| beta-1,2-glucosyl transfer by membrane preparations from acetobacter xylinum. | | 1979 | 499548 |
| cellulose synthesis by acetobacter xylinum. i. low molecular weight compounds present in the region of synthesis. | an analysis has been made of the low molecular weight fraction present in the region of cellulose synthesis in acetobacter xylinum suspensions. a number of nucleic acid bases, nucleosides and nucleotides, together with alpha-glucose 1-phosphate and udpg, were detected in various extracts of washed cells supplied with glucose. since glucose-6-p could be detected in extracts of ultrasonically disrupted cells, but not in extracts of whole cells, it was concluded that separate pools of hexose phosph ... | 1975 | 803380 |
| the structure of cellulose-producing bacteria, acetobacter xylinum and acetobacter acetigenus. | the structure of the pellicles and cells of the cellulose-producing bacteria, acetobacter xylinum and acetobacter acetigenus, was studied by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze-etch replicas of glucose-stimulated cell suspensions, quiescent cell suspensions, and discrete pellicles. these bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall in section, with several irregular features superimposed on an otherwise simple, gram-negative morphology. there are no flagella or pili. unfixe ... | 1977 | 194664 |
| proceedings: factors affecting glycerol and dihydroxyacetone phosphorylation in acetobacter xylinum. | | 1975 | 173674 |
| alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of acetobacter xylinum. purification and regulatory properties. | the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of acetobacter xylinum was purified to homogeneity. it consists of three main polypeptide chains with a total molecular weight of about 2.4 x 10(6). it catalyzes the overall mg2+ and thiamin pyrophosphate-dependent, nad+- and coa-linked oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, as well as the partial reactions characteristic of the three enzyme components described for the complex from other sources. initial velocity studies revealed marked p ... | 1977 | 16009 |
| factors affecting the activity of citrate synthase of acetobacter xylinum and its possible regulatory role. | the citrate synthase activity of acetobacter xylinum cells grown on glucose was the same as of cells grown on intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. the activity of citrate synthase in extracts is compatible with the overall rate of acetate oxidation in vivo. the enzyme was purified 47-fold from sonic extracts and its molecular weight was determined to be 280000 by gel filtration. it has an optimum activity at ph 8.4. reaction rates with the purified enzyme were hyperbolic functions of b ... | 1976 | 6002 |
| [remarks on ethanol oxidation by an "acetobacter xylinum" microbial electrode (author's transl)]. | a "microbial electrode" for ethanol assay has been designed using combination of an oxygen probe and cellulosic pellicle of acetobacter xylinum. assay is feasible with an ethanol concentration below 0.4 mm on a ph range of 2,5-7. the formation of acetic acid leds to a competitive inhibition of ethanol oxidation as observed with free cells. pellicle stability at room temperature is good over a ten hours period. at 4 degrees c, film preservation is quite satisfactory over a ten days storage period ... | 1975 | 239620 |
| polyprenol kinase in acetobacter xylinum. | | 1976 | 210629 |
| purification and regulatory properties of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase of acetobacter xylinum. | the oxaloacetate (oaa) decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.3) activity of acetobacter xylinum cells grown on glucose or glycerol is the same as that of cells grown on intermediates of the citrate cycle. the enzyme was purified 92-fold from extracts, and its molecular weight was determined to be 100,000 by gel filtration. initial velocity studies revealed marked positive cooperativity for oaa (hill coefficient [n(h)] = 1.8; s(0.5) = 21 mm). the affinity of the enzyme for oaa was markedly increased upon addit ... | 1978 | 206534 |
| isolation of alpha-glucan and lipopolysaccharide fractions from acetobacter xylinum. | a cellular phenol-water extract of acetobacter xylinum nrc 17007 was fractionated on sepharose 4 b. the fraction eluting with the void volume consisted to about 95% of glycogen-like material. the lipopolysaccharide fraction was of lower molecular weight and had the following composition (%, w/w): mannose, 42; glucose, 7; galactose, 3.8; heptose, 2; 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate, 1.2; glucosamine, 3.3; phosphate, 4.5; total fatty acids, 3.9. among the fatty acids, 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid was prese ... | 1977 | 603342 |
| new evidence for an intermediate polymer of glucose in cellulose biosynthesis by acetobacter xylinum. | the results of sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of a cell-free particulate enzyme system from acetobacter xylinum which was incubated with uridine diphosphoglucose indicate that there is a polymeric intermediate in the biosynthesis of cellulose. this intermediate has the properties of an oligomer of glucose, is normally attached to the heaviest particle of the suspension, but, when released by hydrolysis, is preferentially adsorbed to fragments of preformed cellulose. it may form short se ... | 1975 | 1111860 |
| cloning of a gene involved in cellulose biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum: complementation of cellulose-negative mutants by the udpg pyrophosphorylase structural gene. | three cellulose-negative (cel-) mutants of acetobacter xylinum strain atcc 23768 were complemented by a cloned 2.8 kb dna fragment from the wild type. biochemical analysis of the mutants showed that they were deficient in the enzyme uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (udpg) pyrophosphorylase. the analysis also showed that the mutants could synthesize beta(1-4)-glucan in vitro from udpg, but not in vivo from glucose. this result was expected, since udpg is known to be the precursor for cellulose synthes ... | 1989 | 2549367 |
| phosphorylation of glycerol and dihydroxyacetone in acetobacter xylinum and its possible regulatory role. | extracts of acetobacter xylinum catalyze the phosphorylation of glycerol and dihydroxyacetone (dha) by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (atp) to form, respectively, l-alpha-glycerophosphate and dha phosphate. the ability to promote phosphorylation of glycerol and dha was higher in glycerol-grown cells than in glucose- or succinate-grown cells. the activity of glycerol kinase in extracts is compatible with the overall rate of glycerol oxidation in vivo. the glycerol-dha kinase has been purified 210-fold ... | 1976 | 956117 |
| the plasmids of acetobacter xylinum and their interaction with the host chromosome. | acetobacter xylinum contains a complex system of plasmid dna molecules. plasmids of molecular weights or copy numbers different from the original wild-type, are found in different types of mutants. restriction endonuclease digestion and dna/dna hybridization analysis, showed that the plasmids often contained partly, but not completely the same dna sequences. two of these plasmid classes were analysed in more detail, and could be shown to differ in size by about 5 kb. hybridization analysis using ... | 1987 | 3039311 |
| formation of an acid-labile maltosyl-lipid by enzyme preparations from acetobacter xylinum. | | 1977 | 923800 |
| purification and properties of a soluble polymer of glucose from cultures of acetobacter xylinum. | a soluble nondialyzable polymer of glucose was isolated and purified by selective ethanol and ammonium sulfate precipitation from the supernatant of a culture of acetobacter xylinum which was actively producing cellulose. this polymer was heterogeneous in size with an average sedimentation constant s20,w, of the most abundant fraction of 11.1. on drying from dilute solution in water, the polymer(s) showed extended linear fibrils or aggregates of such fibrils by transmission electron microscopy. ... | 1977 | 912597 |
| cellulose synthesis by acetobacter xylinum. ii. investigation into the relation between cellulose synthesis and cell envelope components. | cell envelope fractions, capable of cellulose synthesis from uridine diphosphate glucose, alpha-glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and glucose, have been isolated from acetobacter xylinum suspensions and various enzymatic properties examined. essential enzymes were found to be distributed throughout the cell envelope region, with both inner (cytoplasmic) and outer (cell wall) membranes contributing to cellulose synthesis. the central role of udpg in cellulose synthesis was confirmed and th ... | 1975 | 803381 |
| morphology microstructure, and development of colonies of acetobacter xylinum. | development of the morphology and microstructure of colonies of acetobacter xylinum growing on agar was studied by optical microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. the mass of rapidly dividing cells surrounded by a sheath of cellulose microfibrils passes from a smooth spheroid to a flattened aggregate with a characteristic "pillowed" surface. this morphology is the result of a repeated extrusion of cells from the confirming sheath, followed by regeneration of a new portion ... | 1978 | 679065 |
| [repression, by fructose, of the biosynthesis of 6-phosphofructokinase and phosphoglyceromutase in acetobacter xylinum]. | | 1969 | 4240519 |
| regulatory properties of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of acetobacter xylinum. in situ studies and localization of the allosteric response in the e1 component. | | 1978 | 670220 |
| additional properties of a soluble polymer of glucose from cultures of acetobacter xylinum. | the results of differential, thermal analysis of a soluble, beta (1 leads to 2)-branched, beta (1 leads to 4)-d-glucan isolated from cultures of acetobacter xylinum are consistent with previous conclusions about its structure. the o-acetyl content of the polymer is 8.3% which corresponds to a maximum substitution of one acetyl group per three glucose residues. proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirm that all the glycosidic bonds are beta linkages. some preparations of the polymer are c ... | 1979 | 540240 |
| visualization of pores (export sites) correlated with cellulose production in the envelope of the gram-negative bacterium acetobacter xylinum. | the gram-negative bacterium acetobacter xylinum assembles a cellulse ribbon composed of a number of microfibrils in the longitudinal axis of its envelope. the zone of ribbon assembly was investigated by freeze-etch electron microscopy. freeze-etching revealed, beneath the cellulose ribbons, a linear array of pores on the lipopolysaccharide membrane. these pores have a rim diameter of 120--150 a and a central hole or deepening of approximately 35 a. the axes of pore arrays closely coincide with l ... | 1979 | 457769 |
| transformation of acetobacter xylinum with plasmid dna by electroporation. | genetic analysis of acetobacter xylinum, a cellulose-synthesizing bacterium, has been limited by lack of a successful transformation method. transformation of a. xylinum was attempted using two broad-host-range plasmids (pucd2 and prk248) and a variety of transformation methods. methods using cacl2, freeze/thaw treatments, and polyethylene glycol were unsuccessful. transformation of a cellulose-negative strain of a. xylinum with plasmid dna has been achieved with high-voltage electroporation. el ... | 1992 | 1461938 |
| regulation of hexose phosphate metabolism in acetobacter xylinum. | the metabolism of glucose and fructose was studied in resting succinate-grown cells of acetobacter xylinum. from fructose only cellulose and co(2) were formed by the cells, whereas from glucose, gluconate was formed much more rapidly than these two products. the molar ratio of sugar converted into cellulose to sugar converted into co(2) was significantly greater than unity for both hexoses. the pattern of label retention in the cellulose formed by the cells from specifically (14)c-labelled gluco ... | 1974 | 4429547 |
| the structure of spherulites of bacterial cellulose from acetobacter xylinum. | | 1974 | 4597644 |
| polysaccharide biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum. enzymatic synthesis of lipid diphosphate and monophospate sugars. | | 1974 | 4600325 |
| activities of citrate synthase and other enzymes of acetobacter xylinum in situ and in vitro. | the activities of a number of enzymes, extracted from acetobacter xylinum, that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism may be accounted for in situ in permeabilized cells. the kinetic properties of citrate synthase and glycerokinase observed in vitro are also retained in situ. so is the regulatory sensitivity of these enzymes. both in vitro and in situ, (a) citrate synthase, in contrast with the enzyme for other gram-negative bacteria, is inhibited by atp and is insensitive to nadh, and (b) gly ... | 1976 | 1275900 |
| proceedings: phosphorylated forms of pyruvate, phosphate dikinase from acetobacter xylinum. | | 1975 | 1205752 |
| proceedings: mechanism of action and regulatory behavior of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase from acetobacter xylinum. | | 1975 | 1205750 |
| conjugative transfer of the naturally occurring plasmids of acetobacter xylinum by incp-plasmid-mediated mobilization. | broad-host-range plasmids and cloning vectors were conjugatively transferred to acetobacter xylinum. one of the plasmids, rp4::mu cts61, was used for the insertion of tn1 into the 16-, 44-, and 64-kilobase-pair plasmids of a. xylinum. the tn1-labeled plasmids could be mobilized by a helper plasmid. many of the tn1 insertions affected the copy number of the plasmids. | 1986 | 3001030 |
| pyruvate-phosphate dikinase and the control of gluconeogenesis in acetobacter xylinum. | | 1971 | 5541773 |
| cellulose synthesis by acetobacter xylinum. iii. matrix, primer and lipid requirements and heat stability of the cellulose-forming enzymes. | the addition of soluble cellodextrins of increasing size to a cell envelope preparation of acetobacter xylinum stimulated cellulose synthesis from udpg. this stimulation was attributed to both acceptor and activator effects. enzymes required for cellulose synthesis were found to be heat-unstable and those required for synthesis of glycosylated lipid components from udpg, heat-stable. both heat-inactivated envelope fragments and supernatant fluid from whole cells were necessary for cellulose synt ... | 1975 | 1111578 |
| cellulose biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum: visualization of the site of synthesis and direct measurement of the in vivo process. | in vivo synthesis of cellulose by acetobacter xylinum was monitored by darkfield light microscopy. cellulose is synthesized in the form of a ribbon projecting from the pole of the bacterial rod. the ribbon elongates at a rate of 2 mum min-1. the ribbon consists of approximately 46 microfibrils which average 1.6 x 5.8 nm in cross section. the observed microfibrillar elongation rate corresponds to 470 amol of glucose/cell per hr assimilated into cellulose. electron microscopy of the process using ... | 1976 | 1070005 |
| the activation of the fad-malic dehydrogenase from acetobacter xylinum by monovalent anions. | | 1968 | 5660686 |
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-specific glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases of acetobacter xylinum and their role in the regulation of the pentose cycle. | | 1973 | 4144393 |
| the glucose dehydrogenase activity of the nad-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from acetobacter xylinum. | | 1973 | 4148195 |
| [enzymatic studies of the wild type and of a cellulose-free mutant of acetobacter xylinum]. | | 1966 | 5961232 |
| phosphorylation coupled to malate oxidation in acetobacter xylinum. | | 1966 | 4164862 |
| the non-spherulitic birefringence in cellulose pellicles of acetobacter xylinum. | | 1966 | 5972644 |
| synthesis of polyprenol-monophosphate- beta -galactose by acetobacter xylinum. | a particulate enzyme preparation from acetobacter xylinum synthesizes ficaprenol-monophosphate-beta-galactose from ficaprenol monophosphate (fmp) and udp-galactose in the presence of detergent. the product has the same properties as those previously reported for the compound formed with the endogenous acceptor. dolichol-monophosphate (dolmp) is also a good galactose acceptor but the product obtained has different properties. lipid extracts from acetobacter contain galactose acceptor capacity whi ... | 1977 | 887092 |
| the induction of birefringence in pellicles of bacterial cellulose from acetobacter xylinum by lipids. | | 1967 | 6036888 |
| the biosynthesis of cellulose by acetobacter xylinum and acetobacter acetigenus. | | 1977 | 871970 |
| the dissimilation of glucose and gluconate by acetobacter xylinum. 1. the origin and the fate of triose phosphate. | | 1964 | 4220768 |
| the cyclic diguanylic acid regulatory system of cellulose synthesis in acetobacter xylinum. chemical synthesis and biological activity of cyclic nucleotide dimer, trimer, and phosphothioate derivatives. | an unusual compound, cyclic-bis(3'----5') diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp or cgpgp), is involved in the regulation of cellulose synthesis in the bacterium acetobacter xylinum. this cyclic dinucleotide acts as an allosteric, positive effector of cellulose synthase activity in vitro (ka = 0.31 microm) and is inactivated via degradation by a ca2(+)-sensitive phosphodiesterase, pde-a (km = 0.25 microm). a series of 13 analogs cyclic dimer and trimer nucleotides were synthesized, employing a phosphotrieste ... | 1990 | 2172238 |
| identification of the uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (udp-glc) binding subunit of cellulose synthase in acetobacter xylinum using the photoaffinity probe 5-azido-udp-glc. | photoaffinity labeling of purified cellulose synthase with [beta-32p]5-azidouridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (udp-glc) has been used to identify the udp-glc binding subunit of the cellulose synthase from acetobacter xylinum strain atcc 53582. the results showed exclusive labeling of an 83-kda polypeptide. photoinsertion of [beta-32p]5-azido-udp-glc is stimulated by the cellulose synthase activator, bis-(3'----5') cyclic diguanylic acid. addition of increasing amounts of udp-glc prevents photolabeling ... | 1990 | 2138620 |
| genetic organization of the cellulose synthase operon in acetobacter xylinum. | an operon encoding four proteins required for bacterial cellulose biosynthesis (bcs) in acetobacter xylinum was isolated via genetic complementation with strains lacking cellulose synthase activity. nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the cellulose synthase operon is 9217 base pairs long and consists of four genes. the four genes--bcsa, bcsb, bcsc, and bcsd--appear to be translationally coupled and transcribed as a polycistronic mrna with an initiation site 97 bases upstream of the codin ... | 1990 | 2146681 |
| cloning and sequencing of the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit gene of acetobacter xylinum. | the gene for the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase from acetobacter xylinum has been cloned by using an oligonucleotide probe designed from the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the catalytic subunit (an 83 kda polypeptide) of the cellulose synthase purified from trypsin-treated membranes of a. xylinum. the gene was located on a 9.5 kb hind iii fragment of a. xylinum dna that was cloned in the plasmid puc18. dna sequencing of approximately 3 kb of the hind iii fragment led to the identific ... | 1990 | 2151718 |
| an acetobacter xylinum insertion sequence element associated with inactivation of cellulose production. | an insertion sequence (is) element, is1031, caused insertions associated with spontaneous cellulose deficient (cel-) mutants of acetobacter xylinum atcc 23769. the element was discovered during hybridization analysis of dnas from cel- mutants of a. xylinum atcc 23769 with paxc145, an indigenous plasmid from a cel- mutant of a. xylinum nrcc 17005. an is element, is1031b, apparently identical to is1031, was identified on paxc145. is1031 is about 950 bp. dna sequencing showed that the two elements ... | 1991 | 1653216 |
| identification of a new gene in an operon for cellulose biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum. | dna sequencing of the region downstream of the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit gene of acetobacter xylinum led to the identification of an open reading frame coding for a polypeptide of 86 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence of this polypeptide matches from position 27 to 40 with the n-terminal amino acid sequence determined for a 93 kda polypeptide that copurifies with the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit during purification of cellulose synthase. the cellulose synthase catalytic subu ... | 1991 | 1830823 |
| purification and properties of nadp-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from acetobacter hansenii (acetobacter xylinum). | the nadp-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from acetobacter hansenii (formerly known as acetobacter xylinum) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. the sequence of the 10 n-terminal amino acids was determined. the subunit molecular weight of the enzyme is 53,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; gel filtration studies under nondenaturing conditions revealed that the molecular weight of the enzyme is 200,000 to 220,000 at ph 6.5 and 9.5, sugges ... | 1991 | 1929428 |
| nucleotide sequence and expression analysis of the acetobacter xylinum uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase gene. | the nucleotide sequence of the acetobacter xylinum uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase gene was determined; this is the first procaryotic uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase gene sequence reported. the sequence data indicated that the gene product consists of 284 amino acids. this finding was consistent with the results obtained by expression analysis in vivo and in vitro in escherichia coli. | 1991 | 1938907 |
| [biochemical dehydrogenations of saccharides. 6. notes on the dehydrogenation of l-arabitol by acetobacter xylinum and on bertrand's rule]. | | 1973 | 4740801 |
| induction of orientation of bacterial cellulose microfibrils by a novel terpenoid from acetobacter xylinum. | 1. the bacterium acetobacter xylinum produces extracellular cellulose microfibrils that form a pellicle in the medium enmeshing the bacterial cells. these microfibrils may show some localized alignment, which can be seen as birefringence when the culture is viewed between crossed polaroid sheets. 2. an increase in birefringence can be induced by the addition of small amounts of certain classes of lipids, particularly sterols, to the cultures. 3. a crude lipid extract from acetobacter cells induc ... | 1973 | 4776865 |
| regulation of gluconeogenesis in acetobacter xylinum. | | 1972 | 5050262 |
| factors affecting hexose phosphorylation in acetobacter xylinum. | fructose was oxidized and converted to cellulose by cells of acetobacter xylinum grown on fructose or succinate, but not by cells grown on glucose. in resting fructose-grown cells, glucose strongly suppressed fructose utilization. extracts obtained from fructose- or succinate-grown cells catalyzed the adenosine triphosphate (atp)-dependent formation of the 6-phosphate esters of glucose and fructose, whereas glucose-grown cell extracts phosphorylated glucose but not fructose. fructokinase and glu ... | 1972 | 5053462 |
| regulation of gluconeogenesis in acetobacter xylinum by hexoses. | | 1971 | 5577437 |
| extension of bundles of cellulose microfibrils on agar surfaces by acetobacter xylinum. | | 1968 | 5644414 |
| nucleotide sequence and expression analysis of the acetobacter xylinum phosphoglucomutase gene. | the acetobacter xylinum gene (celb) encoding phosphoglucomutase (ec 5.4.2.2) has previously been cloned by complementation of cellulose-negative mutants. in the present report the nucleotide sequence of a 2.0 kb dna fragment containing celb is described. expression analysis using the bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase promoter phi 10 resulted in identification of a probable translational start codon of celb, and this conclusion was confirmed by n-terminal amino acid sequencing of the recombinant pr ... | 1994 | 8025683 |
| role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation in acetobacter xylinum. | glucose-grown cells of acetobacter xylinum oxidized acetate only when the reaction mixture was supplemented with catalytic quantities of glucose or intermediates of the citrate cycle. extracts, prepared by sonic treatment, catalyzed the formation of oxalacetate when incubated with phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) and bicarbonate. oxalacetate was not formed in the presence of pyruvate plus adenosine triphosphate. the ability to promote carboxylation of pep was lower in succinate-grown cells than in gluc ... | 1969 | 5788692 |
| the dissimilation of glucose and gluconate by acetobacter xylinum. 2. pathway evaluation. | | 1964 | 5834250 |
| the extracellular proteins of acetobacter xylinum and their relationship to cellulose synthesis. | | 1967 | 6033822 |
| factors afecting the activity of pyruvate kinase of acetobacter xylinum. | 1. extracts of acetobacter xylinum were found to contain the glycolytic enzymes involved in the conversion of triose phosphate into pyruvate. pyruvate kinase had the lowest relative activity. phosphofructokinase activity was not detected in the extracts. 2. only slight differences in the activity of pyruvate kinase were observed between cells grown on glucose and those grown on intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 3. pyruvate kinase, partially purified from ultrasonic extracts by ammon ... | 1969 | 4241738 |
| the role of ubiquinone in the respiratory chain of acetobacter xylinum. | 1. whole cells of acetobacter xylinum were found to contain a quinone of the ubiquinone (coenzyme q) group. the quinone was isolated from the cells and crystallized. it was identified by its physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties as a ubiquinone with 10 isoprene units (ubiquinone-10). no naphthaquinone was detected in the cells. 2. cell-free extracts prepared by means of a french pressure cell were separated into three fractions by differential centrifugation. the ubiquinone was located ... | 1968 | 4298994 |
| characterization and properties of the pyruvate phosphorylation system of acetobacter xylinum. | the enzyme responsible for the direct phosphorylation of pyruvate during gluconeogenesis in acetobacter xylinum has been purified 46-fold from ultrasonic extracts and freed from interfering enzyme activities. the enzyme was shown to catalyze the reversible mg(2+) ion-dependent conversion of equimolar amounts of pyruvate, adenosine triphosphate (atp), and orthophosphate (p(i)) into phosphoenolpyruvate (pep), adenosine monophosphate (amp), and pyrophosphate (pp). the optimal ph for pep synthesis w ... | 1970 | 4319721 |
| the structure of novel c35 pentacyclic terpenes from acetobacter xylinum. | a novel c(35) terpene and its monounsaturated analogue were isolated from cultures of acetobacter xylinum, together with traces of their c(36) homologues. these substances were found to be hopane derivatives substituted by a five-carbon chain bearing four vicinal hydroxyl groups. for the parent hydrocarbon the term bacteriohopane is proposed. the elucidation of the structures utilized high-resolution mass spectrometry of the terpenes, degradation to c(32) hydrocarbons and detailed mass-spectrome ... | 1973 | 4359918 |
| cloning and expression of the gene encoding alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase from acetobacter aceti ssp. xylinum in brewer's yeast. | acetobacter aceti ssp. xylinum genomic library was constructed using cosmid pjb8 in escherichia coli. the gene encoding alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase (aldc) was isolated from the library by direct measurement of aldc activity. the aldc gene was expressed by its own promoter in e. coli. the nucleotide sequence was determined, and an open reading frame which may encode a protein composed of 304 amino acids with a molecular weight of 33,747 was found. a brewer's yeast was transformed with the ye ... | 1994 | 7764563 |
| isolation and nucleotide sequence of the gdp-mannose:cellobiosyl-diphosphopolyprenol alpha-mannosyltransferase gene from acetobacter xylinum. | a genetic locus from acetobacter xylinum involved in acetan polysaccharide synthesis has been characterized. the chromosomal region was identified by screening a genomic library of a. xylinum in a xanthomonas campestris mutant defective in xanthan polysaccharide synthesis. the a. xylinum cosmid clone can functionally complement a xanthan-negative mutant. the polymer produced by the recombinant strain was found to be indistinguishable from xanthan. insertion mutagenesis and subcloning of the cosm ... | 1996 | 8759843 |
| construction of a brewer's yeast having alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene from acetobacter aceti ssp. xylinum integrated in the genome. | alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase (aldc) gene from acetobacter aceti ssp. xylinum has several possible initiation codons in the n-terminus. to determine the initiation codon of the aldc giving the highest expression levels, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter was linked just upstream of each possible initiation codon. the aldc whose translation starts 130 bp downstream from the first atg codon had the highest activity in yeast cells. when expression levels of the aldc gene wer ... | 1994 | 7764564 |
| nmr studies of acetan and the related bacterial polysaccharide, cr1/4, produced by a mutant strain of acetobacter xylinum. | acetan is a bacterial polysaccharide produced by acetobacter xylinum nrrl b42. chemical mutagenesis of a.xylinum allowed selection of a mutant strain which produced a new polysaccharide, cr1/4. 2d nmr methods have been used to assign the 1h and 13c spectra of the two polysaccharides and to determine that cr1/4 has the structure shown below. the total number of o-acetyl groups is slightly less than two per repeating unit. [formula: see text] the pentasaccharide side chain of acetan is truncated t ... | 1995 | 7780996 |
| identification, cloning and sequencing the acea gene involved in acetan biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum. | the acea gene from acetobacter xylinum was identified and cloned from a genomic dna library. the complete dna sequence was determined and computer analysis of the translated gene sequence revealed homology with the deduced amino acid sequence of gumd from xanthomonas campestris. therefore acea is likely to encode the phosphate-prenyl glucose l-phosphate transferase catalyzing the first step in acetan biosynthesis in a. xylinum. | 1996 | 8935665 |
| genetic analysis of the acetan biosynthetic pathway in acetobacter xylinum: nucleotide sequence analysis of the aceb, acec, aced and acee genes. | sequence analysis of a 5.323 kb chromosomal dna fragment from acetobacter xylinum involved in the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide acetan, revealed the presence of four ace genes designated aceb, acec, aced and acee. comparison of translated gene sequences to the databanks was used to assign putative gene functions. aceb displayed strong homology to a glucose-diphosphoprenyl beta, d-glucose transferase from xanthomonas campestris, while acec was homologous to a cellobiosyl-diphosphoprenyl a ... | 1996 | 8988363 |
| modification of crystallinity and crystalline structure of acetobacter xylinum cellulose in the presence of water-soluble beta-1,4-linked polysaccharides: 13c-nmr evidence. | cellulose produced by acetobacter xylinum in medium containing 0.5% xyloglucan or glucomannan showed altered crystallinities and shifted i alpha/i beta ratios when analysed by solid-state 13c-nmr. by estimating the spectra of cellulose components in each composite, a decreased i alpha content was shown to be countered by increased i beta content in cellulose aggregated in the presence of xyloglucan, causing minimal loss of crystallinity. however, the i alpha decrease was linked primarily to incr ... | 1994 | 7848969 |
| is1032 from acetobacter xylinum, a new mobile insertion sequence. | is1031 elements constitute a family of related insertion sequences (is) in acetobacter xylinum strains. a new is1031-related element, is1032, was isolated from a. xylinum atcc 23770. southern hybridization analysis showed that one or more sequences similar to is1032 are present in most of the a. xylinum strains examined. in addition, one copy was detected in acetobacter aceti atcc 15973. the transposition of is1032 was evident from the appearance of an extra insertion in a spontaneous exopolysac ... | 1994 | 7991672 |
| cloning of the acef gene encoding the phosphomannose isomerase and gdp-mannose pyrophosphorylase activities involved in acetan biosynthesis in acetobacter xylinum. | the acef gene from acetobacter xylinum was identified and cloned from a genomic dna library. the complete dna sequence was determined and computer analysis of the translated gene sequence revealed homology with the deduced amino acid sequence of xanb from xanthomonas campestris. therefore acef is likely to encode a bifunctional enzyme with mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (pmi) and gdp-mannose pyrophosphorylase (gmp) activities. pmi and gmp activities were detected in strains of escherichia coli ex ... | 1997 | 9311139 |
| characterization of genes in the cellulose-synthesizing operon (acs operon) of acetobacter xylinum: implications for cellulose crystallization. | the synthesis of an extracellular ribbon of cellulose in the bacterium acetobacter xylinum takes place from linearly arranged, membrane-localized, cellulose-synthesizing and extrusion complexes that direct the coupled steps of polymerization and crystallization. to identify the different components involved in this process, we isolated an acetobacter cellulose-synthesizing (acs) operon from this bacterium. analysis of dna sequence shows the presence of three genes in the acs operon, in which the ... | 1994 | 8083166 |
| purification and characterization of the nad-preferring glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from acetobacter hansenii (acetobacter xylinum). | an nad-preferring glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of acetobacter hansenii (formerly known as acetobacter xylinum) has been purified to apparent homogeneity and kinetically characterized. the purified enzyme was stabilized by the use of glycerol, mgso4, and 2-mercaptoethanol at ph 5.4. the molecular weight of the enzyme, determined by nondenaturing gel filtration, is 243,000. the subunit molecular weight is 60,140 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sugge ... | 1994 | 8179320 |
| in vitro biosynthesis of acetan using electroporated acetobacter xylinum cells as enzyme preparations. | acetobacter xylinum strain nrrl b42 and its derivative rcgr1 produce a complex exopolysaccharide, acetan, containing glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose in a 4:1:1:1 molar ratio. the in vitro synthesis of acetan, employing electroporated cells as the enzyme system and the respective 14c-labelled sugar nucleotide precursors, is described. the synthesis of the prenyl-linked heptasaccharide repeat unit, already observed in edta-treated cells, was confirmed, as well as the formation of ot ... | 1993 | 8277256 |
| implication of the direct phosphorylation of pyruvate in cellulose synthesis by aceto-bacter xylinum. | | 1966 | 5967100 |
| a new gene required for cellulose production and a gene encoding cellulolytic activity in acetobacter xylinum are colocalized with the bcs operon. | recently, it was shown that a cellulose-negative mutant (cel1) of acetobacter xylinum atcc 23769 carried an insertion of an indigenous transposable element (is1031a) about 500 bp upstream of the bcs operon, required for cellulose synthesis. here we show that cel1 can be complemented by wild-type dna covering the insertion point. nucleotide sequencing of this region revealed the presence of two open reading frames, orf1 and orf2. orf2, which is disrupted by the is1031a insertion in cel1, potentia ... | 1994 | 8300521 |
| synthesis of mannosyl cellobiose diphosphate prenol in acetobacter xylinum. | | 1980 | 6160815 |
| achievement of high rates of in vitro synthesis of 1,4-beta-d-glucan: activation by cooperative interaction of the acetobacter xylinum enzyme system with gtp, polyethylene glycol, and a protein factor. | regulatory properties of a cellulose synthase (udp-forming)(udpglucose:1,4-beta-d-glucan 4-beta-d-glucosyltransferase, ec 2.4.1.12) have been demonstrated by using enzyme preparations derived from cells of acetobacter xylinum. preparation of a particulate fraction in the presence of 20% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol-4000 (peg-4000) yields enzyme with activity 3- to 10-fold higher than that previously reported. the enzyme prepared in this fashion also shows a further marked, specific activation by ... | 1982 | 6216481 |
| solubilization of the udp-glucose:1,4-beta-d-glucan 4-beta-d-glucosyltransferase (cellulose synthase) from acetobacter xylinum. a comparison of regulatory properties with those of the membrane-bound form of the enzyme. | a procedure has been developed for the effective solubilization of udp-glucose:1,4-beta-d-glucan 4-beta-d-glucosyltransferase (cellulose synthase) by treatment of membranes from the bacterium acetobacter xylinum with digitonin. low concentrations of digitonin (0.1%, w/v) cause stimulation of the enzyme activity in membranes; treatment with higher concentrations of digitonin (1-10%) results in solubilization of up to 70% of the digitonin-stimulated activity. the digitonin-solubilized enzyme displ ... | 1983 | 6220005 |
| structural studies of acetan, an exopolysaccharide elaborated by acetobacter xylinum. | the exopolysaccharide acetan, elaborated by acetobacter xylinum, has been investigated. the polysaccharide and a heptasaccharide, obtained on enzymic hydrolysis, corresponding to the repeating unit were characterised by sugar and methylation analysis and by nmr spectroscopy and ms. it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of repeating units with the following structure. [formula: see text] the polysaccharide further contains approximately two o-acetyl groups per repeating unit, which ... | 1993 | 8370027 |
| subunit composition and partial reactions of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of acetobacter xylinum. | | 1980 | 6896181 |
| biosynthesis of polysaccharides in acetobacter xylinum. sequential synthesis of a heptasaccharide diphosphate prenol. | the sequential synthesis in vitro of a heptasaccharide diphosphate prenol, containing glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose in the ratio 4:1:1:1 is described. the enzyme preparation consisted of edta-treated acetobacter xylinum cells and udp-glucose, gdp-mannose, udp-glucuronic acid and tdp-rhamnose were employed as sugar donors. the compounds soluble in chloroform/methanol/water (1:2:0.3) formed from incubations carried out under different conditions in the presence of a variety of com ... | 1982 | 7075605 |
| isolation and characterization of a new extracellular polysaccharide from a cellulose-negative strain of acetobacter xylinum. | | 1981 | 7260736 |
| intermediatry steps in acetobacter xylinum cellulose synthesis: studies with whole cells and cell-free preparations of the wild type and a celluloseless mutant. | intermediatry steps in cellulose synthesis in acetobacter xylinum were studied with resting cells and particulate-membranous preparations of the wild-type strain and of a celluloseless mutant. exogenously supplied [1-14c]glucose was rapidly converted by resting cells of both types into glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, and uridine glucose 5'-diphosphate (udp)-glucose and incorporated into lipid-, water-, and alkali-soluble cellular fractions. the decrease in the level of labeled hexose-p ... | 1980 | 7410313 |
| asaia bogorensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an unusual acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-proteobacteria. | eight gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and peritrichously flagellated strains were isolated from flowers of the orchid tree (bauhinia purpurea) and of plumbago (plumbago auriculata), and from fermented glutinous rice, all collected in indonesia. the enrichment culture approach for acetic acid bacteria was employed, involving use of sorbitol medium at ph 3.5. all isolates grew well at ph 3.0 and 30 degrees c. they did not oxidize ethanol to acetic acid except for one strain that oxidized ethano ... | 2000 | 10758893 |
| identification of a second cellulose synthase gene (acsaii) in acetobacter xylinum. | a second cellulose synthase gene (acsaii) coding for a 175-kda polypeptide that is similar in size and sequence to the acsab gene product has been identified in acetobacter xylinum ay201. evidence for the presence of this gene was obtained during analysis of a. xylinum mutants in which the acsab gene was disrupted (i.m. saxena, k. kudlicka, k. okuda, and r.m. brown, jr., j. bacteriol. 176:5735-5752, 1994). although these mutants produced no detectable cellulose, they exhibited significant cellul ... | 1995 | 7665515 |
| genetic analysis of the acetan biosynthetic pathway in acetobacter xylinum. | we have identified, cloned and sequenced an 8422 base pair fragment of acetobacter xylinum genomic dna containing part of the acetan biosynthetic gene cluster. computer analysis of the nucleotide sequence data generated revealed the presence of six open reading frames. comparison of the translated sequences of putative genes to the amino acid sequences of genes from other organisms was used to assign functions to the acea, acec and manb genes. these genes were predicted to encode a udp-glycosyl ... | 1994 | 7727341 |
| biosynthesis of a novel polysaccharide by acetobacter xylinum. | an acetobacter xylinum adapted to a medium containing n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) has been used to prepare a novel polysaccharide containing residual glcnac in cellulose. the maximum amount of incorporation was found to be 4 mol% in cellulose, when a mixed medium containing 1.4% glucose (glc) and 0.6% glcnac was used for the culture of a. xylinum. the resulting polysaccharide was lysozyme-susceptible. the aminosugar residue incorporated into bacterial cellulose was found to be only glcnac, even ... | 1994 | 7727342 |
| physicochemical characterization of an acetan variant secreted by acetobacter xylinum strain cr1/4. | chemical mutagenesis has been used to produce mutants of acetobacter xylinum nrrl b42 that are cellulose-negative and that produce variants of the acetan structure deficient in the side-chain sugar residues. the product of a. xylinum strain cr1/4 has been shown to possess a tetrasaccharide repeat unit with the side chain terminating in glucuronic acid. x-ray diffraction studies of oriented fibres suggest that the polysaccharide cr1/4 forms a fivefold helix with a pitch of 4.8 nm. light-scatterin ... | 1994 | 7727347 |
| sequence-specific dna modification in acetobacter xylinum. | two cryptic plasmids have been discovered in acetobacter xylinum b42 and in its derivative pea-1, a cellulose defective mutant. these two plasmids were designated pax1 and pax2 (50 and 105 kb in size, respectively). a restriction map was constructed for pax1. attempts to cure these plasmids were unsuccessful. enzyme restriction analysis showed that these plasmids contain protected ecori and apoi sites. using southern blot and hybridization techniques, the protection was extended to chromosomal d ... | 1996 | 8832107 |
| characterization of a major cluster of nif, fix, and associated genes in a sugarcane endophyte, acetobacter diazotrophicus. | a major 30.5-kb cluster of nif and associated genes of acetobacter diazotrophicus (syn. gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus), a nitrogen-fixing endophyte of sugarcane, was sequenced and analyzed. this cluster represents the largest assembly of contiguous nif-fix and associated genes so far characterized in any diazotrophic bacterial species. northern blots and promoter sequence analysis indicated that the genes are organized into eight transcriptional units. the overall arrangement of genes is most ... | 2000 | 11092875 |
| production of cellulose ii by acetobacter xylinum in the presence of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. | this report provides x-ray diffraction and raman spectral evidence that, when 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile is present in the culture medium, acetobacter xylinum, which is a model system for investigation of the biosynthesis of native cellulose, produces cellulose ii, as well as cellulose i. the significance of the observations with respect to the mechanism of biosynthesis of cellulose is discussed briefly. | 1996 | 8842778 |
| transfer of acetobacter oboediens sokollek et al 1998 and acetobacter intermedius boesch et al. 1998 to the genus gluconacetobacter as gluconacetobacter oboediens comb. nov. and gluconacetobacter intermedius comb. nov. | acetobacter oboediens sokollek et al. 1998 and acetobacter intermedius boesch et al. 1998 are transferred to the genus gluconacetobacter as gluconacetobacter oboediens comb. nov. and gluconacetobacter intermedius comb. nov. because, on the basis of their 16s rrna gene sequences, the type strains of both species are located in the cluster of the genus gluconacetobacter along with those of gluconacetobacter xylinus, gluconacetobacter europaeus, gluconacetobacter hansenii, gluconacetobacter liquefa ... | 2000 | 11155999 |
| influence of substituent of direct dye having bisphenylenebis(azo) skeletal structure on structure of nascent cellulose produced by acetobacter xylinum [i]: different influence of direct red 28, blue 1 and 15 on nascent structure. | the difference of influence of a certain kind of direct dye on the structure of nascent microbial cellulose was examined, with direct red 28 have a biphenylenebis(azo) skeletal structure; direct blue 1 having two hydroxyl, two methoxy and two sulfonate groups more than direct red 28; and direct blue 15 whose sulfonate groups position are different compared to direct blue 1. it became clear that the product in the presence of a direct dye (in particular, direct red 28) has the structure in which ... | 1997 | 9218171 |
| the phylogeny of acetic acid bacteria based on the partial sequences of 16s ribosomal rna: the elevation of the subgenus gluconoacetobacter to the generic level. | thirty-six strains of acetic acid bacteria classified in the genera acetobacter, gluconobacter, and acidomonas were examined for their partial base sequences in positions 1220 through 1375, 156 bases, of 16s rrna. the strains of the q10-equipped gluconobacter species examined were divided into two subgroups, which included the type strains of gluconobacter oxydans, the type species of the genus gluconobacter, and of a second species, gluconobacter cerinus, respectively. the base differences numb ... | 1997 | 9301103 |
| studies on recombinant acetobacter xylinum alpha-phosphoglucomutase. | the phosphoglucomutase (pgm) from acetobacter xylinum, which had been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, has been studied. after expression, the enzyme was purified from the e. coli in a three-step process consisting of (nh4)2so4 precipitation, gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. the purified enzyme gave one band on gel electrophoresis and was judged essentially free of impurities, although it was unstable when diluted without the addition of 15 microm bsa. the isoelectric p ... | 1997 | 9337869 |
| c-di-gmp-binding protein, a new factor regulating cellulose synthesis in acetobacter xylinum. | a protein which specifically binds cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp), the reversible allosteric activator of the membrane-bound cellulose synthase system of acetobacter xylinum, has been identified in membrane preparations of this organism. c-di-gmp binding is of high affinity (kd 20 nm), saturable and reversible. the equilibrium of the reaction is markedly and specifically shifted towards the binding direction by k+. the c-di-gmp binding protein, structurally associated with the cellulose synth ... | 1997 | 9369216 |