| narine occlusion decreases basal levels of fos protein in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | immunocytochemical study of cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica using an antibody directed to the m peptide of the rat c-fos protein showed a distinct pattern of fos distribution. abundant fos-immunoreactive neuronal nuclei were detected in the cell layers of the medial, the dorsal and the lateral cortices, whereas only a few nuclei were found in the cell layer of the dorsomedial cortex. the fos immunoreactivity was characterized by western blot analysis of nuclear extracts from liz ... | 1992 | 1436508 |
| spauligodon carbonelli n. sp. (nematoda: pharyngodonidae), parasite of some lizards (lacertidae) in the iberian peninsula. | spauligodon carbonelli n. sp. (nematoda: pharyngodonidae), a parasite from the caecum of the common wall lizard podarcis muralis (laurenti, 1768) and the spanish wall lizard podarcis hispanica (steindachner, 1870) (reptilia: lacertidae) in the pirineos mountains, spain, is described. s. carbonelli differs from the other known species of the same genus, mainly in the presence and length of the spicule, the morphology of the caudal end in the male and in the structure of the cephalic end of the fe ... | 1988 | 3271982 |
| crmp-4 expression in the adult cerebral cortex and other telencephalic areas of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the control of neuritogenesis is crucial for the development, maturation and regeneration of the nervous system. the collapsin response-mediated protein 4 (crmp-4) is a member of a family of proteins that are involved in neuronal differentiation and axonal outgrowth. in rodents, this protein is expressed in recently generated neurons such as some granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, as well as in certain differentiated neurons undergoing neurite outgrowth or synaptogenesis during adulthood. sin ... | 2002 | 12480143 |
| immune activation affects chemical sexual ornaments of male iberian wall lizards. | many animals use chemical signals in sexual selection, but it is not clear how these sexual traits might have evolved to signal honestly male condition. it is possible that there is a trade-off between maintaining the immune system and the elaboration of ornaments. we experimentally challenged the immune system of male iberian wall lizards, podarcis hispanica, with a bacterial antigen (lipopolysaccharide), without pathogenic effects, to explore whether the immune activation affected chemical orn ... | 2009 | 18839128 |
| modifications in cortical ependyma of the lizard, podarcis hispanica, during postnatal development. | the ependymal surface, cell number, cell size and cell density were measured in adult and neonatal exemplars of the lizard, podarcis hispanica. the ependymal monostratified surface increases with age, while that of sulcal areas decreases and the ependymocyte number remains constant. the mitotic activity found in the neonatal sulcal areas could explain the postnatal increase of neuronal number described for the cerebral cortex of the studied species. | 2013 | 3693891 |
| postnatal neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs of a lizard. a tritiated thymidine autoradiographic study. | autoradiographically labelled cells were observed in the olfactory bulbs of perinatal, young and adult specimens of the lizard podarcis hispanica following intraperitoneal injection of tritiated thymidine (5 muci/g b.wt). after survival times of 7, 18 and 28 days labelled cells were found in the granular layer of both main and accessory bulbs. a few labelled cells were observed in the ependyma, mitral and glomerular layer. in the main olfactory bulb, one week of survival time resulted in labelli ... | 2009 | 2725946 |
| a new stabilizing agent for the tetramethyl benzidine (tmb) reaction product in the histochemical detection of horseradish peroxidase (hrp). | in this paper, an alternative procedure for the histochemical detection of hrp using amonium heptamolybdate (ahm) as a stabilizing agent and tetramethyl benzidine (tmb) as a chromogen is reported. this procedure avoids the two main problems that occur in previous methods using sodium nitroferricyanide (snf) as the stabilizer, namely, the appearance of needle-shaped crystals at non-specific anatomical sites, and intensive tissue shrinkage. a comparative study of both, the tmb-ahm and tmb-snf meth ... | 2014 | 3999803 |
| the importance of lizards and small mammals as reservoirs for borrelia lusitaniae in portugal. | borrelia lusitaniae is a pathogen frequent in the mediterranean area. apart from lizards, evidence for birds and small mammals as competent reservoirs for this genospecies has been occasional. we collected questing ticks, skin biopsies and ixodes sp. ticks feeding on lizards, birds and small mammals in a b. burgdorferi s.l. (sensu lato) enzootic area to assess their importance in the maintenance of b. lusitaniae. borrelia lusitaniae was the most prevalent genospecies in questing ticks and was co ... | 2015 | 25291988 |
| amygdalo-hypothalamic projections in the lizard podarcis hispanica: a combined anterograde and retrograde tracing study. | the cells of origin and terminal fields of the amygdalo-hypothalamic projections in the lizard podarcis hispanica were determined by using the anterograde and retrograde transport of the tracers, biotinylated dextran amine and horseradish peroxidase. the resulting labeling indicated that there was a small projection to the preoptic hypothalamus, that arose from the vomeronasal amygdaloid nuclei (nucleus sphericus and nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract), and an important projection to the r ... | 1997 | 9259488 |
| afferent and efferent connections of the olfactory bulbs in the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the connections of the olfactory bulbs of podarcis hispanica were studied by tract-tracing of injected horseradish peroxidase. restricted injections into the main olfactory bulb (mob) resulted in bilateral terminallike labeling in the medial part of the anterior olfactory nucleus (aon) and in the rostral septum, lateral cortex, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, and ventrolateral amygdaloid nucleus. bilateral retrograde labeling was found in the rostral lateral cortex and in the medial and ... | 1991 | 1709182 |
| neurons in the medial cortex give rise to timm-positive boutons in the cerebral cortex of lizards. | the origin of timm-positive presynaptic boutons in the cerebral cortex of the lizard, podarcis hispanica, was investigated by injections of horseradish peroxidase (hrp)-saponine in timm-positive areas, i.e. the dorsal and dorsomedial cortices. a broad retrograde labelling of cell somata in the medial cortex was found. injections of hrp-saponine in the medial cortex resulted in broad anterograde labelling of boutons located in the timm-positive zones. a double-labelling of the hrp labelled bouton ... | 1988 | 2461786 |
| projections from the medial cortex in the brain of lizards: correlation of anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase with timm staining. | efferent projections of the medial cortex of the lizards podarcis hispanica and gallotia stehlinii were studied by examining the transport of horseradish peroxidase; results were correlated with those from timm-stained sections. two efferent systems were found. the first reaches the distal part of the outer plexiform layer in the medial, dorsomedial, and dorsal cortices, i.e., zones that are negative to timm staining, and possibly originates from horizontal fusiform neurons. the second reaches t ... | 1988 | 2461968 |
| connections of the lateral cortex in the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the connections of the lateral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica have been traced using horseradish peroxidase transport techniques. after injections, restricted to the lateral cortex, labelled neurons can be observed bilaterally in the main olfactory bulbs and the diagonal band, contralaterally in the lateral cortex and ipsilaterally in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the ventral amygdaloid nucleus and also in the area triangularis. an efferent has also been shown on the ipsil ... | 1986 | 2419802 |
| retinal projections in the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the retinofugal of the lizard podarcis hispanica has been examined by means of enzymatic method with horseradish peroxidase (hrp). the retinal ganglion cells project contralaterally to thalamus (nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars dorsalis, nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis and nucleus ventrolateralis pars ventralis and nucleus ventrolateralis pars ventralis), pretectum (nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, nucleus geniculatus pretectalis and nucleus posterodorsalis) and optic tectum (lay ... | 1986 | 3571966 |
| permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 april 2013-31 may 2013. | this article documents the addition of 234 microsatellite marker loci to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: acipenser sinensis, aleochara bilineata, aleochara bipustulata, barbus meridionalis, colossoma macropomum, delia radicum, drosophila nigrosparsa, fontainea picrosperma, helianthemum cinereum, liomys pictus, megabalanus azoricus, pelteobagrus vachelli, pleuragramma antarcticum, podarcis hispanica type 1a, sardinella brasiliensis and scle ... | 2013 | 23937578 |
| systematics of the podarcis hispanicus complex (sauria, lacertidae) iii: valid nomina of the western and central iberian forms. | recent genetic works have suggested that the iberian wall lizard podarcis hispanicus (steindachner, 1870) sensu lato is a species complex. several forms have already been elevated to species rank and linked to available nomina, but at least three still have to be formally named, including the western iberian forms currently designated as podarcis hispanicus "type 1a", "type 1b" and "type 2". the aim of the present work is to assign a valid nomen to these taxa. using multivariate analyses, we fir ... | 2014 | 24870311 |
| intrinsic innervation in the intestine of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the aim of this study was the description of the morphology and distribution of nerve structure elements in the intestine of the lizard podarcis hispanica using different histochemical methods; namely acetylcholinesterase (ache), formol-induced fluorescence for catecholamines (fif), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (nadph-d), and immunohistochemistry for vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip), as well as substance p (sp) and electron microscopy. the ache method showed fibres i ... | 2000 | 11005234 |
| the septal complex of the telencephalon of the lizard podarcis hispanica. i. chemoarchitectonical organization. | in this paper we study the septal complex architecture in the lizard podarcis hispanica (lacertidae). histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques were used to define the distribution of zinc (timm stain), acetyl cholinesterase (achase), gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), tyrosine hydroxylase (th), dopamine (da), serotonin (5-ht), and two neuropeptides: leu-enkephalin (l-enk) and substance p (sp). these reactions delineate a coherent map of nine septal nuclei that are named with a topographical ... | 1995 | 8557841 |
| a golgi and electron microscope study of the ventral septum in the reptile, podarcis hispánica. | the ventral septum of the reptile podarcis hispánica has been studied using cytoarchitectonical and golgi methods as well as electron microscopy techniques. the ventral septum is located in the medial wall of the telencephalon, just ventral to the dorsal septum. 2 different cell masses or nuclei can be easily appreciated in this structure: the ventro-lateral nucleus, located close to the ventricle, and the ventro-medial nucleus, located close to the medial hemispheric wall. using golgi methods, ... | 1988 | 3400895 |
| convergence of thalamic and cholinergic projections in the 'dentate area' of lizards. | the small-celled part of the medial cortex (cxms) in lizards is comparable to the hippocampal area dentata in mammals. as in mammals, most of the afferents to this cortical area are arranged in sharply delimited laminae. in reptiles this lamination pattern is species-specific. in the lizard tupinambis nigropunctatus projections from the multisensory dorsolateral thalamic nucleus (dla) terminate in the middle one-third of the outer plexiform layer throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of cxms. ... | 1998 | 9491277 |
| gaba-immunoreactive basal forebrain afferents innervate gaba-immunoreactive non-pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the basal forebrain projection to the cerebral cortex was studied in the lizard podarcis hispanica by anterograde transport of phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. after injections of the lectin into the septal-basal forebrain area, phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-labelled fibres were mainly detected in the outer plexiform layer of the medial cortex and in the inner plexiform layer of the dorsal and dorsomedial cortices. ultrathin sections from these areas were obtained and processed for poste ... | 1992 | 1465201 |
| iridovirus-like viruses in erythrocytes of lacertids from portugal. | icosahedral nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses (ncldv)-like viruses, which forminclusions in the erythrocyte cytoplasm of reptiles, were previously presented as candidates for a new genus of the iridoviridae family. the present work describes the distribution of infected lizard hosts and ultrastructural characteristics of the viral inclusions of ncldv-like viruses from portugal and adjacent locations in spain. giemsa-stained blood smears of 235 lacerta schreiberi from portugal and spain, 571 l ... | 2013 | 23806208 |
| phylogenetic analysis based on 18s rrna gene sequences of schellackia parasites (apicomplexa: lankesterellidae) reveals their close relationship to the genus eimeria. | in the present study we detected schellackia haemoparasites infecting the blood cells of lacerta schreiberi and podarcis hispanica, two species of lacertid lizards from central spain. the parasite morphometry, the presence of a refractile body, the type of infected blood cells, the kind of host species, and the lack of oocysts in the fecal samples clearly indicated these blood parasites belong to the genus schellackia. until now, the species of this genus have never been genetically characterize ... | 2013 | 23731491 |
| cross-species testing of 27 pre-existing microsatellites in podarcis gaigeae and podarcis hispanica (squamata: lacertidae). | we tested 27 microsatellite loci for cross-species amplification in the lacertids podarcis gaigeae and podarcis hispanica. we detected 11 and 15 polymorphic loci in the former and the latter species, respectively. in a larger sample of individuals from a single population of each species, the number of alleles ranged from five to 23 in 10 of the polymorphic loci in p. gaigeae, and between four and 13 in nine of polymorphic loci in p. hispanica. two locus deviated from hardy-weinberg equilibrium ... | 2008 | 21586048 |
| interpopulational variations in sexual chemical signals of iberian wall lizards may allow maximizing signal efficiency under different climatic conditions. | sexual signals used in intraspecific communication are expected to evolve to maximize efficacy under a given climatic condition. thus, chemical secretions of lizards might evolve in the evolutionary time to ensure that signals are perfectly tuned to local humidity and temperature conditions affecting their volatility and therefore their persistence and transmission through the environment. we tested experimentally whether interpopulational altitudinal differences in chemical composition of femor ... | 2015 | 26121693 |
| altitudinally divergent adult phenotypes in iberian wall lizards are not driven by egg differences or hatchling growth rates. | the interplay between ecological conditions and life histories has been widely acknowledged in vertebrates, particularly in lizards. environmental conditions may exert different selective pressures and produce divergent phenotypes even in geographically and genetically close populations. the iberian wall lizard constitutes a perfect model organism as it is considered a species complex with a complicated evolutionary history. here, we focus on two proximate populations in which we examined adult ... | 2015 | 25519176 |
| differences in chemical sexual signals may promote reproductive isolation and cryptic speciation between iberian wall lizard populations. | interpopulational variation in sexual signals may lead to premating reproductive isolation and speciation. genetic and morphological studies suggest that the iberian wall lizard, podarcis hispanica, forms part of a "species complex" with several cryptic species. we explored the role of chemical sexual signals in interpopulational recognition between five distinct populations of iberian wall lizards in central spain. results showed that these populations differed in morphology and in composition ... | 2012 | 22288019 |
| the role of scent marks in female choice of territories and refuges in a lizard (podarcis hispanica). | female mate choice based on male phenotypic traits is controversial in lizards, particularly in territorial species. in this study, we examine female choice of male scent marks in a territorial lacertid lizard (podarcis hispanica) in which scent marks have been shown to signal male size (i.e., an important determinant of competitive ability in this species). females were simultaneously exposed to three naturalized 4 m² choice areas bearing: (1) no scent marks (i.e., control), (2) scent marks of ... | 2011 | 21574685 |
| individual variation in behavioural plasticity: direct and indirect effects of boldness, exploration and sociability on habituation to predators in lizards. | little is known about the factors causing variation in behavioural plasticity and the interplay between personality and plasticity. habituation to predators is a special case of behavioural plasticity. we investigated the direct and indirect effects of boldness, exploration and sociability traits on the habituation ability of iberian wall lizards, considering exposure and sex effects. individual boldness was consistent across several non-habituation contexts, but it did not significantly affect ... | 2011 | 20685703 |
| morphology and nuclear markers reveal extensive mitochondrial introgressions in the iberian wall lizard species complex. | mitochondrial markers are still often used alone to identify evolutionary units, despite widespread evidence for processes such as incomplete lineage sorting or introgressive hybridization that may blur past population history. the combination of mitochondrial dna data with other sources of information (morphology, nuclear genes) is a powerful tool to reveal when and why mitochondrial markers are potentially misleading. in this study, we evaluate the performance of mtdna markers to unravel the e ... | 2009 | 19754512 |
| immune challenge affects sexual coloration of male iberian wall lizards. | sexual signals can be evolutionarily stable if they are honest and condition dependent or costly to the signaler. one possible cost is the existence of a trade-off between maintaining the immune system and the elaboration of ornaments. we experimentally challenged the immune system of male iberian wall lizards, podarcis hispanica, with a bacterial antigen (lipopolysaccharide) without pathogenic effects to explore whether the immune activation affected sexually dimorphic visual ornaments. ventrol ... | 2009 | 18942109 |
| size variation and cell proliferation in chemosensory brain areas of a lizard (podarcis hispanica): effects of sex and season. | many lizards rely on chemoreception for crucial aspects of their biology, including exploration, prey and predator detection, and intraspecific communication. here we investigate sex and seasonal variation in size and proliferative activity in chemosensory areas of the lizard brain. we captured adult iberian wall lizards (podarcis hispanica) of either sex in the breeding (april) and non-breeding (november) season, injected them with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (brdu) and killed them 3 weeks later. w ... | 2008 | 18662337 |
| female iberian wall lizards prefer male scents that signal a better cell-mediated immune response. | in spite of the importance of chemoreception in sexual selection of lizards, only a few studies have examined the composition of chemical signals, and it is unknown whether and how chemicals provide honest information. chemical signals might be honest if there were a trade-off between sexual advertisement and the immune system. here, we show that proportions of cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol in femoral secretions of male iberian wall lizards (podarcis hispanica) were related to their t-cell-mediated imm ... | 2005 | 17148218 |
| amygdalostriatal projections in reptiles: a tract-tracing study in the lizard podarcis hispanica. | whereas the lacertilian anterior dorsal ventricular ridge contains unimodal sensory areas, its posterior part (pdvr) is an associative center that projects to the hypothalamus, thus being comparable to the amygdaloid formation. to further understand the organization of the reptilian cerebral hemispheres, we have used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to study the projections from the pdvr and adjoining areas (dorsolateral amygdala, dla; deep lateral cortex, dlc; nucleus sphericus, ns ... | 2004 | 15457506 |
| stimulus control of predatory behavior by the iberian wall lizard (podarcis hispanica, sauria, lacertidae): effects of familiarity with prey. | the authors examine the relative roles of vision and chemoreception and the influence of previous experience with prey on the predatory behavior of iberian wall lizards (podarcis hispanica). experiment 1 compared the responses to visual, chemical, and a combination of visual and chemical cues of a familiar prey by 2 groups of lizards that had been kept in captivity for either 3 months or 21 days. experiment 2 assessed the responses of lizards kept in the laboratory for more than 3 months to a no ... | 2003 | 14498807 |
| retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum and visual thalamus of lizards. | retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum and visual thalamus have been investigated in the lizard, podarcis hispanica. injections of biotinylated dextran-amine in the optic tectum reveal seven morphological cell varieties including one displaced ganglion cell type. injections in the visual thalamus yield similar ganglion cell classes plus four giant ganglion cells, including two displaced ganglion cell types. the present study constitutes the first comparison of tectal versus thalam ... | 2007 | 12507324 |
| psa-ncam immunocytochemistry in the cerebral cortex and other telencephalic areas of the lizard podarcis hispanica: differential expression during medial cortex neuronal regeneration. | the lizard medial cortex, a region homologous to the mammalian dentate gyrus, shows postnatal neurogenesis and the surprising ability to replace its neurons after being lesioned specifically with the neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine. as the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (psa-ncam) is expressed during neuronal migration and differentiation, we have studied its distribution in adult lizards and also during the lesion-regeneration process. in the medial cortex of control anima ... | 2002 | 12373780 |
| molecular phylogenetics of iberian wall lizards (podarcis): is podarcis hispanica a species complex? | phylogenetic relationships between species and morphotypes of podarcis wall lizards from the iberian peninsula and north africa were estimated using partial 12s rrna and cytochrome b mitochondrial dna sequences. all species except podarcis hispanica form monophyletic units. p. hispanica is paraphyletic, although all identified morphotypes are monophyletic. these morphotypes represent highly divergent lineages showing 10-15% pairwise sequence divergence with the cytochrome b gene. the data sugges ... | 2002 | 12182404 |
| pheromonal discriminations of sex, reproductive condition, and species by the lacertid lizard podarcis hispanica. | in some vertebrate taxa, pheromones provide important information about species, sex, reproductive condition, kinship, and even individual identity. because they possess highly developed nasal chemosensory systems, lizards are capable of many chemical discriminations, but many aspects of their pheromonal communication remain poorly understood even in major families. we report that males of a lacertid lizard, podarcis muralis, are capable of differential response to surface chemical cues from con ... | 2002 | 12115935 |
| distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the present work studies the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (cgrp-li) neurons and fibers in the brain of a reptile, the lizard podarcis hispanica. cgrp-li perikarya were not present in the telencephalon. in the thalamus, cgrp-li perikarya were restricted to the posteromedial and posterolateral nuclei. in the hypothalamus, cgrp-li cells were found mainly in the supramammillary and mammillary nuclei. in the midbrain and brainstem, cgrp-li cells appeared in the ventr ... | 2002 | 11977114 |
| striato-amygdaloid transition area lesions reduce the duration of tonic immobility in the lizard podarcis hispanica. | neuroanatomical data suggest that the lizard striato-amygdaloid transition area is homologous with the mammalian central amygdala. in order to investigate possible functional similarities, tonic immobility was induced in adult lizards and its duration recorded. each lizard was then randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (1) bilateral striato-amygdaloid transition area lesions, (2) bilateral dorsal cortex lesions or (3) untreated controls. three days after trial 1, each lizard was subjecte ... | 2006 | 11923024 |
| afferent and efferent projections of the dorsal anterior thalamic nuclei in the lizard podarcis hispanica (sauria, lacertidae). | the aim of this study was to investigate the afferent and efferent connections of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the lizard podarcis hispanica. to identify potential sources of sensory inputs and to determine the fine organization of the projections of these thalamic nuclei to the telencephalon, we injected the sensitive tracer biotinylated dextran amine (bda) into different nuclei of the anterior dorsal thalamus. we also injected bda into several telencephalic areas in order to corroborate the ... | 2016 | 11923008 |
| enteric plexus and interstitial cells of cajal: interrelationship in the stomach of podarcis hispanica (reptilia). an ultrastructural study. | the ultrastructure organization of the stomach enteric plexus was examined in the lizard podarcis hispanica. the ganglions of the myenteric plexus present a low number of nerve cell bodies with a peculiar nucleus, which occasionally establish direct contacts with cells of the circular muscle layer. glial cells are smaller than the neurones, and their nucleus is very electron-dense. they surround the axons that constitute the fibres of the myenteric plexus. four main types of axon profile are des ... | 2001 | 11510979 |
| description of a monomeric prototype galectin from the lizard podarcis hispanica. | galectins are a continuously expanding family of beta-galactoside-binding lectins present in a variety of evolutionarily divergent animal species. here we report, for the first time, that expression of galectins extends to the reptilia lineage of lizards. up to five lactose-binding proteins were isolated from the lizard podarcis hispanica by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-sepharose. the main component, which is most abundantly expressed in skin, was purified from this tissue and further ... | 2000 | 11159924 |
| afferents to the red nucleus in the lizard podarcis hispanica: putative pathways for visuomotor integration. | the afferents to the red nucleus from visual and nonvisual forebrain centers have been investigated in the lizard podarcis hispanica by using both retrograde and anterograde transport of tracers. because the red nucleus constitutes a key structure in the limb premotor system, these sensory afferents probably are involved in visuomotor and other forms of sensorimotor integration. after tracer injections aimed at the red nucleus, retrograde labeling was found in the reticular thalamus, the subthal ... | 1999 | 10404106 |
| septal complex of the telencephalon of lizards: iii. efferent connections and general discussion. | the projections of the septum of the lizard podarcis hispanica (lacertidae) were studied by combining retrograde and anterograde neuroanatomical tracing. the results confirm the classification of septal nuclei into three main divisions. the nuclei composing the central septal division (anterior, lateral, medial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral nuclei) displayed differential projections to the basal telencephalon, preoptic and anterior hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal hypothalamus, ... | 1998 | 9826276 |
| identification of the reptilian basolateral amygdala: an anatomical investigation of the afferents to the posterior dorsal ventricular ridge of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the presence of multimodal association in the telencephalon of reptiles has been investigated by tracing the afferent connections to the posterior dorsal ventricular ridge (pdvr) of the lizard podarcis hispanica. the pdvr receives telencephalic afferents from the lateral (olfactory) and dorsal cortices, and from the three unimodal areas of the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge, in a convergent manner. from the diencephalon, it receives afferents from the dorsomedial anterior and medial posterior ... | 1998 | 9824465 |
| ascending projections from the optic tectum in the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the ascending projections of the optic tectum, including their cells of origin, have been studied in the lizard podarcis hispanica by means of a two-step experimental procedure. first, tracers were injected in the tectum to study the anterograde labeling in the forebrain. second, the cells of origin of these projections have been identified by analyzing the retrograde labeling after tracer injections in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pretectum. three main tectal ascending pathways have been des ... | 2015 | 9685199 |
| trigeminal projections to the dorsal thalamus in a lacertid lizard, podarcis hispanica. | trigeminothalamic projections in the lizard podarcis hispanica were investigated by means of biotinylated dextranamine (bda) injections into different nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. previous studies of lizards found a projection from the sensory trigeminal nuclei in the brainstem to the nuclei ventromedialis and ventrolateralis of the ventral thalamus. the present results show that, in addition to these projections to ventral thalamic nuclei, neurons of the nucleus of the descending tract and th ... | 1998 | 9681163 |
| intrinsic innervation of a reptilian esophagus (podarcis hispanica). | we study the esophagus of podarcis hispanica through different methods to clarify the structure and affinities of its wall innervation. the acetylcholinesterase method reveals cholinesterase activity in two submucosal nervous plexuses, with an increasing degree of structural complexity in the reptilian esophagus, compared with amphibians. noradrenergic innervation, detected through fluorescence induced by formol, widely spreads its network in both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses (around th ... | 1998 | 9566583 |
| a golgi study of the short-axon interneurons of the cell layer and inner plexiform layer of the medial cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the medial cortex of lizards is a three-layered brain region displaying cyto- and chemoarchitectonical, connectional, and ontogenetic characteristics that relate it to the hippocampal fascia dentata of mammals. three interneuron types located in the cell layer and ten others in the inner plexiform layer (six in the juxtasomatic zone and four in the deep zone) are described in this study. the granuloid neurons, web-axon neurons, and deep-fusiform neurons lay within the cell layer. these neurons w ... | 1997 | 9302106 |
| a golgi study of the principal projection neurons of the medial cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the medial cortex of lizards is a simple three-layered brain region displaying many characteristics that parallel the hippocampal fascia dentata of mammals. its principal neurons form a morphologically diverse population, partly as a result of the prominent continuous growth of this nervous center. by using the classic golgi impregnation method, we describe here the morphology of the principal neurons populating the medial cortex of podarcis hispanica. these were projection neurons giving off de ... | 1997 | 9302105 |
| septal complex of the telencephalon of the lizard podarcis hispanica. ii. afferent connections. | the afferent connections to the septal complex were studied in the lizard podarcis hispanica (lacertidae) by means of a combination of retrograde and anterograde tracing. the results of these experiments allow us to classify the septal nuclei into three main divisions. the central septal division (anterior, lateral, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and medial septal nuclei plus the nucleus of the posterior pallial commissure) receives a massive, topographically organized, cortical projection (medial ... | 1997 | 9208995 |
| a lacertilian dorsal retinorecipient thalamus: a re-investigation in the old-world lizard podarcis hispanica. | the aim of this work is to delineate the retinorecipient cell groups of the dorsal thalamus of lizards and to study some of the differential connections in order to help to understand the evolution of the visual system in tetrapods. tract-tracing and immunohistochemical techniques were applied to the retinorecipient dorsal thalamus of the lizard podarcis hispanica. the retina of podarcis projects to four areas of the dorsal thalamus: nucleus ovalis (ov), intergeniculate leaflet (igl), dorsal lat ... | 1997 | 9406643 |
| ontogeny of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in the medial cerebral cortex and other cortical areas of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the ontogeny of somatostatin immunoreactive interneurons in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica has been studied in histological series of embryos, perinatal specimens, and adults. somatostatin immunoreactive interneurons appear in the early stages of lizard cerebral cortex ontogeny, their number increases during embryonary development, reaches a peak in early postnatal life, and decreases in adult lizards. the first somatostatin immunoreactive somata in the lizard forebrain app ... | 1996 | 8891951 |
| colocalization of immunoreactivities to serotonin, calcitonin and cgrp in endocrine pulmonary cells of the iberian lizard podarcis hispanica (reptilia). | the coexistence of immunoreactivities to serotonin (5ht), calcitonin (ct) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) was studied in pulmonary endocrine cells of the iberian lizard by immunocytochemistry and in semithin/thin sections under light and electron microscope. immunostaining of serial sections revealed coexistence of 5ht/ct/cgrp immunoreactivities in some cells, while in others only 5ht/ct or cgrp immunoreactivities were found. appropriate absorption controls excluded crossreactivity be ... | 1994 | 18621292 |
| an immunocytochemical study of the respiratory system of podarcis hispanica (reptilia). | the endocrine cells and nerves of the respiratory tract of the reptile podarcis hispanica were investigated by immunocytochemistry under light microscopy. immunoreactivities were more numerous in the lung than in the trachea. in the tracheal epithelium, endocrine cells immunoreactive to phi, pyy, and leu-enkephalin were detected, while immunoreactivity to serotonin, calcitonin, cgrp, phi, and leu-enkephalin was found in pulmonary endocrine cells. numerous nerve fibers positive to nse, pgp9.5, ch ... | 1994 | 7533737 |
| seasonal sexually dimorphic distribution of neuropeptide y-like immunoreactive neurons in the forebrain of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | since neuropeptide y (npy) is involved in several sex-specific physiological and behavioral processes, a sexual dimorphic distribution is expected in forebrain areas that take part in the control of reproduction physiology and sexual behavior. this question has been studied in the lizard podarcis hispanica by comparing the distribution of npy-like immunoreactive cells in several forebrain areas of males and females during the season of active (spring/summer) and inactive (fall/winter) reproducti ... | 1994 | 7873094 |
| serotoninergic innervation of nonprincipal cells in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the mechanism of serotoninergic transmission in the neo- and archicortex of mammals is complex, including both synaptic and nonsynaptic components, direct actions on principal cells, and indirect effects mediated by gabaergic interneurons. here we studied the termination pattern and synaptic organization of the serotoninergic afferents in the cerebral cortex of the lizard, podarcis hispanica, which is considered to correspond in part to the mammalian hippocampal formation, with the aim of unrave ... | 1994 | 7518476 |
| neurons of the medial cortex outer plexiform layer of the lizard podarcis hispanica: golgi and immunocytochemical studies. | the study of golgi-impregnated lizard brains has revealed a scarce but heterogeneous neuronal population in the outer plexiform layer of the medial cortex. some of the neuronal types detected here resemble the neurons of the dentate molecular layer of the mammalian hippocampus. according to their morphology, five intrinsic neuronal types have been clearly identified: short axon aspinous bipolar neuron (type 1, or sarmentous neuron), short axon aspinous juxtasomatic neuron (type 2, or coral neuro ... | 1994 | 8163723 |
| postnatal increase of gaba- and pv-ir cells in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the number and distribution of gaba- and parvalbumin (pv)-immunoreactive (ir) cells have been studied by immunocytochemistry in the cerebral cortex of newborn and adult lizards. the distribution of gaba-ir cells as well as that of pv-ir cells were similar in newborn and adult lizards, and pv-ir cells were gaba-ir in all cases. however, the absolute number of gaba- and pv-ir cells increased significantly during development. in addition, the rate of of gaba-ir cells also displaying pv immunoreacti ... | 1994 | 8156388 |
| parvalbumin-containing neurons in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica: morphology, ultrastructure, and coexistence with gaba, somatostatin, and neuropeptide y. | the morphology, fine structure, and degree of colocalization with gaba, somatostatin, and neuropeptide y of parvalbumin-containing cells were studied with immunocytochemistry in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. parvalbumin-containing cells make up a morphologically heterogeneous population of spine-free neurons, displaying the morphological features of nonprincipal cells previously described in golgi studies. electron microscopically, parvalbumin-immunoreactive cell bodies a ... | 1993 | 7903322 |
| fiber connections of the amygdaloid formation of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the amygdaloid formation of the lizard podarcis hispanica can be divided into three main groups of nuclei on the basis of their input from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs: the vomeronasal amygdala, the olfactory amygdala and the dorsal amygdaloid group, the latter group receiving afferents from neither the main (mob) or the accessory olfactory bulb (aob). the vomeronasal amygdala has a centrifugal projection to the aob, an important commissural connection to the contralateral vomeronasal ... | 1993 | 8477340 |
| evidence for the colocalization of gastrin/cck- and pyy/pp-immunoreactive substances in the small intestine of the lizard podarcis hispanica: immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. | peptide tyrosine tyrosine/pancreatic polypeptide (pyy/pp)- and c-terminal gastrin/cholecystokinin (g/cck)-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the intestine of the lizard podarcis hispanica, using immunocytochemistry with light and electron microscopy. immunolabeling of consecutive semithin sections revealed coexistence of pyy/pp- and c-terminal g/cck-like substances in some cells, while in others only pyy/pp or g/cck immunoreactivity was found. appropriate absorption controls excluded cros ... | 1992 | 1426962 |
| distribution of gabaergic interneurons immunoreactive for calretinin, calbindin d28k, and parvalbumin in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the types and distribution of cells containing three calcium-binding proteins, calretinin, calbindin d28k, and parvalbumin, have been studied by immunocytochemistry in different areas of the cerebral cortex of lizards. cross-reactivity of the antisera has been excluded by demonstrating the existence of several cell groups immunoreactive for one but not the other two calcium-binding proteins. in the dorsal and dorsomedial cortices all three proteins coexist in a single subpopulation of gamma-amin ... | 1992 | 1517487 |
| endocrine cells and nerves in the stomach of the lizard podarcis hispanica detected by immunocytochemistry. | the general identification of endocrine cells in the stomach of the lizard podarcis hispanica was carried out by their response to the grimelius and masson-fontana techniques. 11 immunoreactive cell-types, positive for chromogranin-, serotonin-, caerulein/gastrin/ cholecystokinin (caer/g/cck)-, glucagon-like-peptide-1 (glp-1)-. glucagon-, bombesin-,somatostatin-, pancreatic polypeptide (pp)-, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pyy)-, neurotensin-and calcitonin gene related peptide (cgrp)- antisera were ... | 1992 | 18621220 |
| identification and distribution of microglial cells in the cerebral cortex of the lizard: a histochemical study. | the histochemical demonstration of nucleoside diphosphatase as a specific microglial marker was used to study the distribution of this glial cell type in the cerebral cortex of podarcis muralis and podarcis hispanica. our results showed that in both species, ndpase staining was specific for the microglial cell population and that microglial cells displayed a specific localization pattern in the different cortical areas. in the medal cortex, microglial cells were principally found in the outer an ... | 1991 | 1659591 |
| distribution of neuropeptide y (npy) in the cerebral cortex of the lizards psammodromus algirus and podarcis hispanica: co-localization of npy, somatostatin, and gaba. | the aim of the present study was to analyze the distribution and characteristics of npy immunoreactive structures in the cerebral cortex of lizards and to investigate the degree of co-existence of this neuropeptide with somatostatin and gaba. the immunoperoxidase method was applied to vibratome sections as well as to semithin sections. npy neurons are multipolar or fusiform and were unevenly distributed throughout the brain cortex. within the medial, dorsomedial and dorsal cortices, most npy per ... | 1991 | 1677949 |
| parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | an antibody against the calcium binding protein parvalbumin selectively labels a set of neurons in the cerebral cortex of lizards. golgi-like immunostained bipolar, multipolar and pyramid-like neurons appear mainly located in the inner plexiform layers. parvalbumin-immunoreactive (parv-ir) puncta are concentrated in the cell layer of the dorsal and dorsomedial cortices showing a basket-like distribution. the morphology and distribution of parv-ir neurons and puncta overlap gaba-immunostaining in ... | 1991 | 1884212 |
| organization of the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge of the lizard podarcis hispanica: cytoarchitecture and gaba-immunohistochemistry. | the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (advr) of podarcis hispanica comprises 3 cytoarchitectonic subareas: the rostromedial, caudomedial and lateral advr. all 3 subareas showed gamma-aminobutyric (gaba)-like immunoreactivity. gaba-ergic neurons were classified as multipolar (large), stellate (small), bipolar and unipolar cells. multipolar and stellate gaba-ergic neurons often formed clusters together with gaba-negative cells. reactive puncta were seen around unreactive somata of the 3 subareas. ... | 1991 | 2029644 |
| thermal biology, microhabitat selection, and conservation of the insular lizard podarcis hispanica atrata. | we studied aspects of the thermal biology and microhabitat selection of the endangered lizard podarcis hispanica atrata during autumn in the field and laboratory. body temperatures (tb) of active lizards were within a narrow range, were largely independent of ambient temperatures, and exhibited little diel variation. activity tbs largely coincided with the selected temperatures maintained in a laboratory thermogradient and with tbs that maximize running performance. alternation of basking with o ... | 1991 | 28312041 |
| late generated neurons in the medial cortex of adult lizards send axons that reach the timm-reactive zones. | double labelling autoradiography-hrp experiments were performed to examine whether late generated neurons in the medial cortex of lizards develop and send axons to their targets. one to two months after receiving a series of tritiated thymidine ([3h]t) injections to label recently generated neurons, lizards (podarcis hispanica) were subjected to a hrp labelling experiment. hrp was stereotaxically injected into the projection areas of the medial cerebral cortex, i.e. the cortical timm-reactive ar ... | 1990 | 2073723 |
| the autonomic innervation of the liver and gallbladder of podarcis hispanica. | the innervation of the liver and gallbladder of the lizard podarcis hispanica has been studied by the following methods: a) demonstration of cholinesterase activity; b) fif method for catecholamines; and c) immunohistochemistry for vip. the hepatic parenchyma of the reptile's liver show hepatocytes arranged in regular rows of hepatic cords, the portal triad being typical of higher vertebrates (birds and mammals). nerve fibers are found in the scarce connective tissue distributed among the hepato ... | 1990 | 2134381 |
| postnatal neurogenesis in the nucleus sphericus of the lizard, podarcis hispanica. | autoradiography was used to demonstrate the genesis and migration of cells in the nucleus sphericus of perinatal, juvenile and adult lizards, podarcis hispanica (sauria, lacertidae). following intraperitoneal injections of [3h]thymidine (5 microci/g b. w.) and survival times of 1, 7, 18 and 28 days, labelled cells were found in the ependyma, marginal layer and mural layer of the nucleus sphericus in specimens of all ages. after short survival times, most labelled cells were located in the ependy ... | 1989 | 2586832 |
| laminar distribution and morphology of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba)-immunoreactive neurons in the medial and dorsomedial areas of the cerebral cortex of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the morphology and laminar distribution of immunolabeled neurons in the medial and dorsomedial telencephalic cortices of the lizard podarcis hispanica were examined in vibratome sections after preembedding gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba)-immunocytochemistry. in both cortical areas and at all rostrocaudal levels, gaba-immunoreactive neurons were found in all cortical layers, with the largest number (74%) of gaba-positive cells in layer 3. gaba-positive neurons were classified into pyramidlike, ver ... | 1988 | 3230168 |
| delayed postnatal neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex of lizards. | labelled cells were consistently observed in the medial cortex of the lizard brain after i.p. injections of tritiated thymidine (5 microci/g b. wt.), 1, 7, 18 or 28 days of survival and posterior autoradiographic evaluation. in 3 groups of specimens (postnatal, young and adult) of the species podarcis hispanica, after one day of survival, labelled cells were located in the ependymal cell layer underlying the medial cortex. after intermediate survival times (7, 18 days), labelled cells were found ... | 1988 | 3179748 |
| histological and immunocytochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the lizard podarcis hispanica steindachner, 1870 (lacertidae). | the endocrine pancreas of the lizard podarcis hispanica is described using light and electron microscopy. the endocrine pancreas of this reptile is located throughout the spleen side of the organ and consists of islet-like structures, small groups of two to five cells, and single scattered endocrine cells. the endocrine cells, including the islet-like structures, are not discrete units; on the contrary, they are intermingled with the endocrine component, both forming the glandular units. the end ... | 1988 | 3203870 |
| organization of zinc-containing terminal fields in the brain of the lizard podarcis hispanica: a histochemical study. | the timm method for the histochemical detection of metals defines accurately many terminal fields in the brain of mammals. this pattern is based on the presence of zinc within the synaptic vesicles of some boutons. the aim of this study was to use the timm method for the anatomical description of the brain in a reptile. in the telencephalon, zinc staining was observed in the inner layer of the medial cortex, the inner and outer layers of both dorsomedial and dorsal cortices, the inner layer of t ... | 1988 | 2449475 |
| a golgi and electron microscope study of the precommissural dorsal septum in the reptile: podarcis hispanica. | in reptiles the septal area is located in the medial wall of the telencephalon. it can be divided into 2 subregions: the precommissural septum and the postcommissural septum. the dorsal portion of the precommissural septum (pds) received a massive projection from the medial cerebral cortex. it can be distinguished from the other portions of the pre- and postcommissural septum by its timm-positivity and by its positivity to acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. | 1988 | 3189832 |
| zinc accumulation in the telencephalon of lizards. | the zinc concentration in the brains of two species of lizard was determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. the zinc concentration was found to be highest in the telencephalon of lacerta galloti (21.1 micrograms/g fresh weight) and podarcis hispanica (16.77 +/- 0.8 micrograms/g) while the mesencephalon and brain stem exhibited lower zinc concentrations, i.e., 7.0 micrograms/g in lacerta galloti and 6.08 +/- 0.4 micrograms/g in podarcis hispanica. this high telencephalic concentration of ... | 1987 | 3570878 |
| anaerobic metabolism and activity of european lacertid lizards. | 1. lactate production and physical performance during intense activity were measured in lacerta vivipara, podarcis muralis and podarcis hispanica, temperate lizards from progressively lower latitudes. 2. rates of lactate production during the initial 30 sec of bursts of activity (means = 1.75 mg g-1) and their q10s (means = 1.36) are similar to previously obtained values for lizards. 3. maximal anaerobic scope at activity body temperatures is lowest in lacerta vivipara, which correlates with a t ... | 1987 | 2887375 |
| timm-staining intensity is correlated with the density of timm-positive presynaptic structures in the cerebral cortex of lizards. | in cortical areas of the lizard, podarcis hispanica, timm staining reveals a distinct pattern of lamination. at the electron-microscope level, virtually all of the reaction product is located in the synaptic vesicles of timm-positive boutons. using linear-regression analysis, the area density of timm-positive bouton profiles as well as the numerical and volume density of stained vesicles were found to be closely correlated with the light-microscopic densitometric values obtained for each timm-po ... | 1987 | 2437081 |
| gabaergic neurons in the septum of the lizard, podarcis hispanica. | with an antibody to gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), gaba-immunoreactive somata and boutons were identified in the septum of a lizard brain. gaba-positive somata occur at all rostrocaudal levels and in all septal nuclei. parallel acetylcholinesterase (ache) staining revealed a similar distribution of ache-positive neurons. gabaergic boutons were seen throughout the septal nuclei, and were more densely concentrated in the outer zone of the dorsolateral septum. axons of the anterior pallial commiss ... | 1986 | 2431743 |
| gabaergic neurons in the cerebral cortex of the brain of a lizard (podarcis hispanica). | to check the occurrence of gabaergic neurons in a reptilian species, sections from brains of the lizard podarcis hispanica were immunoreacted with an antibody to gaba. gaba-immunoreactive somata were found predominantly in the external and internal plexiform layers, some also in the granular layer of the medial, dorsomedial and dorsal cortices. gabaergic boutons were also found in the 3 layers; however, their densest distribution occurred in the granular layer and in the outer zone of the extern ... | 1986 | 3725213 |
| laminar organization of the main olfactory bulb of podarcis hispanica: an electron microscopic and golgi study. | in this study, the lamination pattern of the main olfactory bulb (mob) of p. hispanica has been described using em and golgi-impregnation techniques. six layers could be distinguished from the external surface to the ventricles: olfactory nerve layer (onl), glomerular layer (gl), external plexiform layer (epl), mitral layer (ml), internal plexiform layer (ipl), and granular cell layer (gcl). in onl unmyelinated axonic bundles from the olfactory mucosa are seen. the gl is defined by the presence ... | 1986 | 2423587 |
| increase of the neuron number in some cerebral cortical areas of a lizard, podarcis hispanica, (steind., 1870), during postnatal periods of life. | neuronal counts in the medial, dorso-medial, and dorsal areas of the cerebral cortex of a common lizard, podarcis hispanica, have been performed on a set of different sized (aged) animals. with age, (size), there is a significant increase in the number of neuronal somata of the inner plexiform and granular strata of both the medial and dorso-medial areas. in the granular stratum of the medial cortex, this increase appears to be mostly due to addition of small somata, whereas in the granular stra ... | 1984 | 6470463 |
| interhemispheric connections through the pallial commissures in the brain of podarcis hispanica and gallotia stehlinii (reptilia, lacertidae). | the cells-of-origin and the mode and site of termination of the interhemispheric connections passing through the anterior and posterior pallial commissures in the telencephalon of two lizards (podarcis hispanica and gallotia stehlinii) were investigated by studying the anterograde and retrograde transport of unilaterally injected horseradish peroxidase. the commissural projections arise mainly from pyramidal cells in the medial, dorsomedial, and dorsal cortices (medial subfield). additionally so ... | 1990 | 29865699 |
| neuronal organization of the accessory olfactory bulb of the lizard podarcis hispanica: golgi study. | the neuronal organization of the accessory olfactory bulb (aob), which receives sensory information from the vomeronasal organ, was described in a squamate reptile (podarcis hispanica) by means of light microscopy. using the golgi-impregnation method, seven neuronal types could be distinguished: periglomerular cells constitute a morphologically heterogeneous population of small neurons located between and around the glomeruli. the mitral cells are diffusely distributed in the aob. their cell bod ... | 1989 | 29865679 |
| ultrastructural organization of the accessory olfactory bulb of the lizard podarcis hispanica. | the ultrastructural organization of the accessory olfactory bulb (aob) was studied in a squamate reptile, podarcis hispanica. five types of neuronal cell bodies were differentiated by their size, location, and ultrastructure. dark and light small somata were observed in the glomerular layer and correlated with two possible subpopulations of periglomerular cells. mitral cells, the biggest neurons in the aob, were preferentially located in the mitral cell layer, but also observed in plexiform laye ... | 1989 | 29865673 |