| vector competence of culicoides bolitinos and c. imicola for south african bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 3 and 4. | the susceptibility of field-collected culicoides bolitinos to infection by oral ingestion of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 3 and 4 (blu 1, 3 and 4) was compared with that of field-collected c. imicola and laboratory reared c. variipennis sonorensis. the concentration of the virus per millilitre of bloodmeal was 10(5.0) and 10(6.0)tcid50 for blu 4 and 10(7.2)tcid50 for blu 1 and 3. of 4927 c. bolitinos and 9585 c. imicola fed, 386 and 287 individual midges survived 10 days extrinsic incubation, r ... | 1998 | 9824821 |
| african horse sickness epidemiology: vector competence of south african culicoides species for virus serotypes 3, 5 and 8. | the oral susceptibilities of 17 culicoides species to infection with african horse sickness virus (ahsv) serotypes 3, 5 and 8 were determined by feeding field-collected midges on ahsv infected horse blood. the mean titres of virus in the bloodmeals for the three serotypes of ahsv were between 5.7 and 6.5 log10 tcid50/ml. virus was detected, after 10 days incubation at 23.5 degrees c, in the culicoides imicola kieffer (diptera: ceratopogonidae) that had fed on blood containing ahsv 5 (8.5%) and 8 ... | 2000 | 11016430 |
| stabling and the protection of horses from culicoides bolitinos (diptera: ceratopogonidae), a recently identified vector of african horse sickness. | the stabling of horses at night reportedly offers protection from african horse sickness and the most significant vector of the disease, culicoides imicola kieffer, has been shown to be exophilic. in certain high-lying regions of south africa, however, c. bolitinos meiswinkel, may be the major vector of the disease but its entry behaviour into stables is unknown. accordingly, in the eastern free state province of south africa, light trap catches of c. bolitinos inside stables and outside, were c ... | 2000 | 11107252 |
| comparative descriptions of the pupae of five species of the culicoides imicola complex (diptera, ceratopogonidae) from south africa. | the viruses causing the economically important livestock diseases of african horse sickness (ahs) and bluetongue (bt) are transmitted by biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera, ceratopogonidae). in the old world the most important vectors of these diseases are culicoides imicola kieffer, 1913, culicoides brevitarsis kieffer, 1917 and culicoides bolitinos meiswinkel, 1989. all three of these vectors belong to the imicola complex of the subgenus avaritia fox, 1955. this species complex now ... | 2007 | 17883197 |
| estimating the temporal and spatial risk of bluetongue related to the incursion of infected vectors into switzerland. | the design of veterinary and public health surveillance systems has been improved by the ability to combine geographical information systems (gis), mathematical models and up to date epidemiological knowledge. in switzerland, an early warning system was developed for detecting the incursion of the bluetongue disease virus (bt) and to monitor the frequency of its vectors. based on data generated by this surveillance system, gis and transmission models were used in order to determine suitable seas ... | 2008 | 18922155 |
| adaptive strategies of african horse sickness virus to facilitate vector transmission. | african horse sickness virus (ahsv) is an orbivirus that is usually transmitted between its equid hosts by adult culicoides midges. in this article, we review the ways in which ahsv may have adapted to this mode of transmission. the ahsv particle can be modified by the ph or proteolytic enzymes of its immediate environment, altering its ability to infect different cell types. the degree of pathogenesis in the host and vector may also represent adaptations maximising the likelihood of successful ... | 2009 | 19094921 |
| a south african overview of the virus, vectors, surveillance and unique features of bluetongue. | the origin of bluetongue (bt) is probably african and the disease was first recognised in south africa in merino sheep in the late 18th century. diagnostic and research findings for a number of years have been summarised to obtain data relevant to the distribution of bt and its serotypes in the country. the role of ruminant game and cattle as maintenance hosts for bt virus (btv) is mentioned although cattle appear to have largely replaced antelope in this role. only about 30% of over 1,000 game ... | 2004 | 20419632 |
| description and comparison of the pupae of a further two culicoides (avaritia) species from the dung of large herbivores in south africa (diptera:ceratopogonidae). | in 2007 nevill, venter, meiswinkel & nevill demonstrated that the pupae of five culicoides species belonging to the imicola complex of the subgenus avaritia could readily be differentiated from one another using various morphological characters. three of the described species, culicoides bolitinos meiswinkel 1989; culicoides loxodontis meiswinkel 1992 and culicoides sp. # 107 (= c. kwagga, meiswinkel, unpublished thesis 1995), were reared from the dung of large herbivores, which included buffalo ... | 2009 | 21105594 |
| Recovery rates of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 8 Spanish strains from orally infected Culicoides imicola in South Africa. | Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease of ruminants that has spread northwards in Europe during the last decade. The aetiological agent of the disease is an arbovirus [bluetongue virus (BTV)] that belongs to the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae). The virus is transmitted by certain species of biting midge within the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Information on the vector status of the Culicoides species in a specific area will be essential to predict the risk for BTV incursion ... | 2011 | 22077485 |
| Temperature dependence of the extrinsic incubation period of orbiviruses in culicoides biting midges. | The rate at which viruses replicate and disseminate in competent arthropod vectors is limited by the temperature of their environment, and this can be an important determinant of geographical and seasonal limits to their transmission by arthropods in temperate regions. | 2011 | 22125649 |
| seasonal dynamics of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) biting midges, potential vectors of african horse sickness and bluetongue viruses in the niayes area of senegal. | the african horse sickness epizootic in senegal in 2007 caused considerable mortality in the equine population and hence major economic losses. the vectors involved in the transmission of this arbovirus have never been studied specifically in senegal. this first study of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) species, potential vectors of african horse sickness in senegal, was conducted at five sites (mbao, parc hann, niague, pout and thies) in the niayes ... | 2014 | 24690198 |
| culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) midges, the vectors of african horse sickness virus--a host/vector contact study in the niayes area of senegal. | african horse sickness (ahs) is an equine disease endemic to senegal. the african horse sickness virus (ahsv) is transmitted to the mammalian hosts by midges of the culicoides latreille genus. during the last epizootic outbreak of ahs in senegal in 2007, 1,169 horses died from this disease entailing an estimated cost of 1.4 million euros. in spite of the serious animal health and economic implications of ahs, very little is known about determinants involved in transmission such as contact betwee ... | 2015 | 25604465 |
| a review of african horse sickness and its implications for ireland. | african horse sickness is an economically highly important non-contagious but infectious orbivirus disease that is transmitted by various species of culicoides midges. the equids most severely affected by the virus are horses, ponies, and european donkeys; mules are somewhat less susceptible, and african donkeys and zebra are refractory to the devastating consequences of infection. in recent years, bluetongue virus, an orbivirus similar to african horse sickness, which also utilises culicoides s ... | 2012 | 22553991 |
| delineation of the population genetic structure of culicoides imicola in east and south africa. | culicoides imicola kieffer, 1913 is the main vector of bluetongue virus (btv) and african horse sickness virus (ahsv) in sub-saharan africa. understanding the population genetic structure of this midge and the nature of barriers to gene flow will lead to a deeper understanding of bluetongue epidemiology and more effective vector control in this region. | 2015 | 26704134 |
| thermal limits of two biting midges, culicoides imicola kieffer and c. bolitinos meiswinkel (diptera: ceratopogonidae). | culicoides imicola kieffer and culicoides bolitinos meiswinkel (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are both of veterinary importance, being vectors of schmallenberg, bluetongue and african horse sickness (ahs) viruses. within south africa, these culicoides species show a marked difference in their abundances according to altitude, with c. imicola highly abundant in lower altitudes, but being replaced as the dominant species by c. bolitinos in cooler, high-altitude regions. | 2014 | 25142029 |
| bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on south africa. | bluetongue (bt) is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by the bluetongue virus (btv), the prototype member of the orbivirus genus in the family reoviridae. bluetongue was first described in south africa, where it has probably been endemic in wild ruminants since antiquity. since its discovery bt has had a major impact on sheep breeders in the country and has therefore been a key focus of research at the onderstepoort vet ... | 2012 | 22973992 |
| culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) as vectors of bluetongue virus in south africa - a review. | the aim of this paper is to consolidate vector competence studies on culicoides midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) as vectors of bluetongue virus (btv) done over a period 25 years at the arc‑onderstepoort veterinary institute in south africa. in 1944, it was demonstrated for the first time in south africa that culicoides midges transmit btv. in 1991, field‑collected culicoides imicola were fed on blood containing btv‑3 or ‑6 and the infection rates were established as being 31% and 24%, respectiv ... | 2016 | 26741247 |
| host preferences and circadian rhythm of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae), vectors of african horse sickness and bluetongue viruses in senegal. | african horse sickness- and bluetongue virus are orbiviruses transmitted by culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) to horses and to ruminants, respectively. since the last epizootic outbreak of african horse sickness in 2007 in senegal, extensive investigations have been undertaken to improve our knowledge on culicoides species involved locally in the transmission of the virus. the purpose of this study was to compare and quantify the host preferences of potential vectors of these o ... | 2015 | 26099680 |
| first overview of the culicoides latreille (diptera: ceratopogonidae) livestock associated species of reunion island, indian ocean. | this study establishes the first faunistic inventory of livestock associated culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) species of reunion island (indian ocean), where bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease are regularly recorded. single night-catches were performed at 41 sites using light suction traps at altitudes ranging from 0 to 1525 m, from march to april 2005. five species were recorded: culicoides imicola, culicoides bolitinos, culicoides enderleini, culicoides grahamii, and culicoides ... | 2015 | 25447828 |
| the prevalence of culicoides spp. in 3 geographic areas of south africa. | the seasonal abundance of culicoides midges, the vector of bluetongue and african horse sickness viruses (btv/ahsv) and the presence of viruses in midges were determined in 3 geographic areas in south africa. in the onderstepoort area, more than 500,000 culicoides midges belonging to 27 species were collected. eighteen midge species were collected throughout winter and the presence of ahsv and btv rna in midges was detected using real time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reac ... | 2016 | 27723037 |