnoitia besnoiti is a protozoan parasite responsible for bovine besnoitiosis. indirect immunofluorescence showed that isolated b. besnoiti possesses a set of subpellicular microtubules, radiating from the apical end and extending for more than 2/3 of the cell body. upon interaction with the host cell, b. besnoiti undergoes dramatic modifications of shape and surface, as revealed by atomic force microscopy, accompanied by a distinct tubulin labeling on the posterior region. in the host cell, th ... | 2006 | 16876796 |
| in vitro efficacy of nitro- and bromo-thiazolyl-salicylamide compounds (thiazolides) against besnoitia besnoiti infection in vero cells. | nitazoxanide (ntz) and its deacetylated metabolite tizoxanide (tiz) exhibit considerable in vitro activity against besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites grown in vero cells. real-time-pcr was used to assess b. besnoiti tachyzoite adhesion, invasion, and intracellular proliferation in vitro. a number of ntz-derivatives, including rm4822 and rm4803, were generated, in which the thiazole-ring-associated nitro-group was replaced by a bromo-moiety. we here show that replacement of the nitro-group on the thi ... | 2007 | 17306057 |
| application of conventional and real-time fluorescent its1 rdna pcr for detection of besnoitia besnoiti infections in bovine skin biopsies. | besnoitia besnoiti, an apicomplexan protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis. this infection may dramatically affect body condition, and, in males, lead to irreversible infertility. while identification of clinical cases and their histopathological confirmation is relatively simple to carry out, finding subclinical forms of infection is more difficult, thus a more sensitive test for the identification of the etiological agent may be an appropriate diagnostic tool. we hav ... | 2007 | 17418951 |
| first isolation of besnoitia besnoiti from a chronically infected cow in spain. | besnoitia besnoiti was isolated from a skin biopsy of a chronically infected cow from central spain. zoites released from macroscopic cysts were adapted to its culture in vitro on a marc-145 cell monolayer. tachyzoites produced in vitro were either cryopreserved or used for genomic dna isolation. a 2206 nt sequence containing 18s ribosomal rna gene, internal transcribed spacer 1 (its 1), and a partial sequence of 5.8s ribosomal rna gene was amplified by pcr and sequenced. this sequence showed a ... | 2009 | 18803440 |
| another african disease in central europa: besnoitiosis of cattle. i. light and electron microscopical study. | the paper reports the first detection of besnoitiosis of cattle in germany. just 2 years after the first appearance of the african bluetongue disease (btd) of cattle in central europe, another african agent of disease has arrived in germany. while it was proven that the btd virus was transmitted (after its first appearance) by endemic midges of the genus culicoides (c. obsoletus, c. pulicaris), nothing is known, how the infectious stages of besnoitia besnoiti-a member of the so-called cyst-formi ... | 2009 | 19082626 |
| studies on besnoitiosis bennetti in miniature donkeys. | besnoitia tissue cysts associated with the skin lesions recovered from the naturally-infected miniature donkeys (equus asinus) during clinical examination were studied by the light and electron microscopy, as well as histochemically to elucidate the specific morphologic features of the cyst causing this disease. the cyst was differentiated phenotypically from those of other besnoitia spp. the interpretation of results showed that morphometric attributes of the tissue cysts and the associated pat ... | 2008 | 19143129 |
| first in vitro isolation of besnoitia besnoiti from chronically infected cattle in germany. | besnoitia besnoiti was in vitro isolated during the first recorded outbreak of bovine besnoitiosis in germany. molecular characterization of the new isolate, named bb-ger1, revealed almost 100% identity with other b. besnoiti isolates obtained in portugal, spain, israel or south africa, when partial sequences of the 18s ribosomal rna gene, of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and of the 5.8s rna gene were compared. cystozoites obtained from skin tissue of one bull were infectious for gamma-inter ... | 2009 | 19477592 |
| pattern of recognition of besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoite and bradyzoite antigens by naturally infected cattle. | bovine besnoitiosis is caused by the protozoan parasite besnoitia besnoiti. many recent cases have been described in different european countries, which may be indicative of expansion of the disease in the next few years. many infected animals remain asymptomatic; therefore, serological tests are essential tools for diagnosis. the objective of the present work was to identify b. besnoiti tachyzoite and bradyzoite immunodominant antigens (idas). idas were recognised by sds-page under reducing con ... | 2009 | 19595513 |
| molecular biological comparison of different besnoitia species and stages from different countries. | besnoitia besnoiti tissue cysts from a recent outbreak in cattle in germany were characterized with respect to their internal transcribed spacer regions 1, 2, and 18s rdna gene sequences. these results were compared with own sequences of an israelian isolate of b. besnoiti and of besnoitia jellisoni cystozoites stored for years in liquid nitrogen. furthermore, material was studied that was obtained from white mice (balb/c) that had been successfully infected by intraperitoneal infection of fresh ... | 2010 | 20135147 |
| bovine besnoitiosis in germany. | abstract this paper reports a case of natural occurring bovine besnoitiosis in germany. the skin lesions consisted of multifocal hypotrichosis and alopecia, lichenification, erythema and seborrhoea. histopathologic findings revealed characteristic cysts of besnoitia spp. the diagnosis was confirmed by serology and the species besnoitia besnoiti was identified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | 2010 | 20230585 |
| comparative evaluation of immunofluorescent antibody and new immunoblot tests for the specific detection of antibodies against besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites and bradyzoites in bovine sera. | besnoitia besnoiti, an apicomplexan parasite causes economically important disease in cattle in many countries of africa and asia is re-emerging in europe. serological identification of infected cattle is important because introduction of these animals into naive herds seems to play a major role in the transmission of the parasite. we report new, simplified immunoblot-based serological tests for the detection of b. besnoiti-specific antibodies. antigens were used under non-reducing conditions in ... | 2010 | 20378250 |
| development and use of an indirect elisa in an outbreak of bovine besnoitiosis in spain. | an indirect elisa based on a soluble extract of besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites was developed and standardised. a set of positive and negative reference bovine sera were characterised using an immunofluorescence antibody test and western blot. a cut-off with a relative index per cent of 8.1 was determined for equal sensitivity and specificity (100 per cent) by two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis. cross-reactions with other closely related apicomplexan parasites were discarded. th ... | 2010 | 20581359 |
| bovine besnoitiosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects. | bovine besnoitiosis, due to the cyst-forming apicomplexan besnoitia besnoiti, is widespread in africa, in asia and in the south of europe. this infection leads to major economic losses in cattle production with a decrease in milk production, transient of definitive sterility of bulls and mortality. since its emergence in europe (germany, spain and centre of france), more attention has been given to this infection during the last 10 years, including the recent development of serological methods f ... | 2010 | 20850933 |
| genetic characterization of the causative agent of besnoitiosis in goats in iran on the basis of internal transcribed spacer rdna and its comparison with besnoitia species of other hosts. | this study was conducted to identify genetic characteristics of besnoitia spp. isolated from goat in iran. molecular analysis of two portions of nuclear ribosomal dna (its1 and its2) was used for the genetic characterization of the besnoitia species. comparison of the sequencing data of the iranian besnoitia samples obtained in the present study (genbank accession number hm008988) with those previously reported for other besnoitia spp. in the genbank database revealed a particularly close relati ... | 2010 | 20941630 |
| evaluation of a commercial elisa for the specific detection of antibodies against besnoitia besnoiti. | bovine besnoitiosis is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the protozoan parasite besnoitia besnoiti, which occurs endemically in many countries of africa and asia and is spreading in europe. serological identification of subclinically infected cattle is important to avoid the introduction of infected animals into naive herds. here we determine the sensitivity and specificity of the priocheck(®) besnoitia ab, a serological test recently introduced into the european market. anal ... | 2010 | 21035269 |
| a longitudinal study of besnoitia besnoiti infections and seasonal abundance of stomoxys calcitrans in a dairy cattle farm of southwest france. | bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the cyst-forming apicomplexan besnoitia besnoiti, is commonly reported in some restricted regions of south-western europe, and in larger regions of africa and asia. this infection is thought to be transmitted by blood feeding insects and is responsible for major economic losses in cattle production. a recent emergence in europe, notified in the centre of france, spain and germany, has attracted more attention to this disease. clinical signs could appear in some ani ... | 2010 | 21185653 |
| exploring the life cycle of besnoitia besnoiti - experimental infection of putative definitive and intermediate host species. | the biology of besnoitia besnoiti, the cause of bovine besnoitiosis, is poorly understood. its definitive host is unknown, and information on potential intermediate hosts is scarce. in order to investigate potential definitive and intermediate hosts for european isolates of b. besnoiti, domestic dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs (cavia porcellus), gerbils (meriones unguiculatus), common voles (microtus arvalis) and nmri-mice were inoculated with b. besnoiti isolated from naturally infected german ... | 2011 | 21310538 |
| quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assays for the sensitive detection of besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle. | bovine besnoitiosis, an economically important disease in cattle in some countries of africa and asia, is emerging in europe. the definitive host of besnoitia besnoiti, the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis, is unknown and the transmission of the parasite is not completely understood. sensitive and quantitative dna detection methods are needed to determine whether serologically positive animals are infectious and to examine the role of vectors (e.g. haematophagous insects) in the transmissi ... | 2011 | 21324596 |
| a modified agglutination test for the diagnosis of besnoitia besnoiti infection. | bovine besnoitiosis is caused by besnoitia besnoiti, an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite. affected animals present cutaneous and systemic manifestations and the disease may lead to considerable economic losses. although generally associated to tropical and subtropical areas, bovine besnoitiosis is now considered an emergent disease in europe, due to the increasing number of new cases and apparent geographical expansion. in this study we evaluated the performance of a modified aggluti ... | 2011 | 21324602 |
| in vitro effects of arylimidamides against besnoitia besnoiti infection in vero cells. | the in vitro effects of 4 arylimidamides (db811, db786, db750 and db766) against the proliferative tachyzoite stage of the apicomplexan parasite besnoitia besnoiti were investigated. these four compounds had been shown earlier to exhibit in vitro activities in the nanomolar range against the related apicomplexans neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii. real-time-pcr was used to assess b. besnoiti intracellular proliferation in vitro. preliminary assessment by light microscopy identified db811 an ... | 2011 | 21349220 |
| besnoitia besnoiti protein disulfide isomerase (bbpdi): molecular characterization, expression and in silico modelling. | besnoitia besnoiti is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for bovine besnoitiosis, a disease with a high prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions and re-emerging in europe. despite the great economical losses associated with besnoitiosis, this disease has been underestimated and poorly studied, and neither an effective therapy nor an efficacious vaccine is available. protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) is an essential enzyme for the acquisition of the correct three-dimensional structure of ... | 2011 | 21756909 |
| Molecular pathology, taxonomy and epidemiology of Besnoitia species (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae). | Until recently, besnoitiosis has been a neglected disease of domestic animals. Now, a geographic expansion of the causing protozoan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti in livestock has been recognized and the disease in cattle is considered emerging in Europe. Bovine besnoitiosis leads to significant economic losses by a decline in milk production, sterility, transient or permanent infertility of bulls, skin lesions and increase of mortality in affected cattle population. Phylogenetically, the Besnoitia ... | 2011 | 21906696 |
| evidence for bovine besnoitiosis being endemic in italy-first in vitro isolation of besnoitia besnoiti from cattle born in italy. | until 2009, bovine besnoitiosis had never been considered endemic in italy and the only report on the disease in this country referred to animals imported from france shortly before. however, recently, an autochthonous outbreak of bovine besnoitiosis was reported in four herds located at the intersection of the borders between emilia-romagna, toscana and marche (northern apennine mountains), which has led to an increased awareness concerning this disease. the present study describes a further ou ... | 2011 | 21978744 |
| sero-prevalence of neospora caninum and besnoitia besnoiti in south australian beef and dairy cattle. | a serological survey for neospora caninum and besnoitia besnoiti was carried out in beef and dairy cattle in south australia. serum samples of dairy cattle (n=133) from 9 properties and tank milk samples from a further 122 dairy herds were tested. an additional 810 sera from beef cattle from 51 properties were also tested. testing at the individual animal level by idexx neospora x2 ab test elisa revealed a low prevalence of n. caninum antibodies of only 2.7% (95% ci; 1.6-3.7%) sera positive, as ... | 2011 | 22138306 |
| first 2-de approach towards characterising the proteome and immunome of besnoitia besnoiti in the tachyzoite stage. | bovine besnoitiosis is caused by the cyst-forming apicomplexan parasite besnoitia besnoiti. it is considered to be a re-emergent disease in europe and is also present in africa and asia. due to the chronic and debilitating course of the disease, bovine besnoitiosis is responsible for severe economic losses. however, many aspects of the disease and parasite biology remain unknown. proteomics studies could help to investigate relevant biological processes as well as host immune response associated ... | 2012 | 23332121 |
| first cross-sectional serological survey on besnoitia besnoiti in cattle in italy. | a cross-sectional serological survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of besnoitiosis in cattle farms located in a region of southern italy. a geographical information system (gis) was used in order to uniformly sample the bovine farms (n=88) throughout the entire region. blood samples were collected from 528 autochthonous cattle and sera were tested for antibodies to besnoitia besnoiti using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. the farm prevalence was 83.0% (73/88), and the indivi ... | 2012 | 23274487 |
| vector-borne transmission of besnoitia besnoiti by blood-sucking and secretophagous flies: epidemiological and clinicopathological implications. | bovine besnoitiosis has been recently diagnosed in a three-parted herd of 796 aubrac and charolais beef cattle in hungary. a large scale serological, histological and molecular survey was initiated in order to uncover important factors in the local epidemiology of the disease. | 2015 | 26338535 |
| screening of bat faeces for arthropod-borne apicomplexan protozoa: babesia canis and besnoitia besnoiti-like sequences from chiroptera. | bats are among the most eco-epidemiologically important mammals, owing to their presence in human settlements and animal keeping facilities. roosting of bats in buildings may bring pathogens of veterinary-medical importance into the environment of domestic animals and humans. in this context bats have long been studied as carriers of various pathogen groups. however, despite their close association with arthropods (both in their food and as their ectoparasites), only a few molecular surveys have ... | 2015 | 26315069 |
| epidemiological patterns of bovine besnoitiosis in an endemic beef cattle herd reared under extensive conditions. | bovine besnoitiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan besnoitia besnoiti. described many decades ago, recent epidemiological studies reveal its important spread within europe in the last years. to date, many epidemiological aspects related to life cycle, routes of transmission, incidence rates and associated risk factors are lacking; hence, the establishment of appropriate disease control programmes poses an important challenge. thus, the aim of the present study was to determine th ... | 2017 | 28288758 |
| serological dynamics and risk factors of besnoitia besnoiti infection in breeding bulls from an endemically infected purebred beef herd. | bovine besnoitiosis has been deemed a re-emerging disease in western europe and considered endemic in spain, portugal, france and in some areas of northern italy. this report refers to an infection outbreak in a purebred beef herd from northern italy involving a large number of bulls. in october 2013, 544 animals were serologically tested with an in-house elisa followed by a confirmatory western blot to evaluate besnoitia besnoiti seroprevalence. a year later, 461 animals were then serologically ... | 2017 | 28283798 |
| importance of serological cross-reactivity among toxoplasma gondii, hammondia spp., neospora spp., sarcocystis spp. and besnoitia besnoiti. | toxoplasma gondii, neospora spp., sarcocystis spp., hammondia spp. and besnoitia besnoiti are genetically related cyst-forming coccidia. serology is frequently used for the identification of t. gondii, neospora spp. and b. besnoiti-exposed individuals. serologic cross-reactions occur in different tests among animals infected with t. gondii and h. hammondi, as well as among animals infected by t. gondii and n. caninum. infections caused by n. caninum and n. hughesi are almost indistinguishable by ... | 2017 | 28241894 |
| absence of antibodies specific to besnoitia spp. in european sheep and goats from areas in spain where bovine besnoitiosis is endemic. | besnoitia besnoiti and b. caprae, which infect bovids (cattle and antelopes) and goats, respectively, are responsible for besnoitiosis, a chronic and debilitating disease. bovine besnoitiosis is considered to be a reemerging disease in central and western europe. in addition, infection by besnoitia spp. has been reported in reindeer from sweden and finland. recently, the parasite was also detected in roe deer and red deer from spain, where an interconnection between the domestic and sylvatic cyc ... | 2017 | 27815735 |
| does bovine besnoitiosis affect the sexual function of chronically infected bulls? | bovine besnoitiosis is a reemerging disease in europe. the clinically besnoitia besnoiti infection in bulls is characterized by fever, nasal discharge, and orchitis in the acute phase and by scleroderma in the chronic phase. however, in many bulls, b besnoiti infection remains at a subclinical stage. bull infertility is an economically relevant consequence of besnoitiosis infection. it is not clear, however, if semen quality returns to normal levels when infected animals have clinically recovere ... | 2016 | 27264738 |
| systemic besnoitiosis in a juvenile roe deer (capreolus capreolus). | herein, we report the first incidence of systemic besnoitiosis in a male juvenile roe deer capreolus capreolus. the animal was found dead in an area where bovine besnoitiosis is endemic and showed cachexia and multiple skin erosions in the metacarpal and metatarsal areas. moreover, round and elevated white structures suggestive of besnoitia spp. tissue cysts were also present. twenty-eight tissue samples from different anatomical locations were collected for microscopic lesion and parasite detec ... | 2016 | 27225441 |
| the role of wild ruminants as reservoirs of besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle. | bovine besnoitiosis, a parasitic disease caused by besnoitia besnoiti, has been reported mainly in beef cattle raised under extensive pastoral systems and is considered to be re-emerging in western europe. horizontal transmission probably occurs either by means of blood sucking arthropods or as a consequence of direct contact between infected and non-infected cattle. however, the role that wild ruminants (e.g., red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus)) may play in the parasit ... | 2016 | 27198769 |
| selected metabolic biochemical and enzyme activities associated with besnoitia besnoiti infection in dairy cattle. | the main aim of the study was to explore, compare, and identify whether there is an association between besnoitia besnoiti seropositivity in apparently healthy dairy cows with some biochemical parameters, enzyme activities, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (bhba). a total of 98 dairy cows were included in the study, of which there was 50 seropositive and 48 seronegative cows. analysis of serum antibodies against b. besnoiti antibodies was performed using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit ... | 2016 | 27154214 |
| bovine besnoitiosis (besnoitia besnoiti) in an irish dairy herd. | bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the apicomplexan protozoan parasite besnoitia besnoiti, was diagnosed in an irish dairy herd. this is the first diagnosis of besnoitiosis in ireland or the uk and the most northerly european outbreak yet described. the diagnosis occurred following a farm investigation in june 2015 into an unusual dermatological problem that had been ongoing since 2010. on an annual basis, 1-2 per cent of cows in the herd exhibited clinical signs, including skin thickening, alopecia ... | 2016 | 27122500 |
| characterization of an outbreak of emerging bovine besnoitiosis in southwestern spain. | bovine besnoitiosis is an emerging disease in europe, presenting quick spread toward central and southern spain. characterization of an outbreak in a free-ranging limousin and avileña beef cattle herd from southwestern spain territories is attempted. serological survey in the herd revealed increase of number of infected animals, from 34.3 % on first diagnoses/exams on december 2013 to 42.5 % in the second on april 2014. blood analysis and serum biochemistry showed important alterations like leuk ... | 2016 | 27075308 |
| besnoitia besnoiti lytic cycle in vitro and differences in invasion and intracellular proliferation among isolates. | bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the protozoan besnoitia besnoiti, reduces productivity and fertility of affected herds. besnoitiosis continues to expand in europe and no effective control tools are currently available. experimental models are urgently needed. herein, we describe for the first time the kinetics of standardised in vitro models for the b. besnoiti lytic cycle. this will aid to study the pathogenesis of the disease, in the screening for vaccine targets and drugs potentially useful fo ... | 2016 | 26928430 |
| metabolic signatures of besnoitia besnoiti-infected endothelial host cells and blockage of key metabolic pathways indicate high glycolytic and glutaminolytic needs of the parasite. | besnoitia besnoiti is an obligate intracellular and emerging coccidian parasite of cattle with a significant economic impact on cattle industry. during acute infection, fast-proliferating tachyzoites are continuously formed mainly in endothelial host cells of infected animals. given that offspring formation is a highly energy and cell building block demanding process, the parasite needs to exploit host cellular metabolism to meet its metabolic demands. here, we analyzed the metabolic signatures ... | 2016 | 26852124 |
| besnoitia besnoiti infections activate primary bovine endothelial cells and promote pmn adhesion and net formation under physiological flow condition. | besnoitia besnoiti is an obligate intracellular and emerging coccidian parasite of cattle that mainly infects host endothelial cells during acute infection. we here analyzed early innate immune reactions of b. besnoiti-infected primary bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells (buvec). b. besnoiti infections significantly activated buvec since the gene transcripts of several adhesion molecules (p-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1(icam-1)), chemokines (cxcl1, cxcl8, ccl5), and of cox-2 we ... | 2016 | 26847631 |
| characterization of an igg monoclonal antibody targeted to both tissue cyst and sporocyst walls of toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii infects animals habiting terrestrial and aquatic environments. its oocysts and tissue cysts are important for the horizontal transmission of this parasite. the oocyst and tissue cyst walls are crucial for the ability of the parasite to persist in the environment or in animal tissues, respectively. however, the composition of these walls is not well understood. we report the generation of monoclonal antibodies directed against wall components using mice immunized with oocyst ant ... | 2016 | 26836446 |
| naturally acquired bovine besnoitiosis: differential distribution of parasites in the skin of chronically infected cattle. | bovine besnoitiosis is caused by besnoitia besnoiti, an apicomplexan parasite closely related to toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. in the acute stage of besnoitiosis, cattle suffer from pyrexia, swollen lymph nodes, anorexia and subcutaneous edema. in the chronic stage, tissue cysts are formed in a variety of tissues including the skin. knowledge about the distribution of tissue cysts of different parts of the skin of infected animals is scarce. four chronically infected cattle were euthan ... | 2016 | 26801602 |
| endoparasite survey of free-swimming baleen whales (balaenoptera musculus, b. physalus, b. borealis) and sperm whales (physeter macrocephalus) using non/minimally invasive methods. | a number of parasitic diseases have gained importance as neozoan opportunistic infections in the marine environment. here, we report on the gastrointestinal endoparasite fauna of three baleen whale species and one toothed whale: blue (balaenoptera musculus), fin (balaenoptera physalus), and sei whales (balaenoptera borealis) and sperm whales (physeter macrocephalus) from the azores islands, portugal. in total, 17 individual whale fecal samples [n = 10 (b. physalus); n = 4 (p. macrocephalus); n = ... | 2016 | 26593736 |
| anti-neospora caninum and anti-sarcocystis spp. specific antibodies cross-react with besnoitia besnoiti and influence the serological diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis. | bovine besnoitiosis control remains a challenge because the disease continues to spread and control relies solely on accurate diagnosis coupled to management measures. however, recent studies have reported that routinely used elisas may raise a high number of false-positive results. herein, cross-reactions between besnoitia besnoiti antigens and anti-neospora caninum and/or anti-sarcocystis spp.-specific antibodies were studied in an in house elisa since n. caninum and sarcocystis spp. are close ... | 2015 | 26386830 |
| clinical and serological dynamics of besnoitia besnoiti infection in three endemically infected beef cattle herds. | the dynamics of bovine besnoitiosis were studied in an area where the disease is endemic. a four-year longitudinal study was conducted for the first time in three infected beef cattle herds located in the urbasa-andía mountains (navarra, spain). each herd was visited four to seven times, and clinical and serological prevalence rates and incidence rates were estimated. clinical inspections to identify compatible clinical signs with the disease stages were conducted at the beginning and end of the ... | 2017 | 26301388 |
| experimental infections of rabbits with proliferative and latent stages of besnoitia besnoiti. | cattle besnoitiosis due to besnoitia besnoiti is spreading across europe and is responsible for severe economic losses in newly infected herds. experimentally speaking, rabbits have been found to be susceptible to this parasite. the adaptation of b. besnoiti to rabbits may offer a new, easier and cheaper model of investigation for this disease. this study compared the virulence between tachyzoites and bradyzoites of b. besnoiti in rabbits. eighteen new zealand rabbits were allocated into three g ... | 2015 | 26143866 |
| natural besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: chronology of disease progression. | bovine besnoitiosis is an emerging protozoan disease in cattle. neither vaccines nor chemotherapeutic drugs are currently available for prevention and treatment of besnoitia besnoiti infections. therefore the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies is of utmost importance. the aim of this longitudinal study was to complement current knowledge on the chronology of disease progression. this was realized by correlating clinical findings in early stages of naturally acquired bovi ... | 2015 | 25886463 |
| natural besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: hematological alterations and changes in serum chemistry and enzyme activities. | the emerging disease bovine besnoitiosis is caused by the apicomplexan parasite besnoitia besnoiti. clinical signs of acute besnoitiosis are pyrexia, anorexia and subcutaneous edema. in subacute and chronic besnoitiosis parasitic cysts arise in a variety of tissues and affected cattle display skin lesions and weight loss. in all stages of bovine besnoitiosis, lesions can be found in many organ systems and therefore presumably alter a variety of laboratory parameters. in this study, the impact of ... | 2015 | 25880447 |
| epidemiologic study on besnoitia besnoiti infection in dairy herds in jordan. | besnoitia besnoiti is an apicomplexan parasite and the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis which is considered as a re-emergent disease in europe. a cross-sectional serological study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and to identify risk factors associated with b. besnoiti infection in 68 dairy herds (n = 806 cows) in jordan during the period from january to june 2007 and the spring of 2014. data regarding herd's management was obtained by filling questionnaires through personal i ... | 2015 | 25843571 |
| besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle and mice: ultrastructural pathology in acute and chronic besnoitiosis. | current knowledge on bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the emerging apicomplexan pathogen besnoitia besnoiti, is still fragmentary. so far, studies dealing with ultrastructural pathology focused mainly on the easily accessible chronic stage, whereas ultrastructural investigations of tachyzoites were confined to in vitro studies. in the study presented here, the ultrastructural pathology of naturally b. besnoiti-infected cattle in the acute and chronic disease stages and experimentally b. besnoiti-i ... | 2015 | 25576189 |
| besnoitia besnoiti among cattle in insular and northwestern italy: endemic infection or isolated outbreaks? | bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the apicomplexan besnoitia besnoiti, is a chronic and debilitating disease considered as emerging in europe. in spain, portugal and france it is endemic and foci of infection were recorded in germany, switzerland, hungary, greece and italy. in italy, cases of bovine besnoitiosis were registered both in imported and autochthonous cattle, and mostly in central regions; high seroprevalence was also revealed by an epidemiological survey performed in the southern part o ... | 2014 | 25491281 |
| a small-molecule cell-based screen led to the identification of biphenylimidazoazines with highly potent and broad-spectrum anti-apicomplexan activity. | an in vitro screening of the anti-apicomplexan activity of 51 compounds, stemming from our chemical library and from chemical synthesis, was performed. as a study model, we used toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), expressing β-galactosidase for the colorimetric assessment of drug activity on parasites cultivated in vitro. this approach allowed the validation of a new series of molecules with a biphenylimidazoazine scaffold as inhibitors of t. gondii growth in vitro. hence, 8 molecules significantly i ... | 2015 | 25462254 |
| proteomics reveals differences in protein abundance and highly similar antigenic profiles between besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi. | besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi are two cyst-forming apicomplexan parasites of the genus besnoitia. b. besnoiti uses cattle as an intermediate host, in which it causes a disease that progresses in two sequential phases: the acute anasarca stage and the chronic scleroderma stage. reindeer and caribou act as intermediate hosts for b. tarandi, which causes clinical signs similar to those caused by b. besnoiti. previous studies demonstrated high molecular similarity, as determined by 18s an ... | 2014 | 25260331 |
| besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites induce monocyte extracellular trap formation. | extracellular trap (et) formation has been demonstrated as an important novel effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn), eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages acting extracellularly against pathogens. in the present study, we show that tachyzoites of the emerging apicomplexan parasite besnoitia besnoiti, that have recently been reported as potent inducers of pmn-derived etosis, also trigger the release of ets in an additional cell type, namely in monocytes. fluorescence illustr ... | 2014 | 25193048 |
| naturally acquired bovine besnoitiosis: histological and immunohistochemical findings in acute, subacute, and chronic disease. | the pathogenesis of bovine besnoitiosis, a disease of increasing concern within europe, is still incompletely understood. in this study, disease progression after natural infection with the causative apicomplexan besnoitia besnoiti was monitored in histological skin sections of 5 individual female cattle over time. high-frequency skin sampling of 2 cattle with mild and 2 with severe acute, subacute, and chronic besnoitiosis, as well as from 1 animal during subclinical disease, enabled documentat ... | 2015 | 25096291 |
| a new caryospora coccidian species (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from the laughing kookaburra (dacelo novaeguineae). | a new caryospora coccidian species is described from the laughing kookaburra (dacelo novaeguineae). sporulated oocysts (n=30) are ovoid in shape with a smooth, colourless, bilayered oocyst wall and measure 31.4×29.3 (30.0-32.0×28.0-31.0) μm with a shape index of 1.1. oocysts contain one spheroidal to subspheroidal sporocyst, 21.2×20.6 (20.0-24.0×20.0-21.0) μm. a spheroidal shaped sporocyst residuum is present; micropyle, stieda, substieda and parastieda bodies are absent. vermiform sporozoites ( ... | 2014 | 25092438 |