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observations of vaginal calculi in dolphins.vaginal calculi have been described from the common (delphinus delphis), pacific white-sided (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and spotted (stenella attenuata) dolphins. we describe additional calculi found in six sexually mature d. delphis from southern california. three calculi were large (ca. 7 x 5 cm), exhibited concentric layer crystallization, and were unique from previously published descriptions. one calculus described previously and one in our sample appeared to be a fetal skeleton and skull ...19911920661
brain lesions in a pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).a young, male, free-ranging pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) was found disoriented and died after being held in captivity for several months. malacic lesions in several areas of the brain were associated with helminth eggs. the appearance and location of these eggs suggested they were of the genus nasitrema.19883411721
visual acuity and discrimination learning in the dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens). 19715567462
sporotrichosis in a pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).a severe necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis caused by sporothrix schenckii was diagnosed in a pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) that had been in captivity for about 3 years. histopathologic and electron microscopic studies, as well as fluorescent antibody techniques, were used to identify s schenckii as the etiologic agent.1978749575
muscle metabolic profiles and fiber-type composition in some marine mammals.1. hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities as well as fiber type composition were determined in skeletal muscles of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus), the sea otter (enhydra lutris), and the pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens). 2. the subcutaneous muscle of the sea lion had intermediate glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. 3. the locomotory muscles examined in the otter and porpoise did not ...1978318281
comparative feeding kinematics and performance of odontocetes: belugas, pacific white-sided dolphins and long-finned pilot whales.cetaceans are thought to display a diversity of feeding modes that are often described as convergent with other more basal aquatic vertebrates (i.e. actinopterygians). however, the biomechanics of feeding in cetaceans has been relatively ignored by functional biologists. this study investigated the feeding behavior, kinematics and pressure generation of three odontocetes with varying feeding modes (belugas, delphinapterus leucas; pacific white-sided dolphins, lagenorhynchus obliquidens; and long ...200919946072
seasonality, estrous cycle characterization, estrus synchronization, semen cryopreservation, and artificial insemination in the pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).the reproductive physiology of the pacific white-sided dolphin, lagenorhynchus obliquidens, was characterized to facilitate the development of artificial insemination (ai) using cryopreserved spermatozoa. specific objectives were to: 1) describe reproductive seasonality of the pacific white sided dolphins; 2) describe urinary lh and ovarian steroid metabolites during the estrous cycle; 3) correlate lh and ovarian steroidal metabolite patterns to ultrasound-monitored follicular growth and ovulati ...200919494046
sequence analysis of dolphin ferritin h and l subunits and possible iron-dependent translational control of dolphin ferritin gene.iron-storage protein, ferritin plays a central role in iron metabolism. ferritin has dual function to store iron and segregate iron for protection of iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen species. tissue ferritin is composed of two kinds of subunits (h: heavy chain or heart-type subunit; l: light chain or liver-type subunit). ferritin gene expression is controlled at translational level in iron-dependent manner or at transcriptional level in iron-independent manner. however, sequencing analysis of mari ...200818954429
classification of risso's and pacific white-sided dolphins using spectral properties of echolocation clicks.the spectral and temporal properties of echolocation clicks and the use of clicks for species classification are investigated for five species of free-ranging dolphins found offshore of southern california: short-beaked common (delphinus delphis), long-beaked common (d. capensis), risso's (grampus griseus), pacific white-sided (lagenorhynchus obliquidens), and bottlenose (tursiops truncatus) dolphins. spectral properties are compared among the five species and unique spectral peak and notch patt ...200818647003
natriuretic peptides in cetaceans: identification, molecular characterization and changes in plasma concentration after landing.dolphins are aquatic animals free from gravity, and this may have imposed significant changes in their cardiovascular status and its hormonal regulation compared with terrestrial animals. this study molecularly characterized two major cardiovascular hormones, atrial and b-type natriuretic peptides (anp and bnp) and measured their changes in dolphin plasma concentrations in relation to the cardiovascular status of the animal. we initially identified anp and bnp in three species of dolphins (lagen ...200717867859
gaussian mixture model classification of odontocetes in the southern california bight and the gulf of california.a method for the automatic classification of free-ranging delphinid vocalizations is presented. the vocalizations of short-beaked and long-beaked common (delphinus delphis and delphinus capensis), pacific white-sided (lagenorhynchus obliquidens), and bottlenose (tursiops truncatus) dolphins were recorded in a pelagic environment of the southern california bight and the gulf of california over a period of 4 years. cepstral feature vectors are extracted from call data which contain simultaneous ov ...200717407910
cell cultures from marine mammals.cell cultures grown from the gray seal halichoerus grypus and the dolphin lagenorhynchus obliquidens support the replication of several human viruses. further evidence indicates the gray seal kidney cell culture has transformed.197016512163
population differentiation in the pacific white-sided dolphin lagenorhynchus obliquidens inferred from mitochondrial dna and microsatellite analyses.we investigated genetic diversity and differentiation of the pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) in japanese coastal waters and offshore north pacific by analyzing mitochondrial dna and nuclear microsatellite variation. a total of 519 bp of the mitochondrial control region was sequenced and five microsatellite locus were genotyped for 59 individuals. a high level of haplotypic diversity (h=96.1%), moderate level of nucleotide diversity (pi=1.65%) and average expected heteroz ...200415459458
strouhal numbers and optimization of swimming by odontocete cetaceans.swimming efficiencies of fish and cetaceans have been related to a certain synchrony between stroke cycle frequency, peak-to-peak tail/fluke amplitude and mean swimming speed. these kinematic parameters form a non-dimensional wake parameter, referred to as a strouhal number, which for the range between 0.20 and 0.40 has been associated with enhanced swimming efficiency for fish and cetaceans. yet to date there has been no direct experimental substantiation of what strouhal numbers are preferred ...200415073196
saksenaea vasiformis and apophysomyces elegans zygomycotic infections in bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), a killer whale (orcinus orca), and pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).during a 10-yr period, a killer whale (orcinus orca), two pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens), and two bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), all housed at seaworld of texas from 1991 to 2001, were infected with fungi from the class zygomycetes. in four out of five cases, the fungi were identified as either saksenaea vasiformis or apophysomyces elegans. all fungi in the class zygomycetes aggressively invade the vascular system. death occurred within 23 days after the ini ...200212564534
ultrastructure of the spermatozoa from three odontocetes: a killer whale (orcinus orca), a pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and a beluga (delphinapterus leucas).semen was collected from three captive odontocetes: a killer whale (orcinus orca); a pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and a beluga (delphinapterus leucas). semen was collected from the killer whale and pacific white-sided dolphin using behavioural commands, whereas semen from the beluga was collected postmortem. ultrastructure of the spermatozoa was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. species differences were more pronounced in the head sections ...200212479359
helicobacter cetorum sp. nov., a urease-positive helicobacter species isolated from dolphins and whales.a novel helicobacter with the proposed name helicobacter cetorum, sp. nov. (type strain mit 99-5656; genbank accession number af 292378), was cultured from the main stomach of two wild, stranded atlantic white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus acutus) and from the feces of three captive cetaceans (a pacific white-sided dolphin [lagenorhynchus obliquidens]; an atlantic bottlenose dolphin [tursiops truncatus]; and a beluga whale [delphinapterus leucas]). the infected captive cetaceans were either sub ...200212454148
isomer-specific accumulation and toxic assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, including coplanar congeners, in cetaceans from the north pacific and asian coastal waters.to elucidate the global distribution and toxicological impacts of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) on cetaceans, the present study determined the concentrations of individual pcb congeners, including toxic non-ortho (iupac nos. 77, 126, 169) and mono-ortho (iupac nos. 105, 118, 156) coplanar congeners, in the blubber of 10 species of adult male odontocetes collected from several locations in the north pacific ocean and along coastal waters of japan, hong kong, the philippines, and india during 1 ...200010948292
a review of virus infections of cataceans and the potential impact of morbilliviruses, poxviruses and papillomaviruses on host population dynamics.viruses belonging to 9 families have been detected in cetaceans. we critically review the clinical features, pathology and epidemiology of the diseases they cause. cetacean morbillivirus (family paramyxoviridae) induces a serious disease with a high mortality rate and persists in several populations. it may have long-term effects on the dynamics of cetacean populations either as enzootic infection or recurrent epizootics. the latter presumably have the more profound impact due to removal of sexu ...199910590929
non-purulent meningoencephalomyelitis of a pacific striped dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens). the first evidence of morbillivirus infection in a dolphin at the pacific ocean around japan.on march 22, 1998, a mature, male, hyposthenic pacific striped dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) was stranded at aoshima beach in miyazaki prefecture, japan. a necropsy performed 14 hr after death revealed mild diffuse congestion and edema of the leptomeninges and mild pulmonary atelectasis. histopathologically, non-purulent inflammatory were observed throughout the cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed no viral inclusion ...199910081755
fatal erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septicemia in a captive pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhyncus obliquidens).one male of a group of seven pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) died after a brief period of nonspecific clinical signs. four beluga whales (delphinapterus leucas) and four harbor seals (phoca vitulina) were managed in the same water system. gross examination of the dolphin revealed only moderately enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. histopathology revealed small to massive numbers of gram-positive bacilli, usually intravascular, in all tissues. bacteria were both extracellul ...19979523647
haematological findings in captive dolphins and whales.to examine haematological features in five species of healthy, captive marine mammals.19979258426
anesthetization of porpoises for major surgery.comparison of three porpoises (tursiops truncatus and lagenorhynchus obliquidens) given nitrous oxide with 18 given halothane, with complete documentation of reflexes and comprehensive physiological monitoring, showed halothane to be a suitable anesthetic for major surgery while nitrous oxide was found to be inadequate. in addition, sodium thiopental administered intravenously was successfully used to facilitate intubation procedures. this development eliminated the need to intubate awake porpoi ...19676048109
blood oxygen and ecology of porpoises of three genera.blood volumes, hemoglobin concentrations, packed-cell volumes, and heart weights were determined in three genera of propoises which differ from one another in behavior and ecology. the estimate for the total blood-oxygen content of the highly active, deep-diving, pelagic species phocoenoides dalli was almost three times greater than that for the coastaldwelling species tursiops truncatus, and about 70 percent greater than for the less active pelagic species, lagenorhynchus obliquidens. heart wei ...19665902388
nematode damage to brain of striped dolphin, lagenorhynchus obliquidens. 19705470357
hepatitis b-like infection in a pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).a pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) developed clinical signs, serum biochemical values, and serologic viral markers consistent with chronic persistent hepatitis caused by a hepatitis b-like virus. the hepatitis had a sporadic cyclical pattern of lethargy, inappetance, and icterus, with leukocytosis and increased serum activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. the serum from this dolphin contained hepatitis b virus core antib ...19902295547
characteristic metabolism of free amino acids in cetacean plasma: cluster analysis and comparison with mice.from an evolutionary perspective, the ancestors of cetaceans first lived in terrestrial environments prior to adapting to aquatic environments. whereas anatomical and morphological adaptations to aquatic environments have been well studied, few studies have focused on physiological changes. we focused on plasma amino acid concentrations (aminograms) since they show distinct patterns under various physiological conditions. plasma and urine aminograms were obtained from bottlenose dolphins, pacifi ...201021072195
lectin histochemistry of respiratory mucosa in the pacific white-sided dolphin.sugars in the glycocalyx play an important role in the attachment of infectious agents to the respiratory mucosa. we examined the histochemistry of 23 lectins to survey the sugar expression in the glycocalyx of the respiratory mucosa of the pacific white-sided dolphin, lagenorhynchus obliquidens. the ciliated and basal cells were positive for all of the lectins studied. sba, wfa, gsl-ii, stl, s-wga, and pna staining in the cytoplasm showed different intensities between basal cells and ciliated c ...201121551977
historical and current records of aquarium cetaceans in china.the number of cetaceans housed in aquariums in china is increasing. detailed information on the historical and current population status has not been reported, despite its importance for successful breeding and population management. questionnaires were conducted between december 2006 and may 2009, and the information was used to construct studbooks. our survey showed that 10 species had been introduced to aquariums since 1978, including 26 (with 15 in the current population) finless porpoises ( ...201121674602
lectin binding pattern of gastric mucosa of pacific white-sided dolphin, lagenorhynchus obliquidens.the stomach of the pacific white-sided dolphin is divided into three parts: forestomach, proper gastric gland portion, and pyloric chamber. the histological features of the dolphin stomach are similar to those of terrestrial mammal stomachs, although the distribution of glycoconjugates in mucosal cells of the dolphin stomach is unknown. to learn about glycoconjugates in cetacean gastric mucosa, the glycoconjugate distribution in the mucous epithelium of the pacific white-sided dolphin was studie ...201121952399
Changes in partial pressures of respiratory gases during submerged voluntary breath hold across odontocetes: is body mass important?Odontocetes have an exceptional range in body mass spanning 10(3) kg across species. Because, size influences oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production rates in mammals, this lineage likely displays an extraordinary variation in oxygen store management compared to other marine mammal groups. To examine this, we measured changes in the partial pressures of respiratory gases ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), pH, and lactate in the blood during voluntary, quiescent, submerged breat ...201121935721
detection of multiple budding yeast cells and a partial sequence of 43-kda glycoprotein coding gene of paracoccidioides brasiliensis from a case of lacaziosis in a female pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).lacaziosis, formerly called as lobomycosis, is a zoonotic mycosis, caused by lacazia loboi, found in humans and dolphins, and is endemic in the countries on the atlantic ocean, indian ocean and pacific ocean of japanese coast. susceptible cetacean species include the bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus), the indian ocean bottlenose dolphin (t. aduncus), and the estuarine dolphin (sotalia guianensis); however, no cases have been recorded in other cetacean species. we diagnosed a case of lacazi ...201626883513
visual laterality in belugas (delphinapterus leucas) and pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) when viewing familiar and unfamiliar humans.lateralization of cognitive processes and motor functions has been demonstrated in a number of species, including humans, elephants, and cetaceans. for example, bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) have exhibited preferential eye use during a variety of cognitive tasks. the present study investigated the possibility of visual lateralization in 12 belugas (delphinapterus leucas) and six pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens) located at two separate marine mammal facilities. ...201424831888
vaginal calculi in the dolphin.examination of the reproductive tract of a mature spotted dolphin, stenella attenuata , revealed 13 vaginal calculi, composed primarily of calcium phosphate compounds. vaginal calculi also were found in two mature lagenorhynchus obliquidens and in six mature delphinus delphis .197724228951
responses to familiar and unfamiliar objects by belugas (delphinapterus leucas), bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), and pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).previous research with bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) demonstrated their ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar stimuli. dolphins gazed longer at unfamiliar stimuli. the current study attempted to extend this original research by examining the responses of three species of cetaceans to objects that differed in familiarity. eleven belugas from two facilities, five bottlenose dolphins and five pacific white-sided dolphins housed at one facility were presented different o ...201728600681
quantitation of leukocyte gene expression in cetaceans.real-time quantitation of cytokine mrna is a routine immunologic technique, especially fitting for use in those species for which monoclonal antibodies are not available. quantitative gene expression assays were developed to assist in the immunologic assessment of three cetacean species including bottlenosed dolphins, pacific white-sided dolphins and beluga whales. nine cytokine genes (il-2, -4, -10, -12, -13, -18, tnfalpha, tgfbeta and ifngamma) and cox-2 were selected for analysis. most mitoge ...200818572242
classification of behavior using vocalizations of pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).surface behavior and concurrent underwater vocalizations were recorded for pacific white-sided dolphins in the southern california bight (scb) over multiple field seasons spanning 3 years. clicks, click trains, and pulsed calls were counted and classified based on acoustic measurements, leading to the identification of 19 key call features used for analysis. kruskal-wallis tests indicated that call features differ significantly across behavioral categories. previous work had discovered two disti ...201121786921
a permanent soundscape monitoring system for the care of animals in aquaria.sound pressure levels in facilities that house acoustically sensitive animals should be monitored on a regular basis as a standard component of animal care. monitoring of noise levels in the pools housing lagenorhynchus obliquidens (pacific white-sided dolphins) at the vancouver aquarium during regular operations revealed average sound pressure levels (spls) across all frequency bins of 91.9 (range 87.0-104.5) db re 1 μpa root mean square (rms). sustained pressure levels were highest during clea ...201626610991
brown adipose tissue in cetacean blubber.brown adipose tissue (bat) plays an important role in thermoregulation in species living in cold environments, given heat can be generated from its chemical energy reserves. here we investigate the existence of bat in blubber in four species of delphinoid cetacean, the pacific white-sided and bottlenose dolphins, lagenorhynchus obliquidens and tursiops truncates, and dall's and harbour porpoises, phocoenoides dalli and phocoena phocoena. histology revealed adipocytes with small unilocular fat dr ...201525719384
isolation of a novel herpesvirus from a pacific white-sided dolphin.during establishment of primary cell culture from the kidney of a dead pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens), a cytopathic effect was observed. polymerase chain reaction with a set of herpesvirus consensus primers yielded a fragment of the expected size. nucleotide sequencing of the product indicated that the isolated virus was closely related to an alphaherpesvirus detected in a bottlenose dolphin in the united states, but the sequence identity at the protein level was low (8 ...201323138155
relationship of sleep, respiration, and anesthesia in the porpoise: a preliminary report.the porpoise, an air-breathing mammal whose habits are entirely aquatic, presents special problems of respiration, sleep, and anesthesia. these problems have been studied in three species, tursiops truncatus, lagenorhynchus obliquidens, and phocoenoides dalli. the respiratory rhythm is unusual in that there is an extended pause-an apneustic plateau-between periods of expiration and inspiration. this rhythm has been observed under waking conditions, during sleep, and also when the animal is anest ...19695256998
effect of breath-hold on blood gas analysis in captive pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).the effect of a breath-hold on blood gas was evaluated in captive pacific white-sided dolphins (lagenorhynchus obliquidens). serial blood collections were performed from a vessel on the ventral surface of the flukes during breath-hold. in total, 178 blood samples were taken from three dolphins for five trials in each animal. during a breath-hold, partial pressure of oxygen (po₂) decreased from 152.5 to 21.8 mmhg and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (po₂) conversely increased from 31.8 to 83.6 ...201020424395
polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites (oh-pcbs) in the blood of toothed and baleen whales stranded along japanese coastal waters.in this study, we determined the residue levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and hydroxylated pcbs (oh-pcbs) in the blood from eight species of toothed whales and three species of baleen whales stranded along the japanese coast during 1999-2007. penta- through hepta-chlorinated pcb congeners were the dominant homologue groups in all cetaceans. in contrast, specific differences in the distribution of dominant oh-pcb isomers and homologues were found among the cetacean species. ...201020426459
the phylogeography of dusky dolphins (lagenorhynchus obscurus): a critical examination of network methods and rooting procedures.we investigated the phylogeography and evolutionary history of dusky dolphins (lagenorhynchus obscurus) using dna sequences of the full mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in 124 individuals from the putative stocks off peru, argentina and southwest africa. while genetic differentiation within oceans is surprisingly low, there is no evidence for recent female gene flow between atlantic and pacific waters. highest genetic variability in terms of sequence divergence and number of haplotypes is found i ...200312803631
classification of echolocation clicks from odontocetes in the southern california bight.this study presents a system for classifying echolocation clicks of six species of odontocetes in the southern california bight: visually confirmed bottlenose dolphins, short- and long-beaked common dolphins, pacific white-sided dolphins, risso's dolphins, and presumed cuvier's beaked whales. echolocation clicks are represented by cepstral feature vectors that are classified by gaussian mixture models. a randomized cross-validation experiment is designed to provide conditions similar to those fo ...201121303026
cochlear structure in the dolphin, lagenorhynchus obliquidens.the cochleas of five specimens of the pacific white-sided dolphin, lagenorhynchus obliquidens, that had been fixed by intravital perfusion, embedded in celloidin, and sectioned in a continuous series, were studied with particular attention to the numbers and distribution of hair cells and ganglion cells. the number of inner hair cells is estimated as 3272 and the number of outer hair cells is estimated as 12,899, for a total of 16,171 cells. the ganglion-cell population is estimated as 50,412 af ...197216591969
emergency anesthesia and exploratory laparotomy in a compromised pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens).anesthesia and surgery in cetaceans have inherent risks and have rarely been utilized as viable treatment options. this report represents the first known multidisciplinary team approach to emergency laparotomy in a compromised, 22-yr-old, female pacific white-sided dolphin ( lagenorhynchus obliquidens ). the inciting clinical signs and ancillary diagnostics were consistent with a mechanical ileus. although no torsion or obstruction was apparent during surgery, severe enteritis and peritonitis we ...201728749265
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