| antimicrobial activity of extracts of eastern north american hardwood trees and relation to traditional medicine. | wood and bark extracts of 14 eastern north american hardwood tree species which were used traditionally as medicine by first nation's people were screened for antimicrobial activities with eight strains of bacteria and six strains of fungi. eighty-six percent of the bark extracts were active against methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus; 71% against bacillus subtilus and 79% against mycobacterium phlei. the bark extract of juglans cinerea was active against pseudomonas aeruginosa 187, salm ... | 2000 | 11025152 |
| inhibition of human pathogenic fungi by ethnobotanically selected plant extracts. | in this study, 36 extracts derived from 29 plant species selected using an ethnobotanical approach were tested for antifungal activity against a taxonomically diverse group of 13 human pathogenic fungi. we compared the inhibitory characteristics of these plant extracts with those of the commonly used antifungals, amphotericin b and ketoconazole, and the plant-derived antifungal, berberine. several plant extracts, notably those from zingiber officinale (ginger) and juglans cinerea (butternut), ha ... | 2003 | 12588480 |
| improving disease resistance of butternut (juglans cinerea), a threatened fine hardwood: a case for single-tree selection through genetic improvement and deployment. | approaches for the development of disease-resistant butternut (juglans cinerea l.) are reviewed. butternut is a threatened fine hardwood throughout its natural range in eastern north america because of the invasion of the exotic fungus, sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum nair, kostichka and kuntz, which causes butternut canker. early efforts were made to identify and collect putatively resistant germ plasm, identify vectors and to characterize the disease. more recently, molecular technique ... | 2006 | 16203722 |
| morphological and molecular methods to identify butternut (juglans cinerea) and butternut hybrids: relevance to butternut conservation. | butternut (juglans cinerea l.) is a native, cold-tolerant, hard-mast species formerly valued for its nuts and wood, which is now endangered. the most immediate threat to butternut restoration is the spread of butternut canker disease, caused by the exotic fungus sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum nair, kostichka & kuntz. other threats include the hybridization of butternut with the exotic japanese walnut (juglans ailantifolia carr.) and poor regeneration. the hybrids, known as buartnuts, ar ... | 2008 | 18450577 |
| toward an improved model of maple sap exudation: the location and role of osmotic barriers in sugar maple, butternut and white birch. | two theories have been proposed to explain how high positive pressures are developed in sugar maple stems when temperatures fluctuate around freezing. the milburn-o'malley theory proposes that pressure development is purely physical and does not require living cells or sucrose. the osmotic theory invokes the involvement of living cells and sucrose to generate an osmotic pressure difference between fibers and vessels, which are assumed to be separated by an osmotic barrier. we analyzed wood of ac ... | 2008 | 18519246 |
| geographically extensive hybridization between the forest trees american butternut and japanese walnut. | we investigate the question of naturally occurring interspecific hybrids between two forest trees: the native north american butternut (juglans cinerea l.) and the introduced japanese walnut (juglans ailantifolia carrière). using nuclear and chloroplast dna markers, we provide evidence for 29 f(1) and 22 advanced generation hybrids in seven locations across the eastern and southern range of the native species. two locations show extensive admixture (95% j. ailantifolia and hybrids) while other l ... | 2009 | 19324631 |
| range-wide distribution of genetic diversity in the north american tree juglans cinerea: a product of range shifts, not ecological marginality or recent population decline. | the spatial distribution of genetic diversity is a product of recent and historical ecological processes, as well as anthropogenic activities. a current challenge in population and conservation genetics is to disentangle the relative effects of these processes, as a first step in predicting population response to future environmental change. in this investigation, we compare the influence of contemporary population decline, contemporary ecological marginality and postglacial range shifts. using ... | 2010 | 21040046 |
| reclassification of the butternut canker fungus, sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, into the genus ophiognomonia. | sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum (sc-j), which causes a canker disease on butternut, is largely responsible for the decline of this tree in the united states and canada. the original description of the species was based on anamorphic characters because the teleomorph is unknown. recent phylogenetic investigations have found that sc-j is not a member of the genus sirococcus, and accurate taxonomic classification is required. the objective of this study is to use sequence data to determine ... | 2010 | 21215957 |
| four cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (caps) markers for the detection of the juglans ailantifolia chloroplast in putatively native j. cinerea populations. | hybridization between butternut (juglans cinerea), a forest tree native to eastern north america, and japanese walnut (j. ailantifolia), a tree tolerant to the lethal fungal disease butternut canker, casts doubt on the genetic identity of the remaining butternuts. we report a diagnostic test to distinguish the j. cinerea chloroplast from the j. ailantifolia chloroplast using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences resolvable in 1.5% agarose gels. j. ailantifolia maternal ancestry in naturally re ... | 2009 | 21564682 |
| thirteen nuclear microsatellite loci for butternut (juglans cinerea l.). | butternut (juglans cinerea l.) is an eastern north american forest tree severely threatened by an exotic fungal pathogen, sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. we report here 13 nuclear microsatellites for genetic evaluation of the remaining natural populations. summary statistics are reported for individuals from a population of butternuts in central kentucky (n = 63). all markers were polymorphic, with an average of 13.7 alleles per locus observed. four loci exhibited significantly fewer he ... | 2008 | 21585858 |