australian bat lyssavirus. | | 1997 | 9196832 |
emerging viruses. | an emerging virus is a term applied to a newly discovered virus, one that is increasing in incidence or with the potential to increase in incidence. many viruses fit into this definition. hiv is the clearest example of a previously unknown virus that has now produced one of the largest pandemics in history. recent advances have occurred in the identification and understanding of new hantaviruses in the americas, causing an acute respiratory disease. the possible causal role of human herpesvirus ... | 1998 | 9529635 |
veterinary surgeon's guide to australian bat lyssavirus. | veterinary surgeons in australia must be aware of the emerging viral diseases and their potential effects on public health generally and, more specifically, on the veterinary profession. australian bat lyssavirus was identified in 1996 and causes rabies-like disease in bats and humans. two humans from queensland have died of australian bat lyssavirus encephalitis. surveillance has shown that all australian bats must be considered carriers of this new virus, therefore protective apparel should be ... | 1999 | 10685161 |
emerging viral diseases of southeast asia and the western pacific. | over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in southeast asia and the western pacific. vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include japanese encephalitis, barmah forest, ross river, and chikungunya viruses. however, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. the first of these disease agents to emerge was hendra virus, forme ... | 2001 | 11485641 |
histopathology and immunohistochemistry of bats infected by australian bat lyssavirus. | to describe the lesions and distribution of viral antigens in bats infected by australian bat lyssavirus. | 1999 | 10561795 |
immunohistochemistry in the identification of a number of new diseases in australia. | immunohistochemistry plays an important part in the diagnosis of some viral diseases. demonstration of viral antigen in a lesion is an important contribution to diagnosis, either at the time of investigation or retrospectively. at the csiro australian animal health laboratory, the most frequent use of immunohistochemistry has been in the diagnosis of the important avian diseases, highly pathogenic avian influenza and newcastle disease. the technology took key roles in the diagnoses of hendra vir ... | 1999 | 10501165 |
newly discovered viruses of flying foxes. | flying foxes have been the focus of research into three newly described viruses from the order mononegavirales, namely hendra virus (hev), menangle virus and australian bat lyssavirus (abl). early investigations indicate that flying foxes are the reservoir host for these viruses. in 1994, two outbreaks of a new zoonotic disease affecting horses and humans occurred in queensland. the virus which was found to be responsible was called equine morbillivirus (emv) and has since been renamed hev. inve ... | 1999 | 10501164 |
australian bat lyssavirus infection in a captive juvenile black flying fox. | the newly emerging australian bat lyssavirus causes rabieslike disease in bats and humans. a captive juvenile black flying fox exhibited progressive neurologic signs, including sudden aggression, vocalization, dysphagia, and paresis over 9 days and then died. at necropsy, lyssavirus infection was diagnosed by fluorescent antibody test, immunoperoxidase staining, polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation. eight human contacts received postexposure vaccination. | 1999 | 10341182 |
use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues. | seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ... | 1999 | 10029326 |
australia's notifiable diseases status, 2001: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system. | in 2001 there were 104,187 notifications of communicable diseases in australia reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). the number of notifications in 2001 was an increase of 16 per cent of those reported in 2000 (89,740) and the largest annual total since the nndss commenced in 1991. in 2001, nine new diseases were added to the list of diseases reported to nndss and four diseases were removed. the new diseases were cryptosporidiosis, laboratory-confirmed influen ... | 2003 | 12725505 |
non-rabies lyssavirus human encephalitis from fruit bats: australian bat lyssavirus (pteropid lyssavirus) infection. | a 39-year-old woman died of encephalitis a few weeks after being scratched by fruit bats. autopsy disclosed meningoencephalomyelitis, and revealed neuronal intracytoplasmic inclusions which had similarities to negri bodies of rabies. laboratory investigations detected a lyssavirus type previously identified only in fruit bats. this appears to be the first human case of encephalitis due to this lyssavirus type. | 1998 | 9775399 |
rabies prophylaxis in western australia: the impact of australian bat lyssavirus. | post-exposure rabies prophylaxis is provided by the health department of western australia to persons exposed to potentially rabid animals overseas. in addition, since the discovery of australian bat lyssavirus in 1996, rabies prophylaxis has been provided to persons exposed or likely to be exposed to australian bats. this article reviews the provision of rabies prophylaxis in western australia from july 1991 to december 1997. during this period, 101 persons received rabies post-exposure prophyl ... | 1998 | 9735544 |
characterisation of a novel lyssavirus isolated from pteropid bats in australia. | a novel lyssavirus isolated from pteropid bats in australia (australian bat lyssavirus, ablv) has been characterised using gene sequence analyses, electron microscopy and a panel of monoclonal antibodies. electron microscopic examination of pteropid bat and mouse brain material as well as virus isolated from tissue culture medium, showed the presence of bullet-shaped rhabdovirus particles and structures characteristic of lyssavirus. analysis using nucleocapsid (n) specific monoclonal antibodies, ... | 1998 | 9696125 |
australian bat lyssavirus infection in three fruit bats from north queensland. | we report the case findings of australian bat lyssavirus infection in two black flying foxes (pteropus alecto) and one little red flying fox (pteropus scapulatus) from north queensland between january 1995 and august 1996. although the p. alecto case in january 1995 is the first recognised case of australian bat lyssavirus infection in australia, this was a retrospective diagnosis made after identification of the index case at ballina in may 1996. eight persons had exposure to the three bats. se ... | 1997 | 9145563 |
australian bat lyssavirus--a newly emerged zoonosis? | | 1997 | 9088509 |
pathogenesis studies with australian bat lyssavirus in grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus). | to examine the susceptibility of the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus) to australian bat lyssavirus (abl), and to provide preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of the disease in flying foxes. | 2002 | 12465817 |
detection of australian bat lyssavirus using a fluorogenic probe. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) has been transmitted to humans following a scratch or bite from an infected bat in two cases. following a scratch or bite to a person, the bat is usually submitted for testing and diagnosis is made using a direct fluorescent antibody test on a brain smear. a nested rt-pcr assay has also been utilised to confirm diagnosis. if positive for lyssavirus, post-exposure prophylaxis is administered. | 2002 | 12423692 |
neuro-angiostrongylosis in wild black and grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus spp). | to identify nematodes seen in histological sections of brains of flying foxes (fruit bats) and describe the associated clinical disease and pathology. | 2002 | 12398319 |
characterisation of an australian bat lyssavirus variant isolated from an insectivorous bat. | in 1996 a variant lyssavirus was isolated from an insectivorous bat (yellow bellied, sheath tail bat-saccolaimus flaviventris) in australia. the nucleocapsid protein (n), matrix protein (m), phosphoprotein (p), glycoprotein (g) and polymerase (l) genes of the australian bat lyssavirus (abl) insectivorous isolate were compared with that previously described from a frugivorous bat (pteropus sp.), and showed sequence divergence at both the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level of 20% and 4-12%, ... | 2002 | 12367747 |
emerging viral infections in australia. | hendra virus infection should be suspected in someone with close association with horses or bats who presents acutely with pneumonia or encephalitis (potentially after a prolonged incubation period). australian bat lyssavirus infection should be suspected in a patient with a progressive neurological illness and a history of exposure to a bat. rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should be strongly considered after a bite, scratch or mucous membrane exposure to a bat. japanese encephalitis vaccine s ... | 2002 | 12088481 |
sequence analysis of an isolate from a fatal human infection of australian bat lyssavirus. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), which occurs in pteropid and insectivorous bat populations, causes a rabies-like encephalitis in infected humans. we report the first complete sequence of an ablv isolate obtained from a human who developed symptoms 27 months after being bitten by an infected flying fox. this isolate is the smallest lyssavirus to be sequenced, with a size of 11,918 nucleotides. analyses of previously unsequenced regions and the complete genome confirm its close relationship with ... | 2002 | 12083841 |
update on rabies. | rabies remains an important public health problem worldwide due to endemic dog rabies in developing countries. rabies was a re-emerging disease in the united states during the 1990s due to bat rabies virus variants. australian bat lyssavirus also emerged in australian bat populations and caused two human deaths. there have been important recent advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rabies and in our ability to diagnose and prevent it. | 2002 | 12045733 |
molecular diagnosis of lyssaviruses and sequence comparison of australian bat lyssavirus samples. | to evaluate and implement molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of lyssaviruses in australia. | 2006 | 16879123 |
public health awareness of emerging zoonotic viruses of bats: a european perspective. | bats classified in the order chiroptera are the most abundant and widely distributed non-human mammalian species in the world. several bat species are reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses and therefore can be a public health hazard. lyssaviruses of different genotypes have emerged from bats in america (genotype 1 rabies virus; rabv), europe (european bat lyssavirus; eblv), and australia (australian bat lyssavirus; ablv), whereas nipah virus is the most important recent zoonosis of bat origin in a ... | 2006 | 17187565 |
serologic evidence of lyssavirus infections among bats, the philippines. | active surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among populations of bats in the philippines. the presence of past or current lyssavirus infection was determined by use of direct fluorescent antibody assays on bat brains and virus neutralization assays on bat sera. although no bats were found to have active infection with a lyssavirus, 22 had evidence of neutralizing antibody against the australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). seropositivity was statistically associated with one species of bat, min ... | 2002 | 11927022 |
exotic animal diseases bulletin. australian bat lyssavirus(ablv). | | 2007 | 18080377 |
emerging viral infections in australia. | emerging viruses include known viruses that have increased in incidence or geographic range (such as enteroviruses and japanese encephalitis virus), new viruses associated with known diseases (australian bat lyssavirus) and new viruses associated with previously unrecognized diseases (hendra and nipah viruses). some may have a predilection for children (japanese encephalitis, influenza viruses and enterovirus 71) and vigilance is essential to ensure early recognition of these agents. | 2002 | 11869391 |
evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity. | the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ... | 2001 | 11238853 |
bat lyssavirus infections. | bats, which represent approximately 24% of all known mammalian species, frequently act as vectors of lyssaviruses. in particular, insectivorous bats play an important role in the epidemiology of rabies and some rabies-like viruses, while the haematophagous vampire bats are the major wildlife vector for rabies in latin america. in contrast, the role of fruit bats (flying foxes) in the epidemiology of the recently discovered australian bat lyssavirus is only just emerging. information on the patho ... | 2000 | 11189715 |
encephalitis in australia, 1979-2006: trends and aetiologies. | the acute encephalitis syndrome has heralded the emergence of multiple virulent pathogens, including murray valley encephalitis, hendra virus and australian bat lyssavirus, which may result in severe morbidity and mortality. in australia, encephalitis is not notifiable and there has been no analysis of trends in encephalitis death rates or causation. australian bureau of statistics mortality and population data for the period 1979-2006 were obtained and cause of death data were extracted using i ... | 2009 | 19877537 |
australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, with a long incubation period. | in december 1998, a 37-year-old queensland woman died from a rabies-like illness, 27 months after being bitten by a flying fox (fruit bat). molecular techniques enabled diagnosis of infection with australian bat lyssavirus (abl), the second human case to be recognised and the first to be acquired from a flying fox. it must be assumed that any bat in australia could transmit abl; anyone bitten or scratched by a bat should immediately wash the wounds thoroughly with soap and water and promptly see ... | 2000 | 10914106 |
australian bat lyssavirus: the public health response to an emerging infection. | | 2000 | 10914099 |
potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus, queensland, 1996-1999. | two human deaths caused by australian bat lyssavirus (abl) infection have been reported since 1996. information was obtained from 205 persons (mostly adults from south brisbane and the south coast of queensland), who reported potential abl exposure to the brisbane southside public health unit from november 1,1996, to january 31, 1999. volunteer animal handlers accounted for 39% of potential exposures, their family members for 12%, professional animal handlers for 14%, community members who inten ... | 2000 | 10827115 |
a molecular epidemiological study of australian bat lyssavirus. | the genetic diversity of australian bat lyssavirus (abl) was investigated by comparing 24 abl isolate glycoprotein (g) gene nucleotide sequences with those of 37 lyssaviruses representing lyssavirus genotypes 1-6. phylogenetic analyses indicated that abl forms a monophyletic group separate from other lyssaviruses. this group differentiates into two clades: one associated with pteropus (flying fox) species, the other with the insectivorous bat saccolaimus flaviventris. calculation of percentage n ... | 2003 | 12560583 |
public health surveillance for australian bat lyssavirus in queensland, australia, 2000-2001. | from february 1, 2000, to december 4, 2001, a total of 119 bats (85 megachiroptera and 34 microchiroptera) were tested for australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) infection. eight megachiroptera were positive by immunofluorescence assay that used cross-reactive ntibodies to rabies nucleocapsid protein. a case study of cross-species transmission of ablv supports the conclusion that a bat reservoir exists for ablv in which the virus circulates across megachiroptera species within mixed communities. | 2003 | 12604002 |
new lyssavirus genotype from the lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi), kyrghyzstan. | the aravan virus was isolated from a lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi) in the osh region of kyrghyzstan, central asia, in 1991. we determined the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein (n) gene and compared it with those of 26 representative lyssaviruses obtained from databases. the aravan virus was distinguished from seven distinct genotypes on the basis of nucleotide and amino acid identity. phylogenetic analysis based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the aravan vir ... | 2003 | 12643828 |
managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and australian bat lyssavirus. | since 1994, a number of novel viruses have been described from bats in australia and malaysia, particularly from fruit bats belonging to the genus pteropus (flying foxes), and it is probable that related viruses will be found in other countries across the geographical range of other members of the genus. these viruses include hendra and nipah viruses, members of a new genus, henipaviruses, within the family paramyxoviridae; menangle and tioman viruses, new members of the rubulavirus genus within ... | 2003 | 12675937 |
emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats. | three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ... | 2004 | 15119765 |
novel viral encephalitides associated with bats (chiroptera)--host management strategies. | several novel viruses recently described in bats of the genus pteropus (sub-order megachiroptera) in australia and southeast asia cause encephalitic disease in animals and humans. these viruses include hendra virus and nipah virus (genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae) and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae). broadly, strategies for disease prevention and control in the spillover host are directed at minimising direct or indirect contact with the natural ... | 2004 | 15119766 |
exotic animal disease bulletin. australian bat lyssavirus (abl). | | 2004 | 15181923 |
current knowledge on the australian bat lyssavirus. | | 1997 | 9066976 |
rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against european and australian bat lyssaviruses. | the ability of antibodies elicited against the rabies human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) to neutralise european bat lyssaviruses (eblv types-1 and -2), australian bat lyssavirus and classical rabies virus (rabv) has been evaluated using modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (mfavn) assays. ninety-six percent (48 of 50) of the human post-vaccinated sera tested cross-neutralised these viruses (>or=0.5 iu/ml). cross-protection experiments using inbred mice (riii, k/k haplotype) were als ... | 2005 | 15964478 |
public health order helps protect the public from australian bat lyssavirus. | | 2015 | 25903263 |
australian bat lyssavirus: implications for public health. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) infection in humans is rare but fatal, with no proven effective therapy. ablv infection can be prevented by administration of a post-exposure prophylaxis regimen of human rabies immunoglobulin and rabies vaccine. all australian bats (flying foxes and microbats) should be considered to be carrying ablv unless proven otherwise. any bat-related injury (bite, scratch or mucosal exposure to bat saliva or neural tissue) should be notified immediately to the relevant pu ... | 2014 | 25495308 |
australian bat lyssavirus: a recently discovered new rhabdovirus. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), first identified in 1996, has been associated with two human fatalities. ablv is genetically and serologically distinct from, but is closely related to, classical rabies. it has a bullet-shaped morphology by electron microscopy. there are two strains of ablv known: one circulates in frugivorous bats, sub-order megachiroptera, and the other circulates in the smaller, mainly insectivorous bats, sub-order microchiroptera. each strain has been associated with one hu ... | 2005 | 15981466 |
discovery of australian bat lyssavirus in horses poses further threats to human and animal health. | | 2014 | 25295360 |
australian bat lyssavirus infection in two horses. | in may 2013, the first cases of australian bat lyssavirus infections in domestic animals were identified in australia. two horses (filly-h1 and gelding-h2) were infected with the yellow-bellied sheathtail bat (ybst) variant of australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). the horses presented with neurological signs, pyrexia and progressing ataxia. intra-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (negri bodies) were detected in some purkinje neurons in haematoxylin and eosin (h&e) stained sections from the brain of one o ... | 2014 | 25195190 |
clinical review of two fatal equine cases of infection with the insectivorous bat strain of australian bat lyssavirus. | the first two confirmed cases of australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) infection in horses are presented. both cases occurred in the same week in may 2013 in paddock mates in south-east queensland. australia has been one of only a few countries considered free from rabies-like viruses in domestic animal species. ablv infection had previously only been confirmed in bats and humans. all three confirmed human cases were fatal, the latest in february 2013. an additional human case of possible abortive in ... | 2014 | 25156050 |
defining the risk of human exposure to australian bat lyssavirus through potential non-bat animal infection. | | 2005 | 16119768 |
[bat lyssavirus in thailand]. | a study of bat lyssavirus survey was done in thailand from 2001 to 2003. a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured in 8 provinces for blood collection and testing for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus (rabv), australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) and broader panel of other lyssaviruses (irkut, aravan and khujand). all thai bat samples were negative to rabv sixteen samples of 394 with sufficient volume of serum had detectable neutralizing antibodies against irkut, aravan, khujand and ... | 2005 | 16241035 |
preventing australian bat lyssavirus: community knowledge and risk perception of bats in south east queensland. | ongoing potential exposure of members of the public to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) in south east queensland, australia, prompted investigation of community knowledge, risk perception, and intention to handle bats to inform future prevention efforts. | 2014 | 24689753 |
australian bat lyssavirus in a child: the first reported case. | human infection with australian bat lyssavirus is extremely rare and has not previously been reported in a child. we describe a fatal case of australian bat lyssavirus in an 8-year-old child, and review the literature pertaining to the diagnosis and management of lyssavirus infection with consideration of its applicability to this emerging strain. | 2014 | 24590754 |
host cell virus entry mediated by australian bat lyssavirus g envelope glycoprotein occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway that requires actin and rab5. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), a rhabdovirus of the genus lyssavirus which circulates in both pteropid fruit bats and insectivorous bats in mainland australia, has caused three fatal human infections, the most recent in february 2013, manifested as acute neurological disease indistinguishable from clinical rabies. rhabdoviruses infect host cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent ph-dependent fusion mediated by their single envelope glycoprotein (g), but the specific host fa ... | 2014 | 24576301 |
emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania. | the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ... | 2005 | 16287684 |
important unusual infections in australia: a critical care perspective. | to review a number of the important unusual infections in australia that can lead to critical illness. | 2001 | 16573516 |
susceptibility of domestic dogs and cats to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). | the susceptibility of cats and dogs to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genotype vii) was investigated by intramuscular (im) inoculation of 10(3.7)-10(5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (tcid(50)) of virus followed by observation of experimental animals for up to 3 months post-inoculation (pi). each experiment also included positive and negative controls, animals inoculated with a bat variant of rabies virus (eptesicus i, genotype i), or a 10% suspension of uninfected mouse brain, respectivel ... | 2007 | 17449202 |
travel and non-travel associated rabies post exposure treatment in new south wales residents, australia, 2007-2011: a cross-sectional analysis. | australian bat lyssavirus is endemic in australian bats. more australians are travelling to rabies (lyssavirus 1) endemic countries. the nature and frequency of lyssavirus exposures and characteristics of new south wales (nsw) residents exposed have not previously been described. | 2013 | 24211239 |
host cell tropism mediated by australian bat lyssavirus envelope glycoproteins. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) is a rhabdovirus of the lyssavirus genus capable of causing fatal rabies-like encephalitis in humans. there are two variants of ablv, one circulating in pteropid fruit bats and another in insectivorous bats. three fatal human cases of ablv infection have been reported with the third case in 2013. importantly, two equine cases also arose in 2013; the first occurrence of ablv in a species other than bats or humans. we examined the host cell entry of ablv, character ... | 2013 | 23849788 |
australian bat lyssavirus: examination of post-exposure treatment in nsw. | ten years after the recognition of australian bat lyssavirus, it is timely to review the occurrence of the virus in native microbat and flying fox species in australia, and the effectiveness of post-exposure treatment in humans. differences between post-exposure treatment protocols adopted by state and territory health departments were examined. in queensland and the united states of america, post-exposure treatment is withheld in people who are bitten by bats that subsequently test negative for ... | 2008 | 18638437 |
review article: animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections. | animal bites are a significant public health problem, with an estimated 2% of the population bitten each year. the majority of bites are from dogs and risk factors include young children, men, certain dog breeds and unrestrained dogs. the risk of infection following bites differs among animal species and is dependent on animal dentition and oral flora. recent studies have demonstrated a broad range of pathogens isolated from infected bite wounds, with pasteurella species being the predominant is ... | 2008 | 19125823 |
antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell culture vaccine (pcecv) cross-neutralize non-classical bat lyssavirus strains. | tissue-culture vaccines like purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) have been shown to provide protection against classical rabies virus (rabv) via pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. a cross-neutralization study was conducted using a panel of 100 human sera, to determine, to what extent after vaccination with pcecv protection exists against non-classical bat lyssavirus strains like european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 and 2 and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). virus neutralizing an ... | 2009 | 19615958 |
potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus in south east queensland: what has changed in 12 years? | public health measures have been targeting potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) since the first recognised human cases, more than a decade ago. the effect of these measures on the epidemiology of notifications of potential exposure has not been investigated since 2003. trends in notifications of potential exposure to ablv reported to the brisbane southside public health unit between november 1996 and october 2008 were examined. during the study period notification rates decline ... | 2010 | 21090189 |
emerging tropical diseases in australia. part 3. australian bat lyssavirus. | since its discovery in a juvenile black flying fox (pteropus alecto) in 1996, australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) has become the cause of a potentially important emerging disease for health authorities in australia, with two human deaths (one in 1996 and one in 1998) attributed to the virus in the north-eastern state of queensland. in australia, the virus has been isolated from all four species of flying fox found on the mainland (i.e. p. alecto, p. scapulatus, p. poliocephalus and p. conspicillatu ... | 2010 | 21144181 |
a review of the epidemiology and surveillance of viral zoonotic encephalitis and the impact on human health in australia. | human encephalitis in australia causes substantial mortality and morbidity, with frequent severe neurological sequelae and long-term cognitive impairment. this review discusses a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses which have recently emerged in australia, including hendra virus and australian bat lyssavirus which present with an encephalitic syndrome in humans. encephalitis surveillance currently focuses on animals at sentinel sites and animal disease or definitive diagnosis of notifia ... | 2011 | 21781616 |
international interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis: an overview of results and variation in reference diagnosis techniques (fluorescent antibody test, rabies tissue culture infection test, mouse inoculation test) and molecular biology techniques. | interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis were organised in 2009 and in 2010 by the european union reference laboratory (eurl) for rabies. in 2009, two panels of virus samples were sent to participating laboratories to compare results on reference diagnosis techniques and on rt-pcr. a single panel was sent in 2010 to test fat (fluorescent antibody test), rtcit (rabies tissue culture infection test) and rt-pcr techniques. the virus panels included the rabv, eblv-1, eblv-2 and ablv strains. resul ... | 2011 | 21703307 |
the viruses of australia and the risk to tourists. | australia is a climatically diverse country varying from a tropical climate in the north to arid central desert and grassland regions, and to temperate climates in the south. there are many viral infections found in australia that are common to developed countries worldwide, but this article will focus on those that pose a special risk for travellers to australia, especially the mosquito-borne viruses. the commonest are the members of the alphavirus genus, particularly ross river virus and barma ... | 2011 | 21679887 |
enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes. | viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ... | 2013 | 24314645 |
[rabies in bats]. | rabies is a zoonosis ending fatally in all mammals, including humans. unlike the other mammals, this disease is usually not fatal in bats. rabies is caused by lyssaviruses which are divided into several distinct phylogroups comprising 15 known viruses. it is believed that the original hosts of all lyssaviruses are bats. classical rabies virus (rabv) occurs in bats across americas and represents the major cause of rabies in humans and domestic animals there. european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1 ... | 2016 | 27450525 |
analysis of the complete genome of the first irkut virus isolate from china: comparison across the lyssavirus genus. | the genome of irkut virus, isolate irkv-thchina12, the first non-rabies lyssavirus from china (of bat origin), has been completely sequenced. in general, coding and non-coding regions of this viral genome are similar to those of other lyssaviruses. however, alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the structural proteins of irkv-thchina12 with those of other lyssavirus representatives revealed significant variability between viral species. the nucleoprotein and matrix protein were found ... | 2013 | 23872529 |
potential exposures to australian bat lyssavirus notified in queensland, australia, 2009-2014. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) belongs to the genus lyssavirus which also includes classic rabies virus and the european lyssaviruses. to date, the only three known human ablv cases, all fatal, have been reported from queensland, australia. ablv is widely distributed in australian bats, and any bite or scratch from an australian bat is considered a potential exposure to ablv. | 2016 | 28033365 |
genomic characterization of a novel poxvirus from a flying fox: evidence for a new genus? | the carcass of an australian little red flying fox (pteropus scapulatus) which died following entrapment on a fence was submitted to the laboratory for australian bat lyssavirus exclusion testing, which was negative. during post-mortem, multiple nodules were noted on the wing membranes, and therefore degenerate pcr primers targeting the poxvirus dna polymerase gene were used to screen for poxviruses. the poxvirus pcr screen was positive and sequencing of the pcr product demonstrated very low, bu ... | 2016 | 27389615 |
trends in potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus in south east queensland, 1996 to 2003. | this study examined trends in notifications of potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus reported to the brisbane southside public health unit, australia between 1 november 1996 and 31 january 2003. notification rates declined among all population groups and potential exposures were notified more promptly. concern exists regarding possible under-reporting of potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus especially among volunteer bat carers. | 2004 | 15460966 |
survey for bat lyssaviruses, thailand. | surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among bat populations in 8 provinces in thailand. in 2002 and 2003, a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured and released after serum collection. lyssavirus infection was determined by conducting virus neutralization assays on bat serum samples. of collected samples, 538 were either hemolysed or insufficient in volume, which left 394 suitable for analysis. these samples included the following: pteropus lylei (n = 335), eonycteris spelaea (n = 45 ... | 2005 | 15752440 |
postexposure prophylaxis for australian bat lyssavirus in south australia, 1996 to 2003. | | 2005 | 15907044 |
cross-neutralization of antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) against different lyssavirus species. | rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by viruses belonging to the genus lyssavirus. in endemic countries of asia and africa, where the majority of the estimated 60,000 human rabies deaths occur, it is mainly caused by the classical rabies virus (rabv) transmitted by dogs. over the last decade new species within the genus lyssavirus have been identified. meanwhile 15 (proposed or classified) species exist, including australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), european bat lyssavirus (eblv-1 and -2) ... | 2014 | 25483634 |
characterisation of novel micrornas in the black flying fox (pteropus alecto) by deep sequencing. | bats are a major source of new and emerging viral diseases. despite the fact that bats carry and shed highly pathogenic viruses including ebola, nipah and sars, they rarely display clinical symptoms of infection. host factors influencing viral replication are poorly understood in bats and are likely to include both pre- and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. micrornas are a major mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation, however very little is known about them in bats. | 2014 | 25128405 |
understanding human - bat interactions in nsw, australia: improving risk communication for prevention of australian bat lyssavirus. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) infects a number of flying fox and insectivorous bats species in australia. human infection with ablv is inevitably fatal unless prior vaccination and/or post-exposure treatment (pet) is given. despite ongoing public health messaging about the risks associated with bat contact, surveillance data have revealed a four-fold increase in the number of people receiving pet for bat exposure in nsw between 2007 and 2011. our study aimed to better understand these human - ... | 2014 | 24984790 |
recent observations on australian bat lyssavirus tropism and viral entry. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) is a recently emerged rhabdovirus of the genus lyssavirus considered endemic in australian bat populations that causes a neurological disease in people indistinguishable from clinical rabies. there are two distinct variants of ablv, one that circulates in frugivorous bats (genus pteropus) and the other in insectivorous microbats (genus saccolaimus). three fatal human cases of ablv infection have been reported, the most recent in 2013, and each manifested as acute ... | 2014 | 24556791 |
cross sectional survey of human-bat interaction in australia: public health implications. | flying foxes (megachiroptera) and insectivorous microbats (microchiroptera) are the known reservoirs for a range of recently emerged, highly pathogenic viruses. in australia there is public health concern relating to bats' role as reservoirs of australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), which has clinical features identical to classical rabies. three deaths from ablv have occurred in australia. a survey was conducted to determine the frequency of bat exposures amongst adults in australia's most populous ... | 2014 | 24443960 |
antibodies to australian bat lyssavirus in an asymptomatic bat carer. | | 2013 | 24237651 |
using serology to assist with complicated post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies and australian bat lyssavirus. | australia uses a protocol combining human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) and rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) of rabies and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), with the aim of achieving an antibody titre of ≥0.5 iu/ml, as per world health organization (who) guidelines, as soon as possible. | 2013 | 23469301 |
this could be the start of something big-20 years since the identification of bats as the natural host of hendra virus. | hendra virus was first described in 1994 in australia, causally associated with a cluster of fatal equine and human cases at a thoroughbred racing stable in the brisbane suburb of hendra. this year marks the twentieth anniversary of the identification of pteropid bats (flying-foxes) as the natural host of the virus, and it is timely to reflect on a pivotal meeting of an eclectic group of scientists in that process. they included animal and public health experts, environmental scientists, veterin ... | 2015 | 28616459 |
flying-foxes in the australian urban environment-community attitudes and opinions. | the urban presence of flying-foxes (pteropid bats) in eastern australia has increased in the last 20 years, putatively reflecting broader landscape change. the influx of large numbers often precipitates community angst, typically stemming from concerns about loss of social amenity, economic loss or negative health impacts from recently emerged bat-mediated zoonotic diseases such as hendra virus and australian bat lyssavirus. local authorities and state wildlife authorities are increasingly asked ... | 2015 | 28616461 |
insights into australian bat lyssavirus in insectivorous bats of western australia. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) is a known causative agent of neurological disease in bats, humans and horses. it has been isolated from four species of pteropid bats and a single microbat species (saccolaimus flaviventris). to date, ablv surveillance has primarily been passive, with active surveillance concentrating on eastern and northern australian bat populations. as a result, there is scant regional ablv information for large areas of the country. to better inform the local public health r ... | 2019 | 30862028 |
enhanced autophagy contributes to reduced viral infection in black flying fox cells. | bats are increasingly implicated as hosts of highly pathogenic viruses. the underlying virus⁻host interactions and cellular mechanisms that promote co-existence remain ill-defined, but physiological traits such as flight and longevity are proposed to drive these adaptations. autophagy is a cellular homeostatic process that regulates ageing, metabolism, and intrinsic immune defense. we quantified basal and stimulated autophagic responses in black flying fox cells, and demonstrated that although b ... | 2019 | 30875748 |
seroprevalence of three paramyxoviruses; hendra virus, tioman virus, cedar virus and a rhabdovirus, australian bat lyssavirus, in a range expanding fruit bat, the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus). | habitat-mediated global change is driving shifts in species' distributions which can alter the spatial risks associated with emerging zoonotic pathogens. many emerging infectious pathogens are transmitted by highly mobile species, including bats, which can act as spill-over hosts for pathogenic viruses. over three years, we investigated the seroepidemiology of paramyxoviruses and australian bat lyssavirus in a range-expanding fruit bat, the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus), in a n ... | 2020 | 32374743 |
an unprecedented cluster of australian bat lyssavirus in pteropus conspicillatus indicates pre-flight flying fox pups are at risk of mass infection. | in november 2017, two groups of p. conspicillatus pups from separate locations in far north queensland presented with neurological signs consistent with australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) infection. these pups (n = 11) died over an 11-day period and were submitted to a government laboratory for testing where ablv infection was confirmed. over the next several weeks, additional ablv cases in flying foxes in queensland were also detected. brain tissue from ablv-infected flying foxes during this peri ... | 2020 | 32311218 |
neuronal inclusions resembling negri bodies in the thalamus of a red kangaroo (macropus rufus). | eosinophilic intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions resembling negri bodies, but not associated with lyssaviral infection, were detected in the ventrolateral thalamus of a young-adult, male red kangaroo (macropus rufus). similar neuronal inclusions, also with a regional distribution in the brain, have been reported as an incidental, possibly age-related finding in other animal species. | 2021 | 33559148 |
australian bat lyssavirus: analysis of national bat surveillance data from 2010 to 2016. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) was first described in 1996 and has been regularly detected in australian bats since that time. while the virus does not cause population level impacts in bats and has minimal impacts on domestic animals, it does pose a public health risk. for this reason, bats are monitored for ablv and a national dataset is collated and maintained by wildlife health australia. the 2010-2016 dataset was analysed using logistic regression and time-series analysis to identify pred ... | 2021 | 33513882 |
disease risk perception and safety practices: a survey of australian flying fox rehabilitators. | interactions with flying foxes pose disease transmission risks to volunteer rehabilitators (carers) who treat injured, ill, and orphaned bats. in particular, australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) can be transmitted directly from flying foxes to humans in australia. personal protective equipment (ppe) and rabies vaccination can be used to protect against lyssavirus infection. during may and june 2014, active australian flying fox carers participated in an online survey (soar: survey of australian flyi ... | 2016 | 26829399 |
paediatric australian bat lyssavirus encephalomyelitis - sequential mri appearances from symptom onset to death. | human infection with australian bat lyssavirus is extremely rare. here we present the craniospinal findings in a fatal case of australian bat lyssavirus infection in an 8-year-old child. mri plays a very important role, not only in the diagnostic work-up of australian bat lyssavirus infection but also in the prognostic assessment. | 2015 | 26081671 |
assessment of a rabies virus rapid diagnostic test for the detection of australian bat lyssavirus. | australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) is closely related to the classical rabies virus and has been associated with three human fatalities and two equine fatalities in australia. ablv infection in humans causes encephalomyelitis, resulting in fatal disease, but has no effective therapy. the virus is maintained in enzootic circulation within fruit bats (pteropid spp.) and at least one insectivorous bat variety (saccolaimusflaviventris). most frequently, laboratory testing is conducted on pteropodid ba ... | 2018 | 30287778 |