| brain damage by extracts of parasitised annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum) in nursling rats. | extracts of annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum) infected with anguina sp. and corynebacterium sp., and associated with an outbreak of annual ryegrass toxicity in sheep, were administered to 2-week-old rats by a single intraperitoneal injection. rats that received a lethal dose of toxin developed neurological signs including incoordination and convulsions from the second day and most died between 2 and 7 days after injection. histologically, the brains showed widespread lesions of focal necrosis con ... | 1977 | 911279 |
| toxicity of parasitised wimmera ryegrass, lolium rigidum, for sheep and cattle. | | 1967 | 6069455 |
| sampling ryegrass to assess the risk of annual ryegrass toxicity. | most stock losses caused by annual ryegrass toxicity occur because stockowners unknowingly allow their stock to graze annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum) infected with the bacterium clavibacter toxicus. to help stockowners avoid losses we have developed criteria for a testing service to determine the risk of poisoning before the pasture is grazed. low, medium and high risk categories were selected using samples of dry, mature ryegrass seedheads collected by stockowners from untreated, infected past ... | 1993 | 8368964 |
| lolium rigidum, a pool of resistance mechanisms to accase inhibitor herbicides. | three diclofop-methyl (dm) resistant biotypes of lolium rigidum (r1, r2, and r3) were found in different winter wheat fields in spain, continuously treated with dm, dm + chlortoluron, or dm + isoproturon. herbicide rates that inhibited shoot growth by 50% (ed50) were determined for dm. there were found that the different biotypes exhibited different ranges of resistance to this herbicide; the resistant factors were 7.2, 13, and 36.6, respectively. dm absorption, metabolism, and effects on accase ... | 2005 | 15769155 |
| isolation and characterization of rhizosphere bacteria with potential for biological control of weeds in vineyards. | deleterious rhizosphere inhabiting bacteria (drb) have potential to suppress plant growth. this project focuses on the isolation of drb with potential for development as commercial products for weed control. | 2006 | 16629995 |
| lavender as a source of novel plant compounds for the development of a natural herbicide. | in a previous study, lavender (lavandula spp.) was found to be highly phytotoxic towards annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum, arg), a major weed of winter wheat crops in australia. this research aimed to further explore this relationship and determine the chemical(s) responsible for the observed effect. in bioassay, it was determined that the stem and leaf extract of l. x intermedia cv. grosso ranked highest and had the potential to reduce significantly the root growth of several plant species. an e ... | 2009 | 19787403 |
| new herbicide models from benzoxazinones: aromatic ring functionalization effects. | the utility of benzoxazinones and some of their synthetic derivatives in the search for new leads for herbicide model development has been widely discussed. as the benzoxazinone skeleton contains three different potential areas for functionalization (c-2, n-4, and aromatic protons h-5, h-6, h-7, and h-8), and the first two have already been optimized, the main objective of this work was the substitution of aromatic protons for different substituent types and the study of the effects of the prepa ... | 2006 | 17177510 |
| characterisation of target-site resistance to accase-inhibiting herbicides in the weed alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass). | resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (aopp), cyclohexanedione (chd) and phenylurea herbicides was determined in uk populations of alopecurus myosuroides huds. two populations (oxford aa1, notts. a1) were highly resistant (resistance indices 13-->1000) to the aopp and chd herbicides fenoxaprop, diclofop, fluazifop-p and sethoxydim, but only marginally resistant to the phenylurea, chlorotoluron. analyses of acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase (accase) activity showed that an insensitive accase conferr ... | 2003 | 12587873 |
| structure-activity relationship (sar) studies of benzoxazinones, their degradation products, and analogues. phytotoxicity on problematic weeds avena fatua l. and lolium rigidum gaud. | avena fatua l. (wild oat) and lolium rigidum gaud. (rigid ryegrass) are highly problematic weeds affecting a wide variety of cereal crops worldwide. the fact that both of these weeds have developed resistance to several herbicide groups made them optimal candidates as target organisms for ongoing research about the potential application of allelochemicals and analogue compounds as natural herbicide models. benzoxazinones, a family of natural allelochemicals present in corn, wheat, and rye, inclu ... | 2006 | 16478215 |
| augmented multivariate image analysis applied to quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling of the phytotoxicities of benzoxazinone herbicides and related compounds on problematic weeds. | two of major weeds affecting cereal crops worldwide are avena fatua l. (wild oat) and lolium rigidum gaud. (rigid ryegrass). thus, development of new herbicides against these weeds is required; in line with this, benzoxazinones, their degradation products, and analogues have been shown to be important allelochemicals and natural herbicides. despite earlier structure-activity studies demonstrating that hydrophobicity (log p) of aminophenoxazines correlates to phytotoxicity, our findings for a ser ... | 2013 | 23947385 |
| response to low-dose herbicide selection in self-pollinated avena fatua. | when applied at the correct plant stage and dose, herbicides are highly toxic to plants. at reduced, low herbicide doses (below the recommended dose) plants can survive and display continuous and quantitative variation in dose-survival responses. recurrent (directional) selection studies can reveal whether such a phenotypic variation in plant survival response to low herbicide dose is heritable and leads to herbicide resistance. in a common experimental garden study, we have subjected a suscepti ... | 2016 | 25988941 |
| key role for a glutathione transferase in multiple-herbicide resistance in grass weeds. | multiple-herbicide resistance (mhr) in black-grass (alopecurus myosuroides) and annual rye-grass (lolium rigidum) is a global problem leading to a loss of chemical weed control in cereal crops. although poorly understood, in common with multiple-drug resistance (mdr) in tumors, mhr is associated with an enhanced ability to detoxify xenobiotics. in humans, mdr is linked to the overexpression of a pi class glutathione transferase (gstp1), which has both detoxification and signaling functions in pr ... | 2013 | 23530204 |
| addition of an organic amendment and/or residue mud to bauxite residue sand in order to improve its properties as a growth medium. | the effects of addition of carbonated residue mud (rmc) or seawater neutralized residue mud (rms), at two rates, in the presence or absence of added green waste compost, on the chemical, physical and microbial properties of gypsum-treated bauxite residue sand were studied in a laboratory incubation study. the growth of two species commonly used in revegetation of residue sand (lolium rigidum and acacia saligna) in the treatments was then studied in a 18-week greenhouse study. addition of green w ... | 2012 | 22115508 |
| meat quality of mixed sex lambs grazing pasture and supplemented with, roughage, oats or oats and sunflower meal. | the meat quality of 8-9-month-old cryptorchid, wether and ewe lambs (poll dorset×border leicester×merino) was assessed. these lambs were grazed over summer and autumn from weaning (november) on lucerne (medicago sativa) or ryegrass/clover (lolium rigidum/trifolium subterranean) pasture at two locations (a or b). after 72 days lambs grazed on lucerne were supplemented with either ad lib clover hay or clover silage. those grazed on the ryegrass/clover pasture were supplemented from weaning with ei ... | 2001 | 22062782 |
| Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Pinus patula. | Essential oils isolated from needles of Pinus patula by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-eight compounds were identified, representing 98.3% of the total oil. The oil was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (62.4%), particularly alpha-pinene (35.2%) and beta-phellandrene (19.5%). The in vitro antifungal assay showed that P. patula oil significantly inhibited the growth of 9 plant pathog ... | 2011 | 22164801 |
| secondary metabolites produced by a root-inhabiting sterile fungus antagonistic towards pathogenic fungi. | a sterile red fungus (srf) isolated from cortices of roots of both wheat (triticum aestivum cv. gamenya) and ryegrass (lolium rigidum cv. wimmera) was found to protect the hosts from phytopathogens and promote plant growth. in this work, the major secondary metabolites produced by this srf were analysed, and their antibiotic and plant-growth-promoting activities investigated. | 2010 | 20156309 |
| responses of anguina agrostis to detergent and anesthetic treatment. | the infective dauer juvenile (dj2) of anguina agrostis, a stage capable of surviving desiccation, is up to sixfold more resistant to the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate than are freshly hatched juveniles or adult males, and twofold more resistant to the anesthetic phenoxypropanol. thus, the dj2, like dauer stages of other species, may also be more resistant to various types of environmental stress in its natural habitat. in a. agrostis, however, resistance appears to be acquired gradually durin ... | 1985 | 19294078 |
| improved gc/ms method for quantitation of n-alkanes in plant and fecal material. | a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms) method for the quantitation of n-alkanes (carbon backbones ranging from 21 to 36 carbon atoms) in forage and fecal samples has been developed. automated solid-liquid extraction using elevated temperature and pressure minimized extraction time to 30 min per sample as compared to more than 24 h for traditional gc-flame ionization detection methods that use saponification and liquid-liquid extraction. extraction solvent requirements were also minimized ... | 2007 | 17696447 |
| genetic relationships within and among iberian fescues (festuca l.) based on pcr-amplified markers. | the genus festuca comprises approximately 450 species and is widely distributed around the world. the iberian penninsula, with more than 100 taxa colonizing very diverse habitats, is one of its main centers of diversification. this study was conducted to assess molecular genetic variation and genetic relatedness among 91 populations of 31 taxa of iberian fescues, based on several molecular markers (random amplified polymorphic dna, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and trnl sequences). th ... | 2006 | 17110997 |
| milk and cheese fatty acid composition in sheep fed mediterranean forages with reference to conjugated linoleic acid cis-9,trans-11. | two experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effect on milk and cheese fatty acid composition of feeding different fresh forages to dairy sheep both in winter (experiment 1, growing stage of the forages, early lactating ewes) and in spring (experiment 2, reproduction stage of the forages, midlactating ewes). four forage species were compared: annual ryegrass (ry, lolium rigidum gaudin), sulla (su, hedysarum coronarium l.), burr medic (bm, medicago polymorpha l.), and a daisy forb (ch, chrysan ... | 2005 | 16162517 |
| application of biosolids in mineral sands mine rehabilitation: use of stockpiled topsoil decreases trace element uptake by plants. | mineral sands mining involves stripping topsoil to access heavy-mineral bearing deposits, which are then rehabilitated to their original state, commonly pasture in south-west western australia. organic amendments such as biosolids (digested sewage sludge) can contribute organic carbon to the rehabilitating system and improve soil chemical fertility and physical conditions. use of biosolids also introduces the risk of contamination of the soil-plant system with heavy metals, but may be a useful s ... | 2004 | 14607481 |
| an isoleucine/leucine residue in the carboxyltransferase domain of acetyl-coa carboxylase is critical for interaction with aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione inhibitors. | cdna fragments encoding the carboxyltransferase domain of the multidomain plastid acetyl-coa carboxylase (accase) from herbicide-resistant maize and from herbicide-sensitive and herbicide-resistant lolium rigidum were cloned and sequenced. a leu residue was found in accases from herbicide-resistant plants at a position occupied by ile in all accases from sensitive grasses studied so far. leu is present at the equivalent position in herbicide-resistant accases from other eukaryotes. chimeric acca ... | 2001 | 11381131 |
| first report of field outbreaks of ergot-alkaloid toxicity in south africa. | outbreaks of clinical disease caused by the ingestion of ergotized lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass), which resulted in a substantial loss in production, have been reported. a number of outbreaks of a hyperthermia syndrome in cattle, characterized by severe loss in milk production, loss of body mass and reduced fertility, are described. in one major outbreak in march to april 1994, a milling company reported that 2,646 dairy cows on 29 farms had developed clinical signs. in this outbreak, signifi ... | 1996 | 8966013 |
| isolation of a group of glycolipid toxins from seedheads of annual ryegrass lolium rigidum gaud.) infected by corynebacterium rathayi. | a group of highly toxic compounds was isolated from galled seedheads of annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum gaud.) containing corynebacterium rathayi. purified extracts were resolved by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography into eight main fractions which have been partially characterised and shown to be toxic to nursling rats. a mixture of the toxins also produced clinical signs and brain lesions in lambs consistent with annual ryegrass toxicity. the name 'corynetoxin' is tentatively ... | 1981 | 7295220 |
| morphological changes in the central nervous system of sheep affected with experimental annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum) toxicity. | | 1980 | 7276268 |
| toxicity studies of the toxins isolated from annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum) infected by corynebacterium rathayi. | estimates of the ld50's of 7 glycolipid toxins (corynetoxins) isolated from toxic annual ryegrass varied in the range 0 . 1-1 . 3 mg/kg in 2-week-old rats. the delay in onset of neurological signs in rats and sheep was independent of dose rate and could be the result of inhibition of protein biosynthesis. in sheep, no influence of the route of administration on the delay in onset of neurological signs was demonstrated. the relationship between the partial structures of the two major corynetoxins ... | 1982 | 7092731 |
| hepatic damage in sheep fed annual ryegrass, lolium rigidum, parasitised by anguina agrostis and corynebacterium rathayi. | annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum) parasitised by anguina agrostis and corynebacterium rathayi causes neurological signs and brain lesions thought to be associated with a vasoconstrictor effect of the toxic grass. in three separate experiments of six to 112 days duration parasitised ryegrass was fed to 21 adult sheep. the concentrations of many blood constituents were examined, liver biopsies taken, necropsies performed and tissues other than brain examined by light and electron microscopy. the in ... | 1982 | 7079596 |
| lesions in sheep and guinea pigs pen fed parasitised annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum) | | 1976 | 1016160 |
| letter: origin of toxicity in parasitised annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum). | | 1976 | 962746 |
| resistance to glyphosate from altered herbicide translocation patterns. | glyphosate-resistant weeds have evolved as a result of the intensive use of glyphosate for weed control. an alteration in the way glyphosate is translocated within the plant has been identified as a mechanism of glyphosate resistance in populations of lolium rigidum gaud., l. multiflorum lam. and conyza canadensis (l.) cronq. in these resistant plants, glyphosate becomes concentrated in the leaves rather than being translocating throughout the plant. this type of resistance is inherited as a sin ... | 2008 | 18080284 |
| vacuolar glyphosate-sequestration correlates with glyphosate resistance in ryegrass (lolium spp.) from australia, south america, and europe: a 31p nmr investigation. | lolium spp., ryegrass, variants from australia, brazil, chile, and italy showing differing levels of glyphosate resistance were examined by (31)p nmr. extents of glyphosate (i) resistance (ld(50)), (ii) inhibition of 5-enopyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps) activity (ic(50)), and (iii) translocation were quantified for glyphosate-resistant (gr) and glyphosate-sensitive (gs) lolium multiflorum lam. variants from chile and brazil. for comparison, ld(50) and ic(50) data for lolium rigidu ... | 2012 | 22224711 |
| structure-activity relationship studies of the phytotoxic properties of the diterpenic moiety of breviones. | brevianes are a family of bioactive meroterpenoids originally described in fungi of the family penicillium. these compounds have attracted a great deal of interest not only because of their unusual skeleton, suggesting a mixed mevalonate and polyketide biogenetic pathway, and their unusual oxa-spiro ring fused to an α-pyrone, but also because of the bioactivities shown by many members of this family. | 2015 | 24839263 |
| the effect of light and temperature on the growth of two subtropical and two temperate grass species. | the effect of light intensity and temperature on the growth of young plants of two temperate (lolium perenne, festuca arundinacea) and two subtropical (lolium rigidum, bromus unioloides) grass species was studied in the northern part of the gdr under open-air conditions. it was found that the subtropical species reacted highly sensitive to changes in the two environmental factors and showed absolutely higher growth performance during the summer as compared with the temperate species. the multipl ... | 1976 | 985302 |
| evolved polygenic herbicide resistance in lolium rigidum by low-dose herbicide selection within standing genetic variation. | the interaction between environment and genetic traits under selection is the basis of evolution. in this study, we have investigated the genetic basis of herbicide resistance in a highly characterized initially herbicide-susceptible lolium rigidum population recurrently selected with low (below recommended label) doses of the herbicide diclofop-methyl. we report the variability in herbicide resistance levels observed in f1 families and the segregation of resistance observed in f2 and back-cross ... | 2012 | 23798973 |
| tunicamycin and corynetoxin poisoning in sheep. | quantitative toxicity studies were carried out in sheep using corynetoxin, tunicamycin and toxic annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum). sheep were very sensitive to these toxins. the lethal dose was about 35 micrograms/kg bodyweight for pure tunicamycin given by subcutaneous injection and 3 to 5 mg/kg for corynetoxin administered orally as slurries of bacterial galls of known corynetoxin content. the total lethal dose was of the same order, whether given as a single dose or as repeated smaller doses, ... | 1987 | 3689261 |