| incompetent relationship between coxsackievirus a6 ribonucleic acid and mouse cells. | | 1967 | 4290946 |
| poliovirus vaccine strains detected in stool specimens of immunodeficient children in south africa. | after exposure to the oral poliovirus vaccine (opv), immunocompetent persons excrete poliovirus (pv) vaccine strains for a limited period. in contrast, immunodeficient individuals remain sometimes chronically infected, and in some cases, pv excretion times as long as 10 years have been reported. during prolonged replication in the human intestine, the pv vaccine strain almost invariably reverts its attenuated character and acquires neurovirulent properties (vaccine-derived pvs, or vdpvs), which ... | 2006 | 16290028 |
| direct identification of human enterovirus serotypes in cerebrospinal fluid by amplification and sequencing of the vp1 region. | human enteroviruses (hev) are a major cause of meningitis and other neurological disease. identification of hev serotypes in clinical cases is important for monitoring emergence of more pathogenic variants, epidemiological surveillance and investigating sources of infection. serotype identification is currently problematic following the widespread adoption of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based methods for hev detection in place of virus culture. | 2009 | 19135410 |
| coxsackievirus a6 and hand, foot, and mouth disease, finland. | during fall 2008, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) with onychomadesis (nail shedding) as a common feature occurred in finland. we identified an unusual enterovirus type, coxsackievirus a6 (cva6), as the causative agent. cva6 infections may be emerging as a new and major cause of epidemic hfmd. | 2009 | 19788821 |
| [etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in guangzhou in 2008]. | to understand the etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in guangzhou area in 2008. | 2010 | 20426938 |
| comparative genomic analysis of coxsackievirus a6 strains of different clinical disease entities. | studies regarding coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infection were limited. in taiwan, outbreaks of cva6 occurred in 2009 and 2010, respectively, but the clinical manifestations were markedly different. we conducted a study to compare the clinical features and genomic sequence between the two years. | 2012 | 23300669 |
| a child with acute encephalopathy associated with quadruple viral infection. | pediatric acute encephalopathy (ae) was sometimes attributed to virus infection. however, viral infection does not always result in ae. the risk factors for developing infantile ae upon virus infection remain to be determined. here, we report an infant with ae co-infected with human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) and three picornaviruses, including coxsackievirus a6 (cva6), enterovirus d68 (ev-d68), and human parechovirus (hpev). ev-d68 was vertically transmitted to the infant from his mother. cva6 and h ... | 2015 | 25883930 |
| characterization of coxsackievirus a6- and enterovirus 71-associated hand foot and mouth disease in beijing, china, from 2013 to 2015. | etiology surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in beijing showed that coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) became the major pathogen of hfmd in 2013 and 2015. in order to understand the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of cva6-associated hfmd, a comparison study among cva6-, ev71- (enterovirus 71), and cva16- (coxsackievirus a16) associated hfmd was performed. | 2016 | 27065963 |
| molecular epidemiology of enterovirus and parechovirus infections according to patient age over a 4-year period in spain. | the epidemiology and clinical association of enterovirus (ev) and parechovirus (hpev) infections, as well as the type-distribution-according-to-age, were determined during a 4-year study period in spain. during 2010-2013, a total of 21,832 clinical samples were screened for ev and the detection frequency was 6.5% (1,430). of the total ev-negative samples, only 1,873 samples from 2011 to 2013 were available for hpev testing. hpev was detected in 42 (2%) of them. positive samples were genotyped us ... | 2017 | 27505281 |
| seroepidemiology of coxsackievirus a6, coxsackievirus a16, and enterovirus 71 infections in infants and children: a prospective cohort study in jiangsu, china. | | 2016 | 27546063 |
| outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6 in a juku in fengtai district, beijing, china, 2015. | an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) that occurred in a juku in fengtai district, beijing, china, in 2015 was monitored by the china information system for disease control and prevention. epidemiological investigation showed that 11 cases occurred from two classes in the preschool art training department in the juku. coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) was identified as the causative pathogen of the outbreak via sequences analysis of products of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase ch ... | 2016 | 27733967 |
| atypical hand, foot and mouth disease in adults associated with coxsackievirus a6: a clinico-pathologic study. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious illness most commonly occurring in children 5 years old or younger. the most common cause of hfmd in the united states is coxsackievirus a16. hfmd is uncommon in adults, and may show other atypical features including a broader spectrum of cutaneous involvement and a greater degree of severity. | 2016 | 27445155 |
| a molecular approach applied to enteroviruses surveillance in northern taiwan, 2008-2012. | traditional methods for detection and serotyping of enterovirus infections are virus isolation and immunofluorescence assay (vi-ifa), which are labor-intensive and time-consuming. recently, vp1 gene has been targeted to develop a codehop-based rt-pcr (vp1-codehop) for the same purpose. in this study, we conducted a 5-year enterovirus surveillance comparing the vi-ifa and vp1-codehop tests. throat swabs were collected from 431 pediatric patients and 208(48%) and 250(58%) were tested positive by t ... | 2016 | 27907198 |
| in vivo imaging with bioluminescent enterovirus 71 allows for real-time visualization of tissue tropism and viral spread. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a reemerging illness caused by a variety of enteroviruses. the main causative agents are enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), and, most recently, coxsackievirus a6 (cva6). enterovirus infections can vary from asymptomatic infections to those with a mild fever and blisters on infected individuals' hands, feet, and throats to infections with severe neurological complications. viral persistence for weeks postinfection (wpi) has also been documen ... | 2017 | 27974562 |
| a case of eczema coxsackium with erythema multiforme-like histopathology in a 14-year-old boy with chronic graft-versus-host disease. | | 2017 | 28203622 |
| a neonatal murine model of coxsackievirus a6 infection for evaluation of antiviral and vaccine efficacy. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a global health concern. family picornaviridae members, particularly enterovirus 71 (eva71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), are the primary etiological agents of hfmd, however, a third enterovirus a species, coxsackievirusa6 (cva6), has been recently associated with epidemic outbreaks. study of the pathogenesis of cva6 infection and development of antivirals and vaccines are hindered due to the lack of appropriate animal models. we have developed and charac ... | 2017 | 28250116 |
| outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease/herpangina associated with coxsackievirus a6 and a10 infections in 2010, france: a large citywide, prospective observational study. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina (ha) are frequently caused by several distinct serotypes belonging to the human enterovirus a species (heva). enterovirus 71 is considered as a significant public health threat because of rare but fatal neurological complications. a sentinel surveillance system involving paediatricians from clermont-ferrand (france) was set up to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hfmd/ha associated with enterovirus infections. a stand ... | 2012 | 22404077 |
| emergence, circulation, and spatiotemporal phylogenetic analysis of coxsackievirus a6- and coxsackievirus a10-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease infections from 2008 to 2012 in shenzhen, china. | sporadic hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks and other infectious diseases in recent years have frequently been associated with certain human enterovirus (hev) serotypes. this study explored the prevalences and genetic characteristics of non-hev71 and non-coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) human enterovirus-associated hfmd infections in shenzhen, china. a total of 2,411 clinical stool specimens were collected from hospital-based surveillance for hfmd from 2008 to 2012. the detection of hev w ... | 2013 | 23966496 |
| prospect and challenges for the development of multivalent vaccines against hand, foot and mouth diseases. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), an emerging neurotropic virus and coxsackieviruses (cv) are the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth diseases (hfmd). these viruses have become a serious public health threat in the asia pacific region. formalin-inactivated ev71 (fi-ev71) vaccines have been developed, evaluated in human clinical trials and were found to elicit full protection against ev71. their failure to prevent cva16 infections could compromise the acceptability of monovalent ev71 vaccines. bi ... | 2014 | 25218294 |
| is a multivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine feasible? | enterovirus a infections are the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in infants and young children. although enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) are the predominant causes of hfmd epidemics worldwide, ev-a71 has emerged as a major neurovirulent virus responsible for severe neurological complications and fatal outcomes. hfmd is a serious health threat and economic burden across the asia-pacific region. inactivated ev-a71 vaccines have elicited protection again ... | 2015 | 26009802 |
| [gene characterization of the vp1 region of coxsackievirus a4 from herpangina cases in shenzhen of china]. | to analyze the phylogeny of the vp1 region of coxsackie virus a4 (cva4) from herpangina cases of shenzhen in 2012 and 2014. | 2015 | 26081506 |
| fourteen types of co-circulating recombinant enterovirus were associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in children from wenzhou, china. | although hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a major public concern in china, the prevalence and clinical symptoms associated with the different agents of hfmd in this country remain poorly understood. | 2015 | 26305816 |
| immunological and biochemical characterizations of coxsackievirus a6 and a10 viral particles. | childhood exanthema caused by different serotypes of coxsackievirus (cv-a) and enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) has become a serious global health problem; it is commonly known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). current ev-a71 vaccine clinical trials have demonstrated that human antibody responses generated by ev-a71 vaccinations do not cross-neutralize coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16). an effective multivalent hfmd vaccine is urgently needed. from molecular epidemiological studies in southeast asia, c ... | 2016 | 26899790 |
| meteorological factors affect the hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic in qingdao, china, 2007-2014. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) has caused public health concerns worldwide. we aimed to investigate the effect of meteorological factors on the hfmd epidemic in qingdao, a port city in china. a total of 78641 cases were reported in qingdao between january 2007 and december 2014. of those, 71084 (90·39%) occurred in children aged 0-5 years, with an incidence of 1691·2/100000. the incidence increased from early spring, peaked between spring and summer, and decreased in late summer. aetiologi ... | 2016 | 27018924 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd): emerging epidemiology and the need for a vaccine strategy. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious viral disease and mainly affects infants and young children. the main manifestations are fever, vesicular rashes on hand, feet and buttocks and ulcers in the oral mucosa. usually, hfmd is self-limiting, but a small proportion of children may experience severe complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and neurorespiratory syndrome. historically, outbreaks of hfmd were mainly caused by two enteroviruses: the coxsack ... | 2016 | 27406374 |
| ev-a71 vaccine licensure: a first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control hfmd and other severe diseases. | enteroviruses (evs) are the most common viral agents in humans. although most infections are mild or asymptomatic, there is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may be caused by ev infections with varying degrees of severity. among these viruses, ev-a71 and coxsackievirus (cv) cv-a16 from group a evs attract the most attention because they are responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). other ev-a viruses such as cv-a6 and cv-a10 were also reported to cause hfmd outbreaks in ... | 2016 | 27436364 |
| impact of genetic changes, pathogenicity and antigenicity on enterovirus- a71 vaccine development. | enterovirus-a71 (ev-a71) is an etiological agent of the hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). ev-a71 infection produces high fever and ulcers in children. some ev-a71 strains produce severe infections leading to pulmonary edema and death. although the protective efficacy of the inactivated vaccine (iv) was ≥90% against mild hfmd, there was approximately 80% protection against severe hfmd. the monovalent ev-a71 iv elicits humoral immunity but lacks long-term immunogenicity. spontaneous mutations o ... | 2017 | 28384566 |
| epididymitis caused by coxsackievirus a6 in association with hand, foot, and mouth disease. | coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) with a unique manifestation of epididymitis. the patient underwent operation due to suspicion of testicular torsion. epididymitis was diagnosed by ultrasound examination. enterovirus was detected from epididymal fluid by pcr and typed by partial sequencing of viral protein 1 as cv-a6. | 2014 | 25232161 |
| an outbreak of coxsackievirus a6 hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with onychomadesis in taiwan, 2010. | abstract: background: in 2010, an outbreak of coxsackievirus a6 (ca6) hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in taiwan and some patients presented with onychomadesis and desquamation following hfmd. therefore, we performed an epidemiological and molecular investigation to elucidate the characteristics of this outbreak. methods: patients who had hfmd with positive enterovirus isolation results were enrolled. we performed a telephone interview with enrolled patients or their caregivers to c ... | 2011 | 22168544 |
| clinical and epidemiologic features of coxsackievirus a6 infection in children in northern taiwan between 2004 and 2009. | background: isolates of coxsackievirus a6 (cox a6) is increasing clinically in 2009 in taiwan but detailed clinical features of cox a6 infections in children have not been reported. this study is to define clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of cox a6 infection in children. methods: from january 2004 to december 2009, a total of 4,664 children with enterovirus infections, based on throat virus culture, were treated in chang gung children's hospital. two hundred and ninety-six (6.3%) ... | 2011 | 21524960 |
| co-circulation of coxsackieviruses a6 and a10 in hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in finland. | a nationwide outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in finland in autumn 2008. the outbreak was untypical since a considerable number of clinically diagnosed patients were adults. furthermore, many of the patients suffered from onychomadesis several weeks after the acute phase of hfmd. | 2010 | 20189452 |
| molecular typing of enteroviruses associated with viral meningitis in cyprus, 2000-2002. | human enteroviruses are responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical diseases affecting many different organ systems. although infection is usually asymptomatic, infections of the central nervous system manifested as meningitis or encephalitis can pose a serious public health problem, especially during outbreaks. in this study, samples from 218 patients diagnosed with enteroviral meningitis between january 2000 and december 2002 were analysed in order to assess the epidemiology of human enterovir ... | 2006 | 16849723 |
| serological detection and analysis of anti-vp1 responses against various enteroviruses (ev) (ev-a, ev-b and ev-c) in chinese individuals. | the overall serological prevalence of ev infections based on elisa remains unknown. in the present study, the antibody responses against vp1 of the ev-a species (enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), coxsackievirus a5 (ca5) and coxsackievirus a6 (ca6)), of the ev-b species (coxsackievirus b3 (cb3)), and of the ev-c species (poliovirus 1 (pv1)) were detected and analyzed by a neibm (novel evolved immunoglobulin-binding molecule)-based elisa in shanghai blood donors. the serological pr ... | 2016 | 26917423 |
| [pathogenic and clinical presentation of bullous rash in hand, foot and mouth disease]. | to investigate the pathogenic and clinical presentation and laboratory tests of bullous rash in hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in xi'an from january 2013 to december 2014 by retrospective analysis. | 2015 | 26717661 |
| clinical and etiological characteristics of atypical hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children from chongqing, china: a retrospective study. | hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is a disease that had similar manifestations to chickenpox, impetigo, and measles, which is easy to misdiagnose and subsequently causes delayed therapy and subsequent epidemic. to date, no study has been conducted to report the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of atypical hfmd. | 2015 | 26693489 |
| efficacy of a trivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine against enterovirus 71 and coxsackieviruses a16 and a6 in mice. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) has recently emerged as a major public health concern across the asian-pacific region. enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the primary causative agents of hfmd, but other members of the enterovirus a species, including coxsackievirus a6 (cva6), can cause disease. the lack of small animal models for these viruses have hampered the development of a licensed hfmd vaccine or antivirals. we have previously reported on the development of a mous ... | 2015 | 26593938 |
| coxsackievirus a6 polymorphic exanthem in israeli children. | hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is an acute childhood viral exanthem usually associated with coxsackievirus a16 or enterovirus 71. atypical hfmd associated with coxsackievirus a6 was reported recently. the aim of the current study was to describe coxsackievirus a6-associated atypical hfmd in a series of 8 toddlers who were referred with idiopathic extensive eruptions. demographic and clinical characteristics, reverse transcriptase-real-time pcr (rt-pcr) results for enterovirus and phylogeneti ... | 2016 | 26463513 |
| basic reproduction number of coxsackievirus type a6 and a16 and enterovirus 71: estimates from outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore, a tropical city-state. | coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6), coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) were the major enteroviruses causing nationwide hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics in singapore in the last decade. we estimated the basic reproduction number (r 0) of these enteroviruses to obtain a better understanding of their transmission dynamics. we merged records of cases from hfmd outbreaks reported between 2007 and 2012 with laboratory results from virological surveillance. r 0 was estimated ba ... | 2016 | 26374168 |
| coxsackievirus a6: a new emerging pathogen causing hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks worldwide. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the predominant pathogens causing outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. other human enterovirus a (hev-a) serotypes tend to cause only sporadic hfmd cases. however, since a hfmd caused by coxsackievirus a6 broke out in finland in 2008, ca6 has been identified as the responsible pathogen for a series of hfmd outbreaks in europe, north america and asia. because of the severity of the clinical manifestations and the under ... | 2015 | 26112307 |
| bioinformatic analysis of non-vp1 capsid protein of coxsackievirus a6. | this study bioinformatically analyzed the non-vp1 capsid proteins (vp2-vp4) of coxasckievirus a6 (cva6), with an attempt to predict their basic physicochemical properties, structural/functional features and linear b cell eiptopes. the online tools subloc, targetp and the others from expasy bioinformatics resource portal, and swiss-model (an online protein structure modeling server), were utilized to analyze the amino acid (aa) sequences of vp2-vp4 proteins of cva6. our results showed that the vp ... | 2016 | 27465341 |
| notes from the field: outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6 among basic military trainees - texas, 2015. | on july 7, 2015, a man aged 22 years reported to sick call during basic military training at lackland air force base (afb), texas. he had erythematous, crusted papulovesicular lesions on the extensor surfaces of the upper and lower extremities. the patient was afebrile and otherwise well, and was evaluated later that day by the dermatology service. a viral infection was considered most likely because of the patient's age, absence of fever or constitutional symptoms, and the distribution and morp ... | 2016 | 27388434 |
| development and evaluation of a non-ribosomal random pcr and next-generation sequencing based assay for detection and sequencing of hand, foot and mouth disease pathogens. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has become a major public health problem across the asia-pacific region, and is commonly caused by enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6), cv-a10 and cv-a16. generating pathogen whole-genome sequences is essential for understanding their evolutionary biology. the frequent replacements among ev serotypes and a limited numbers of available whole-genome sequences hinder the development of overlapping pcrs for whole-genome sequencing. we developed ... | 2016 | 27388326 |
| prevalence of coxsackievirus a6 and enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease in nanjing, china in 2013. | although hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has been strongly associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and other enteroviruses, studies regarding coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infection in hfmd are limited. the aim of this study was to identify the major etiological agents causing hfmd in nanjing in 2013 and explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of the prevalent enterovirus (ev) types in hfmd. | 2015 | 26090576 |
| seroepidemiology of coxsackievirus a6, coxsackievirus a16, and enterovirus 71 infections among children and adolescents in singapore, 2008-2010. | coxsackieviruses a6 (cv-a6) and a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) have caused periodic epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) among children in singapore. we conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence of these enteroviruses among singapore children and adolescents. the study was conducted between august 2008 and july 2010. it involved 700 singapore residents aged 1-17 years whose residual sera were obtained following the completion of routine biochemical in ... | 2015 | 26011735 |
| the epidemiological study of coxsackievirus a6 revealing hand, foot and mouth disease epidemic patterns in guangdong, china. | enterovirus a71 (eva71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are regarded as the two major causative pathogens in hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics. however, cva6, previously largely ignored, became the predominant pathogen in china in 2013. in this study, we describe the epidemiological trends of cva6 during the annual hfmd outbreaks from 2008 to 2013 in guangdong, china. the study results show that cva6 has been one of three major causative agents of hfmd epidemics since 2009. the period ... | 2015 | 25993899 |
| characterization of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease in shenzhen, china, 2009-2013. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused by human enteroviruses, especially by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). patients infected with different enteroviruses show varied clinical symptoms. the aim of this study was to determine whether the etiological spectrum of mild and severe hfmd changed, and the association between pathogens and clinical features. from 2009 to 2013, a total of 2,299 stool or rectal specimens were collected with corresponding patient data. a dynami ... | 2015 | 25951788 |
| molecular epidemiology of coxsackievirus a6 associated with outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease in tianjin, china, in 2013. | since 2008, mainland china has undergone widespread outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). in order to determine the characteristics of epidemics and enteroviruses (ev) associated with hfmd in tianjin, in northern china, epidemiological and virological data from routine surveillance were collected and analyzed. in tianjin, a persistent epidemic of hfmd was demonstrated during 2008-2013, involving 102,705 mild, 179 severe, and 16 fatal cases. overall, 8234 specimens were collected fro ... | 2015 | 25680566 |
| circulation of coxsackievirus a6 in hand-foot-mouth disease in guangzhou, 2010-2012. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is usually caused by enterovirus 71(ev71), and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) in guangzhou, the biggest city of south china. however, coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) were observed increased dramatically from 2010-2012. | 2014 | 25178398 |
| coxsackievirus a6 and enterovirus 71 causing hand, foot and mouth disease in cuba, 2011-2013. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is usually caused by coxsackievirus a16 or enterovirus 71 (ev71). between 2011 and 2013, hfmd cases were reported from different cuban provinces. a total of 42 clinical specimens were obtained from 23 patients. detection, identification and phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus-associated hfmd were carried out by virus isolation, specific enterovirus pcr and partial vp1 sequences. hev was detected in 11 hfmd cases. emerging genetic variants of coxsackievirus a6 ... | 2014 | 24719197 |
| dermatological spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease from classical to generalized exanthema. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is classically defined as a childhood fever accompanied by a rash with vesicles or erosions of the oral mucosa, hands, feet and sometimes the buttocks. severe neurological complications are associated with enterovirus 71 outbreaks in asia. recently, it has been suggested that hfmd is related to coxsackie virus a6 (cv-a6) when there is an atypical rash. the objective of the study is to determine the dermatological pattern of hfmd and to identify the virus serot ... | 2014 | 24463804 |
| characterization of genome sequences and clinical features of coxsackievirus a6 strains collected in hyogo, japan in 1999-2013. | coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) is an enterovirus, which is known to cause herpangina. however, since 2009 it has frequently been isolated from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). in japan, cv-a6 has been linked to hfmd outbreaks in 2011 and 2013. in this study, the full-length genome sequencing of cv-a6 strains were analyzed to identify the association with clinical manifestations. five thousand six hundred and twelve children with suspected enterovirus infection (0-17 years old) betw ... | 2017 | 28229467 |
| clinicopathologic analysis of atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease in adult patients. | hand, foot, and mouth disease is a contagious viral infection usually affecting children. a resurgence of cases in adults, mainly caused by coxsackievirus a6 and with an atypical and more severe presentation, has taken place. | 2017 | 28027826 |
| ambulatory pediatric surveillance of hand, foot and mouth disease as signal of an outbreak of coxsackievirus a6 infections, france, 2014-2015. | the clinical impact of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is unknown outside asia, and the prevalence of enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) in particular might be underestimated. to investigate the prevalence of enterovirus serotypes and the clinical presentations associated with hfmd in france, we conducted prospective ambulatory clinic-based surveillance of children during april 2014-march 2015. throat or buccal swabs were collected from children with hfmd and tested for t ... | 2016 | 27767012 |
| development and evaluation of a rapid recombinase polymerase amplification assay for detection of coxsackievirus a6. | coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) is an important pathogen causing hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a rapid real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (rt-rpa) assay for detection of cv-a6. the sensitivity of this assay was 202 copies/reaction, with 100 % specificity. furthermore, this assay yielded consistent results comparable with a commercial qrt-pcr diagnostic kit. this assay is therefore potentially useful for surveill ... | 2017 | 27722991 |
| molecular epidemiology and the evolution of human coxsackievirus a6. | coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) is a major aetiologic agent for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in recent years. hfmd outbreaks associated with cv-a6 resulted from the evolutionary dynamics of cv-a6 and the appearance of novel recombinant forms (rfs). to examine this, 151 variants collected in 2013 and 2014 from germany, spain, sweden, denmark and thailand were genotyped for the vp1 capsid and 3dpol genes. analysis of the vp1 gene showed an increasing correspondence between cv-a6 genome recombinat ... | 2016 | 27692044 |
| a neonatal mouse model for the evaluation of antibodies and vaccines against coxsackievirus a6. | coxsackievirus a6 (ca6) can induce atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease, which is characterized by severe rash, onychomadesis and a higher rate of infection in adults. increasing epidemiological data indicated that outbreaks of ca6-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease have markedly increased worldwide in recent years. however, the current body of knowledge on the infection, pathogenic mechanism, and immunogenicity of ca6 is still very limited. in this study, we established the first neonat ... | 2016 | 27582066 |
| [molecular epidemiology of hfmd-associated pathogen coxsackievirus a6 in fujian province, 2011-2013]. | in order to characterize the molecular epidemiology of hfmd-associated coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) in fujian province, a total of 1340 specimens from non-ev71 non-cva16 hfmd patients were collected during 2011-2013. isolated virus strains were identified and subtyped. full-length coding regions for the vp1 gene of the predominant serotype cva6 isolates were amplified and sequenced. among the 375 non-ev71 non-cva16 hfmd cases confirmed by virus isolation and molecular subtyping, 182 (48.5%) were fou ... | 2014 | 25868276 |
| detection and characterization of viruses causing hand, foot and mouth disease from children in seri kembangan, malaysia. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common viral infection among infants and children. the major causative agents of hfmd are enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16). recently, coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infections were reported in neighboring countries. infected infants and children may present with fever, mouth/throat ulcers, rashes and vesicles on hands and feet. moreover, ev71 infections might cause fatal neurological complications. since 1997, ev71 caused fatalities in saraw ... | 2014 | 25776590 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease in guangdong, china, in 2013: new trends in the continuing epidemic. | millions of incidents of hand, foot and mouth disease occur annually in china, with eva71 and cva16 as two major causative pathogens. a provincial surveillance system has been implemented in guangdong for almost 5 years to analyze the aetiological spectrum and epidemic changes. an unusual enterovirus type, cva6, was identified as the predominant serotype associated with an hfmd epidemic from late 2012 to 2013. in contrast to virus strains isolated before, all cva6/chn/2012-2013 strains segregate ... | 2014 | 24428125 |
| coxsackievirus a6-induced hand-foot-mouth disease. | hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) is an acute, self-limited, highly contagious viral illness that commonly affects children younger than 5 years. it is most typically caused by enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus a16 and results in asymptomatic infection or mild disease. immunocompetent adults are rarely affected. recently, there have been increasing reports of a more severe form of hfmd associated with fevers, joint pains, and widespread painful eruptions. some of these patients required hospitalizat ... | 2013 | 24172861 |
| coxsackievirus a6 and hand, foot and mouth disease: three case reports of familial child-to-immunocompetent adult transmission and a literature review. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a highly contagious viral infection characterized by typical maculopapular or vesicular eruptions on the hands and feet and in the oral cavity. it affects predominantly children and/or immunocompromised adults. it usually follows a benign and self-limiting course. however, hfmd cases with severe or lethal complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, pulmonary edema and myocarditis have also been reported, mostly in children, but also in adults. high infe ... | 2013 | 24019771 |
| atypical hand-foot-mouth disease in children: a hospital-based prospective cohort study. | in 2010, we observed children with atypical presentations of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd), such as rashes on earlobes and faces, or bullae on trunks and bilateral limbs. hyperpigmentation later developed as the bullous lesions crusted. thus, we intended to study the etiology of the illness and the phylogeny of the pathogens. | 2013 | 23800163 |
| hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6, thailand, 2012. | in thailand, hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is usually caused by enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus a16. to determine the cause of a large outbreak of hfmd in thailand during june-august 2012, we examined patient specimens. coxsackievirus a6 was the causative agent. to improve prevention and control, causes of hfmd should be monitored. | 2013 | 23631943 |
| rapid and sensitive identification of rna from the emerging pathogen, coxsackievirus a6. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused by members of the family picornaviridae in the genus enterovirus. it has been reported that coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infections are emerging as a new and major cause of epidemic hfmd. sporadic hfmd cases positive for cva6 were detected in the mainland of china in recent years. to strengthen the surveillance of cva6 infections and outbreak control, the clinical diagnosis is urgently needed to distinguish the cva6 infection disease from other infection ... | 2012 | 23194501 |
| notes from the field: severe hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus a6 - alabama, connecticut, california, and nevada, november 2011-february 2012. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common viral illness caused by enteroviruses that predominantly affects children aged <5 years. in the united states, outbreaks of hfmd typically occur during summer and autumn months. the most common cause of hfmd in the united states has been enterovirus serotype coxsackievirus a16. most infections are asymptomatic; persons with signs and symptoms typically have a mild febrile illness with rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and sores ... | 2012 | 22456122 |
| a novel recombinant lineage's contribution to the outbreak of coxsackievirus a6-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in shanghai, china, 2012-2013. | since late 2012, coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) has gradually become the predominant pathogen responsible for hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in several provinces of china. a total of 626 patients diagnosed with hfmd in shanghai, china from january 2012 to september 2013 were enrolled in this study. of these, 292 cva6 infected cases were subjected to clinical analyses. whole-genome sequencing, recombination and phylogenetic analyses were also performed. a recombinant cva6 monophyletic lineage was found ... | 2015 | 26121916 |
| atypical presentations of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6--minnesota, 2014. | in june, 2014, the minnesota department of health (mdh) was notified of a suspected varicella case in a child aged 2 years. the patient had a generalized rash with relative sparing of the trunk and was hospitalized overnight for treatment of dehydration. the child's mother, who was near the end of a pregnancy, also had a generalized rash, which included the perineal area. identifying the cause of the rash was important to determine whether administration of varicella zoster immune globulin was i ... | 2015 | 26225481 |
| unusual skin manifestation of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus a6: cases report. | hand, food, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a highly contagious disease caused by enteroviruses infection. it is a health problem in young children under 5 years of age worldwide. the common causative agents are coxsackievirus a 16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71). in recent years, coxsackievirus a6 (ca6) has emerged to be one of the major etiologic agents of hfmd worldwide including in thailand. | 2015 | 26203408 |
| epidemiological and genetic analysis concerning the coxsackievirus a6 related endemic outbreak of hand-foot-mouth disease in taizhou, china, during 2013. | a total of 1,098 strains of human enteroviruses (hev), falling into 14 serotypes were detected upon analysis of 1,509 hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) samples collected in taizhou during the period from july 2010 to december 2013. and a cv-a6 related hfmd outbreak was identified in taizhou during 2013. phylogenic analyses of complete vp1 sequences indicate that this outbreak of hfmd in taizhou is closely related to the global outbreaks of cv-a6 related hfmd since 2008, but the analyses also indica ... | 2015 | 25989289 |
| an atypical course of coxsackievirus a6 associated hand, foot and mouth disease in extremely low birth weight preterm twins. | the incidence of coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) associated hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has reportedly increased since 2008 with sometimes severe complications. we here describe an atypical course of cv-a6-associated hfmd in extremely low birth weight twins. the cv-a6-strains are genetically closely related to international strains isolated from hfmd outbreaks. | 2015 | 25766981 |
| an outbreak of kingella kingae infections associated with hand, foot and mouth disease/herpangina virus outbreak in marseille, france, 2013. | outbreaks of invasive kingella kingae infections recently emerged as a new public health concern in daycare centers in europe, usa and israel. despite this, no trigger factor has been yet identified, preventing the setting up of rational measures of control and prevention. we report an outbreak of k. kingae infections associated with hand, foot and mouth disease/herpangina outbreak, and we define the research and policy priorities. | 2015 | 25742075 |
| “coxsackievirus a6 associated hand, foot and mouth disease in adults: clinical presentation and review of the literature” [j. clin. virol. 60 (2014) 381–386]. | | 2015 | 25692203 |
| virus-like particle-based vaccine against coxsackievirus a6 protects mice against lethal infections. | coxsackievirus a6 (ca6) is emerging as one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. however, no vaccine is currently available for preventing ca6 infection. here, we report the development of a virus-like particle (vlp)-based recombinant vaccine for ca6. we produced ca6 vlps in insect cells by infecting the cells with a baculovirus coexpressing the genes encoding ca6 p1 and 3cd. biochemical analyses showed that the produced vlps consisted of vp0, vp1, and ... | 2016 | 27340093 |
| [hand, foot and mouth disease--more than a harmless "childhood disease"]. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a highly contagious, world-wide distributed viral illness that affects predominantly children. it is caused by several enteroviruses, such as coxsackieviruses a6, a10, a16 and enterovirus 71. in most cases, hfmd follows a benign and self-limiting course. after an incubation period of 3 to 10 days, fever and sore throat, the first symptoms of the disease, appear. a few days later, maculopapular or vesicular eruptions form on the palms and soles as well as in ... | 2014 | 24490433 |
| coxsackievirus a6-related hand foot and mouth disease: skin manifestations in a cluster of adult patients. | hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common childhood manifestation of enterovirus (ev) infection. it predominantly affects young children, and has been mainly associated with coxsackievirus (cv) a16 and ev 71. | 2014 | 24457116 |
| an outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease mimicking chicken pox, with a frequent association of onychomadesis in japan in 2009: a new phenotype caused by coxsackievirus a6. | | 2014 | 24334231 |
| yeast-produced recombinant virus-like particles of coxsackievirus a6 elicited protective antibodies in mice. | coxsackievirus a6 (ca6) has recently emerged as the predominant pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), causing significant morbidity in children and adults. the increasing prevalence of ca6 infection and its associated disease burden underscore the need for effective ca6 vaccines. however, ca6 grows poorly in cultured cells, making it difficult to develop inactivated whole-virus or live attenuated vaccines. here we report the development of a recombinant virus-like particle (vlp) based ... | 2016 | 27315772 |
| atypical forms of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a prospective study of 47 italian children. | atypical forms of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) caused by coxsackievirus a6 have been reported in recent years. high fever and severe cutaneous lesions are common, whereas neurologic complications are rare. eczematous areas of patients with atopic dermatitis show more lesions. the goal of the current study was to describe the clinical characteristics of children with atypical hfmd and to investigate the involvement of the different enterovirus serotypes associated. | 2016 | 27292085 |
| eczema coxsackium caused by coxsackievirus a6. | we present the first case of atypical hand, food, and mouth disease in our department with the distinct cutaneous morphology of eczema coxsackium. clinicians should be aware of the possibility for more extensive cutaneous eruption related to coxsackievirus a6 infection and the diagnostic methods required to determine the diagnosis. | 2016 | 27086897 |
| exacerbation of bullous pemphigoid after hand, foot, and mouth disease treated with rituximab. | | 2016 | 27051813 |
| [colorimetric detection of coxsackievirus a6 by reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification]. | to develop a simple, rapid and sensitive colorimetric reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for rapid detection of coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) based on the colour chang of hydroxy naphthol blue (hnb). | 2015 | 26833014 |
| enterovirus and human parechovirus surveillance - united states, 2009-2013. | enteroviruses (evs) and human parechoviruses (hpevs) are small, non-enveloped rna viruses in the picornaviridae family, which are known or suspected to cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations in humans. although most infected persons are asymptomatic, mild presentations can include respiratory infections, herpangina, and hand, foot, and mouth disease. among the more severe syndromes associated with ev and hpev infection are acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and ... | 2015 | 26334674 |
| [the etiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease in beijing in 2013]. | to investigate the etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in beijing during 2013, and study the clinical characteristics of hfmd caused by the main serotypes of enterovirus in the study. | 2015 | 26310558 |
| construction and characterization of an infectious clone of coxsackievirus a6 that showed high virulence in neonatal mice. | atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease (ahfmd) outbreaks have been frequently reported worldwide in recent years. it is believed that coxsackievirus a6 (ca6) is the major pathogen for ahfmd. studies regarding ca6 infection are limited and the genetic mechanism for the high pathogenicity of some new ca6 variants is still unclear. infectious clones are powerful tools for studying the genetic mechanisms of rna viruses. in this study, we describe the construction of a full-length cdna clone of ca6 s ... | 2015 | 26272672 |
| disseminated coxsackievirus a6 affecting children with atopic dermatitis. | coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) is an emerging pathogen that has in recent years been associated with atypical hand, foot and mouth disease. this manifests as a generalized papular or vesicular eruption, which may be associated with fever and systemic disturbance. we report a series of six children presenting to a single centre in the uk with disseminated cv-a6 infection on a background of atopic dermatitis (ad). our patients exhibited a widespread papular or vesicular eruption in association with exa ... | 2015 | 25677678 |
| genetic characterization of human coxsackievirus a6 variants associated with atypical hand, foot and mouth disease: a potential role of recombination in emergence and pathogenicity. | human coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) is an enterically transmitted enterovirus. until recently, cva6 infections were considered as being of minor clinical significance, and only rarely aetiologically linked with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) associated with other species a enteroviruses (particularly ev71 and cva16). from 2008 onwards, however, cva6 infections have been associated with several outbreaks worldwide of atypical hfmd (ahfmd) accompanied by a varicelliform rash. we recently reported ... | 2015 | 25614593 |
| genome sequence of a novel recombinant coxsackievirus a6 strain from shanghai, china, 2013. | a novel recombinant coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) strain was isolated during a coxsackievirus a6 outbreak in shanghai, china, in 2013. genomic sequence and similarity plot analysis showed that the novel cva6 strain shared higher similarity with a recent cva4 strain rather than the recent cva6 strain in the 2c and 3' untranslated regions (utrs). | 2015 | 25573929 |
| genome sequence of coxsackievirus a6, isolated during a hand-foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in finland in 2008. | reports of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks caused by coxsackievirus a6 have increased worldwide after the report of the first outbreak in finland in 2008. the complete genome of the first outbreak strain from a vesicle fluid specimen was determined. | 2014 | 25323709 |
| [molecular epidemiology characteristics of human enterovirus coxsackievirus a6 in guangzhou, in 2011]. | | 2014 | 24779042 |
| comparison of diagnostic clinical samples and environmental sampling for enterovirus and parechovirus surveillance in scotland, 2010 to 2012. | human enteroviruses (ev) and parechoviruses (hpev) within the family picornaviridae are the most common causes of viral central nervous system (cns)-associated infections including meningitis and neonatal sepsis-like disease. the frequencies of ev and hpev types identified in clinical specimens collected in scotland over an eight-year period were compared to those identified in sewage surveillance established in edinburgh. of the 35 different ev types belonging to four ev species (a to d) and th ... | 2014 | 24762664 |
| epidemic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in southern china, 2013: coxsackievirus a6 has emerged as the predominant causative agent. | | 2014 | 24731881 |
| hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak caused by coxsackievirus a6, china, 2013. | | 2014 | 24704297 |
| atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus a6 infection, edinburgh, united kingdom, january to february 2014. | in january to february 2014, 16 hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) cases were identified in edinburgh, united kingdom. all presented with atypical features, with most (n=13) resembling eczema herpeticum or chickenpox. coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) was identified in all the typed cases (n=11). as atypical forms of hfmd associated with cv-a6 are likely to emerge throughout europe, clinicians should be alert to unusual clinical presentations of hfmd and virologists aware of effective diagnostic testin ... | 2014 | 24698138 |
| [eczema coxsackium (coxsackievirus a6) in an human immunodeficiency virus infected adult patient]. | | 2014 | 24508220 |
| detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in china. | human enterovirus 68 (hev-68) is an enterovirus associated with respiratory illness. in china, no information about hev-68 is available for children yet. this study aimed to investigate the presence of hev-68 in mainland china between 2009 and 2012 and to explore the migration events of hev-68 across the world. among 1565 samples tested from children, 41 (2.6%) were positive for hev and 223 (14.3%) for human rhinovirus (hrv). seven (17.1%) of 41 hevs were hev-68. two hev-68- and five hrv-positiv ... | 2014 | 24324030 |
| a case of atypical hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6: differential diagnosis from varicella in a pediatric intensive care unit. | | 2013 | 24270155 |
| atypical hand-foot-and-mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus a6 infection. | hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is an acute viral illness commonly caused by coxsackievirus (cv)-a16 and enterovirus 71 infections. recently, atypical hfmd has been reported in association with cv-a6, an uncommon enterovirus strain. | 2013 | 24035209 |
| clinicopathologic analysis of coxsackievirus a6 new variant induced widespread mucocutaneous bullous reactions mimicking severe cutaneous adverse reactions. | the cutaneous manifestations of human enterovirus (hev) infection are usually limited, such as hand-foot-mouth disease. by comparison, stevens-johnson syndrome (sjs) is a life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse reaction (scar), mainly caused by drugs. during the hev outbreaks in 2010-2012 in taiwan, we identified 21 patients who developed widespread blistering mucocutaneous reactions without any suspected drug causality. | 2013 | 23904296 |
| human parechovirus-3 infection in children, south korea. | human parechoviruses (hpevs) have recently been recognized as important viral pathogens causing sepsis-like illness and meningitis in children, but the data on these infections in korea is limited. klassevirus is emerging as a novel etiologic agent of acute gastroenteritis, but its role in meningitis remains unclear. | 2013 | 23800693 |
| hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6. | | 2012 | 23017893 |