| longitudinal study on distribution of phlebotomus argentipes sandflies at different heights in cattleshed. | distribution of ph. argentipes at three levels (level i, 0-0.91 m; level ii, 0.91-1.82 m; and level iii 1.82-2.74 m) above the ground in 6 cattlesheds was studied during july 1989 to june 1990. of the 8044 ph. argentipes caught, 3151 (39.2%), 3936 (48.9%) and 957 (11.9%) were from levels i, ii, and iii respectively. both male and fed, half-fed, gravid and unfed female sandflies were found at all the three levels and in all the three seasons viz., rainy, winter and summer, of the year. the maximu ... | 1991 | 1797650 |
| anthropophagy and aggregation behaviour of the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes in sri lanka. | the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) vector phlebotomus argentipes annandale & brunetti is widely distributed throughout the indian sub-continent and s.e. asia. the absence of vl in areas such as sri lanka has been attributed to the zoophilic nature of p.argentipes, since they were not recorded biting man. field studies on p.argentipes were undertaken in the central highlands of sri lanka, near kandy, in may 1988. male sandflies outnumbered females on cows by 19:1, and were regularly spaced at all de ... | 1990 | 2132972 |
| exit & entrance activities of phlebotomus argentipes annandale & brunetti in human habitations & cowsheds. | | 1987 | 3451905 |
| the subgenus euphlebotomus (diptera: psychodidae) in china, with description of a new species, phlebotomus yunshengensis. | in 1982 many phlebotomine sandflies were collected in the mountainous area of southern sichuan along the sichuan and yunnan frontier. in three places in this area specimens were found of a new species belonging to the subgenus euphlebotomus theodor, 1948, which includes phlebotomus argentipes, the important vector of kala-azar in india. | 1987 | 3662672 |
| cytological study of the mid-gut cells of phlebotomus argentipes, unfed and fed in relation to blood meal. | | 1972 | 4680056 |
| a study on phlebotomus argentipes, annandale and brunetti; in surat district, gujarat state (india). | | 1984 | 6437978 |
| double blood meals by phlebotomus argentipes and p. papatasi in two villages of maharashtra. | | 1982 | 7169240 |
| host preference of phlebotomus argentipes in different biotopes. | a study on host preference of p. argentipes in two different biotopes was conducted by capturing the flies from cowsheds and human dwellings. the human blood index of p. argentipes collected from cowsheds was 21.5% and 69.6% when collected from human dwellings; this indicates that host preference of p. argentipes varies widely in different biotopes. | 1983 | 6670117 |
| phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) of tamil nadu and pondicherry, southern india, in relation to visceral leishmaniasis. | the phlebotomine sandfly fauna of tamil nadu and pondicherry in south india is described. two morphologically different forms of phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of indian visceral leishmaniasis, are reported from madras, a known focus of visceral leishmaniasis. a new species, sergentomyia shettyi sp. nov., is described and sergentomyia babu and sergentomyia insularis stat. nov. are considered distinct species on the basis of their parapatric distribution. phlebotomus papatasi and p. argentipe ... | 1994 | 7979629 |
| absence of phlebotomus argentipes ann & brun. (diptera: psychodidae) the vector of indian kala-azar from kamrup district, assam. | in the past assam was devastated by epidemics of kala-azar. however, inspite of resurgence of this disease in bihar and neighbouring areas assam has remained untouched by this disease since the mid 1950s so far. the study undertaken in kamrup district, sought to provide an entomological explanation for assam's present freedom from kala-azar. sandfly collections were made in 15 villages. three different methods were used; namely hand collections by aspirator and torch, sticky traps and examinatio ... | 1994 | 7989678 |
| histochemical observations on the peritrophic membrane of phlebotomus argentipes. | | 1973 | 4283408 |
| behaviour of phlebotomus argentipes in the foothills of nilgiris (tamil nadu), south india. | | 1986 | 3745862 |
| neem oil as a sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) repellent. | the repellent action of neem oil was evaluated against sand flies under laboratory and field conditions. concentrations of 2% neem oil mixed in coconut or mustard oil provided 100% protection against phlebotomus argentipes throughout the night under field conditions; against phlebotomus papatasi it repelled sand flies for about 7 h in the laboratory. neem oil is an indigenous product and a low-cost alternative for personal protection against sand fly bites. | 1993 | 8245951 |
| anthropophilic and zoophilic phlebotomine sand flies (diptera, psychodidae) from thailand. | as a result of extensive surveys of sand flies carried out during 1987-90 in thailand, species including a man-biter, phlebotomus hoepplii, and cattle-biters, p. argentipes and p. major major, were discovered in kanchanaburi province. the human-baited catches revealed a low density of p. hoepplii and the biting occurred during 2100-2300 hours. phlebotomus hoepplii was also found feeding on buffalo and inhabiting pha-thai cave, lampang province. phlebotomus argentipes was also a common cave-dwell ... | 1993 | 8350067 |
| depth of penetration of vertebrate skin by phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae). | the limited knowledge of penetration depth and its relation to leishmania transmission is reviewed. labrum length and maxillary dentition of a number of species of phlebotomines are compared. it appears that the labrum of phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of kala-azar in eastern india, is only just long enough for obtaining a blood meal in normal human skin. more information on penetration depth is needed, and it might possibly be estimated from the length of the labium when it remains outside ... | 1987 | 3689025 |
| susceptibility status of phlebotomus argentipes to ddt, dieldrin and malathion in hoogly, west bengal. | susceptibility tests were carried out with ddt (4%), dieldrin (0.4%) and malathion (5%) using the who test kits against phlebotomus argentipes sandflies collected from dankuni, situated in hoogly district, 21 km from calcutta, west bengal. p. argentipes was found to be susceptible to all the three insecticides tested. lt 50 was calculated to be 10.6 minutes, 10.2 minutes and 2.8 minutes for ddt, dieldrin and malathion against the flies. | 1995 | 8866990 |
| resurgence of phlebotomus argentipes & ph. papatasi in parts of bihar (india) after ddt spraying. | | 1987 | 3596684 |
| record of flagellate infection in phlebotomus argentipes in some kala azar endemic areas of bihar, india. | | 1988 | 3271754 |
| bait preference of phlebotomus argentipes (ann. & brunn.). | | 1988 | 3243629 |
| detection of fructose in wild-caught phlebotomus argentipes and p. papatasi in bihar, india. | | 1988 | 3188170 |
| diurnal periodicity of leishmania amastigotes in peripheral blood of indian kala-azar patients. | peripheral blood smears of 20 patients with indian kala-azar (ka) were collected throughout the day and night and examined for presence of leishmania amastigotes. amastigotes were detected in 46% of peripheral blood samples taken during the day (08:00-17:00 h) and 66% and during the night (18:00-07:00 h). this difference was statistically highly significant (p < 0.0001). the confirmation of amastigote diurnal periodicity is of interest, and the high percentage of parasitemic patients at night is ... | 1997 | 9492920 |
| bloodmeal preference of phlebotomus argentipes & ph. papatasi of north bihar, india. | | 1987 | 3127337 |
| blood meal analysis of phlebotomus argentipes in eight districts of west bengal. | eight districts of west bengal (india) were surveyed for the biting habit of phlebotomus argentipes using agar gel diffusion method. blood meal indices were found different in the two biotopes, human dwellings and cowsheds. a total of 395 blood meals were analyzed. the blood meal indices in the human dwellings were human 68.8 per cent, cow 38.9 per cent, both human and cow 10.2 per cent, others 2.5 per cent and in the cowsheds: human 19.7 per cent, cow 91.6 per cent, human and cow 13.9 per cent ... | 1990 | 2230024 |
| kala-azar in varanasi (up)--preliminary observations. | an epidemiological and entomological survey was conducted in badohi town of varanasi district of uttar pradesh (india) from where an outbreak of kala-azar was reported. serological and clinical results showed 83 cases who responded to sodium antimony gluconate. phlebotomus argentipes and p. papatasi could be detected in area of outbreak. an active transmission of kala-azar is strongly indicated. | 1990 | 2098410 |
| susceptibility status of phlebotomus argentipes to ddt in some kala-azar endemic areas of bihar (india). | susceptibility status of wild ph. argentipes of patna, bhojpur and samastipur districts (bihar) were tested against 4 per cent ddt, following the standard who technique with who test kits. ph. argentipes from samastipur district had become tolerance to ddt, lt50 being 1.28 h. ph. argentipes from patna and bhojpur districts were however found susceptible to ddt. | 1990 | 2091993 |
| population ecology of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) in west bengal, india. | the population abundance of phlebotomus argentipes annandale & brunetti was studied between january 1986 and december 1987 at 2 sites in west bengal, india, in relation to 8 ecological parameters (air temperature, rainfall, windspeed, relative humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil ph, and soil organic carbon). sand flies were present throughout the year with minimum abundance in winter months and maximum during monsoon and postmonsoon months. correlation analysis examined pairwise rela ... | 1999 | 10534952 |
| a preliminary observation on larval diapause of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1991 | 1940227 |
| plant sources of fructose to sandflies, particularly phlebotomus argentipes in nature. | | 1991 | 1940225 |
| development of leishmania donovani in phlebotomus argentipes & ph. papatasi fed on kala-azar patients in bihar. | a total of 258 laboratory bred ph. argentipes was fed on untreated parasitologically confirmed kala-azar patients. successful development of parasites was noted in 0.54 per cent ph. argentipes fed during the day and 5.33 per cent fed during the night. however, none of the 245 laboratory bred ph. papatasi fed on the same patients, was found positive for successful development of l. donovani in the foregut. | 1991 | 1937591 |
| phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) from khandwa and hoshangabad districts of madhya pradesh, india. | a survey of phlebotomine sandflies undertaken in april 1985 in hoshangabad and khandwa districts of madhya pradesh yielded 332 sandflies on 204 sticky traps. sandflies were collected from feral habitats of termite hills, rodent burrows and tree holes and indoor habitats of human dwellings and cattle sheds. the sandflies belonged to eight species viz., phlebotomus argentipes, p. papatasi, p. colabaensis, sergentomyia clydei, s. babu, s. bailyi, s. punjabaensis, and s. indica. among them p. colaba ... | 1991 | 1842808 |
| screening sandflies for natural infection with leishmania donovani, using a non-radioactive probe based on the total dna of the parasite. | digoxigenin-labelled total, leishmania donovani dna was used as a probe to detect the parasite in indian phlebotomus argentipes. the probe was quite sensitive, detecting as little as 0.3 pg parasite dna, equivalent to approximately 100 parasites. positive signals could be detected in 12 (32%) of the 38 small (two- to 30-fly) pools of the wild-caught p. argentipes investigated and in a pool of 10 laboratory-bred p. argentipes fed on a patient with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. none of the ... | 2000 | 10983557 |
| breeding places of phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (diptera: psychodidae) in west bengal, india. | a search for the breeding places of phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti was undertaken in west bengal during 1988-1990. sugar flotation technique was applied for the isolation of larvae from the collected soil samples and emergence trap and sticky paper trap were used for the collection of adults. soil incubation method was followed for the collection of emerged adults from the soil sample. a total 131 soil samples were analysed by flotation technique which produced 19 immature stages- ... | 1991 | 1841217 |
| ten years of kala-azar in west bengal, part i. did post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis initiate the outbreak in 24-parganas? | following resurgence in bihar of epidemic kala-azar, outbreaks of the disease were identified simultaneously in two separate foci about 500 km apart in west bengal in 1980. while the outbreak in one of these foci, in northern west bengal, was the result of a direct extension of the bihar epidemic, the source of parasite in the other (in the village of bandipur in the south of west bengal) remained unknown until a case of nodulo-ulcerative post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) was located in ... | 1992 | 1638662 |
| gonotrophic nature of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) in the laboratory. | | 1992 | 1340034 |
| prevalence and blood meal sources of phlebotomus argentipes in west bengal in 1972-73. | | 1976 | 1010623 |
| a comparative study on the optimum time and method of collection of phlebotomus argentipes and other sandflies. (diptera: psychodidae). | a uniform method of collection is imperative for generating comparable entomological data in connection with studies on efficacy of vector control measures against sandflies. two commonly employed methods for sandfly collections i.e. hand collection by aspirator and sticky paper traps were compared under similar ecological conditions to determine the optimum time and method for generating data on relevant indices. only two p. argentipes male specimens were collected at dusk time from 12 cattle s ... | 1994 | 7868842 |
| field trial of an ecological approach for the control of phlebotomus argentipes using mud & lime plaster. | a pilot study for the control of ph. argentipes, a known vector of kala-azar in india, was carried out using an ecological approach. of the 15 houses selected for the study 10, including the cattle sheds and latrines, were plastered with a mixture of mud and lime, up to a height of 1.22 m taking care to seal all cracks and crevices. the remaining five houses were left unplastered and were considered as control areas. the pre-treatment and post-treatment resting densities of the sandfly were moni ... | 1995 | 7751045 |
| phlebotomus argentipes found in shimoga district, mysore state. | | 1951 | 14880211 |
| sand fly saliva enhances leishmania amazonensis infection by modulating interleukin-10 production. | after transmission through the bite of female sand flies, leishmania spp. can cause a broad spectrum of disease manifestations collectively known as leishmaniases. l. amazonensis is endemic in south america, where it causes cutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. in this study, we have provided evidence that salivary gland extracts (sge) of lutzomyia longipalpis enhances l. amazonensis infection. balb/c mice infected intradermally in the ear with 10(5) metacyclic promastigotes ... | 2004 | 14977924 |
| natural breeding places of phlebotomine sandflies. | methods of finding larvae and pupae of phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) are described and the known types of breeding sites used by sandflies are listed. three ways of detecting sandfly breeding places are the use of emergence traps placed over potential sources to catch newly emerged adult sandflies; flotation of larvae and pupae from soil, etc., and desiccation of media to drive out the larvae. even so, remarkably little information is available on the ecology of the developmental ... | 2004 | 15009450 |
| observation on host preference of phlebotomus argentipes in district south-24-parganas, west bengal, india. | | 1995 | 7499772 |
| variation in the ascoids of the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes in a population from patna, northern india. | | 1980 | 7320487 |
| evaluation of a dot-immunoblot assay for detecting leishmanial antigen in naturally infected phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae). | a simple and highly reproducible dot-immunoblot assay was developed to detect leishmanial antigen in phlebotomus argentipes that were naturally infected with leishmania donovani. the test was sensitive to as little as 10 ng of antigenic protein (equivalent to the gut content of one laboratory-infected sandfly) and also appeared to be specific, in that it gave a positive result with some p. argentipes (the primary vector of l. donovani in india) and l. donovani but not with p. papatasi or other p ... | 2005 | 15949184 |
| vertical distribution of phlebotomus argentipes in nilgiris (tamii nadu), india. | | 1982 | 7184956 |
| evidence that the vectorial competence of phlebotomine sand flies for different species of leishmania is controlled by structural polymorphisms in the surface lipophosphoglycan. | phlebotomine vectors can in some instances transmit only certain species of leishmania. comparison of a large number of vector/parasite pairs revealed that species-specific differences in vectorial competence were in every case directly correlated with the ability of promastigotes to attach to the sand-fly midgut, the variable outcomes of which were controlled by structural polymorphisms in the surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg) of the parasite. the ability of phlebotomus papatasi to transmit only ... | 1994 | 8090785 |
| impact of ddt indoor residual spraying on phlebotomus argentipes in a kala-azar endemic village in eastern uttar pradesh. | data on the operational efficacy of ddt indoor residual spraying against phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of kala-azar in india, are scarce. we therefore undertook a study of the impact on kala-azar and its vector of ddt indoor residual spraying in the varanasi district of eastern uttar pradesh. preliminary results indicate that after two rounds of ddt spraying in one village no p. argentipes were found during the peak vector season; in contrast, a large number of these sandfies were collected ... | 1994 | 8131254 |
| agglutination of leishmania promastigotes by midgut lectins from various species of phlebotomine sandflies. | lectins which agglutinate leishmania promastigotes were demonstrated in gut lysates from laboratory colonies of five phlebotomus and two lutzomyia species. in general, the highest agglutination titres were found in p. halepensis and lu. longipalpis (jacobina). marked differences were found in the agglutination of promastigotes of various leishmania species and strains and high agglutination titres were observed in some natural vector-parasite combinations, such as phlebotomus argentipes and le. ... | 1996 | 8758147 |
| observations on susceptibility status of phlebotomus argentipes to ddt in district south 24-parganas, west bengal. | | 1995 | 9163718 |
| breeding habitats of vector sandflies and their control in india. | in india phlebotomus argentipes and phlebotomus papatasi are the proven and suspected vectors of visceral leishmaniasis respectively. in the past, only a few samples from the field yielded sandfly immatures though there were many adults in the vicinity. this might be because of dearth of information on the various factors influencing the oviposition of the gravid females as well as survival and development of immatures. therefore, available information on these aspects has been reviewed so as to ... | 1997 | 9282515 |
| short report: leishmania dna in phlebotomus and sergentomyia species during a kala-azar epidemic. | the presence of leishmania donovani dna in sand flies caught in indian kala-azar patients' dwellings during the epidemic of 1990-1992 was studied using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). amplification of miniexon-derived rna genes and gpg3 mrna was achieved in single phlebotomus argentipes, p. papatasi, and sergentomyia babu flies. the data suggest the possible involvement of multiple sandfly species in kala-azar transmission. | 1997 | 9347957 |
| targeted gene deletion of leishmania major genes encoding developmental stage-specific leishmanolysin (gp63). | the major surface glycoprotein of leishmania major is a zinc metalloproteinase of 63 kda referred to as leishmanolysin or gp63, which is encoded by a family of seven genes. targeted gene replacement was used to delete gp63 genes 1-6 encoding the highly expressed promastigote and constitutively expressed gp63. in the l. major homozygous mutants deficient in gp63 genes 1-6, there was no expression of gp63 as detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) or fluorescent staini ... | 1998 | 9489664 |
| the effect of anti-sandfly saliva antibodies on phlebotomus argentipes and leishmania donovani. | a study was undertaken to find the effect of repeated bites of the sandfly, phlebotomus argentipes, on its host as well as on the vector itself. the study also aimed to find the effect of the immune serum on the parasite, leishmania donovani, naturally transmitted by the vector. the hamster which was exposed to sandfly feeding showed good antibody titre against the sandfly salivary-gland secretion, which indicates that the salivary-gland secretion is immunogenic in nature. the result also reveal ... | 1998 | 9512990 |
| development of a natural model of cutaneous leishmaniasis: powerful effects of vector saliva and saliva preexposure on the long-term outcome of leishmania major infection in the mouse ear dermis. | we have developed a model of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania major that seeks to mimic the natural conditions of infection. 1,000 metacyclic promastigotes were coinoculated with a salivary gland sonicate (sgs) obtained from a natural vector, phlebotomus papatasii, into the ear dermis of naive mice or of mice preexposed to sgs. the studies reveal a dramatic exacerbating effect of sgs on lesion development in the dermal site, and a complete abrogation of this effect in mice preexposed to ... | 1998 | 9815271 |
| epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in india. | kala-azar has re-emerged from near eradication. the annual estimate for the incidence and prevalence of kala-azar cases worldwide is 0.5 million and 2.5 million, respectively. of these, 90% of the confirmed cases occur in india, nepal, bangladesh and sudan. in india, it is a serious problem in bihar, west bengal and eastern uttar pradesh where there is under-reporting of kala-azar and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in women and children 0-9 years of age. untreated cases of kala-azar are ass ... | 1999 | 10416321 |
| experimental transmission of chandipura virus by phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae). | experiments were carried out to demonstrate the susceptibity and transmission potential of phlebotomus argentipes (annandale & brunetti) for chandipura virus (chpv). in india, p. argentipes is one of the predominant species found in many areas endemic for chpv. although its laboratory colonization is difficult, we have demonstrated that 65% of p. argentipes were susceptible to chpv infection by the oral route. transmission experiments were carried out by intrathoracic inoculation because of re-f ... | 2007 | 17297040 |
| intra-species and stage-specific polymorphisms in lipophosphoglycan structure control leishmania donovani-sand fly interactions. | the leishmania lipophosphoglycan conveys the ability for the parasites to avoid destruction in diverse host environments. during its life cycle within the sand fly vector, the parasite differentiates from a dividing procyclic promastigote stage that avoids expulsion from the midgut by attaching to the gut wall, to a nondividing metacyclic promastigote stage that is unable to attach to the midgut and migrates to the mouth parts for reinfection of a mammalian host. lipophosphoglycan plays an integ ... | 1999 | 10433687 |
| leishmania manipulation of sand fly feeding behavior results in enhanced transmission. | in nature the prevalence of leishmania infection in whole sand fly populations can be very low (<0.1%), even in areas of endemicity and high transmission. it has long since been assumed that the protozoan parasite leishmania can manipulate the feeding behavior of its sand fly vector, thus enhancing transmission efficiency, but neither the way in which it does so nor the mechanisms behind such manipulation have been described. a key feature of parasite development in the sand fly gut is the secre ... | 2007 | 17604451 |
| the role of phosphoglycans in leishmania-sand fly interactions. | leishmania promastigotes synthesize an abundance of phosphoglycans, either attached to the cell surface through phosphatidylinositol anchors (lipophosphoglycan, lpg) or secreted as protein-containing glycoconjugates. these phosphoglycans are thought to promote the survival of the parasite within both its vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the relative contributions of different phosphoglycan-containing molecules in leishmania-sand fly interactions were tested by using mutants specifically defici ... | 2000 | 10618431 |
| morphological characteristics of the antennal flagellum and its sensilla chaetica with character displacement in the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti sensu lato (diptera: psychodidae). | using light microscope and scanning electron microscope, the external morphological characteristics of the antennal flagellum and its sensilla are described in the sandfly, phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti sensu lato, a well known vector of visceral leishmaniasis in india. a revised terminology is given for the antennal segments to bring phlebotomine more in line with other subfamilies and families while a description of antennal sensilla is provided for the first time in phlebotomi ... | 2000 | 10878857 |
| morphology of larval antennae and mouthparts of four indian sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) by scanning electron microscopy. | the mouthparts and antennae of the fourth-instar larvae of four sand fly species were studied using scanning electron microscopy. the morphology of the clypeus, labrum, mandible, maxilla, mentum, and antennae were compared for phlebotomus argentipes annandale & brunetti, p. papatasin (scopoli), sergentomyia babu babu (annandale), and s. bailyi (sinton). most of structures exhibited species-specific features, particularly the characteristics of the antennae. p. papatasin larvae had heart-shaped a ... | 2000 | 10916299 |
| susceptibility of phlebotomus argentipes and p. papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) to insecticides. | field collected fully fed adults of phlebotomus argentipes and p. papatasi were screened in the laboratory for susceptibility to ddt, bhc, malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and bendiocarb. pondichery strain of p. papatasi and p. argentipes showed variations in their susceptibility to insecticides. both the species were resistant to permethrin but tolerant to ddt and malathion with ld99.99 values of 13.88, 1.92, 1.08 and 34.63, 4.69, 16.32 times more than the deterministic do ... | 1999 | 10916614 |
| coadaptation of male aedeagal filaments and female spermathecal ducts of the old world phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | the morphology of insect genitalia is often highly species-specific, and its variation has been suggested as an important impetus for evolution. structural variation of the male genitalia and the female spermathecae in phlebotomine sand flies is unique among the blood sucking diptera. we describe the fine structures involved in mating for phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli). relationships among the length of the spermathecal duct and aedeagal filament were studied in 26 species of old world pheleboto ... | 2000 | 11004775 |
| seasonal and nocturnal landing/biting behaviour of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae). | the nocturnal activity of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae), the main vector of leishmania donovani in india, was studied throughout a year, with monthly collections, between 18.00 and 06.00 hours, of the sandflies landing on 15 humans and 15 cows in the village of bahapur, patna district. the cattle appeared to be better as bait, since more than five female p. argentipes were caught on them for each one caught on the human bait. overall, although p. argentipes were caught during eac ... | 2001 | 11299126 |
| the salivary adenosine/amp content of phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti, the main vector of human kala-azar. | adenosine and amp in the salivary glands of the sand fly phlebotomus argentipes were characterized by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry. amp and adenosine were measured in individual salivary gland pairs, yielding 76.8 +/- 8.6 and 380 +/- 25 pmoles per pair of salivary glands, respectively (mean +/- se, n = 12). these values decrease to 45 +/- 7 and 181 +/- 21 pmoles following a blood meal, indicating that amp and adenosine were s ... | 2001 | 11534660 |
| sandfly survey in nainital and almora districts of uttaranchal with particular reference to phlebotomus argentipes, vector of kala-azar. | kala-azar continues to pose a major public health problem in bihar, west bengal and parts of eastern uttar pradesh in india causing great deal of morbidity and mortality. during 1998, several kala-azar cases from sub-himalayan region were treated in delhi hospitals. and a suspected focus of kala-azar was subsequently reported from this area. therefore a preliminary sandfly survey was carried out during october, 1999 in 18 randomly selected villages at different altitudes in nainital & almora dis ... | 2001 | 11898464 |
| vectorial efficacy of phlebotomus argentipes in kala-azar endemic foci of bihar (india) under natural and artificial conditions. | ability of phlebotomus argentipes to acquire leishmania donovani the causative agent of indian kala-azar was evaluated in the laboratory. flies were fed artificially on infected blood suspensions, using a chick-skin-membrane feeding apparatus, and naturally on leishmania donovani infected mice. in addition flies collected from different endemic areas were dissected and examined for natural infection. flies fed on infected mice showed significantly higher feeding rate (14.4%, p < 0.01) compared t ... | 2001 | 12170928 |
| role of the domestic chicken (gallus gallus) in the epidemiology of urban visceral leishmaniasis in brazil. | zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (zvl) is a serious public health problem in several brazilian cities. although the proximity of chicken houses is often cited as a risk factor in studies of urban zvl, the role chickens play in the epidemiology of the disease has not been defined. chickens attract both male and female sand flies (lutzomyia longipalpis) but are unable to sustain leishmania infections, and their presence may exert a zooprophylactic effect. we discuss environmental, physiologic, soci ... | 2002 | 12498667 |
| susceptibility status of phlebotomus argentipes to insecticides in districts vaishaii and patna (bihar). | | 2003 | 15239308 |
| risk factors for kala-azar in bangladesh. | since 1990, south asia has experienced a resurgence of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). to determine risk factors for kala-azar, we performed cross-sectional surveys over a 3-year period in a bangladeshi community. by history, active case detection, and serologic screening, 155 of 2,356 residents had kala-azar with onset from 2000 to 2003. risk was highest for persons 3-45 years of age, and no significant difference by sex was seen. in age-adjusted multivariable models, 3 factors were identif ... | 2005 | 15890115 |
| molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from sri lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. | with an increasing incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sri lanka, particularly in northern provinces, insecticide-mediated vector control is under consideration. optimizing such a strategy requires the characterization of sand fly populations in target areas with regard to species composition and extant resistance, among other parameters. sand flies were collected by human bait and cattle-baited net traps on delft island, used as an illegal transit location by many refugees returning to the ... | 2005 | 16048685 |
| susceptibility of phlebotomus argentipes against ddt in endemic districts of north bihar, india. | susceptibility status of indian kala-azar vector phlebotomus argentipes after ddt spray from endemic areas of muzaffarpur and vaishali district and unsprayed non-endemic area of patna district, bihar, india were compared. higher lc50 viz. 2.6% and 3.2% and lt50, values 51.0 and 69.0 minutes to 4% ddt were observed for p. argentipes of muzaffarpur and vaishali district, whereas p. argentipes of patna district was 100% susceptible to same concentration, indicating increased tolerance in p. argenti ... | 2004 | 16295685 |
| first report on the presence of morphospecies a and b of phlebotomus argentipes sensu lato (diptera: psychodidae) in sri lanka--implications for leishmaniasis transmission. | | 2005 | 16457386 |
| host preference of phlebotomus argentipes and phlebotomus papatasi in different biotopes of west bengal, india. | host preference phlebotomus argentipes and phlebotomus papatasi in different biotopes was investigated in two highly endemic kala-azar districts of west bengal, india for a better understanding of the transmission dynamics. blood meals of 304 p. argentipes and 206 p. papatasi, collected from different biotopes from two kala-azar affected districts in west bengal, were tested against seven different antisera by modified ouchterlony gel diffusion techniques. it appeared that host preference of p. ... | 2005 | 16506438 |
| comparative salivary gland transcriptomics of sandfly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis. | immune responses to sandfly saliva have been shown to protect animals against leishmania infection. yet very little is known about the molecular characteristics of salivary proteins from different sandflies, particularly from vectors transmitting visceral leishmaniasis, the fatal form of the disease. further knowledge of the repertoire of these salivary proteins will give us insights into the molecular evolution of these proteins and will help us select relevant antigens for the development of a ... | 2006 | 16539713 |
| morphological variations in phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) annandale and brunetti. | morphological variations were observed in phlebotomus argentipes, the vector for visceral leishmaniasis reported from the endemic states of bihar, west bengal and uttar pradesh. the taxonomic features distinguishing vector and nonvector species of p. argentipes were relative length of ascoid and antennal segment iv. three morphotypes were characterized as <0.4, = 0.4 and >0.4 respectively. other characteristics of wing width, wing length, eye, style, antennal segment iii, iv, v was found statist ... | 2005 | 16637398 |
| visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): challenges ahead. | indian visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a parasitic disease caused by a haemoflagellete leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of sand fly phlebotomus argentipes. it affects various age groups. in india about 1,00,000 cases of vl are estimated to occur annually; of these, the state of bihar accounts for over than 90 per cent of the cases. diagnosis of vl typically relies on microscopic examination of tissue smears but serology and molecular methods are better alternatives currently. notwi ... | 2006 | 16778314 |
| childhood visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of infected sandfly phlebotomus argentipes. nearly half of the vl cases occur in children (childhood or paediatric vl). the clinical manifestations of childhood vl are more or less same as in the adults. prolonged fever with anorexia and loss of appetite are the major presenting features. marked enlargement of the spleen and liver (spleen larger than liver) with moderate to severe anae ... | 2006 | 16778316 |
| vector control in leishmaniasis. | indoor residual spraying is a simple and cost effective method of controlling endophilic vectors and ddt remains the insecticide of choice for the control of leishmaniasis. however resistance to insecticide is likely to become more widespread in the population especially in those areas in which insecticide has been used for years. in this context use of slow release emulsified suspension (sres) may be the best substitute. in this review spraying frequencies of ddt and new schedule of spray have ... | 2006 | 16778324 |
| transmission of indian kala-azar to man by the bites of phlebotomus argentipes, ann and brun. 1942. | | 2006 | 16789343 |
| mapping of risk prone areas of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in parts of bihar state, india: an rs and gis approach. | the kala-azar fever (visceral leishmaniasis) is continuing unabated in india for over a century, now being largely confined to the eastern part of india mainly in bihar state and to some extent in its bordering states like west bengal and uttar pradesh. two study sites namely patepur block in vaishali district with high endemicity in northern part and lohardagga block in lohardagga district with absolute non-endemicity in southern part of bihar were selected for the study with the following obje ... | 2006 | 17024860 |
| transmission of leishmania metacyclic promastigotes by phlebotomine sand flies. | a thorough understanding of the transmission mechanism of any infectious agent is crucial to implementing an effective intervention strategy. here, our current understanding of the mechanisms that leishmania parasites use to ensure their transmission from sand fly vectors by bite is reviewed. the most important mechanism is the creation of a "blocked fly" resulting from the secretion of promastigote secretory gel (psg) by the parasites in the anterior midgut. this forces the sand fly to regurgit ... | 2007 | 17517415 |
| wilson disease with visceral leishmaniasis: an extremely uncommon presentation. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), which is caused by the protozoa leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly phlebotomus argentipes, is common in bihar, india. wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism in which copper is deposited in the brain and liver. we report a case of an extremely uncommon combination of these diseases in a patient. treatment options for such a combination of diseases are limited and difficult. | 2007 | 17827379 |
| population preference of net texture prior to bed net trial in kala-azar-endemic areas. | prior to a community-based efficacy trial of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) in the prevention of visceral leishmaniasis (vl; also called kala-azar), a pilot study on preference of tools was held in endemic areas of india and nepal in september 2005.llins made of polyester and polyethylene were distributed to 60 participants, who used the nets sequentially for 7 d. acceptability and preference were evaluated via indirect indicators through questionnaires at three defined time points befor ... | 2007 | 18160976 |
| molecular detection of leishmania parasites from whole bodies of sandflies collected in nepal. | visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in the southern part of the terai region of nepal. natural infections of phlebotomus species with leishmania parasites in these endemic areas were analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification-based assay. a total of 401 phlebotomus argentipes and 202 p. papatasi female sandflies were captured in the dhanusa district from 2004 to 2006 and analyzed. it was found that 6.7% of p. argentipes, but no p. papatasi, were positive for leishmania parasites, ... | 2008 | 18415124 |
| long-lasting insecticidal nets fail at household level to reduce abundance of sandfly vector phlebotomus argentipes in treated houses in bihar (india). | to determine whether the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) at household level are effective in reducing the abundance of phlebotomus argentipes, vector of anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis in india, nepal and bangladesh. | 2008 | 18482197 |
| the efficacy of indoor cdc light traps for collecting the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes, vector of leishmania donovani. | the efficacy of light traps for collecting sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) varies both inter-specifically and intra-specifically (by gender and physiological status) as a result of significant differences in phototropic and other behavioural characteristics. the efficacy of miniature cdc light traps for collecting phlebotomus argentipes annandale & brunetti, a vector of leishmania donovani laveran & mesnil (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae), was assessed in the indian state of bihar. sandflies ... | 2008 | 18498610 |
| breeding ecology of visceral leishmaniasis vector sandfly in bihar state of india. | soil samples weighing 255.3 kg, collected from 50 villages of 5 visceral leishmaniasis (vl) endemic districts of bihar state were examined for sandfly breeding, using the soil incubation method. breeding of sandflies was detected in 46% of the villages and 7.3% of the soil samples examined. intra-domestic soil was found to be infested with 2 species of sandflies, phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti and phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli). in comparison with human houses, p. argentipes was f ... | 2008 | 18555206 |
| vector control by insecticide-treated nets in the fight against visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent, what is the evidence? | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a deadly vector-borne disease that causes an estimated 500 000 new cases a year. in india, nepal and bangladesh, vl is caused by leishmania donovani, which is transmitted from man to man by the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes. in 2005, these three countries signed a memorandum of understanding to eliminate vl from the region. integrated vector management is one of the pillars of this elimination strategy, alongside early case detection and treatment. we reviewed the ... | 2008 | 18564350 |
| is phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (diptera: psychodidae) autogenous? | | 2008 | 18592848 |
| elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in nepal: pipe-dreams and possibilities. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) re-emerged in the indian subcontinent in the mid-1970s after an almost complete absence in the previous fifteen or so years. the disease was first noted in nepal in 1978 and, since 1980, it has been reported regularly in increasing numbers. elimination of visceral leishmaniasis by 2015 has been identified as regional priority program in the level of high political commitment. | 2006 | 18603960 |
| sand flies, leishmania, and transcriptome-borne solutions. | sand fly-parasite and sand fly-host interactions play an important role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. vector molecules relevant for such interactions include midgut and salivary proteins. these potential targets for interruption of propagation of leishmania parasites have been poorly characterized. transcriptomic analysis has proven to be an effective tool for identification of new sand fly molecules, providing exciting new insights into vector-based control strategies against leishmania ... | 2009 | 18768167 |
| complexities of assessing the disease burden attributable to leishmaniasis. | among parasitic diseases, morbidity and mortality caused by leishmaniasis are surpassed only by malaria and lymphatic filariasis. however, estimation of the leishmaniasis disease burden is challenging, due to clinical and epidemiological diversity, marked geographic clustering, and lack of reliable data on incidence, duration, and impact of the various disease syndromes. non-health effects such as impoverishment, disfigurement, and stigma add to the burden, and introduce further complexities. le ... | 2008 | 18958165 |
| visceral leishmaniasis on the indian sub-continent: a multi-centre study of the costs of three interventions for the control of the sandfly vector, phlebotomus argentipes. | the sandflies that transmit the parasites causing human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) can be controlled by several methods, including indoor residual spraying (irs), the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llin) and ecological vector management (evm). the financial costs of each of these three methods of sandfly control have recently been assessed and compared, in a multi-centre study based on the indian sub-continent. in each of the four study sites (two in nepal and one each in india and bang ... | 2008 | 19000390 |
| identification of aerobic gut bacteria from the kala azar vector, phlebotomus argentipes: a platform for potential paratransgenic manipulation of sand flies. | visceral leishmaniasis is an understudied parasitic disease responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. we are presently investigating a method of disease prevention termed paratransgenesis. in this approach, symbiotic or commensal bacteria are transformed to produce anti-leishmania molecules. the transformed bacteria are delivered back to sand flies to inactivate the parasite within the vector itself. in this study, we identified 28 distinct gut microorganisms from phlebotomus a ... | 2008 | 19052297 |
| phlebotomus (euphlebotomus) barguesae n. sp. from thailand (diptera - psychodidae). | abstract: | 2009 | 19128518 |
| visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme in india, bangladesh, and nepal: reshaping the case finding/case management strategy. | we sought to estimate visceral leishmaniasis (vl) burden in bangladesh, india, and nepal and document care-seeking behaviour for vl to provide baseline information for monitoring the vl elimination program and identify options for improved case finding and management. | 2009 | 19159009 |
| insight into the sialome of the black fly, simulium vittatum. | adaptation to vertebrate blood feeding includes development of a salivary "magic potion" that can disarm host hemostasis and inflammatory reactions. within the lower diptera, a vertebrate blood-sucking mode evolved in the psychodidae (sand flies), culicidae (mosquitoes), ceratopogonidae (biting midges), simuliidae (black flies), and the frog-feeding corethrellidae. sialotranscriptome analyses from several species of mosquitoes and sand flies and from one biting midge indicate divergence in the e ... | 2009 | 19166301 |
| insect vectors of leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. | leishmaniasis is a deadly vector-borne disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in africa, asia, latin america and mediterranean regions. the causative agent of leishmaniasis is transmitted from man to man by a tiny insect called sandfly. approximately, 600 species of sandflies are known but only 10% of these act as disease vectors. further, only 30 species of these are important from public health point. fauna of indian sub-zone is represented by 46 species, of these, 11 belong t ... | 2008 | 19248652 |
| dual culture method to determine the relationship of gut bacteria of sandfly (phlebotomus argentipes) with promastigotes of leishmania donovani. | a simple dual culture agar plating technique has been developed and evaluated for its efficiency in determining the relationship of gut bacteria of sandfly with leishmania donovani promastigotes. there are about twenty morphologically distinct bacterial colonies have been isolated from the gut homogenate of phlebotomus argentipes. in dual culture method, each bacterial isolate was inoculated in one half of the plate and the promastigotes of leishmania was inculcated in the other half by streakin ... | 2008 | 19301698 |
| natural infection of phlebotomus argentipes with leishmania and other trypanosomatids in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of nepal. | monitoring leishmania infection in sand flies is important for understanding the eco-epidemiology of kala-azar and assessing the impact of the recently launched kala-azar control programme in the indian subcontinent. we applied a pcr technique that targets rrna genes to estimate the natural incidence of leishmania infection in sand flies sampled in six villages of the terai region of nepal. amplifications were made on 135 pools of sand flies and confirmed by sequencing. seven pools were found to ... | 2009 | 19345387 |