| [further studies on the sinus coronarius cordis, vena cordis media and arcus aortae as well as on the ductus (lig.) botalli in various mammalian hearts]. | this study supplements earlier works on the topography of the mammalian heart. the material comprises the hearts of 25 species, 12 of which have not been examined previously. the general morphology of the hearts is briefly dealt with. v. cava cranialis sinistra is preserved in phascolomys and macropus. it is presumably present in all ruminantia, where it has been reduced to the sinus coronarius cordis in perissodactyla. a particular emphasis is laid on the fact that the paired a. carotides and a ... | 1975 | 808440 |
| radiometric assessment of hexose monophosphate shunt capacity in erythrocytes of rhinoceroses. | to measure metabolic rates of the hexose monophosphate shunt (hmps) in erythrocytes of rhinoceroses, and to test the hypothesis that low concentrations of endogenous atp in erythrocytes impair hmps capacity, thereby increasing susceptibility to oxidant-induced hemolysis. | 2001 | 11453488 |
| comparative studies of mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species. | cellular immune function in four rhinoceros species was evaluated by way of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation responses to mitogenic and antigenic stimuli to establish normative data on white blood cell activity for each species and to identify species-specific differences that might help explain the predisposition of black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) to disease. a cross section of the u.s. rhinoceros population encompassing all four captive species was sampled, including the sumatran rhinoc ... | 2004 | 15732584 |
| relaxin concentrations in serum and urine of endangered species: correlations with physiologic events and use as a marker of pregnancy. | many mammalian species are facing extinction due to problems created by human encroachment, agriculture, pollution, and willful slaughter. among those at risk are the asian and african elephant, sumatran rhinoceros, and giant panda. conservation groups try to save species in the wild by preserving habitat and limiting animal-human conflicts, often with limited success. another alternative is to preserve the extant gene pool through captive breeding as a hedge against extinction. measurement of c ... | 2005 | 15956734 |
| assisted reproduction in female rhinoceros and elephants--current status and future perspective. | over the last few decades, rhinoceroses and elephants became important icons in the saga of wildlife conservation. recent surveys estimate the wild asian (elephas maximus) and african (loxodonta africana) elephant populations to be, at most, 50 250 and 637 600 respectively. for the five rhinoceros species, black (diceros bicornis), white (ceratotherium simum), indian (rhinoceros unicornis), javan (rhinoceros sondaicus) and sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis), the population estimates ... | 2007 | 17688600 |
| urinalysis in three species of captive rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis, dicerorhinus sumatrensis, and diceros bicornis). | this study reports urinalysis values for three species of captive rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis, dicerorhinus sumatrensis, and diceros bicornis) and evaluates individual and species differences. repeated urinalysis was conducted on 11 individuals to establish normal reference ranges. although no individual or species differences existed in urinary values for ph, all species differed in specific gravity. rhinoceros urine demonstrated many physical and chemical properties similar to that of the ... | 2008 | 18816996 |
| analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes from extinct and extant rhinoceroses reveals lack of phylogenetic resolution. | the scientific literature contains many examples where dna sequence analyses have been used to provide definitive answers to phylogenetic problems that traditional (non-dna based) approaches alone have failed to resolve. one notable example concerns the rhinoceroses, a group for which several contradictory phylogenies were proposed on the basis of morphology, then apparently resolved using mitochondrial dna fragments. | 2009 | 19432984 |
| neonatal milestones, behavior and growth rate of sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) calves born and bred in captivity. | the birth of sumatran rhino calves at the cincinnati zoo and botanical garden offered a unique opportunity to study early development and cow-calf behavior in this elusive, critically endangered species. study goals were to: (1) record developmental milestones of newborn calves; (2) characterize cow and calf behavior during the first year following birth; (3) compare trends in the behavioral development of a male vs. female calf; and (4) record weight gain and footprint size throughout the first ... | 2011 | 23027551 |
| tuberculosis in rhinoceros: an underrecognized threat? | historical evidence of tuberculosis (tb) affecting primarily captive rhinoceroses dates back almost two centuries. although the causative mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) species has not been determined in many cases, especially for those that occurred before bacterial culture techniques were available, the spectrum of documented reports illustrates the importance of tb as cause of morbidity and mortality in different rhinoceros species across continents. in more recent years, sporadic s ... | 2016 | 26996520 |
| osteopathology in the feet of rhinoceroses: lesion type and distribution. | an estimated 1,170 white (ceratotherium simum), black (diceros bicornis), greater one-horned (rhinoceros unicornis), and sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) rhinoceroses are kept in captivity worldwide, where they are a popular public attraction and serve important roles in education and conservation. rhinoceroses in captivity are reportedly affected by a variety of foot conditions, including abscesses, nail cracking, and pododermatitis, but there are few studies reporting associated bony pathol ... | 2013 | 24450050 |
| review of laboratory and necropsy evidence for iron storage disease acquired by browser rhinoceroses. | necropsies of two browser rhinoceroses, african black (diceros bicornis) and sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis), often reveal extensive iron-pigment deposition in various tissues. this condition (hemosiderosis) has not been observed in species that are natural grazers, african white (ceratotherium simum) and asian greater one-horned (indian; rhinoceros unicornis), nor in any species free ranging in the wild. the causes, clinical significance, and consequences of captivity-acquired hemosiderosis ... | 2012 | 23156711 |
| alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of true ejaculation in the rhinoceros. | the objective was to determine if seminal alkaline phosphatase (alp) can serve as an indicator of true ejaculation in the rhinoceros. concentrations of alp activity were determined in seminal fractions collected from african black rhinos (diceros bicornis), an african white rhino (ceratotherium simum), and an indian rhino (rhinoceros unicornis) during electroejaculation. in addition, seminal fractions collected during penile massage of a sumatran rhino (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) were assessed. c ... | 2010 | 20615535 |
| corticosteroid-induced suppression of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species. | captive african black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) are unusually susceptible to several diseases not commonly observed in any of the other three rhinoceros species maintained in captivity. the potential role of corticosteroids (either endogenously produced or exogenously administered) in the development of these sometimes fatal diseases has been questioned. in this study, the suppressive effects of two therapeutic corticosteroids (dexamethasone and hydrocortisone) on in vitro lymphocyte proli ... | 2007 | 18229856 |
| phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (rhinocerotidae, perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rrna genes. | a major question in rhinocerotid phylogenetics concerns the position of the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) with regard to the other extant asian (rhinoceros unicornis and r. sondaicus) and african (diceros bicornis and ceratotherium simum) species. we have examined this particular question through the phylogenetic analysis of the complete sequences of the mitochondrial 12s rrna and cytochrome b genes. three additional perissodactyls (one tapir and two equids) plus several outgrou ... | 2001 | 11286489 |
| [study of the kidney of the sumatra rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis cuv.) and of the white or blunt-nose rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) as well as a note on the kidney of some other mammals and on older corrosion-preparations of kidneys of mammals]. | | 1974 | 4463143 |
| browse diversity and iron loading in captive sumatran rhinoceroses (dicerorhinus sumatrensis): a comparison of sanctuary and zoological populations. | iron storage disease (isd) is now recognized as a serious clinical disorder acquired by two species of browsing rhinoceroses, the african black (diceros bicornis) and the asian sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) rhinoceroses, when displaced from their natural habitats. the most complete knowledge of isd comes from studies of the black rhinoceros, but the asian species is also at risk. sumatran rhinoceroses housed in traditional zoological settings outside of range countries have suffered signif ... | 2012 | 23156708 |
| post-coital sperm recovery and cryopreservation in the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and application to gamete rescue in the african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) sperm samples were collected from a post-copulatory female and characterized to determine their potential for sperm preservation and future use in artificial insemination. five samples of acceptable quality from one male were used to compare the effect of two cryoprotectants (glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)) and two post-thaw protocols (untreated and glass wool column) on sperm quality. the percentage of motile spermatozoa, sperm motility ind ... | 2000 | 10864790 |
| blood meal analysis of tabanid fly after it biting the rare sumatran rhinoceros. | to demonstrate a noninvasive large mammalian genetic sampling method using blood meal obtained from a tabanid fly. | 2013 | 23593586 |
| rhinos in the parks: an island-wide survey of the last wild population of the sumatran rhinoceros. | in the 200 years since the sumatran rhinoceros was first scientifically described (fisher 1814), the range of the species has contracted from a broad region in southeast asia to three areas on the island of sumatra and one in kalimantan, indonesia. assessing population and spatial distribution of this very rare species is challenging because of their elusiveness and very low population number. using an occupancy model with spatial dependency, we assessed the fraction of the total landscape occup ... | 2015 | 26376453 |
| middle pleistocene protein sequences from the rhinoceros genusstephanorhinusand the phylogeny of extant and extinct middle/late pleistocene rhinocerotidae. | ancient protein sequences are increasingly used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between extinct and extant mammalian taxa. here, we apply these recent developments to middle pleistocene bone specimens of the rhinoceros genusstephanorhinus. no biomolecular sequence data is currently available for this genus, leaving phylogenetic hypotheses on its evolutionary relationships to extant and extinct rhinoceroses untested. furthermore, recent phylogenies based on rhinocerotidae (partial or ... | 2017 | 28316883 |
| factors impacting the success of post-mortem sperm rescue in the rhinoceros. | the goal of this study was to identify factors that influenced the ability to successfully rescue sperm post-mortem from rhinoceroses maintained in north american zoos. factors considered included procedural technicalities, individual rhinoceros characteristics and timing. gross testicular pathology was noted in 17.4% of males (4/23) but did not impact sperm recovery except in one case of azoospermia (4.3%). of the males in which sperm recovery was attempted (n=21), 62% yielded quality samples c ... | 2016 | 26879096 |
| ancient dna analysis reveals woolly rhino evolutionary relationships. | with ancient dna technology, dna sequences have been added to the list of characters available to infer the phyletic position of extinct species in evolutionary trees. we have sequenced the entire 12s rrna and partial cytochrome b (cyt b) genes of one 60-70,000-year-old sample, and partial 12s rrna and cyt b sequences of two 40-45,000-year-old samples of the extinct woolly rhinoceros (coelodonta antiquitatis). based on these two mitochondrial markers, phylogenetic analyses show that c. antiquita ... | 2003 | 12927133 |
| early fetal sexing in the rhinoceros by detection of male-specific genes in maternal serum. | genetic sexing of animals with long gestation time benefits the management of captive populations. here, x and y chromosome-specific primers, based on equine gene sequencing data, were developed and tested on captive rhinoceroses (10 males, 20 females) representing four species (diceros bicornis, certaotherium simum simum, rhinoceros unicornis, and dicerorhinus sumatrensis). the y chromosome-specific primer set targeted sry (sex-determining region y), and amplified a 177-bp product following pcr ... | 2018 | 29437259 |
| genomic analysis of demographic history and ecological niche modeling in the endangered sumatran rhinoceros dicerorhinus sumatrensis. | the vertebrate extinction rate over the past century is approximately 22-100 times greater than background extinction rates [1], and large mammals are particularly at risk [2, 3]. quaternary megafaunal extinctions have been attributed to climate change [4], overexploitation [5], or a combination of the two [6]. rhinoceroses (family: rhinocerotidae) have a rich fossil history replete with iconic examples of climate-induced extinctions [7], but current pressures threaten to eliminate this group en ... | 2018 | 29249659 |
| serum ferritin concentration is not a reliable biomarker of iron overload disorder progression or hemochromatosis in the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | the aim of this study was to determine if ferritin is a reliable biomarker of iron overload disorder (iod) progression and hemochromatosis in the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) by developing a species-specific ferritin assay and testing historically banked samples collected from rhinos that did and did not die of hemochromatosis. ferritin extracted from sumatran rhino liver tissue was used to generate antibodies for the enzyme immunoassay. historically banked sumatran rhino serum ... | 2017 | 28920821 |
| feasibility study of nmr based serum metabolomic profiling to animal health monitoring: a case study on iron storage disease in captive sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | a variety of wildlife species maintained in captivity are susceptible to iron storage disease (isd), or hemochromatosis, a disease resulting from the deposition of excess iron into insoluble iron clusters in soft tissue. sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is one of the rhinoceros species that has evolutionarily adapted to a low-iron diet and is susceptible to iron overload. hemosiderosis is reported at necropsy in many african black and sumatran rhinoceroses but only a small number o ... | 2016 | 27232336 |
| correction: rhinos in the parks: an island-wide survey of the last wild population of the sumatran rhinoceros. | | 2015 | 26437186 |
| sexual maturation in the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | to help save the sumatran rhino from extinction, the captive breeding program must capitalize on each rhino's reproductive lifespan. doing so requires knowing when calves are sexually mature. the goal of this study was to monitor physiological changes associated with sexual maturation in two captive born calves (one male and one female) to determine the approximate age of maturity for both sexes of this species. fecal testosterone metabolites were monitored in the male calf from 6 months to 7 ye ... | 2016 | 23897764 |
| hematology and serum biochemistry of sumatran rhinoceroses (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in a rainforest sanctuary in way kambas national park, indonesia. | there is a paucity of basic biological information for the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). this information is fundamental to husbandry and management practices for captive animals and for support of in situ conservation efforts. serial blood samples were collected over an 8-yr period to evaluate patterns in hematology and serum biochemistry values among five sumatran rhinoceroses housed at the sumatran rhino sanctuary in way kambas national park, lampung, indonesia. understandin ... | 2013 | 23805545 |
| attempted in vitro maturation and fertilization of postmortem sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) oocytes. | a study was conducted opportunistically to evaluate the potential of rescuing immature oocytes from the ovaries of the sumatran rhinoceros postmortem. recovered oocytes (n = 30) were placed in maturation culture for 36 hr and inseminated with frozen-thawed homologous spermatozoa. after culture, evaluation of nuclear maturation status revealed that a large number of oocytes were degenerated (n = 21), but nine oocytes were assessed at the germinal vesicle (n = 3), metaphase i (n = 3), and metaphas ... | 2011 | 22204070 |
| immobilization and intravenous anesthesia in a sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | this paper reports in detail, for the first time, on two anesthetic procedures performed on a 15-yr-old, 530 kg, adult male sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). the anesthetic procedures were carried out in order to perform semen collection via electro-ejaculation, using well-established methods, and in order to examine and sample bilateral corneal opacities. anesthesia for the first procedure was induced with a combination of 5 mg (0.0094 mg/kg) butorphanol tartrate and 5 mg (0.0094 ... | 2010 | 20722263 |
| reproductive behaviour of captive sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is on the verge of extinction in malaysia. at the sumatran rhinoceros conservation centre in sungai dusun, the reproductive behaviour of two female and two male rhinoceroses were studied for 8-10 months during attempts to breed them in captivity. due to the paucity of scientific information on the reproductive biology of the sumatran rhinoceros, this study was conducted to obtain information on the reproductive behaviour of this species. the mal ... | 2005 | 15581515 |
| gross anatomy and ultrasonographic images of the reproductive system of the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is the smallest of all the rhino species. it is one of the rarest mammals in the world and is in imminent danger of extinction. a study was carried out on seven wild-caught females, three wild-caught males and one captive born female sumatran rhinoceros at the sumatran rhinoceros breeding centre in sungai dusun, selangor, malaysia, beginning 1990. as a result of the paucity of scientific information on the reproductive biology of the sumatran rh ... | 2002 | 12693754 |
| ultrasound and endocrine evaluation of the ovarian cycle and early pregnancy in the sumatran rhinoceros, dicerorhinus sumatrensis. | longitudinal ultrasound and endocrine evaluations were conducted in two adult female sumatran rhinoceroses (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) over a period of 12-22 months to learn more about their reproductive physiology. rectal ultrasonography was conducted to monitor ovarian activity. blood samples were collected and analysed for progesterone and lh, and faecal samples were analysed for progestin metabolites. one female showed cyclic ovarian activity during the study period, whereas the other female ... | 2001 | 11226037 |
| metabolism and excretion of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | 3h-labelled oestradiol-17beta and 14c-progesterone were injected i.v. into an adult female sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and all urine and faeces collected over 4 days. of the injected steroid, 68% of 3h-oestradiol and 89% of 14c-progesterone were recovered. peak excretion in urine occurred on day 1 for both steroids, and for faeces on day 2 for 14c-progesterone, and between days 2 and 3 for 3h-oestradiol. oestradiol metabolites were predominantly (nearly 70%) excreted into the ... | 1998 | 9835374 |
| the sumatran rhinoceros was extirpated from mainland east asia by hunting and habitat loss. | the sequencing and analysis of the sumatran rhinoceros genome provides vital data for understanding the history of the subspecies in sumatra [1], but not for reconstructing the history of the population on the mainland after the two were separated by rising seas in the early holocene. evidence from zooarchaeology, texts and artifacts makes clear that the holocene range of the sumatran rhinoceros extended all the way from the tropics to the temperate yellow river valley of north china (35° north) ... | 2018 | 29558637 |
| anti-müllerian hormone in managed african and asian rhino species. | serum collected across the lifespan of four managed rhino species: black (diceros bicornis, n = 16), white (ceratotherium simum simum, n = 19), greater one-horned (goh, rhinoceros unicornis, n = 11) and sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis, n = 6) were validated and analyzed in an anti-müllerian hormone (amh) enzyme- linked immunoassay. concentrations of amh were examined over time, between sexes and throughout different reproductive states which included n = 3 female white rhinos immunocontracept ... | 2020 | 32278883 |
| reduced gut microbiome diversity and metabolome differences in rhinoceros species at risk for iron overload disorder. | iron overload disorder (iod) affects many wildlife species cared for ex situ. two of the four rhinoceros species in human care, sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis), are susceptible, whereas the other two, white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and greater one-horned (goh) rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis), are relatively resistant to iod. complex interrelationships exist between mammalian hosts, their indigenous gut microbiota, metabolome, physi ... | 2019 | 31649637 |
| investigation of factors potentially associated with serum ferritin concentrations in the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis) using a validated rhinoceros-specific assay. | iron overload disorder (iod) can lead to organ dysfunction and may exacerbate other diseases in the critically endangered black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis). it is important to develop methods for monitoring the progression of iron storage (hemosiderosis), diagnosing the disease, and evaluating treatments in this species. traditionally, an equine enzyme immunoassay (eia) was used to measure rhinoceros ferritin, a serum protein correlated to iron stores. the goal of this study was to validate a ... | 2018 | 29900786 |
| two variants of uterine leiomyoma in malaysia's last sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | following its capture in march 2014, an adult female sumatran rhinoceros frequently showed profuse vaginal bleeding. an ultrasonography suggested the presence of multiple reproductive lesions, including two uterine masses which were suspected to be leiomyomas. soon after, an open pyometra was confirmed. later in november 2019, the patient died and necropsy confirmed the presence of two uterine masses; one was located at the cervico-uterine junction and another in the uterine body, with pyometra, ... | 2020 | 33045934 |
| sumatran rhinoceros on the brink of extinction. | | 2020 | 32467384 |
| ex situ sumatran rhinoceros conservation and the agony of choice. an integration with the management strategy proposed by brandt et al. (2018). | | 2018 | 30351399 |
| genetic structure and diversity among historic and modern populations of the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis). | the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis), once widespread across southeast asia, now consists of as few as 30 individuals within sumatra and borneo. to aid in conservation planning, we sequenced 218 bp of control region mitochondrial (mt) dna, identifying 17 distinct mitochondrial haplotypes across modern (n = 13) and museum (n = 26) samples. museum specimens from laos and myanmar had divergent mtdna, consistent with the placement of western mainland rhinos into the distinct subspecies ... | 2018 | 29684146 |
| kidney of the sumatran rhinoceros, dicerorhinus sumatrensis. | the kidney of diceros sumatrensis has the rhinocerotic form and lobation. the ureter divides intrarenally into two fibromuscular conduits which receive, at separate loci, the terminal collecting ducts of the lobes. the kidney is 67% cortex. total renal mass is 0.46% of body mass. there are about 34 lobes and 23 primary orifices at the conduits. glomeruli are relatively small and of the same size across the cortex. they number about 14.6 million in one kidney but the glomerular mass is relatively ... | 1993 | 29865483 |