| is cow's milk suitable for the dietary supplementation of rural gambian children? 2. patterns of cow's milk intake. | cow's milk has been advocated as a source of supplementary diet for children in many parts of the developing world. the frequency and forms of cow's milk intake and the factors regulating its availability and consumption by 507 children aged up to 6 years in three gambian villages were measured. nineteen per cent of mothers did not give cow's milk to their children. of 413 children taking cow's milk, 41% consumed it only once a week, 32% two to four times a week, 19% once a day and 8% more than ... | 1992 | 1283665 |
| nf-il6, a member of the c/ebp family, regulates e1a-responsive promoters in the absence of e1a. | a cdna encoding nf-il6, an interleukin-6 (il-6)-regulated human nuclear factor of the c/ebp family, is demonstrated to complement the transactivation function of e1a. the endogenous nf-il6 level varies according to cell type and correlates positively with an il-6-regulated cellular e1a-substituting activity that was described recently (j.m. spergel and s. chen-kiang, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 88:6472-6476, 1991). when expressed by transfection in cells which contain low levels of nf-il6 and are ... | 1992 | 1309887 |
| dietary intake of aflatoxins and the level of albumin-bound aflatoxin in peripheral blood in the gambia, west africa. | aflatoxin is implicated as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in areas of the world with a high incidence of this tumor. the present study was designed to validate the use of aflatoxin-albumin adducts in peripheral blood as a measure of individual exposure to this carcinogen. dietary intake of aflatoxin was measured at the individual level in 20 residents of keneba, west kiang, the gambia, over a 7-day period and correlated with the level of aflatoxin bound to peripheral blood albumin at ... | 1992 | 1339083 |
| chromosomal and molecular evolution in asiatic wild asses. | chromosomal studies of tibetan wild ass, equus kiang holdereri are reported for the first time. a robertsonian polymorphism resulting in diploid numbers of 2n = 51 and 2n = 52 was identified. this polymorphism involves the same elements that participate in the polymorphic robertsonian rearrangement producing diploid numbers of 54-56 in e. hemionus kulan and e. hemionus onager. comparison of mitochondrial dna restriction fragment patterns among three unrelated kiang individuals and between kiangs ... | 1990 | 2090563 |
| adenovirus e1a and e1b genes are regulated posttranscriptionally in human lymphoid cells. | the interactions of adenovirus with differentiated human cells have been investigated in human myeloma cells. relative to hela cells, the e1a and e1b genes, but not other viral genes, were markedly repressed by differential rna stabilization, resulting in 20- to 50-fold less e1a and e1b mrnas at steady state late in infection. the reduced e1a level corresponded to an approximately 200-fold-lower abundance of e1a polypeptides, which were nonetheless capable of efficient transactivation of e1a-dep ... | 1990 | 2145444 |
| asynchronous neural activity recorded from the round window. | voltage recorded from an electrode on the round window (rw) of guinea pig has characteristics that reflect the activity of auditory-nerve fibers in the absence of acoustic stimulation. fast fourier transformation (fft) of the noise recorded from the rw electrode shows a broad spectral peak from 0.8-1.0 khz. the magnitude of the biological noise is increased by high-frequency, bandlimited acoustic noise stimulation. pure tones can suppress or enhance the spectral components around 0.8-1.0 khz dep ... | 1990 | 2373796 |
| single-unit response at the round window of the guinea pig. | in guinea pigs the unit contribution (unit action potential, ap) to the response of the round window was computed following the method used by kiang and co-workers (1976), i.e., fibre discharges registered by a microelectrode in the nerve were used as trigger pulses for the averaging process of the corresponding ap registered with a gross electrode at the round window. normally the ap was independent of the fibre-cf, had a diphasic waveform, and its amplitude was about 0.1 microv. small inter-an ... | 1986 | 3700252 |
| incipient resistance of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine among a semi-immune population of the united republic of tanzania. 2. the impact of chloroquine used as a chemosuppressant on the immune status of the population. | decreased sensitivity and incipient resistance of plasmodium falciparum strains to chloroquine have been reported from mto-wa-mbu, in the north-east of the united republic of tanzania. in this locality the population had been exposed to chloroquine pressure for about two decades, in the form of medicated salt and through easy availability of the drug itself. in an attempt to find out whether such chemosuppression had influenced the immune response of the population, two seroepidemiological surve ... | 1982 | 6761004 |
| magnitude and phase-frequency response to single tones in the auditory nerve. | in this paper we describe magnitude and phase measurements obtained from primary single unit recordings in the cat auditory nerve. levels range from threshold to 100 db spl, with frequencies from 0.1-30.0 khz. the upper limit on the phase measurements was limited by the loss of neural phase locking at 4-5 khz. for each unit, the frequency tuning curve (ftc) was measured by the method of kiang and moxon [m.c. liberman, j. acoust. soc. am. 63, 442-445 (1978)] to establish the threshold frequency r ... | 1983 | 6875093 |
| responses of primary auditory fibers to combined noise and tonal stimuli. | responses to tonal stimuli, with and without added noise of different bandwidths, were obtained from anesthetized cat auditory-nerve fibers using glass micropipettes. when low-pass noise with a cut-off frequency at least one octave below best (or characteristic) frequency was used, every fiber tested at high enough intensities showed a suppression of the tonal response. this suppression did not cause a general reduction of neural responsiveness to all sounds, but rather took the general form of ... | 1980 | 7451379 |
| hormone-resistant breast cancer or "feeding the hand that bites you". | we propose that the molecular heterogeneity of er in breast tumor cells characterized by the presence of mutant receptor forms generates the cellular heterogeneity evident when pr or dna ploidy are analyzed in cell subpopulations. furthermore, it is likely that cellular heterogeneity leads to the lack of uniformity in response to tamoxifen. we find that heterogeneity of pr distribution and dna ploidy reflects existence of mixed subpopulations of breast cancer cells that are substantially remodel ... | 1994 | 7972253 |
| unbound ligand drives hepatocyte taurocholate and bsp uptake at physiological albumin concentration. | we have recently shown (d. sorrentino, r.b. robinson, c.-l. kiang, and p.d. berk. j. clin. invest. 84: 1325-1333, 1989) that, in a variety of isolated cell types, the uptake of oleate at physiological albumin concentrations is consistent with traditional pharmacokinetic theory (i.e., driven by unbound ligand). lower albumin concentrations were associated with a deviant uptake pattern for which alternative theories have been proposed. whether other classes of organic anions exhibit similar behavi ... | 1994 | 8166281 |
| alpha-kdoase activity in oyster and synthesis of alpha- and beta-4-methylumbelliferyl ketosides of 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid. | although alpha- and beta-linked 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) is found in lipopolysaccharides (lpss) of gram-negative bacteria, capsular polysaccharides of microorganisms, and plants, very little is known about its degradation. using both thin-layer chromatography and the periodate-thiobarbituric acid reaction, we found that the hepatopancreas of oyster (crassostrea virginica) contained an enzyme (alpha-kdoase) capable of releasing alpha-linked kdo from lpss. to facilitate the studies o ... | 1997 | 9334217 |
| an estrogen inducible 104 kda chaperone glycoprotein binds ferric iron containing proteins: a possible role in intracellular iron trafficking. | we have previously described an estrogen inducible, intracellular, homodimeric membrane glycoprotein (subunit mr 104 kda) which is structurally related to 'chaperone' proteins (poola, i. and kiang j.g., j. biol. chem. 269 (1994) 21762-21769). in this report we describe a novel finding that the 104 kda chaperone protein exhibits affinity for iron containing proteins such as transferrins from several species, human lactoferrin and microbial ferric binding protein (fbp). a single ferric ion in the ... | 1997 | 9369199 |
| chromosomal rearrangements in a somali wild ass pedigree, equus africanus somaliensis (perissodactyla, equidae). | chromosome analyses were conducted on 15 animals in a pedigree of somali wild ass, equus africanus somaliensis. g- and c-banded karyotypes are presented for the first time on this endangered species. the diploid number ranged from 62 to 64. numerical chromosomal variation was the result of a centric fission which was accompanied by a heterochromatic deletion. the fission polymorphism involved acrocentric elements 19 and 21 as determined by g-banding. these autosomes are homologous to those invol ... | 1998 | 9678344 |
| an empirically based model of the electrically evoked compound action potential. | the relationship between electrically evoked single-fiber action potentials and the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve is of interest to those attempting to model such responses with computational techniques. it also relates to efforts to exploit the gross potentials that can now be recorded by some implantable cochlear prostheses. in this paper, we develop a computational model of the auditory nerve response to single, pulsatile, electrical stimuli based upon th ... | 1999 | 10491949 |
| regulation of heat shock protein 72 kda and 90 kda in human breast cancer mda-mb-231 cells. | it has been shown that expression of hsps can negatively regulate the effectiveness of cytotoxic drugs. in this study, we conducted experiments to study the regulation of expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) in human breast cancer mda-mb-231 cells. using [35s]methionine incorporation and western immunoblots, we established that heat shock increased production of hsp-72 and -90. cells exposed to 44 degrees c for 20 min displayed increased expression of hsp-72 and -90, that reached a maximum 3 ... | 2000 | 10718636 |
| homologous fission event(s) implicated for chromosomal polymorphisms among five species in the genus equus. | the genus equus is unusual in that five of the ten extant species have documented centric fission (robertsonian translocation) polymorphisms within their populations, namely e. hemionus onager, e. hemionus kulan, e. kiang, e. africanus somaliensis, and e. quagga burchelli. here we report evidence that the polymorphism involves the same homologous chromosome segments in each species, and that these chromosome segments have homology to human chromosome 4 (hsa4). bacterial artificial chromosome clo ... | 2003 | 14970706 |
| [study on mitochondrial dna d-loop polymorphism in chinese donkeys]. | the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) d-loop sequences with 399 bp in 26 individuals from 5 donkey breeds in china were analyzed. aligned by clustal w software,the results showed that 23 polymorphic nucleotide sites and only transition with the percentage of 5.76% in 399 bp were observed. in reference to mtdna d-loop sequences of european domestic donkey as a control, the average percentage of mtdna d-loop nucleotide variation in 5 chinese donkey breeds was 1.80%. the average percentages of d-loop nucle ... | 2005 | 16018258 |
| mass spectral analysis of domestic and wild equine apoa-i and a-ii: detection of unique dimeric forms of apoa-ii. | in pigs, humans, chimpanzees and probably other great apes, a cysteine at residue 6 enables apolipoprotein a-ii to form a homodimer. however, the apoa-iis of other primates, lacking a cysteine residue, are monomeric. we have already reported that horse apoa-iis form homodimers due also to a cysteine at residue 6. in this study, we wanted to determine whether other equine apoa-iis might be monomeric. the high density lipoproteins were ultracentrifugally isolated from the plasmas of a horse (equus ... | 2005 | 16230041 |
| [fine needle aspiration cytology of myxoid lesions of soft tissues: a study of 24 cases]. | to summarize the diagnostic features of fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) of myxoid lesions in soft tissue, and to define the cytological criteria for differentiating benign lesions from sarcomas and between various myxoid lesions. | 2007 | 18070452 |
| the clinical application of potentials evoked from the peripheral auditory system. | the auditory nerve is the obligatory pathway between the cochlea and the central nervous system. as the fibers of the mammalian auditory nerve share with each other many response properties when stimulated electrically (kiang, 1965), it is reasonable to assume that the summed, or gross, electrical response of a fiber ensemble can provide researchers with meaningful information about nerve function. this chapter describes the gross responses of the auditory nerve that can be evoked by stimuli del ... | 2008 | 18515023 |
| hepatitis b virus subgenotype c2 is the most prevalent subgenotype in northeast china. | the geographical distribution of hepatitis b virus (hbv) subgenotypes and their clinical implications in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis b in the heilung-kiang province of northeast china were investigated. nested pcr and multiplex pcr were performed with genotype-specific primers and with subgenotype-specific primers to identify genotypes and subgenotypes from serum samples of 412 hbv infections including 69 with acute self-limited hepatitis (ash) and 343 with chronic hepatitis (ch). ... | 2010 | 19456822 |
| karyotypic relationships in asiatic asses (kulan and kiang) as defined using horse chromosome arm-specific and region-specific probes. | cross-species chromosome painting has been applied to most of the species making up the numerically small family equidae. however, comparative mapping data were still lacking in asiatic asses kulan (equus hemionus kulan) and kiang (e. kiang). the set of horse arm-specific probes generated by laser microdissection was hybridized onto kulan (e. hemionus kulan) and kiang (e. kiang) chromosomes in order to establish a genome-wide chromosomal correspondence between these asiatic asses and the horse. ... | 2009 | 19731053 |
| phylogeny of horse chromosome 5q in the genus equus and centromere repositioning. | horses, asses and zebras belong to the genus equus and are the only extant species of the family equidae in the order perissodactyla. in a previous work we demonstrated that a key factor in the rapid karyotypic evolution of this genus was evolutionary centromere repositioning, that is, the shift of the centromeric function to a new position without alteration of the order of markers along the chromosome. in search of previously undiscovered evolutionarily new centromeres, we traced the phylogeny ... | 2009 | 20016166 |
| the dynamics of nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae carriage among rural gambian mother-infant pairs. | streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of community acquired pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis and otitis media globally and has been incriminated as a major cause of serious childhood bacterial infections in the gambia. better understanding of the dynamics of transmission and carriage will inform control strategies. | 2010 | 20602782 |
| mitochondrial genome sequence of the tibetan wild ass (equus kiang). | the tibetan wild ass, or kiang (equus kiang) is endemic to the cold and hypoxic (4000-7000-ám above sea level) climates of the montane and alpine grasslands of the tibetan plateau. we report here the complete nucleotide sequence of the e. kiang mitochondrial genome. our results show that e. kiang mitochondrial dna is 16,634-ábp long, and predicted to encode all the 37 genes that are typical for vertebrates. | 2011 | 21732718 |
| mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection in a captive-bred kiang (equus kiang). | equids are considered highly resistant to mycobacterial infections and clinical cases have been described in domestic horses only. mycobacterium bovis is the most common species reported, although a single report exists of disease due to definitively diagnosed infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis in two domestic horses. this is the first report of a mycobacterial infection in a kiang (equus kiang), or indeed any wild equid. the animal had chronic loss of condition and serum bioc ... | 2011 | 21906752 |
| coxiella burnetii (q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in the gambia. | to simultaneously estimate the prevalence of antibodies against coxiella burnetii (q fever) among adults and small ruminants, and c. burnetii shedding prevalence among small ruminants in households in the kiang west district of the gambia, and to assess associated risk factors. | 2017 | 27987380 |
| enteric pathogens of food sellers in rural gambia with incidental finding of myxobolus species (protozoa: myxozoa). | ongoing surveillance of enteric pathogens of public health significance among casual food sellers is undertaken in many resource-limited countries. we report the results of a survey in kiang west province, the gambia, and provide an exemplar methodology for such surveys in resource-limited laboratories. | 2015 | 25758855 |
| [identification of ecological corridors for tibetan antelope and assessment of their human disturbances in the alpine desert of qinghai-tibet plateau]. | the alpine desert of qinghai-tibet plateau (qtp) provides the largest habitats for those endangered ungulates (e.g., tibetan antelope, tibetan kiang and wild yak) on the earth. however, human disturbance especially infrastructure constructions (e.g., railway & highway) has increasingly fragmented the habitats of those endangered ungulates by disturbing and interrupting their ecological corridors for their seasonal migration. aiming at identifying the potential ecological corridors for tibetan an ... | 2015 | 26685615 |
| impacts of climate change on distributions and diversity of ungulates on the tibetan plateau. | climate change has significant impacts on species' distributions and diversity patterns. understanding range shifts and changes in richness gradients under climate change is crucial for conservation. the tibetan plateau, home to wild yak, chiru, and kiang, contains a biome with many endemic ungulates. it is highly sensitive to climate change and a region that merits particular attention with regard to the impacts of global climate change on its biomes. maximum entropy approaches were used to est ... | 2015 | 26255355 |
| globalization of the cashmere market and the decline of large mammals in central asia. | as drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. we suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in central asia. this penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase lives ... | 2013 | 23866036 |
| snow leopard and himalayan wolf: food habits and prey selection in the central himalayas, nepal. | top carnivores play an important role in maintaining energy flow and functioning of the ecosystem, and a clear understanding of their diets and foraging strategies is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. in this paper, we compared diets and prey selection of snow leopards and wolves based on analyses of genotyped scats (snow leopards n = 182, wolves n = 57), collected within 26 sampling grid cells (5×5 km) that were distributed across a vast landscape of ca 5000 km2 in the ... | 2017 | 28178279 |
| subchromosomal karyotype evolution in equidae. | equidae is a small family which comprises horses, african and asiatic asses, and zebras. despite equids having diverged quite recently, their karyotypes underwent rapid evolution which resulted in extensive differences among chromosome complements in respective species. comparative mapping using whole-chromosome painting probes delineated genome-wide chromosome homologies among extant equids, enabling us to trace chromosome rearrangements that occurred during evolution. in the present study, we ... | 2013 | 23532666 |
| phylogenetic analysis and species allocation of individual equids using microsatellite data. | the taxonomic status of all equid species is not completely unravelled. this is of practical relevance for conservation initiatives of endangered, fragmented equid populations, such as the asiatic wild asses (in particular equus hemionus onager and e. hemionus kulan). in this study, a marker panel consisting of 31 microsatellite loci was used to assess species demarcation and phylogeny, as well as allocation of individuals (n = 120) to specific populations of origin (n = 11). phylogenetic analys ... | 2005 | 16130461 |
| assessment of pregnancy in kiang mares (equus hemionus holdereri ) using estrogen determination in feces. | analysis of fecal estrogens was used to diagnose pregnancy in 6 kiang mares (equus hemionus holdereri ) that were kept at tierpark berlin. three extraction methods were compared and were followed by an established ria for total estrogen. extraction of desiccated feces with chloroform/n-hexane and koh, with and without enzyme hydrolysis showed better results than extraction with diethylether without hydrolysis. pregnancy was confirmed by observation of foaling in 2 mares that showed estrogen conc ... | 1994 | 16727510 |
| comparative analyses of tooth wear in free-ranging and captive wild equids. | captive breeding has played a crucial role in the conservation of threatened equid species. grazing ruminants and rhinoceros in captivity have less abrasion-dominated tooth wear than their free-ranging conspecifics, with potential negative consequences for their health. however, a similar study on wild equids in captivity is missing. | 2016 | 25557934 |
| randomised controlled trial of weekly chloroquine to re-establish normal erythron iron flux and haemoglobin recovery in postmalarial anaemia. | to determine if low-dose weekly chloroquine (cq) therapy improves recovery from malaria-associated anaemia. | 2013 | 23833120 |
| characterization of prdm9 in equids and sterility in mules. | prdm9 (meisetz) is the first speciation gene discovered in vertebrates conferring reproductive isolation. this locus encodes a meiosis-specific histone h3 methyltransferase that specifies meiotic recombination hotspots during gametogenesis. allelic differences in prdm9, characterized for a variable number of zinc finger (zf) domains, have been associated with hybrid sterility in male house mice via spermatogenic failure at the pachytene stage. the mule, a classic example of hybrid sterility in m ... | 2013 | 23613924 |
| reassessing the evolutionary history of ass-like equids: insights from patterns of genetic variation in contemporary extant populations. | all extant equid species are grouped in a single genus - equus. among those, ass-like equids have remained particularly unstudied and their phylogenetic relations were poorly understood, most probably because they inhabit extreme environments in remote geographic areas. to gain further insights into the evolutionary history of ass-like equids, we have used a non-invasive sampling approach to collect representative fecal samples of extant african and asiatic ass-like equid populations across thei ... | 2015 | 25681678 |
| the digital mental health revolution: opportunities and risks. | this editorial introduces the special issue on digital mental health. the promise of digital, mobile, and connected technologies to advance mental health, and especially psychiatric rehabilitation, continues to rapidly evolve. new sensors and data, such as those derived from increasingly ubiquitous smartphones, offer a new window into the functional, social, and emotional experiences of illness and recovery at a personalized and quantified level previously unimaginable (ben-zeev & badiyani, 2016 ... | 2017 | 28891658 |
| study of an educational hand sorting intervention for reducing aflatoxin b1 in groundnuts in rural gambia. | aflatoxin, a human liver carcinogen, frequently contaminates groundnuts, maize, rice, and other grains, especially in africa. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention that involved training rural gambian women on how to identify and remove moldy groundnuts to reduce aflatoxin b1 (afb1) contamination. in total, 25 women, recruited from the west kiang region of the gambia, were trained on how to recognize and remove moldy groundnuts. market-purchased g ... | 2017 | 28198655 |
| low seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and small ruminants in the gambia. | brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis with significant impact on rural livelihoods and a potentially underestimated contributor to febrile illnesses. the aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and small ruminants in the gambia. | 2016 | 27824952 |
| commentary: an asian americanist perspective on child development. | in this commentary, we put forth an asian americanist perspective on child development that frames, expands upon, and at times challenges the contextual, conceptual, and methodological ideas put forward by kiang et al., mistry et al., and yoshikawa et al. (this volume). this asian americanist perspective draws upon scholarship in asian american studies and critical race theory to bridge the historical, conceptual, and methodological contributions of the three articles. we also aim to challenge c ... | 2016 | 27392800 |
| [impact of novel p2y12 receptor inhibitors on platelet reactivity in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention]. | to investigate the impact of novel p2y(12) receptor inhibitors including prasugrel or ticagrelor on platelet reactivity in patients with acute coronary syndrome (acs) receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (pci), and provide clinical data for novel oral p2y(12) receptor inhibitors use among chinese patients. | 2016 | 26926507 |
| cohort profile: the kiang west longitudinal population study (kwlps)-a platform for integrated research and health care provision in rural gambia. | | 2017 | 26559544 |
| the effect of using an electric fan on dyspnea in chinese patients with terminal cancer. | fan therapy is often suggested for relieving the symptom of dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer, but relevant literature among asians is limited. | 2017 | 26518352 |
| prevalence of rickets-like bone deformities in rural gambian children. | the aim of this study was to estimate the burden of childhood rickets-like bone deformity in a rural region of west africa where rickets has been reported in association with a low calcium intake. a population-based survey of children aged 0.5-17.9 years living in the province of west kiang, the gambia was conducted in 2007. 6221 children, 92% of those recorded in a recent census, were screened for physical signs of rickets by a trained survey team with clinical referral of suspected cases. seve ... | 2015 | 25871880 |
| in vitro anti-aging activities of extracts from leaves of ma kiang (cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala). | cleistocalyx nervosum (dc.) kosterm. var. paniala (roxb.) j. parn. & chantaran. (myrtaceae) or ma kiang contains high amounts of phenolic compounds. antioxidant activity of its fruit and seed has been investigated. however, limited available information concerning the biological activities of its leaves has been reported. | 2015 | 25431131 |
| coverage and timing of children's vaccination: an evaluation of the expanded programme on immunisation in the gambia. | to evaluate the coverage and timeliness of the expanded programme on immunisation (epi) in the gambia. | 2014 | 25232830 |
| making basic health care accessible to rural communities: a case study of kiang west district in rural gambia. | this study focuses on lack of access to basic health care, which is one of the hindrances to the development of the poor, and subjects them to the poverty penalty. it also focuses on contributing to the bottom of the pyramid in a general sense, in addition to meeting the health needs of communities where people live on less than $1 a day. strengthened multistakeholder responses and better-targeted, low-cost prevention, and care strategies within health systems are suggested to address the health ... | 2014 | 24588131 |
| a randomized trial to investigate the effects of pre-natal and infant nutritional supplementation on infant immune development in rural gambia: the enid trial: early nutrition and immune development. | recent observational research indicates that immune development may be programmed by nutritional exposures early in life. such findings require replication from trials specifically designed to assess the impact of nutritional intervention during pregnancy on infant immune development. the current trial seeks to establish: (a) which combination of protein-energy (pe) and multiple-micronutrient (mmn) supplements would be most effective; and (b) the most critical periods for intervention in pregnan ... | 2012 | 23057665 |
| foraging behaviour at multiple temporal scales in a wild alpine equid. | forage abundance, forage quality, and social factors are key elements of the foraging ecology of wild herbivores. for non-ruminant equids, forage-limited environments are likely to impose severe constraints on their foraging behaviour. we used a multi-scale approach to study foraging behaviour in kiang (equus kiang), a wild equid inhabiting the high-altitude rangelands of the tibetan plateau. using behavioural observations and vegetation sampling, we first assessed how patterns of plant abundanc ... | 2012 | 22033764 |
| properties of plane discrete poisson-voronoi tessellations on triangular tiling formed by the kolmogorov-johnson-mehl-avrami growth of triangular islands. | discrete uniform poisson-voronoi tessellations of two-dimensional triangular tilings resulting from the kolmogorov-johnson-mehl-avrami (kjma) growth of triangular islands have been studied. this shape of tiles and islands, rarely considered in the field of random tessellations, is prompted by the birth-growth process of ir(210) faceting. the growth mode determines a triangular metric different from the euclidean metric. kinetic characteristics of tessellations appear to be metric sensitive, in c ... | 2011 | 21928994 |
| the external ballard examination does not accurately assess the gestational age of infants born at home in a rural community of the gambia. | accurate assessment of gestational age at birth is critical to the identification of neonates at high risk. in resource-poor settings, postnatal techniques are commonly used but may be difficult to apply and have not been well validated against ultrasound in community studies. the aim of this study was to evaluate postnatal assessment of gestational age in rural africa using the external criteria of the ballard examination against 1st/early 2nd-trimester ultrasound and date of last menstrual per ... | 2010 | 20828452 |
| pseudosarcomatous fasciitis and myositis: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology. | nodular fasciitis (nf), proliferative fasciitis (pf), and proliferative myositis (pm) are pseudosarcomatous lesions that typically resolve spontaneously. we previously reported the feasibility of diagnosing this family of lesions by fine-needle aspiration cytology (fnac) based on 17 cases. the present study included 52 new cases (nf, 46; pf, 3; pm, 3) diagnosed by fnac at kiang wu hospital, macau, 2001 to 2007, to validate the diagnostic features. all lesions appeared as recent-onset, small, sup ... | 2009 | 19926576 |
| numerical exploration of the influence of neural noise on the psychometric function at low stimulation intensity levels. | the relationship between stimulus intensity and the probability of detecting the presence of the stimulus is described by the psychometrical function.the probabilistic nature of this relationship is based on the stochastic behaviour of sensory neural channels and sensory networks involved in perceptual processing (kiang 1968). this study tries to establish a continuum of variability across different levels of integration in the central nervous system. once the opening and closing times of ionic ... | 2008 | 19179762 |
| a double-blind, placebo-controlled, glutamine-supplementation trial in growth-faltering gambian infants. | growth faltering during infancy is a characteristic of life in developing countries. previous studies have shown that small-intestine mucosal enteropathy, accompanied by endotoxemia and a persistent systemic inflammatory response, accounts for up to 64% of the growth faltering in gambian infants. | 2007 | 17684214 |
| [trophic niches of pantholops hodgsoni, procapra picticaudata and equus kiang in kekexili region]. | interspecies competition is the main factor determining the trophic niche width of sympatric species on both ecological and evolutionary levels. in august 2004, a microscopic analysis of feces was made to analyze the diet compositions of pantholops hodgsoni, procapra picticaudata and equus kiang under free-living circumstances between chuma river and wudaoliang in the kekexili national nature reserve. the trophic niche widths and overlaps of these herbivorous ungulates were calculated based on t ... | 2007 | 17615869 |
| perceived conflicts between pastoralism and conservation of the kiang equus kiang in the ladakh trans-himalaya, india. | an emerging conflict with trans-himalayan pastoral communities in ladakh's changthang plateau threatens the conservation prospects of the kiang (equus kiang) in india. it is locally believed that changthang's rangelands are overstocked with kiang, resulting in forage competition with livestock. here, we provide a review and preliminary data on the causes of this conflict. erosion of people's tolerance of the kiang can be attributed to factors such as the loss of traditional pastures during an in ... | 2006 | 16955231 |
| [analysis of mortality rate of stomach cancer and its trend in twenty years in china]. | to analyze and predict the trend in mortality rate of stomach cancer in twenty years in china. | 2004 | 15059341 |
| the importance of cochlear processing for the formation of auditory brainstem and frequency following responses. | a model for the generation of auditory brainstem responses (abr) and frequency following responses (ffrs) is presented. the model is based on the concept introduced by goldstein and kiang [j. acoust. soc. am. 30, 107-114 (1958)] that evoked potentials recorded at remote electrodes can theoretically be given by convolution of an elementary unit waveform (unitary response) with the instantaneous discharge rate function for the corresponding unit. in the present study, the nonlinear computational a ... | 2003 | 12597187 |
| high fat versus high carbohydrate nutritional supplementation: a one year trial in stunted rural gambian children. | the study tests the hypothesis that a low daily fat intake may induce a negative fat balance and impair catch-up growth in stunted children between 3 and 9y of age. | 1998 | 9537308 |
| variable effects of click polarity on auditory brain-stem response latencies: analyses of narrow-band abrs suggest possible explanations. | the auditory brain-stem responses (abrs) to rarefaction and condensation clicks were obtained for 12 normal-hearing subjects in quiet, and high-pass masking at 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 khz. derived narrow-band wave v latency differences were analyzed with respect to (1) stimulus polarity, (2) absolute differences irrespective of polarity. the analyses revealed no significant stimulus polarity effects on latency for the derived bands. absolute latency differences regardless of polarity tended to be gr ... | 1996 | 8675840 |
| costs, effects and cost-effectiveness analysis of a mobile maternal health care service in west kiang, the gambia. | the costs, effects and cost-effectiveness of a new mobile maternal care service offered in the gambia at a government-run health centre in karantaba were compared with the usual pattern of maternal care offered (at ngayen sanjal). routinely collected data were supplemented by research on time allocation of staff by activity, use of drugs, medical consumables and vehicles, out-of-pocket payments by patients and a range of effectiveness indicators. to account for a differential effect on hospital ... | 1996 | 10156650 |
| quantifying 2-factor phase relations in non-linear responses from low characteristic-frequency auditory-nerve fibers. | auditory-nerve excitation by two response factors that can be in antiphase has been hypothesized by kiang (1990) on the basis of non-linear interference in responses to tones (kiang et al., 1969). the general conditions for antiphasic responses and the relevance of the hypothesis for other auditory stimuli are unknown. clarification was sought in a systematic modeling study of published data on level-dependent non-linear responses from low characteristic-frequency (cf) auditory-nerve fibers for ... | 1995 | 8974990 |
| the gambia: cost and effectiveness of a mobile maternal health care service, west kiang. | a relatively small body of knowledge has been generated in the past to identify the cost-effectiveness of mobile versus static clinics, or combinations thereof. the changes introduced by the new mobile maternal health care service offered an opportunity to address the issue of cost-effectiveness of changes introduced to a specific geographical area. considerably higher total costs were incurred, particularly as a result of increased training and staffing. however, evidence (foord, 1993) has show ... | 1995 | 7571706 |
| gambia: evaluation of the mobile health care service in west kiang district. | a project to improve the quality of maternal health services was carried out over a 3-year period in west kiang district, gambia. coverage of maternal care was strengthened through upgrading of personnel, tba training, improved treatment and referral schemes, and increased numbers of visits to rural outreach areas. a control district was used to compare the impact of the interventions. during the project period of 3 years a single maternal death was registered in the intervention district, and 5 ... | 1995 | 7571704 |
| how do breast cancers become hormone resistant? | we propose that the molecular heterogeneity of estrogen receptors (er) in breast tumor cells characterized by the presence of mutant receptor forms, generates the cellular heterogeneity evident when progesterone receptor (pr) or dna ploidy are analyzed in cell subpopulations. furthermore, it is likely that cellular heterogeneity leads to the lack of uniformity in response to tamoxifen that we have described. we find that heterogeneity of pr distribution and dna ploidy reflects the existence of m ... | 1994 | 8043492 |
| tackling infant malnutrition in the gambia. | malnutrition is common among young children in developing countries. often it is caused by poor infant weaning practices. karen hoare describes a community-based infant weaning programme in the gambia which adapted local foods to improve nutritional content. the project also resulted in the development of a simple but effective demonstration kit. | 1994 | 8194961 |
| cellular heterogeneity and mutant oestrogen receptors in hormone resistant breast cancer. | in summary, we propose that the molecular heterogeneity of er in breast tumour cells, characterized by the presence of mutant receptor forms, generates the cellular heterogeneity evident when pr or dna ploidy are analysed in cell subpopulations. furthermore, it is likely that cellular heterogeneity leads to the lack of uniformity in response to tamoxifen that we have described. we find that heterogeneity of pr and dna ploidy reflects the existence of mixed subpopulations of breast cancer cells t ... | 1992 | 1423329 |
| auditory nonlinearities: the role of cochlear hydromechanics. | evidence for nonlinearities of hydromechanical origin was first found in cochlear models (békésy, 1928; tonndorf, 1958). they were of two kinds: (1) amplitude-dependent events, i.e., eddies, leading to harmonic distortion, and (2) amplitude-dependent events, i.e., asymmetrical basilar-membrane displacements, leading to envelope detection, for instance of beats. the evidence on the type 1 event is still circumstantial (e.g., dallos, 1973). however, the type 2 events appear to be compatible with t ... | 1986 | 3733542 |
| boundaries of two-tone rate suppression of cochlear-nerve activity. | two-tone rate suppression was examined in the responses of single cochlear-nerve fibers in mongolian gerbils. the iso-rate tracking algorithm developed by kiang and moxon (kiang, n.y.-s. and moxon, e.c. (1974): j. acoust soc. am. 55, 620-630) for obtaining tuning curves was modified to track iso-rate suppression boundaries as a function of frequency with the excitor tone fixed at the characteristic frequency (cf) of the fiber. lower threshold boundaries of the areas of suppression flanking the t ... | 1982 | 7118735 |
| relationship between psychophysical tuning curves and "suppression". | this study examined two-tone unmasking and auditory frequency selectivity about 3 khz for the purpose of demonstrating a qualitative relationship between the two. an adaptive 2ifc forward-masking procedure was used to collect psychophysical tuning curves (ptc's) and two-tone masking data under a quiet and noise condition for the same normal-hearing listeners. in the noise condition, a narrowband noise masker, centered one decade down from the probe, was gated on with the tonal masker(s). kiang a ... | 1979 | 512216 |
| hormone receptors in breast cancer and response to chemotherapy. | other data reveal the important prognostic value of estrogen-receptor determinations in identifying patients at greater risk of relapse. the data of drs. legha et al. do not allow any conclusions on the effect of receptor status, as assessed (indirectly) by previous hormone responsiveness on response to chemotherapy. dr. panko has identified important potential problems with the study of kiang et al. there is no question that some estrogen-receptor tumors can on substquent biopsies be estrogen-r ... | 1979 | 431604 |
| hormone receptors in breast cancer and response to chemotherapy. | this letter is in response to kiang et al who reported a markedly higher response rate to chemotherapy in estrogen-receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer, as compared to that in receptor-negative tumors. lippman et al have previously reported opposite findings. both reports reflect a total lack of uniformity in the type of chemotherapy used for individual patients. also, the reports have limited their conclusions to response rates and made no definite statement on the duration of response to ... | 1979 | 431601 |
| hormone receptors in breast cancer and response to chemotherapy. | the contradictory results presented by lippman et al. and kiang et al. on estrogen receptors and the treatment of breast cancer are not surprising. with the methods used by both groups, the quantity of receptors is expressed per amount of cytosol protein extracted. the number of tumor cells in each sample is, however, unknown. this number certainly varies a great deal; a given weight of medullary carcinoma, for example, may contain 100 times as many tumor cells as a scirrhous carcinoma. a real q ... | 1979 | 431600 |
| cochlear micromechanics--a mechanism for transforming mechanical to neural tuning within the cochlea. | a linear mathematical model is proposed which will account for the differences observed between mechanically measured data of rhode (1971) for basilar membrane motion, and the responses of neural tuning curves (kiang et al., 1974). we show that theoretical tuning curves may be derived from mechanical responses by forming the difference between the pressure across the basilar membrane and its displacement. some ramifications of this proposal are discussed. we then propose a hypothetical physical ... | 1977 | 198449 |
| a health, nutrition and parasitological survey in a rural village (keneba) in west kiang, gambia. | | 1952 | 14958820 |
| detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species. | general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ... | 2017 | 28920785 |
| effects of cochlear synaptopathy on middle-ear muscle reflexes in unanesthetized mice. | cochlear synaptopathy, i.e. the loss of auditory-nerve connections with cochlear hair cells, is seen in aging, noise damage, and other types of acquired sensorineural hearing loss. because the subset of auditory-nerve fibers with high thresholds and low spontaneous rates (srs) is disproportionately affected, audiometric thresholds are relatively insensitive to this primary neural degeneration. although suprathreshold amplitudes of wave i of the auditory brainstem response (abr) are attenuated in ... | 2018 | 29598837 |
| comparative study of gut microbiota in tibetan wild asses (equus kiang) and domestic donkeys (equus asinus) on the qinghai-tibet plateau. | tibetan wild asses (equus kiang) are the only wild species of perissodactyls on the qinghai-tibet plateau and appears on the international union for conversation of nature (iucn) 2012 red list of threatened species. therefore, understanding the gut microbiota composition and function of wild asses can provide a theoretical for the situ conservation of wild animals in the future.in this study, we measured the dry matter digestion by the 4 molar hydrochloric acid (4n hcl) acid-insoluble ash method ... | 2020 | 32547852 |
| gut microbiota adaptation to high altitude in indigenous animals. | limited is known about role of gut microbiota in the metabolism of high-altitude-living herbivores, and potential co-evolution between gut microbiome and host genome during high altitude adaptation were not fully understood. here, dna from faecal samples was used to investigate the gut microbial compositions and diversity in three host species endemic to the high-altitude tibetan plateau, the tibetan antelope (pantholops hodgsonii, t-antelope, 4300 m) and the tibetan wild ass (equus kiang, t-ass ... | 2019 | 31196622 |
| a population census of large herbivores based on uav and its effects on grazing pressure in the yellow-river-source national park, china. | using the yellow-river-source national park (yrsnp) as a study site, an unmanned aerial vehicle (uav) remote sensing and line transect method was used to investigate the number of wild herbivorous animals and livestock, including the kiang (equus kiang) and tibetan gazelle (procapra picticaudata). a downscaling algorithm was used to generate the forage yield data in yrsnp based on a 30-m spatial resolution. on this basis, we estimated the forage-livestock balance, which included both wild animal ... | 2019 | 31717940 |
| intelligent diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia based on convolutional neural network and limited number of endoscopic images. | gastric intestinal metaplasia (gim) is a precancerous lesion of gastric cancer. currently, diagnosis of gim is based on the experience of a physician, which is liable to interobserver variability. thus, an intelligent diagnostic (id) system, based on narrow-band and magnifying narrow-band images, was constructed to provide objective assistance in the diagnosis of gim. | 2020 | 33059237 |
| anthropometric nutritional status, and social and dietary characteristics of african and indian adolescents taking part in the talent (transforming adolescent lives through nutrition) qualitative study. | to describe the anthropometry, socioeconomic circumstances, diet and screen time usage of adolescents in india and africa as context to a qualitative study of barriers to healthy eating and activity. | 2020 | 32753088 |
| real-world clinical outcomes of olaparib therapy in chinese patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer treated in macau. | olaparib has been approved as an active and maintenance therapy for patients with platinum-sensitive, brca-mutated high-grade serous ovarian cancer (soc). however, the efficacy and safety data is lack among chinese ovarian cancer patients. | 2019 | 32721133 |
| using longitudinal data to understand nutrition and health interactions in rural gambia. | context: population-based cohort studies have been pivotal in establishing a number of nutrition-health interactions, especially in high-income settings. less research is available from low- and middle-income countries due to the lack of detailed longitudinal data.objective: to describe the use of prospectively collected longitudinal data from the rural west kiang region of the gambia to explore nutrition-health interactions in a rural sub-saharan african context.methods: demographic records ini ... | 2020 | 32429759 |
| a protocol for an observational cohort study of heat strain and its effect on fetal wellbeing in pregnant farmers in the gambia. | introduction: climate change predictions indicate that global temperatures are likely to exceed those seen in the last 200,000 years, rising by around 4°c above pre-industrial levels by 2100 (without effective mitigation of current emission rates). in regions of the world set to experience extreme temperatures, women often work outside in agriculture even during pregnancy. the implications of heat strain in pregnancy on maternal health and pregnancy outcome are not well understood. this protocol ... | 2020 | 32292825 |
| gut microbial diversity and stabilizing functions enhance the plateau adaptability of tibetan wild ass (equus kiang). | interactions between gut microbiota not only regulate physical health, but also form a vital bridge between the environment and the host, thus helping the host to better adapt to the environment. the improvement of modern molecular sequencing techniques enables in-depth investigations of the gut microbiota of vertebrate herbivores without harming them. by sequencing the 16s rrna v4-v5 region of the gut microbiota of both the captive and wild kiang in winter and summer, the diversity and function ... | 2020 | 32157819 |
| hepcidin-guided screen-and-treat interventions against iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial in the gambia. | who recommends daily iron supplementation for pregnant women, but adherence is poor because of side-effects, effectiveness is low, and there are concerns about possible harm. the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin can signal when an individual is ready-and-safe to receive iron. we tested whether a hepcidin-guided screen-and-treat approach to combat iron-deficiency anaemia could achieve equivalent efficacy to universal administration, but with lower exposure to iron. | 2019 | 31607468 |
| nocardioides yefusunii sp. nov., isolated from equus kiang (tibetan wild ass) faeces. | two gram-stain-positive, irregular rod-shaped (0.2-0.5×1.3-2.5 um) strains, hy056t and hy057, were isolated from the faeces of equus kiang (the largest of the wild asses) collected at different regions from the qinghai-tibetan plateau of pr china. phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains hy056t and hy057 belong to the genus nocardioides by sharing a similarity ranging from 96.3 to 97.0 % in the 16s rrna gene sequence and forming a distinct cluster with nocardioides daphniae jcm 16608t, nocar ... | 2019 | 31511125 |
| effect of exogenous phytase added to small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (sq-lns) on the fractional and total absorption of zinc from a millet-based porridge consumed with sq-lns in young gambian children: a randomized controlled trial. | dietary phytate inhibits zinc absorption from composite meals in adults. | 2019 | 31504101 |
| effectiveness and safety of osimertinib in patients with metastatic egfr t790m-positive nsclc: an observational real-world study. | osimertinib showed encouraging efficacy in patients with advanced egfr t790m-positive nsclc in previous randomized controlled trials. this real-world study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of osimertinib in a real-world setting. this observational study (nct03133234) included 74 patients with metastatic egfr t790m-positive nsclc who progressed on prior egfr tki therapy and received osimertinib between may 2016 and april 2018 at the kiang wu hospital in macau. response rate (rr) and ... | 2019 | 31442277 |
| nelson's notch in the rate-level functions of auditory-nerve fibers might be caused by piezo2-mediated reverse-polarity currents in hair cells. | half a century ago, nelson kiang and colleagues observed that some spike rate versus stimulus level functions of auditory-nerve-fiber responses to tones are nonmonotonic, exhibiting a sharp notch ("nelson's notch") at high stimulus levels. the notch is associated with an abrupt change in the phase of the response by ∼180°. to account for these findings, kiang proposed a "two-factor cancellation hypothesis" according to which excitation of an auditory-nerve fiber is produced by the sum of two pha ... | 2019 | 31425895 |
| a novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: a randomised controlled trial in the gambia. | infant dna methylation profiles are associated with their mother's periconceptional nutritional status. dna methylation relies on nutritional inputs for one-carbon metabolic pathways, including the efficient recycling of homocysteine. this randomised controlled trial in nonpregnant women in rural gambia tests the efficacy of a novel nutritional supplement designed to improve one-carbon-related nutrient status by reducing plasma homocysteine, and assesses its potential future use in preconception ... | 2019 | 31408467 |
| impact of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on antibody responses to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination in infants: a randomised trial in the gambia. | exposure to a nutritionally deficient environment during fetal life and early infancy may adversely alter the ontogeny of the immune system and affect an infant's ability to mount an optimal immune response to vaccination. we examined the effects of maternal nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on infants' antibody responses to the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (dtp) vaccine included in the expanded programme on immunisation (epi). | 2019 | 31386660 |
| species richness of riparian vegetation after three decades of kenyir dam establishment. | this data article is on riparian vegetation species richness in four different streams located in the sultan mahmud hydroelectric dam, also known as kenyir dam and commonly referred to as tasik kenyir, terengganu. the dataset consists of three reservoir-island streams and the other is a small stream located on the mainland. a total of 41 families and 90 species of riparian plants were reported for the first time after 34 years of the establishment of the sultan mahmud hydroelectric dam. trees co ... | 2019 | 31194175 |
| nutritional status and disease severity in children acutely presenting to a primary health clinic in rural gambia. | accurate and timely data on the health of a population are key for evidence-based decision making at both the policy and programmatic level. in many low-income settings, such data are unavailable or outdated. using an electronic medical records system, we determined the association between nutritional status and severe illness and mortality among young children presenting to a rural primary health care facility in the gambia. | 2019 | 31146716 |