| u.s. case report of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by ramichloridium obovoideum (r. mackenziei): criteria for identification, therapy, and review of other known dematiaceous neurotropic taxa. | we report a case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis in a 36-year-old male caused by the neurotropic fungus ramichloridium obovoideum (matushima) de hoog 1977 (ramichloridium mackenziei campbell et al-hedaithy 1993). this man resided in the middle east, where the fungus appears to be endemic and, possibly, geographically restricted, since all previous reports of brain abscesses due to this organism have been for patients indigenous to this area. as a servant of the saudi arabian royal family, he appea ... | 1998 | 9508300 |
| in vitro activity of syn-2869, a novel triazole agent, against emerging and less common mold pathogens. | the in vitro activity of syn-2869 was compared with that of amphotericin b and itraconazole. mics for 100 isolates of pathogenic molds belonging to 12 species were determined by a broth microdilution adaptation of the method recommended by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards. syn-2869 and itraconazole showed comparable, good activity against the dematiaceous molds cladophialophora bantiana, cladophialophora carrionii, exophiala dermatitidis, fonsecaea pedrosoi, phialophora p ... | 1999 | 10223947 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by ramichloridium obovoideum (ramichloridium mackenziei): case report. | only a few cerebral infections with the dark-walled mold ramichloridium obovoideum (ramichloridium mackenziei) have been reported in the literature. central nervous system infections caused by this fungus have poor prognoses; the optimal medical and surgical treatments have not yet been established. we report a case of cerebral r. obovoideum infection for which a combination of medical and surgical treatments failed. | 1999 | 10449083 |
| sch 56592, amphotericin b, or itraconazole therapy of experimental murine cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to ramichloridium obovoideum ("ramichloridium mackenziei"). | ramichloridium obovoideum ("ramichloridium makenziei") is a rare cause of lethal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. it has been, so far, geographically restricted to the middle east. balb/c mice were inoculated with two strains of r. obovoideum intracranially. therapy with amphotericin b, itraconazole, or the investigational triazole sch 56592 was conducted for 10 days. half the mice were monitored for survival and half were killed for determination of the fungal load in brain tissue. recipients of sch ... | 2000 | 10770745 |
| ramichloridium mackenziei brain abscess: report of two cases and review of the literature. | we report two cases of brain abscesses caused by ramichloridium mackenziei, a neurotropic dematiaceous fungus that seems to be geographically restricted to the middle east. one of the patients had chronic myelomonocytic leukemia but did not receive any chemotherapeutic agents. the other patient was a normal host. both cases had a fatal outcome despite aggressive antifungal therapy and surgical intervention. herein, we review all previously described cases in the literature, and discuss the epide ... | 2001 | 11270415 |
| additional case of ramichloridium mackenziei cerebral phaeohyphomycosis from the middle east. | in this report we describe a case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis involving a 56-year-old egyptian male who worked as a mason in kuwait for 6 years. computerized tomography scan of the brain revealed presence of a large abscess in the left occipital lobe. aspirated pus from the abscess showed branched, septate, hyphae with light brown pigmentation. cultured pus grew the fungus ramichloridium mackenziei. despite amphotericin b (1 mg kg(-1) per day) therapy for 2 weeks, the patient expired. the isol ... | 2002 | 12230225 |
| primary central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis: a review of 101 cases. | phaeohyphomycosis refers to infections caused by darkly pigmented fungi. these fungi rarely cause life-threatening disease. we reviewed 101 cases of culture-proven primary central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis reported in the english-language literature from 1966 to 2002. the most frequently isolated species was cladophialophora bantiana. the next most frequent isolate was ramichloridium mackenziei, seen exclusively in patients from the middle east. more than one-half of the cases occurred in ... | 2004 | 14699452 |
| epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy of infections caused by dematiaceous fungi. | the dematiaceous (brown-pigmented) fungi are a large and heterogenous group of moulds that cause a wide range of diseases including phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and eumycotic mycetoma. among the more important human pathogens are alternaria species, bipolaris species, cladophialophora bantiana, curvularia species, exophiala species, fonsecaea pedrosoi, madurella species, phialophora species, scedosporium prolificans, scytalidium dimidiatum, and wangiella dermatitidis. these organisms ... | 2003 | 14708965 |
| infections of the central nervous system by melanized fungi: a review of cases presented between 1999 and 2004. | several types of infections of the central nervous system by melanized fungi can be distinguished: (a) single-organ infection of the cerebrum, (b) extension into the cerebrum from adjacent cavities, (c) fungal presence in the cerebrospinal fluid, or (d) meningitis. the fungal order chaetothyriales (containing exophiala-like black yeasts and relatives) is particularly rich in fungi causing cerebral infections. cases by the main agents, cladophialophora bantiana, exophiala dermatitidis, and ramich ... | 2004 | 14998393 |
| successful therapy of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to ramichloridium mackenziei with the new triazole posaconazole. | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by ramichloridium mackenziei is universally fatal. all reported cases with long-term follow-up have indicated 100% mortality despite antifungal therapy and surgical intervention. we describe the case of a 62-year-old patient who underwent renal transplantation and had a cerebral abscess caused by r. mackenziei. the infection progressed despite surgical evacuation and therapy with liposomal amphotericin b, itraconazole, and 5-flucytosine. the patient was subseque ... | 2005 | 15712614 |
| activity of posaconazole in the treatment of central nervous system fungal infections. | a multinational, multicentre, open-label clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of posaconazole, an extended-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, in subjects with invasive fungal infections who had refractory disease or who were intolerant of standard antifungal therapy. in this subanalysis, we report on those subjects in this trial who had a fungal infection that involved the cns. | 2005 | 16135526 |
| invasive fungal infections in living unrelated renal transplantation. | in many developing countries, renal transplantation from paid, unrelated donors constitutes the main type of renal transplantation. several medical and social problems are likely to occur in association with this practice. among the many medical complications, invasive fungal infections are the most feared. in this report, we describe our experience with 3 patients who underwent living unrelated renal transplantation (lurtx) and developed this complication. one patient developed disseminated muc ... | 2005 | 16213296 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by ramichloridium mackenziei in the eastern province of saudi arabia. | | 2000 | 17264650 |
| aspiration cytology of brain abscess from a fatal case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to ramichloridium mackenziei. | ramichloridium mackenziei is a dematiaceous fungus that usually causes cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. we describe the aspiration cytology findings of a case of cerebral abscess caused by r. mackenziei in a 66-yr-old saudi woman who had a long standing history of diabetes mellitus and a recent diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. she was on long-term corticosteroid therapy. the patient developed rapidly progressive multiple brain abscesses and died despite aspiration of the abscess and adminis ... | 2007 | 17924403 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis--a cure at what lengths? | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is a fungal infection of the brain typically caused by cladophialophora bantiana, exophiala dermatitidis, and rhinocladiella mackenziei, all of which belong to the order chaetothyriales. the disease results in black, necrotic brain tissue, black pus, and black cerebrospinal fluid. pathogens usually reach the brain through the bloodstream or lymphatic fluid and occasionally through direct spreading or accidental inoculation. patients can present with hemiparesis, tonic ... | 2009 | 19467477 |
| in vitro activities of antifungal drugs against rhinocladiella mackenziei, an agent of fatal brain infection. | | 2010 | 19854862 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly ramichloridium mackenziei): a taxonomic update and review of the literature. | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly ramichlo-ridium mackenziei) is extremely rare, and geographically limited to the middle east. the fungus exclusively targets the brain and infections have a grave prognosis. eighteen cases have been reported in the literature from 1983 to 2004 with almost 100% mortality. our patient presented in february 2008 with a brain abscess while receiving chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. diagnosis was by craniotomy and aspir ... | 2010 | 19886775 |
| first autochthonous case of rhinocladiella mackenziei cerebral abscess outside the middle east. | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to rhinocladiella mackenziei is a severe infection in the middle east, resulting in nearly 100% mortality despite the application of combined surgical and antifungal therapy and occurring occasionally in otherwise healthy patients. we report the first case of brain infection in a middle-aged male in india, where r. mackenziei is not endemic. | 2010 | 20007402 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by rhinocladiella mackenziei in a woman native to afghanistan. | rhinocladiella mackenziei is a recognized cause of endemic cerebral phaeohyphomycosis in the middle east area. surgical resection of the abscesses and posaconazole treatment have improved the ominous prognosis of this disease. we describe the case of a native afghan woman living in france who presented with brain abscesses due to r. mackenziei. | 2010 | 20592148 |
| co-existence of cerebral infection with rhinocladiella mackenziei and primary central nervous system lymphoma in a hiv-negative patient. | | 2011 | 21284740 |
| rhinocladiella mackenziei as an emerging cause of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis in pakistan: a case series. | six cases of rhinocladiella mackenziei cerebral phaeohyphomycosis are being reported for the first time in pakistan. identification was confirmed by dna sequencing (isolates and fixed tissue). diabetes, head trauma, immunosuppressive treatment, and postpartum state were present in 4 cases. two survivals and 3 fatalities occurred, with 1 patient lost to follow-up. | 2011 | 21288846 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly ramichloridium mackenziei): case presentation and literature review. | rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly ramichloridium mackenziei), a causative agent of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, is extremely rare and it is geographically limited to the middle east. the organism has a predilection to cause brain infections and results in a grave prognosis with a high mortality rate. the current patient was admitted to a long term care facility with chronic respiratory failure and dependence on a mechanical ventilator. she later developed left sided weakness and a ct-scan of th ... | 2011 | 21663879 |
| the emerging epidemiology of mould infections in developing countries. | purpose of review: the present review describes the emerging trends of mould infections in developing countries, and highlights the major epidemiological differences from the developed countries. recent findings: the limited data available from developing countries suggest an alarming increase in invasive mould infections, especially aspergillosis and mucormycosis, and also a difference in risk factors and causative agents between the developed and developing world. sino-orbital, cerebral and op ... | 2011 | 21799406 |
| [fungal infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host]. | the majority of mycoses which lead to mycotic tumors in patients without any predisposing underlying disease are either caused by cryptococcus gattii and c. neoformans or by dematiaceous fungi which include cladophialophora bantiana, ramichloridium mackenziei, exophiala and fonsecaea species. the detection of hyphae in granuloma in the brain should lead to screening for pigmented fungi, which are recognized best in hematoxylin eosin (he) or sometimes also in periodic acid-schiff (pas) stained se ... | 2013 | 24154754 |
| multiple brain abscesses caused by rhinocladiella mackenziei in an immunocompetent patient: a case report and literature review. | primary cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to rhinocladiella mackenziei is an extremely rare infection carrying more than 80% mortality, with most cases reported from the middle east region. this darkly pigmented black yeast is highly neurotropic, aggressive and refractory to most antifungal agents. here we present an immunocompetent elderly male, presenting with multiple brain abscesses, with r. mackenziei confirmed by nuclear ribosomal repeat region sequencing, who was successfully treated by surg ... | 2017 | 28365816 |
| combination of amphotericin b and flucytosine against neurotropic species of melanized fungi causing primary cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. | primary central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis is a fatal fungal infection due mainly to the neurotropic melanized fungicladophialophora bantiana,rhinocladiella mackenziei, andexophiala dermatitidis.despite the combination of surgery with antifungal treatment, the prognosis continues to be poor, with mortality rates ranging from 50 to 70%. therefore, a search for a more-appropriate therapeutic approach is urgently needed. ourin vitrostudies showed that with the combination of amphotericin b an ... | 2016 | 26833164 |
| first fatal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to rhinocladiella mackenziei in iran, based on its rdna. | black yeast-like fungi and relatives as agents of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis are often encountered in human fatal brain abscesses and lead to almost 100% mortality despite the application of antifungal and surgical therapy. we report to our knowledge the first case of brain infection due to rhinocladiella mackenziei in a 54-year-old immunocompetent male in iran where r. mackenziei has not been reported previously. the initial diagnosis was brain fungal infection because of pigmented, irregular, ... | 2015 | 25637429 |
| genomic understanding of an infectious brain disease from the desert. | rhinocladiella mackenziei accounts for the majority of fungal brain infections in the middle east and is restricted to the arid climate zone between saudi arabia and pakistan. neurotropic dissemination caused by this fungus has been reported in immunocompromised, but also immunocompetent individuals. if untreated, the infection is fatal. outside of humans, the environmental niche of r. mackenziei is unknown, and the fungus has been only cultured from brain biopsies. in this paper we describe the ... | 2018 | 29326229 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to rhinocladiella mackenziei in persian gulf region: a case and review. | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is frequently a fatal disease caused by truly neurotropic dematiaceous fungi. although rare, this infection occurs especially among immunocompetent patients, and the clinical symptoms are often misdiagnosed as a cerebral tumour or bacterial brain abscess. the appropriate diagnosis and therapy of cerebral infections by melanized fungi are very challenging if they are caused by mysterious fungi with unknown ecological niche. we reported the second case of cerebral phaeoh ... | 2017 | 29205524 |