| nutritional effects on serum enzymes and other blood constituents in reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | | 1976 | 7420 |
| antiparasitic effect of tetramisolum (inn) on reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) in enclosure conditions with special reference to oedemagena tarandi. | | 1978 | 148826 |
| electrocardiogram of the reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus. | electrocardiograms were recorded for 50 finnish reindeer of age 1 day to 9 years, using standard and unipolar extremity leads in the frontal plane. the range of heart rate was 40-250 beats per minute. atrial and ventricular depolarization times were 5-10 ms shorter in newborn calves than in other reindeer, and showed only minor variance with respect to heart rate. the duration of depolarization was dependant on heart rate, and was more rapid in young calves. a-v conduction time decreased with in ... | 1979 | 553184 |
| seasonal and nutritional effects on serum proteins and urea concentration in the reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | 1. the effects of seasonal conditions and nutrition on serum proteins and serum urea concentrations were studied in female reindeer and reindeer calves in finland. with the exception of one group in winter, the reindeer were roaming wild in the forests. this one group was kept in captivity, out of doors, on a comparatively high nutritional plane. one group lived wild during the winter in very poor nutritional conditions. 2. a very clear seasonal variation in the serum protein and urea concentrat ... | 1975 | 1115752 |
| structural study and preliminary crystallographic data for the hemoglobin from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) | the ferric form of reindeer hemoglobin (rangifer tarandus tarandus) has been crystallized in an orthorhombic crystalline form from polyethylene glycol solutions, at ph 8.2. the crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell edges a = 84.2 a, b = 59.9 a, c = 119.5 a; one hemoglobin tetramer is contained in the asymmetric unit. the crystals diffract x-rays to a limit spacing of 3.0 a. inspection of amino acid sequences in the n-terminal region of beta-chains, and ana ... | 1992 | 1530603 |
| pulsatile growth hormone secretion during the breeding season in male reindeer and its association with hypophagia and weight loss. | male deer reduce food intake and lose weight during the breeding season (rut) in autumn. growth hormone (gh) is lipolytic in ruminants; therefore, pulsatile gh secretion was measured in three young reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) bulls during the natural period of weight loss during rut. blood samples were withdrawn through a jugular cannula every 20 min for 16 hr on 5 occasions from late summer to early winter in unanaesthetised animals. the deer were group fed a pelleted concentrate rati ... | 1992 | 1563616 |
| cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in dairy goats in northern norway. | ten carcasses and three vertebral columns from north norwegian dairy goats, which had been killed due to clinical signs of severe neurologic disease, were received for necropsy. pathological examination revealed nematodes and nematode ova in the central nervous system (cns) of nine goats. worms found by gross examination were identified as elaphostrongylus rangiferi mitskevich, 1960. focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia, apparently caused by migrating worms, perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic l ... | 1991 | 1796688 |
| cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in sheep in northern norway. | pathologic examination of four sheep from northern norway exhibiting neurologic signs of paresis, paralysis and vestibular system disease revealed nematodes in the central nervous system (cns). the worms were identified as elaphostrongylus rangiferi mitskevich, 1960, the elaphostrongylid nematode of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). microscopic lesions found in the cns were focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia caused by migrating worms, eosinophilic meningitis and choroiditis, lymphohistio ... | 1991 | 1796689 |
| an epizootic of besnoitiosis in captive caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus). | besnoitia sp. was diagnosed in two caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) which died of pneumonia at the assiniboine park zoo (winnipeg, manitoba, canada) in 1983. during the following 3 yr besnoitiosis spread to an isolated herd of caribou, to mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and to reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). reduction of exposure to biting insects appears to have reduced the transmission of besnoitiosis within the reindeer herd. the morbidity rate was approximately 82% in cari ... | 1990 | 1971029 |
| dermacentor albipictus (acari, ixodidae) on captive reindeer and free-ranging woodland caribou. | infestations of winter ticks (dermacentor albipictus) on two captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) are reported and may be associated with increased grooming and alopecia. over 400,000 ticks were recovered from one reindeer. few ticks (less than 25 ticks/animal) were found on three free-ranging woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou). | 1990 | 1974936 |
| immobilization of norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and svalbard reindeer (r. t. platyrhynchus) with medetomidine and medetomidine-ketamine and reversal of immobilization with atipamezole. | the sedative action of medetomidine (-ketamine) was studied in 12 captive norwegian semidomesticated reindeer (nr), including 4 newborn calves, and in 7 free-living svalbard reindeer (sr). medetomidine, with or without ketamine, caused effective, reliable immobilization in nr. doses of 50-200 micrograms/kg medetomidine alone or 30-125 micrograms/kg medetomidine combined with greater than or equal to 300 micrograms/kg ketamine induced complete immobilization, good muscle relaxation and persistent ... | 1990 | 1983084 |
| the primary structure of hemoglobin from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and its functional implications. | the primary structures of alpha- and beta-chains of hemoglobin from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were determined. comparison of the reindeer hemoglobin sequence with those of human and bovine hemoglobins showed 50 and 29 substitutions per alpha beta dimer, respectively. the influence of replacements on the modulation of hemoglobin oxygen affinity by heterothopic ligands and temperature, as well as their importance on the structure-function relationships in hemoglobin are discussed. | 1991 | 1998722 |
| interaction of hemoglobin with chloride and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. a comparative approach. | the equilibrium oxygen-binding properties of hemoglobins from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), musk ox (ovibos muschatos) and a bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) have been investigated with special reference to the effect of heterotrophic ligands such as chloride and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate [gri(2,3)p2]. the results obtained with hemoglobins from reindeer and musk ox indicate that their low oxygen affinity and their insensitivity to gri(2,3)p2 are not only an intrinsic property of the molecule, ... | 1990 | 2253624 |
| ossification of the antler in the lapland reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | a histological and histochemical study of biopsy specimens from the lapland reindeer antler indicated that the intercellular matrix of the cartilage that forms the partitions of longitudinal channels becomes calcified at virtually the initial stage of formation. the lacunae at the peripheries of the cartilaginous partitions are invaded by osteoblasts in a process comparable to endochondral ossification. the very centres of the partitions evidently become directly converted into bone without the ... | 1990 | 2368591 |
| arctic life adaptation--i. the function of reindeer hemoglobin. | 1. the functional properties of hemoglobin from the reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) are characterized as a function of ph, temperature and organic phosphate concentration. 2. alongside overall similarities shared with most vertebrate hemoglobins, hemoglobin from the reindeer shows significant differences with respect to the effect of both organic phosphates and chloride anions. 3. the limited effect of temperature on oxygen binding (delta h = -4 kcal/mol o2) could be regarded as an inte ... | 1989 | 2598627 |
| species of the genus elaphostrongylus parasite of swedish cervidae. a description of e. alces n. sp. | a description of elaphostrongylus alces n. sp., a parasite of moose (alces alces l.), is given. the main features differing e. alces n. sp. from the other two investigated species are the bottle shaped oesophagus and the oval bursa, which is about 150 microns x 200 microns. e. rangiferi mitskevith, 1960, a parasite of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) and e. cervi cameron, 1931, a parasite of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) have both a club shaped or cylindrical oesophagus and a circular bur ... | 1989 | 2735702 |
| some aspects of thermoregulation in newborn reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | at birth reindeer calves often are exposed to sub-zero ambient temperatures (ta) sometimes even combined with wind and precipitation. the resting metabolism was measured in three different age groups (1, 7 and 14 days old) at ta's of -20, -5, 10 and 20 degrees c. resting metabolism in the thermoneutral zone decreased from 5.1 w x kg-1 at day 1 and 7 to 4.8 w x kg-1 at day 14. at day 1 apparent lower critical temperature (tlc) was 11 degrees c, while at day 7 it was 7.7 degrees c and at day 14 7. ... | 1985 | 2858960 |
| the influence of ambient temperature on metabolism and body temperature of newborn and growing reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | thermoregulatory capacities of 51 reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) aged 1-35 days were studied at -26.5 to +35.0 degrees c ambient temperatures at kaamanen reindeer research station, finland (69 degrees 10' n) during calving periods in may 1981 and may-july 1982. the newborn calves aged 1-4 days maintained a high body temperature (tre) (mean +40.2 degrees c) even at the lowest experimental temperature of -22.5 degrees c by increasing their metabolic rate five-fold above the level ... | 1986 | 2869877 |
| ultrastructure of the cysts of sarcocystis tarandivulpes from skeletal muscle of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | | 1985 | 2931009 |
| scanning electron microscopy of the sarcocysts of six species of sarcocystis from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | sarcocysts belonging to six species of sarcocystis were isolated from the musculature of reindeer and examined by scanning electron microscopy (sem) to reveal their surface morphology. sarcocysts of s. grueneri had thin, strip-like surface processes, cysts of s. rangi had long hair-like processes, and cysts of s. tarandivulpes had short, knob-like processes interconnected by microfolds. cysts of s. hardangeri had prominent, slanting linguiform processes, whereas the cysts of both s. tarandi and ... | 1986 | 3098040 |
| septicemic listeriosis in a reindeer calf. | septicemic listeriosis is described in a 2-day-old reindeer calf (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from a local zoo. the gross and microscopic lesions were typical of disease caused by bacterial septicemia. major lesions included necrosis of the liver, lung, adrenal gland, spleen, and lymph node. the diagnosis was suspected by special histopathological stains and confirmed by isolation of listeria monocytogenes from multiple organs. this is the first report of listeriosis in a reindeer. | 1987 | 3108523 |
| regulation of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin from the reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | | 1988 | 3166648 |
| partition of heat loss in resting and exercising winter- and summer-insulated reindeer. | partition of heat loss was performed in resting (standing) and exercising (running; 9.2 km . h-1 for 40 min) winter- (w) and summer- (s) insulated conscious reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in a climatic chamber set to an ambient temperature (ta) of -30, 0, or 25 degrees c. heat loss and production were determined using indirect calorimetry. the relative importance of radiant heat loss was greatest during rest at low ta's, both during winter and summer (44-58% at ta's -30 and 0 degrees c). ... | 1986 | 3728709 |
| ultrastructure of the cysts of sarcocystis grueneri from cardiac muscle of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | cysts of sarcocystis grueneri from cardiac muscle of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in norway were examined by transmission electron microscopy. the limiting unit membrane of the cyst proper formed regularly spaced invaginations into the cyst at numerous sites coinciding with interruptions in the underlying osmiophilic layer. the primary cyst wall formed numerous strip-like, sinuous protrusions, which were 30-40 nm thick, 150-300 nm wide and up to 4.5 microns long, and were running in parallel wit ... | 1985 | 3922150 |
| the fox as a definitive host for sarcocystis rangi from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | | 1985 | 3929578 |
| parelaphostrongylus tenuis in captive reindeer and sable antelope. | parelaphostrongylus tenuis caused neurologic disease in 6 reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and 2 sable antelope (hippotragus niger) that were housed at the national zoological park conservation and research center in front royal, va. progressive hindlimb ataxia and weakness were seen in all affected animals. the parasite was recovered from the subdural space of one reindeer and was seen histologically within the neuropil of another reindeer and a sable antelope. in the other reindeer and sa ... | 1986 | 3957771 |
| central control of expired air temperature and other thermoregulatory effectors in reindeer. | norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were provided with chronically implanted hypothalamic perfusion thermodes to determine to what extent expired air temperature (tex) is centrally controlled. the effects that alterations of hypothalamic temperature (thy) had on metabolic heat production, respiratory frequency, respiratory evaporative heat loss, and rectal and leg-skin temperature were simultaneously recorded. experiments were conducted in conscious animals exposed to ambient tempera ... | 1985 | 4003579 |
| neurologic disease in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) introduced into ontario. | | 1971 | 5101968 |
| relationships between hormone-induced and compensatory weight changes in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | 1. in connection with a study of hormonal effects on food consumption in reindeer, weight changes during treatment were compared with weight changes during a 3-week period following treatment. 2. rates of weight change during the post-treatment period were inversely proportional to induced weight changes. 3. this inverse relationship is interpreted as evidence for a functional set-point for body weight in reindeer. | 1983 | 6130882 |
| effects of nutrition on seasonal changes in testosterone levels in young male reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | food restriction during autumn in male reindeer calves decreased peak testosterone levels at 4-6 months, and also at 16-17 months of age. peak testosterone levels at the age of 16-17 months were significantly correlated to body weight at 6 months but not to body weight at 16 months of age. there were small secondary testosterone peaks (1-3 ng/ml) in march or april in 11 of 16 animals. testosterone levels started to increase before summer solstice in 50% of the yearlings. | 1984 | 6143638 |
| humoral immunity and output of first-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi (nematoda, metastrongyloidea) by infected reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus. | the use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique demonstrated that serum from reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus, infected with elaphostrongylus rangiferi (nematoda, metastrongyloidea) contained antibodies directed against antigen(s) on the cuticle of the parasites first-stage larvae (l1). output of l1 from the male reindeer was low in the period june to august, but increased to a higher level during the rutting season (september to october). the titre of specific antibody showed an inverse ... | 1984 | 6371122 |
| glucuronidation in the reindeer: dietary modification in the udp-glucuronosyltransferase activity with 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol and phenolphthalein as acceptors. | the udp-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol and phenolphthalein was measured from the hepatic microsomes of the reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) after summer, autumn and winter feeding periods. the microsomes were digested with trypsin or digitonin. the udp-glucuronosyltransferase activity with 4-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol as aglycones was lower in reindeer on winter food than in ones on summer food after trypsin and digitonin digestion. the activity towards p ... | 1984 | 6440821 |
| plasma levels of progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) during pregnancy. | | 1983 | 6660164 |
| on the effects of nutrition on the metabolism of foreign compounds in the liver of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l). | the effects of seasonal feeding on the structure and function of the hepatic microsomes of the reindeer were studied. in native microsomes the protein content did not vary depending on seasonal feeding, but there was a slight modification of the lipid moiety. the sensitivity of microsomes to membrane treatments changed from season to season. seasonal feeding did not affect the hepatic cytochrome c reductase activity. however, the poor winter food depressed udpglucuronosyltransferase activity to ... | 1980 | 6768222 |
| ruminal microbial digestion in free-living, in captive lichen-fed, and in starved reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in winter. | in free-living (fl) reindeer eating a natural mixed winter diet dominated by lichens, captive (cf) reindeer fed pure lichens ad libitum, and cf reindeer subsequently starved for 1 day (cs1 reindeer) or 4 days (cs4 reindeer), the dominant rumen anaerobic bacteria were characterized, their population densities were estimated, and ruminal ph and volatile fatty acid concentrations were determined. in the fl reindeer, the total median viable anaerobic bacterial population ranged from 18 x 10(8) to 35 ... | 1995 | 7574599 |
| experimental studies of elaphostrongylus rangiferi in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): life cycle, pathogenesis, and pathology. | a total of 12 reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were given 200-1,000 infective larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 2 1/2-196 days post inoculation (p.i.). the larvae penetrated venules of the abomasal wall and followed the bloodstream via the liver to the lungs. in the lungs the larvae entered pulmonary venules and spread to all tissues via the general circulation. many larvae that lodged in arterial vessels outside the spinal cord migrated into the cord along the spina ... | 1994 | 7839758 |
| exercise-induced changes in blood composition of racing reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | the responses to near-maximal exercise before and after the training and racing season were examined in reindeer. the reindeer were tested when pulling a driver at a speed of 11-12 m/s for 600 m. the lactate responses were higher before than after training. similarly, the accumulation of uric acid, a breakdown product of atp, became attenuated after training. the serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids decreased or did not change after exercise, although an increase in the glycerol con ... | 1994 | 7977847 |
| rabies antibody titres in vaccinated reindeer. | one dose of inactivated, adjuvanted rabies vaccine of cell culture origin (rabisin) induced good but short-duration immunity in close to 100% of the 50 semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) vaccinated. most of the animals (44) had rabies virus antibody titre > or = 1.5 iu/ml at 38 days after vaccination. five animals had titre 0.5 iu. antibody titres were not, however, present 1 year after primary vaccination in most animals. about 1 year (360-413 days) after primary vaccina ... | 1993 | 8266898 |
| transmission of brucellosis from reindeer to cattle. | sixteen reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) naturally infected with brucella suis biovar 4 were penned with 6 male and 2 female cattle for 30 days, then removed and euthanatized. during this period, 5 reindeer had fawns, and 2 reindeer aborted. brucella suis biovar 4 was recovered from all adult reindeer at necropsy. nine reindeer had b suis biovar 4 in uterus, udder, and/or milk. the cattle were euthanatized 2 months after the reindeer were removed. clinical or pathologic signs of disease wer ... | 1993 | 8407493 |
| selective brain cooling in resting and exercising norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | the threshold body core temperature for selective brain cooling (sbc) as well as the slope of brain cooling were determined in three norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) during rest and during exercise. brain temperature was measured in the hypothalamus (thypo) and blood temperature (tblood) was measured either in the right carotid artery or in a few cases in the right atrium of the heart. during rest the animals were subjected to ramp-like increases of tblood by means of a thermostat ... | 1993 | 8475756 |
| an sem study of the morphology of the lower respiratory-tract surface of the reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | the morphological features of the surface of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, bronchiolus, distal airways, and alveoli) from 10 reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.), differing in age and sex, were studied using scanning-electron microscopy. the respiratory surface of the reindeer generally resembles that reported previously in similar studies for other mammalian species. ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, microvillous cells, clara cells, alveolar epithelial cells of type ... | 1995 | 8546323 |
| plasma concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol, lh and 15-ketodihydro-pgf2 alpha in norwegian semi-domestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) during their first reproductive season. | blood samples were collected from eleven 1.5 year old female reindeer three times a week from september 1992 until february 1993 and daily in october and november 1992. blood samples were collected every third hour for a period of three weeks from two females that showed regular oestrous cycles. plasma progesterone, oestradiol, lh and 15-ketodihydro-pgf2 alpha were analysed to characterize variations in ovarian function. reindeer are seasonally polyoestrous. average duration of oestrous cycles w ... | 1995 | 8568776 |
| genetic variation in domestic reindeer and wild caribou in alaska. | reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were introduced into alaska 100 years ago and have been maintained as semidomestic livestock. they have had contact with wild caribou (r.t.granti) herds, including deliberate crossbreeding and mixing in the wild. reindeer have considerable potential as a domestic animal for meat or velvet antler production, and wild caribou are important to subsistence and sport hunters. our objective was to quantify the genetic relationships of reindeer and caribou in alask ... | 1995 | 8572366 |
| the morphology and pathology of besnoitia sp. in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | four of five reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) obtained from a besnoitia sp.- infected herd at the assiniboine park zoo in winnipeg, manitoba, canada, in october 1989, had evidence of mild dermatitis over the articular surfaces of carpal and tarsal joints. cysts of besnoitia sp., either surrounded by inflammatory reactions or without evident host response, were present within the dermis, submucosa of the nasal turbinates, periosteum, tendons, testes and hooves. the light microscopic and hist ... | 1995 | 8592351 |
| application of a competitive elisa for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants. | a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), using a group-specific monoclonal antibody against bluetongue virus (btv), was applied to detect anti-btv antibodies in serum samples from two llamas (llama glama) experimentally infected with btv serotype 10. antibodies were detected in both llamas by 1 wk or 2 wk post-infection. antibodies to btv increased exponentially during the first 4 wk in both llamas and stabilized at an elevated level during the remaining 5-wk-period of the expe ... | 1995 | 8592352 |
| the effect of blood sampling on plasma cortisol in female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l). | | 1995 | 8669387 |
| experimental tick-borne fever infection in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | | 1996 | 8799988 |
| influence of diet on the occurrence of intraepithelial microabscesses and foreign bodies in the ruminal mucosa of reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | the forestomach mucosa was examined for pathological lesions in 12 healthy free-ranging reindeer calves at different seasons, and in 32 reindeer calves fed lichen (n = 3), baled grass silage (n = 24) or pelleted feed (n = 5). no gross lesions were seen. samples for histology were taken from reticulum, omasum and four sites in rumen. in histological sections a total of 182 intraepithelial microabscesses (iemas) and 16 foreign body lesions (fbls) were observed in the ruminal mucosa, while 1 iema w ... | 1997 | 9274144 |
| reversal of medetomidine-induced sedation in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) with atipamezole increases the medetomidine concentration in plasma. | the pharmacokinetics of two potent alpha 2-adrenoceptor agents that can be used for immobilization (medetomidine) and reversal (atipamezole) of the sedation in mammals, were studied in three reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in winter and again in summer. medetomidine (60 micrograms/kg) was injected intravenously (i.v.), followed by atipamezole (300 micrograms/kg) intravenously 60 min later. drug concentrations in plasma were measured by hplc. the administration of atipamezole resulted in an ... | 1997 | 9350254 |
| plasma magnesium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus in norwegian semi-domestic female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) on winter pastures. | altogether 1645 blood plasma samples were collected from 2 reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l) herds in northern norway (magerøy and sørøy), and from 2 herds in southern norway (filefjell and lom) during the period from 1992 through 1995. except for 2 subsets of samples from lom (n = 51 and 56) all samples were collected on winter pasture between january and early march. the herds were of varying nutritional status, the lom herd being regarded to be among the best in the country in this rega ... | 1997 | 9503672 |
| increase in gamma delta t cells in the ruminal mucosa of reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) induced by baled grass silage. | leukocytes in the forestomach mucosa of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) were investigated by immunoperoxidase staining of cryostat sections, using monoclonal antibodies against antigens on sheep leukocytes. mucosal samples from three free-ranging reindeer calves were compared with samples from three calves fed baled grass silage previously shown to induce increased frequency of lesions in the ruminal epithelium. in both groups, mhc-ii + cells and gamma delta t cells were observed, locat ... | 1997 | 9533277 |
| annual serum picp and ictp and antler growth in female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | annual cycle of type i collagen formation and degradation and antler growth was studied in six adult female reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus. blood samples were collected twice a week during 1 year. antler length was measured weekly during the antler growth period. an assay for human picp, the carboxyterminal propeptide of type i procollagen, was used as an indicator of type i collagen formation and an assay for bovine ictp, the carboxyterminal telopeptide of type i collagen, as an indicator ... | 1999 | 10327601 |
| pregnancy status of reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus) on two occasions during the winter season. | | 1999 | 10418200 |
| antibiotic treatment and post-handling survival of reindeer calves in alaska. | free ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) are driven into corral systems and handled each summer on the seward peninsula (alaska, usa). during june and july of 1995-96 reindeer calves were inspected for injury, handled, weighed, and randomly treated with long-acting oxytetracycline. calves that returned to subsequent handlings within the same year, received treatment only if they had been treated during their first handling. the effects of prophylactic antibiotic treatment and other fac ... | 1999 | 10574533 |
| comparison of plasma progesterone, transrectal ultrasound and pregnancy specific proteins (pspb) used for pregnancy diagnosis in reindeer. | the study aimed to compare plasma progesterone concentrations, rectal ultrasonography and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb) used for pregnancy diagnosis in reindeer. a total of 1,595 blood plasma samples were collected between 1991 and 1996 from 3 semidomestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herds on the norwegian mainland (magerøy, sørøy, filefjell) and from 92 wild svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). samples were collected between january and l ... | 1999 | 10605131 |
| effects of seasonal photoperiod on serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium in reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus. | in order to understand the effects of solar irradiance on calcium metabolism we measured serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and total calcium levels monthly in 6 female nonpregnant reindeer maintained in the oulu area (65 degrees n). mean monthly serum total calcium levels varied slightly and the highest levels were seen in october. serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels were highest in october but the monthly variation was also slight. the small monthly variation of the analytes' abundance and the ... | 2000 | 10850005 |
| effects of immobilization with medetomidine and reversal with atipamezole on blood chemistry of semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) in autumn and late winter. | blood chemistry was studied in 8 adult female reindeer, of which 5 were pregnant. half of them received only medetomidine (150 micrograms/kg i.m.) and half of them medetomidine and atipamezole (750 micrograms/kg) in march. three weeks later the drug regimens were reversed. the same procedure was carried out during the next september and october. seasonal differences in pretreatment values could be seen in serum urea, phosphorous, and cholesterol, with the highest concentrations during the autumn ... | 1999 | 10918903 |
| functional anatomy of the omasum in high arctic svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | the structure and fill of the omasum was investigated in summer and in winter in adult female reindeer living on the polar desert and tundra of the high arctic archipelago of svalbard and in sub-arctic mountain habitats in northern norway. the mean total mass of the omasum in non-lactating adult female svalbard reindeer was 467 g (0.65 g per 100 g live body mass (bm)) in september and 477 g (1.03 g per 100 g bm) in april. by contrast, the mean mass of the omasum in non-lactating adult reindeer i ... | 2000 | 10920474 |
| panting in reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | two winter-insulated norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were exposed to air temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 38 degrees c while standing at rest in a climatic chamber. the direction of airflow through nose and mouth, and the total and the nasal minute volumes, respectively, were determined during both closed- and open-mouth panting. the animals alternated between closed- and open-mouth panting, but the proportion of open-mouth panting increased with increasing heat load. the shifts f ... | 2000 | 11003983 |
| seasonal changes in heart rate and food intake in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | this study tested the hypothesis that the annual cycle in heart rate (hr) in reindeer is, at least in part, a consequence of seasonal fluctuation in voluntary-food intake. heart rate and daily dry matter voluntary-food intake (ddmvfi) were recorded in two captive female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from april 1995 to august 1996. heart rate was measured continuously in each animal for 20-24 h for 7 days each month using polar(r) sport testers (pst); ddmvfi was measured in each animal da ... | 2000 | 11114952 |
| the effect of wintertime undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of leg bone marrow fats in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | we studied the effects of wintertime undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of bone marrow triacylglycerols (tags) of legs in freely-ranging reindeer calves (<1 year) and adult hinds by comparing reindeer in poor condition slaughtered in february with reindeer in good condition slaughtered in october. significant reductions were found in the proportions of the major monounsaturated fatty acid, or oleic acid, and in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in the femur tags of the undernourished ... | 2001 | 11163305 |
| determination of optimal immobilizing doses of a medetomidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combination in captive reindeer. | to establish optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine hydrochloride (med) with ketamine hydrochloride (ket) for hand- and dart-administered injections in captive reindeer. | 2001 | 11197548 |
| evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay and comparison to other serological assays for detection of brucellosis in cervids. | the complement fixation test (cft), competitive enzyme immunoassay (celisa), indirect enzyme immunoassay (ielisa) and fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) were evaluated for the detection of antibodies to brucella abortus and brucella suis biotype 4 in caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), elk (cervus elapus), red deer (cervus elapus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). when combining the data the fpa and the celisa were determined to be the most suitable tests for serodiagnosis of cervi ... | 2001 | 11272484 |
| clinical evaluation of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | to evaluate clinical effects and repeatability of clinical effects for an optimal immobilizing dose of a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (med) and ketamine hydrochloride (ket) in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | 2001 | 11277207 |
| muscle fibre growth in undernourished reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) during winter. | to study whether moderate under-nutrition causes muscle wasting, reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) calves were fed either pelleted reindeer feed ad libitum (n=8) or restricted amounts of lichens (n=8). the restricted amount was 60% of ad libitum intake of lichens, and the feeding period was 6 weeks preceded by a 2-week adjustment period. biopsy samples from the middle gluteal muscle (m. gluteus medius) for the analysis of fibre composition and area, as well as for the activity of cathepsi ... | 2001 | 11423319 |
| hearing in reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | the audiogram of two yearling male reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were determined using a conditioned suppression/avoidance procedure. during testing, the animal was drinking from a metal bowl while pure tone signals were played at random intervals and followed by an electric shock in the bowl. by breaking contact with the bowl at sound signals, the animal avoided the shock. the animals detected sounds at intensities of 60 db or less from 70 hz to 38 khz. the frequency range of best sensi ... | 2001 | 11467499 |
| parapoxvirus infection in norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | | 2001 | 11601519 |
| plasma urea, creatinine, and urea: creatinine ratio in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and in svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) during defined feeding conditions and in the field. | variation in plasma urea and creatinine concentration and plasma urea:creatinine ratio (u:c) were studied in semidomestic free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) on the norwegian mainland, in wild svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), and in captive reindeer maintained either on a lichen-based diet or a protein-rich concentrate to investigate whether these parameters could be used as indicators of the nutritional status of reindeer. in the mainland animals, plasma creat ... | 2001 | 11731982 |
| effect of moderate wintertime undernutrition on fatty acid composition of adipose tissues of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | we studied the effect of moderate undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in reindeer calves (<1 year) between early winter and late spring. calves studied in early winter (december) had grazed on natural pastures and were in good condition, while the calves in spring (april) had been maintained on a negative energy balance since december, had lost approximately 16% of body weight and were in a moderate undernutritional state. the fatty acid composition of total lipids in ... | 2002 | 12020656 |
| genotypically unique babesia spp. isolated from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in the united states. | two morphologically dissimilar babesia spp. were cultured from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in placer county, calif. the smaller isolate, designated rd61, was morphologically similar to babesia odocoilei. serum from rd61-infected reindeer reacted equally strongly to b. odocoilei and rd61 parasites in the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene-sequence analysis showed 99.0% identity to that of b. odocoilei. the larger piroplasm, designated r ... | 2002 | 12049456 |
| wet belly in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in relation to body condition, body temperature and blood constituents. | wet belly, when the reindeer becomes wet over the lower parts of the thorax and abdomen, sometimes occurs in reindeer during feeding. in a feeding experiment, 11 out of 69 reindeer were affected by wet belly. the problem was first observed in 7 animals during a period of restricted feed intake. when the animals were then fed standard rations, 3 additional animals fed only silage, and 1 fed pellets and silage, became wet. four animals died and 1 had to be euthanized. to investigate why reindeer d ... | 2002 | 12173506 |
| toxin types of clostridium perfringens isolated from free-ranging, semi-domesticated reindeer in norway. | samples of faeces were taken from 166 healthy domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from three flocks in different reindeer husbandry districts in northern norway and examined bacteriologically for the presence of clostridium perfringens. the organism was isolated from 98 (59 per cent) of the reindeer. the isolates were classified into c perfringens toxin types by pcr analysis specific for the genes encoding the four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and tau) and were subclassified ... | 2002 | 12211393 |
| cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a moose in norway. | a case of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a young adult moose (alces alces) from telemark county, southeastern norway, is described. the moose was found by bird hunters during january, displaying signs of severe posterior paresis. it was killed and submitted for autopsy. the carcass was emaciated, and there were skin excoriations and subcutaneous edema over both metacarpi. histopathologic examination revealed traumatic malacia throughout the spinal cord and meningeal accumulations of mononuclear i ... | 2002 | 12528451 |
| echinococcus granulosus in finland. | echinococcus granulosus is shown to occur in eastern finland in a sylvatic cycle involving wolves (canis lupus) as the definitive host and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and probably also elk (alces alces) and the wild forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus) as intermediate hosts. even though the prevalence of e. granulosus in reindeer has increased in recent years, it is still very low (<0.013%). the results suggest, however, that the reindeer is a good sentinel animal to show the c ... | 2003 | 12531293 |
| naturally acquired babesiosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herd in great britain. | a provisional diagnosis of babesiosis was made in a reindeer herd in scotland when seven animals died during 1997 and 1998. additional clinical cases occurred, but the animals recovered after treatment. thirty-one reindeer from the herd were tested for the prevalence of exposure to babesia by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using a bovine isolate of babesia divergens that had been passaged through gerbils. infection rates were determined by giemsa-stained blood smears. in addition, molecu ... | 2003 | 12541061 |
| medetomidine-ketamine in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): effective immobilization by hand- and dart-administered injection. | twelve reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were immobilized by hand injection in indoor stalls with established optimal hand-injection doses of medetomidine-ketamine and then moved to outside paddocks where they were immobilized again with the same dose by dart. the reindeer in paddocks were immobilized a second time with a 50% higher dose, hereafter referred to as the optimal darting dose. mean time to first sign of sedation was longer and mean induction time was significantly longer (55% and ... | 2002 | 12564542 |
| ribosomal rna analysis of babesia odocoilei isolates from farmed reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in wisconsin. | piroplasms isolated from a farmed reindeer and elk in wisconsin were determined to be babesia odocoilei, based on morphology and ribosomal rna (rrna) analysis. different clinical manifestations were observed in the two host species. the reindeer was parasitemic and exhibited acute babesiosis resulting in death, while the elk showed no parasites in blood smears and no overt clinical signs of babesiosis. b. odocoilei was, however, readily cultured from elk erythrocytes. small subunit rrna gene seq ... | 2003 | 14505046 |
| genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from domestic and exotic ruminants and swine. | clostridium perfringens types a, b, c, d and e are known to cause severe enteritis/enterotoxaemia and diseases (especially caused by type a) belonging to the gas oedema complex in many species. samples from the small intestine as well as faeces of domestic and exotic animals suffering from enterotoxaemic signs or having died within days after first occurance of toxaemia were submitted for typing c. perfringens toxovars by multiplex pcr. the following species have been investigated: domestic shee ... | 2003 | 14535937 |
| ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis and measurements of fetal size in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | transrectal or transabdominal examinations of 13 pluriparous reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) by ultrasonography from the start of mating until week 20 of gestation were conducted to find out when pregnancy could first be detected and to describe fetal development in early pregnancy. the examinations (n=35 per animal) were performed with a 5 mhz linear transducer from 7th october until 1st january and with a 3 mhz sector transducer from that time until 24th february. time of pregnancy diagn ... | 2004 | 14698066 |
| antibodies to ruminant alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses in norwegian cervids. | a serologic survey revealed that norwegian populations of free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), and moose (alces alces) have been exposed to alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses. a total of 3,796 serum samples collected during the period 1993-2000 were tested in a neutralization test for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) or cervid herpesvirus 2 (cerhv-2), and 3,897 samples were tested by a neutralization test ... | 2003 | 14733272 |
| [differences in the seroprevalence of salmonella spp. in free-ranging and corralled semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in finland]. | serum samples from 1032 semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from finland were examined for the occurrence of salmonella-antibodies by use of an indirect elisa. the majority of samples originated from clinically healthy slaughter reindeer, kept extensively (n = 802; year of sampling: 1996). the remaining samples (n = 230) came from a research herd, permanently kept intensively, with repeated outbreaks of diarrhoea. in this study, 29 of the examined serum samples showed an od a ... | 2003 | 14746057 |
| the effect of blood sampling method on indicators of physiological stress in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | the effects of manual blood sampling and remote blood sampling using automatic blood sampling equipment (abse) on plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations were studied on eight adult female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). contemporary body temperatures and heart rates were also recorded to determine their utility as other possible stress indicators. the animals were blood sampled once every hour with abse on 9-10 may and then by manual blood sampling on 13-14 may. animals were als ... | 2004 | 14757182 |
| polygynous mating impairs body condition and homeostasis in male reindeer ( rangifer tarandus tarandus). | reindeer are polygynous ruminants that breed when plant growth declines in the arctic. we studied seven males (2 years and older) in two herds with a total of 34 females to describe the costs and consequences of mating or rut. body mass declined between september and november and did not recover through winter even though food was available ad libitum. dominance did not affect body mass or any correlate of mass loss, indicating similar costs of rut among males. males lost 34% of ingesta-free mas ... | 2004 | 14986044 |
| seroprevalence of salmonella spp. in wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in iceland. | | 2004 | 15074765 |
| serologic survey for antibodies against mycobacterium a vium subsp. paratuberculosis in free-ranging cervids from norway. | affinity between protein-g and immunoglobulins from red deer (cervus elaphus), moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) was tested in a competition binding assay. sera from red deer, reindeer, and moose inhibited the assay less than sera from cattle (less affinity), whereas sera from roe deer showed a slightly higher affinity to protein-g than did sera from cattle. the conclusion was made that protein-g could be used instead of anti-species a ... | 2004 | 15137486 |
| recent isolates of parapoxvirus of finnish reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) are closely related to bovine pseudocowpox virus. | cases of papular stomatitis in finnish reindeer have been reported for many years. the causative agent was thought to be orf virus (orfv), one of the parapoxviridae, although this assumption was based mainly on clinical symptoms, pathology and electron microscopy. here sequence analyses of the viral dna isolated from a recent outbreak of disease in 1999-2000 are presented in comparison to that isolated from earlier outbreaks in 1992-1994. the results show that the virus isolated from the 1999-20 ... | 2004 | 15166423 |
| ovarian and placental production of progesterone and oestradiol during pregnancy in reindeer. | we obtained uterine and peripheral venous plasma, and samples of luteal and placental tissues from 2- to 7-year-old, eurasian mountain reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from a free-living, semi-domesticated herd in northern norway in november 1995, and february and march 1996. in november, ovarian venous blood was also collected from four animals. plasma samples were assayed for progesterone and oestradiol. the tissue samples were examined by light and electron microscopy, steroid dehydrogen ... | 2005 | 15556317 |
| endocrinology of pregnancy and early pregnancy detection by reproductive hormones in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | the endocrinology was studied throughout pregnancy in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) located in oulu, finland (65 degrees n, 25 degrees e) with 13 captive, semi domestic adult females. blood samples were analyzed for plasma progesterone (p4), estradiol (e2) and estrone sulphate (e1so4), 15-ketodihydro-pgf2alpha (pg-metabolite) and pregnancy associated glycoproteins (pag). the mean plasma p4 concentration peaked twice during gestation: at around 24 and three weeks prior to calving. in preg ... | 2005 | 15763117 |
| effects of natural winter pasture and commercial pellet on the ultrastructure of small intestinal epithelium in reindeer. | segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) from slaughtered reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) grazing natural winter pastures (n=3) and reindeer fed commercially available pellets (rf-80) in winter (n=5) were collected and immediately fixed in mcdowell's fixative. transmission electron microscopy was employed to investigate the ultrastructural features of the epithelium and lamina propria along the small intestine and to relate these to the different diets. major differences i ... | 2005 | 15778852 |
| dynamics of antibodies against hypodermin c in reindeer infested with the reindeer warble fly, hypoderma tarandi. | serum samples from 25 reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were assayed for antibody against hypodermin c (hyc) using an elisa. nineteen animals were calves (born in 1998, 1999 or 2001) and six were adults (3-10 years old at first blood collection). the samples were collected over periods of 4 months (calves born in 2001) or 27 months (adults and calves born in 1998 and 1999), the latter encompassing three hypoderma tarandi infestation seasons. the calves received antibodies against hyc from th ... | 2005 | 15845288 |
| expression of mct1, mct2 and mct4 in the rumen, small intestine and liver of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | the expression of monocarboxylate transporters mct1, mct2 and mct4 in the rumen, small intestine and liver was examined in free-ranging and captive reindeer. in addition, expression of chaperone protein cd147, which is needed for the activity of mct1 and mct4, was studied in the rumen of suckling calves. immunoblotting of cell membrane proteins showed the expression of mct1 and mct4, but not that of mct2 in the rumen of reindeer. in free-ranging reindeer the amount of mct1 was higher than in the ... | 2005 | 15953554 |
| characterisation of parapoxviruses isolated from norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | two outbreaks of the disease contagious ecthyma were reported in 1999 and 2000 in norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). contagious ecthyma is an epidermal disease of sheep and goats worldwide, which is caused by the zoonotic parapoxvirus orf virus. characterisation of clinical samples from the two outbreaks in semi-domesticated reindeer in norway by electron microscopy and pcr (b2l) revealed typical parapoxvirus particles and partial gene sequences corresponding to p ... | 2005 | 16143041 |
| variation of plasma protein parameters in four free-ranging reindeer herds and in captive reindeer under defined feeding conditions. | plasma total protein (tp), albumin (alb) and globulin (glob) concentrations and albumin/globulin ratio (a/g) were analysed from blood samples collected from free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herds at varying times of year. the same parameters were followed in nine captive reindeer with varying protein and energy intake. variation in the blood constituents of free-ranging reindeer was analysed in relation to different extrinsic and intrinsic factors and compared to findings from ... | 2005 | 16325441 |
| evidence of tick-borne organisms in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from the western united states. | free-ranging mule deer (md; odocoileus hemionus) from arizona and california were tested for evidence of infection with several tick-borne pathogens, including species of ehrlichia, anaplasma, babesia, and borrelia. of 125 mule deer tested from arizona, 29 (23%) and 11 (9%) had antibodies reactive to e. chaffeensis and a. phagocytophilum by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing, respectively; none of the six md tested from california were seropositive. using a commercial competitive elisa ... | 2005 | 16417431 |
| new ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for babesia odocoilei (emerson and wright 1970). | babesia odocoilei was found to infect two previously unknown host species, desert bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis nelsoni) and musk oxen (ovibos moschatus), both of which are members of the family bovidae. previously, b. odocoilei has been reported in only cervidae hosts. new geographic regions where b. odocoilei infections have not been reported previously include pennsylvania and new york, where fatal babesiosis has occurred in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus); new hampshire, where elk (ce ... | 2005 | 16456156 |
| body protein stores and isotopic indicators of n balance in female reindeer (rangifer tarandus) during winter. | we studied bred and unbred female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) during 12 wk of winter when ambient temperatures were low and nitrogen (n) demand for fetal growth is highest in pregnant females. animals were fed a complete pelleted diet ad lib. that contained 2.54% n in dry matter that was 80% +/- 2% (x +/- sd) digestible. female reindeer lost 64% +/- 14% of body fat but gained 34% +/- 11% of lean mass from 10 wk prepartum to parturition. these changes were equivalent to average balances ... | 2006 | 16691528 |
| mitochondrial dna and microsatellite dna variation in domestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and relationships with wild caribou (rangifer tarandus granti, rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, and rangifer tarandus caribou). | reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in alaska are semidomestic livestock descended from 1280 animals introduced from siberia, russia, approximately 100 years ago. genetic variation at 18 microsatellite dna loci and the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was quantified in reindeer from alaska, siberia (russia), and scandinavia and compared with wild north american caribou. mean sequence divergence among 15 mtdna haplotypes in reindeer was 0.007 substitutions per nucleotide site, and ... | 2006 | 16837563 |
| campylobacter spp., enterococcus spp., escherichia coli, salmonella spp., yersinia spp., and cryptosporidium oocysts in semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in northern finland and norway. | the specific aim of this study was to assess the faecal shedding of zoonotic enteropathogens by semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) to deduce the potential risk to human health through modern reindeer herding. in total, 2,243 faecal samples of reindeer from northern regions of finland and norway were examined for potentially enteropathogenic bacteria (campylobacter species, enterococcus species, escherichia coli, salmonella species and yersinia species) and parasites (cryptos ... | 2006 | 16987403 |
| a 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of cervids kept in two zoos in belgium. | infections with helminths are a major health issue in captive and wild deer. in this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in nine cervid herds kept under different husbandry conditions at two sites. at site 1, an urban zoo, fecal egg counts remained low and no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were seen in the herds of fallow deer (dama dama), dybowski's deer (cervus nippon dybowski), pudu (pudu pudu), and ... | 2005 | 17312767 |
| genetic characterisation of six sarcocystis species from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in norway based on the small subunit rrna gene. | six sarcocystis species, i.e. sarcocystis grueneri, sarcocystis rangi, sarcocystis tarandivulpes, sarcocystis hardangeri, sarcocystis rangiferi and sarcocystis tarandi have previously been described from reindeer based on sarcocyst morphology. in order to validate and expand the species descriptions, the complete small subunit (ssu) rrna gene was sequenced and used to genetically characterise the six species. the aim was to reveal possible genetic variation in the ssu rrna gene within each sarco ... | 2007 | 17416466 |