| pcr primers that allow intergeneric differentiation of ascomycetes and their application to verticillium spp. | a pair of conserved pcr primers, designated nms1 and nms2, that amplify a region in the mitochondrial small rrna gene region were designed for fungi belonging to the class ascomycetes. these primers were tested with members of eight fungal genera (aspergillus, fusarium, magnaporthe, mycospharella, neurospora, saccharomyces, sclerotinia, verticillium) and 10 verticillium species (verticillium albo-atrum, verticillium chlamydosporium, verticillium cinnebarium, verticillium dahliae, verticillium fu ... | 1994 | 7811072 |
| adaptation of proteases and carbohydrates of saprophytic, phytopathogenic and entomopathogenic fungi to the requirements of their ecological niches. | the abilities of isolates of saprophytes (neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans), an opportunistic human pathogen (aspergillus fumigatus), an opportunistic insect pathogen (aspergillus flavus), plant pathogens (verticillium albo-atrum, verticillium dahliae, nectria haematococca), a mushroom pathogen (verticillium fungicola) and entomopathogens (verticillium lecanii, beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae) to utilize plant cell walls and insect cuticle components in different nutrient media ... | 1997 | 9202474 |
| taxonomic status of putative verticillum alboatrum isolates. | two fungal isolates, formerly classified as verticillium alboatrum and proposed as forming the basis of a new sub-group ('group 2') within the species, have been shown to be non-pathogenic to known hosts of v. alboatrum and, on the basis of molecular evidence, to be closely related to verticillium psalliotae and verticillium fungicola. we propose that the taxon v. alboatrum be confined to those closely related isolates, usually plant pathogenic and usually producing dark resting mycelium, referr ... | 1999 | 9919670 |
| chemical components and their locations in the verticillium fungicola cell wall. | the chemical structure of cell walls and fractions of verticillium fungicola, a pathogen of agaricus bisporus, as well as their corresponding ultrastructures were studied. there are at least three chemically distinct types of carbohydrate polymers: one yielding mannose with lower amounts of galactose and glucose (glucogalactomannan), another one composed mainly of glucose (glucan), and a third one containing only n-acetylglucosamine (chitin). attempts were made to locate these materials in situ ... | 2000 | 10721477 |
| effect of the fungicide prochloraz-mn on the cell wall structure of verticillium fungicola. | the chemical structure of the cell wall of two isolates of verticillium fungicolacollected from diseased fruit bodies of the commercial mushroom agaricus bisporus treated with the fungicide prochloraz-mn was analyzed. the isolates were obtained during different periods of time and grown in the absence and presence of the ld(50) values of the fungicide for v. fungicola. in addition, another v. fungicola isolate collected previous to the routine utilization of prochloraz-mn but grown under the sam ... | 2002 | 12207213 |
| properties of a hydrophobin isolated from the mycoparasitic fungus verticillium fungicola. | verticillium fungicola, isolated from agaricus bisporus (commercial mushroom), produced significant extracellular hydrophobin when grown for 7 days in a static liquid culture of synthetic minimal medium. the hydrophobin was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate (80% saturation), sephadex g-100 gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. the purified protein yielded a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native conditions, with an apparent molecular mas ... | 2002 | 12556130 |
| comparison of partial sequence of the cap binding protein (eif4e) isolated from agaricus bisporus and its pathogen verticillium fungicola. | the 3' regions of the gene encoding the cap binding protein eif4e were successfully isolated from agaricus bisporus and verticillium fungicola using a degenerate primer within the eif4e gene and an anchored oligo d(t) primer. the deduced amino acid sequences contained 173 residues for a. bisporus and 171 residues v. fungicola. analysis of these sequences shows that despite conserved regions of homology, centering around tryptophan residues, a. bisporus and v. fungicola are very diverse at the am ... | 2002 | 12715943 |
| investigating the role of a verticillium fungicola beta-1,6-glucanase during infection of agaricus bisporus using targeted gene disruption. | studies on the mycopathogen verticillium fungicola have shown the up-regulation of beta-1,6-glucanases when grown in the presence of host cell walls and host cell wall components including chitin. these cell-wall-degrading enzymes are hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenic ability of mycopathogens. a beta-1,6-glucanase gene, vfglu1, showing high similarity to beta-1,6-glucanase genes from hypocrea virens, neotyphodium sp., and trichoderma harzianum, was isolated using degenerate pcr from v ... | 2003 | 12892639 |
| hydrogen peroxide concentrations detected in agaricus bisporus sporocarps and relation with their susceptibility to the pathogen verticillium fungicola. | a dry bubble is an undifferentiated structure that forms in place of mushrooms when cultures of agaricus bisporus are contaminated by verticillium fungicola. hydrogen peroxide concentrations were measured in lyophilised samples of bubbles and healthy sporocarps from cultures of genetically related strains of a. bisporus. the strains the more resistant to the pathogen had the higher levels of h2o2 concentration measured in the bubbles, but the differences in the healthy sporocarps were not signif ... | 2004 | 15321678 |
| verticillium disease or "dry bubble" of cultivated mushrooms: the agaricus bisporus lectin recognizes and binds the verticillium fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan. | the step of recognition and (or) binding for the development of the disease of the cultivated mushroom agaricus bisporus by the mycoparasite verticillium fungicola was studied by several approaches: agglutination of v. fungicola germinated spores by an a. bisporus extract from fruit body cell walls, immunofluorescence microscopy of a. bisporus hyphae from fruit bodies and vegetative mycelia pretreated with purified v. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, and finally, by hemagglutination exper ... | 2004 | 15644927 |
| phylogenetic and structural analyses of the mating-type loci in clavicipitaceae. | entomopathogens and other econutritional fungi belonging to clavicipitaceae were phylogenetically analyzed on the basis of the 18s rrna gene and mating-type genes (mat1-1-1 and mat1-2-1). the phylogenies of the mating-type genes yielded better resolutions than that of 18s rrna gene. entomopathogens (cordyceps bassiana, cordyceps brongniartii, cordyceps militaris, cordyceps sinclairii, cordyceps takaomontana, isaria cateniannulata, isaria farinosa, isaria fumosorosea, isaria javanica, lecanicilli ... | 2006 | 17064371 |
| investigations into the taxonomy of the mushroom pathogen verticillium fungicola and its relatives based on sequence analysis of nitrate reductase and its regions. | the full sequence of the nitrate reductase gene was obtained from a type isolate of verticilliumfungicola var. fungicola and used for phylogenetic analysis against other ascomycete fungi. sequencing obtained 2749 bp of coding region, 668 bp of 5' flanking sequence and 731 bp of 3' flanking sequence. in silico analysis indicated that the coding region contains a single intron and translates into an 893 amino acid protein, with blast analysis identifying five conserved nitrate reductase domains wi ... | 2007 | 18297878 |
| effect of the fungal pathogen verticillium fungicola on fruiting initiation of its host, agaricus bisporus. | dry bubble disease caused by the fungal pathogen verticillium fungicola is responsible for large losses to the mushroom (agaricus bisporus) industry. the pathogen induces various symptoms on the host, bubbles (undifferentiated spherical masses), bent and/or split stipes (blowout) and spotty caps. inoculation of a. bisporus crops with isolates of v. fungicola var. fungicola of various degrees of aggressiveness showed that the more aggressive isolates induced higher numbers of bubbles. the product ... | 2008 | 18501577 |
| molecular phylogenetic analyses of verticillium fungicola and related species causing dry bubble disease of the cultivated button mushroom, agaricus bisporus. | abstract molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed on 40 isolates of verticillium fungicola collected from various pennsylvania mushroom farms in 1999 and 28 isolates of verticillium spp. collected during the last 50 years from various geographic locations. sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (its1 and its2) and 5.8s regions of the nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) transcriptional unit and analysis of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) data were performed for the 68 is ... | 2001 | 18944237 |
| expression of phenol oxidase and heat-shock genes during the development of agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies, healthy and infected by lecanicillium fungicola. | the fungal pathogen lecanicillium fungicola (formerly verticillium fungicola) is responsible for severe losses worldwide in the mushroom (agaricus bisporus) industry. infected crops are characterised by masses of undifferentiated tissue (bubbles) growing in place of sporophores. the expression of three laccase genes (lcc1, lcc2 and lcc3), two tyrosinase genes (abppo1 and abppo2) and the hspa gene encoding a heat-shock protein known to be potentially associated with host-pathogen interaction was ... | 2010 | 19711071 |
| the pmk1-like mitogen-activated protein kinase from lecanicillium (verticillium) fungicola is not required for virulence on agaricus bisporus. | in plant-pathogenic fungi, the pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signalling pathway plays an essential role in regulating the development of penetration structures and the sensing of host-derived cues, but its role in other pathosystems such as fungal-fungal interactions is less clear. we report the use of a gene disruption strategy to investigate the pmk1-like mapk, lf pmk1 in the development of lecanicillium fungicola (formerly verticillium fungicola) infection on the cultivated mus ... | 2010 | 20110303 |
| microbially induced diseases of agaricus bisporus: biochemical mechanisms and impact on commercial mushroom production. | the button mushroom, agaricus bisporus (lange) imbach, the most common cultivated mushroom, is susceptible to a wide range of virus, bacterial, and fungal diseases. however, only some diseases were studied for the mechanisms involved in the host-microorganism interaction. this review deals with biochemical mechanisms related to cavity disease (burkholderia gladioli) and to the interaction between a. bisporus and the causal agents responsible for the most severe diseases, namely the bacteria pseu ... | 2010 | 20127233 |
| lecanicillium fungicola: causal agent of dry bubble disease in white-button mushroom. | lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease in commercially cultivated mushroom. this review summarizes current knowledge on the biology of the pathogen and the interaction between the pathogen and its most important host, the white-button mushroom, agaricus bisporus. the ecology of the pathogen is discussed with emphasis on host range, dispersal and primary source of infection. in addition, current knowledge on mushroom defence mechanisms is reviewed. taxonomy: lecanicillium fungicola (pr ... | 2010 | 20695998 |
| quantitative genetics to dissect the fungal-fungal interaction between lecanicillium verticillium and the white button mushroom agaricus bisporus. | lecanicillium fungicola (formerly verticillium fungicola) is responsible for dry bubble disease in the white button mushroom agaricus bisporus. selection for resistance to this pathogen raises an important challenge for mushroom breeders. we have investigated the inheritance of resistance to dry bubble under artificial inoculation in three independent experiments, using a progeny of 89 hybrids derived from an intervarietal a. bisporus var. bisporus×a. bisporus var. burnettii cross. overall, phen ... | 2011 | 21530924 |
| pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi to matsucoccus matsumurae. | matsucoccus matsumurae (kuwana) (hemiptera: coccoidea: matsucoccidae) is an invasive alien species and a destructive pest of two native chinese pines, pinus tabulaeformis carr. and p. massoniana lamb., throughout the eastern regions of china. the pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi, lecanicillium lecanii strain v3.4504 and v3.4505, fusarium incarnatum-equiseti strain heb01 and lecanicillium fungicola strain heb02, against m. matsumurae was tested in four instars, to evaluate their pote ... | 2014 | 25068397 |
| evaluation of the infection process by lecanicillium fungicola in agaricus bisporus by scanning electron microscopy. | lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease in agaricus bisporus mushrooms leading to significant economic losses in commercial production. | 2017 | 28169109 |
| enhancement of shelf life of button mushroom, agaricus bisporus (higher basidiomycetes) by fumigant application of lippia alba essential oil. | eleven essential oils isolated from higher plant species were assessed against the four isolates of verticillium fungicola found on fruiting bodies of agaricus bisporus. eucalyptus citriodora and lippia alba oils were more efficacious and completely inhibited the mycelial growth of fungal isolates. l. alba oil was fungistatic and fungicidal at 10- and 20-µl concentrations against all of the isolates, respectively, and was more potent than e. citriodora oil as well as some prevalent synthetic fun ... | 2015 | 25746409 |
| transcriptomic analysis of the interactions between agaricus bisporus and lecanicillium fungicola. | agaricus bisporus is susceptible to a number of diseases, particularly those caused by fungi, with lecanicillium fungicola being the most serious. control of this disease is important for the security of crop production, however given the lack of knowledge about fungal-fungal interactions, such disease control is rather limited. exploiting the recently released genome sequence of a. bisporus, here we report studies simultaneously investigating both the host and the pathogen, focussing on transcr ... | 2013 | 23665188 |
| effects of the mushroom-volatile 1-octen-3-ol on dry bubble disease. | dry bubble disease caused by lecanicillium fungicola is a persistent problem in the cultivation of the white button mushroom (agaricus bisporus). because control is hampered by chemicals becoming less effective, new ways to control dry bubble disease are urgently required. 1-octen-3-ol is a volatile that is produced by a. bisporus and many other fungi. in a. bisporus, it has been implicated in self-inhibition of fruiting body formation while it was shown to inhibit spore germination in ascomycet ... | 2013 | 23467828 |
| absence of induced resistance in agaricus bisporus against lecanicillium fungicola. | lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease and is an important problem in the cultivation of agaricus bisporus. little is known about the defense of mushrooms against pathogens in general and l. fungicola in particular. in plants and animals, a first attack by a pathogen often induces a systemic response that results in an acquired resistance to subsequent attacks by the same pathogen. the development of functionally similar responses in these two eukaryotic kingdoms indicates that they a ... | 2013 | 23100063 |
| germination of lecanicillium fungicola in the mycosphere of agaricus bisporus. | dry bubble disease is a major problem in the commercial cultivation of the white button mushroom agaricus bisporus and is caused by the ascomycete lecanicillium fungicola. in the casing layer, germination of l. fungicola spores is inhibited by the microflora, a phenomenon known as fungistasis. fungistasis is annulled when the casing is colonized by a. bisporus hyphae. we demonstrated that addition of a. bisporus-associated sugars, similarly annulled the casing fungistasis. however, casing fungis ... | 2012 | 23757277 |
| relationship between yield components and partial resistance to lecanicillium fungicola in the button mushroom, agaricus bisporus, assessed by quantitative trait locus mapping. | dry bubble, caused by lecanicillium fungicola, is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting button mushroom cultivation. in a previous study, we demonstrated that breeding for resistance to this pathogen is quite challenging due to its quantitative inheritance. a second-generation hybrid progeny derived from an intervarietal cross between a wild strain and a commercial cultivar was characterized for l. fungicola resistance under artificial inoculation in three independent experiments. analy ... | 2012 | 22247161 |
| the effect of ph on the production of chitinolytic enzymes of verticillium fungicola in submerged cultures. | chitinase and n-acetylhexosaminidase activities in submerged cultures of verticillium fungicola increased up to 5-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively when the ph of the culture medium was raised from 5 to 8. sds-page and zymograms of the freeze-dried crude enzyme obtained from the cultures indicated four chitin degrading proteins of m(w) 24, 40, 55 and 63 kda, whereas isoelectric focusing displayed the separation of three chitin degrading enzymes with isoelectric points of 4.7, 6.8 and 10, as well a ... | 2010 | 20659797 |
| a revision of the verticillium fungicola species complex and its affinity with the genus lecanicillium. | verticillium fungicola, the type species of verticillium sect. albo-erecta, and related taxa were studied using morphological and molecular techniques. sequences of the its region and ssu rdna suggest that v. fungicola is very close to members of the genus lecanicillium and unrelated to other species that were originally accommodated in the same section. new combinations in lecanicillium are proposed for verticillium fungicola and its var. flavidum at species rank, l. f. var. aleophilum is retai ... | 2008 | 18499422 |
| reduced sensitivity of the mushroom pathogen verticillium fungicola to prochloraz-manganese in vitro. | 105 isolates of verticillium fungicola from spanish mushroom crops collected between 1992 and 1999 were tested in vitro for their sensitivities to prochloraz-manganese. dose response relationships for inhibition of mycelial growth by the fungicide were assessed in radial growth experiments on fungicide-amended malt extract agar. the ed50 values recorded for all 105 isolates studied ranged between 0.8 ppm in 1992 and 8.8 in 1998, with an average of 2.9. 86% of the isolates tested were more sensit ... | 2005 | 16080397 |