| palm trees and chagas' disease in panama. | an ecological survey of triatomines in the sylvan ecosystem of the canal zone and selected sites in panama disclosed for the first time a close association of rhodnius pullescens and triatoma dimidiata, the two most important vector species of chagas' disease in panama, with a single species of a widely distributed palm tree, scheelea zonensis. this association may explain why chagas' disease is prevalent in certain rural communities in central panama and rare in others. an immense focus of zoon ... | 1978 | 102210 |
| feeding preferences of triatoma dimidiata maculipennis in yucatan, mexico. | to determine whether a low preference for human blood by triatoma dimidiata maculipennis stal, 1859, the only known vector of chagas' disease in yucatan, mexico, would account for the low prevalence of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi in man in the area, the intestinal contents of 924 bugs were tested against antisera to blood antigens of chicken, opossum, dog, bat, monkey, pig, goat, rabbit, horse, human, rat, ox, cat, and armadillo. although the chicken was the primary host, man was fed upon fr ... | 1977 | 320892 |
| epidemiological pattern of chagas' disease in an endemic area of costa rica. | triatoma dimidiata was found in association with 34.6% of the houses in a representative town within the dispersion area of the insect. the mean density over the entire study period was 21.5 insects per house, but it tended to be lower in the majority of the houses. insects usually were associated with dirt floors, poor sanitary condition of dwellings, and piles of firewood. the infection rate of 3,276 insects for trypanosoma cruzi was 30.9%. the infection was demonstrated in several synanthropi ... | 1975 | 804266 |
| chagas' disease in el salvador. | several studies on chagas' disease in el salvador have supplied important epidemiologic information, including the following: (1) rates of house infestation by triatomid vectors have ranged from 26.3 per cent to 100 per cent in various localities studied, higher rates being found in rural than in urban areas. (2) triatoma dimidiata and rhodnius prolixus are the two vectors of t. cruzi in el salvador, with t. dimidiata predominating in localities at elevations above 600 meters and r. prolixus in ... | 1975 | 808244 |
| reproduction, structure and host specificity of trypanosoma (herpetosoms) tamiasi sp. n. from the eastern chipmunk, tamias striatus. | trypanosoma (herpetosoma) tamiasi sp. n. is described from blood and organs of the eastern chipmunk, tamias striatus, and the least chipmunk, eutamias minimus. in experimentally infected tamias striatus and e. minimus, trypanosoma tamiasi reproduced by equal binary fission in the trypo-, sphaero-, epi-, or amastigote form, mainly in lymphoid organs. trypomastigotes developed from amastigotes through epimastigotes, or from sphaeromastigotes, mainly in the same organs. the mean lengths of body ... | 1975 | 1117439 |
| chagas' disease: risk factors for house infestation by triatoma dimidiata, the major vector of trypanosoma cruzi in costa rica. | the reduction of domiciliary infestation by insect vectors, the key to controlling chagas' disease, depends on identification of housing features associated with infestation. in this study, log-linear modeling was used to reanalyze data collected in 1964-1968 from 371 houses on characteristics potentially associated with infestation by the vector triatoma dimidiata in a costa rican town with endemic chagas' disease. a possible increased risk of infestation was observed for houses with a dirt flo ... | 1991 | 1902056 |
| studies of kissing bug-sensitive patients: evidence for the lack of cross-reactivity between triatoma protracta and triatoma rubida salivary gland extracts. | in the southern and western sections of the united states, bites from the reduviid bug, commonly known as the kissing bug, genus triatoma, may induce serious life-threatening allergic reactions. this study was undertaken to identify the allergens responsible for patient sensitization and to determine the extent of cross-reactivity of these allergens. the triatoma spp. most commonly encountered in california and arizona, t. protracta and t. rubida, were obtained, maintained in the laboratory, and ... | 1986 | 2418092 |
| natural trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs of endemic areas of the argentine republic. | the population dynamics and the prevalence of chagasic infection of 352 dogs living in 108 rural houses infested by triatomines were studied. the region was divided into three sections according to increasing distances to an urban area. each animal was identified by means of its particular characteristics and built, and its owners gave information about its habits. by means of xenodiagnosis, serology and ecg studies, prevalences of infection, parasitological-serological correlation, percentage o ... | 1989 | 2513634 |
| medical grand rounds. west virginia university health sciences center. bites and stings. part 1. spiders. | most animals can bite or sting. in narrowing the kingdom down to those that harm humans, the field still is vast. it would be interesting to explore the rich variety of pathology produced in us by moray eels, lionfish, sea urchins, jellyfish, sting rays, fire ants, kissing bugs, flies, lice, mosquitoes, ticks, mites, fleas, puss caterpillars, centipedes, snakes, dogs and cats, camels, and myriad other creatures including homo sapiens (not a trivial biter)--but for this grand rounds, the topic wi ... | 1989 | 2718467 |
| host feeding profiles of triatoma dimidiata in peridomestic habitats of western panama. | bloodmeal analysis of triatoma dimidiata collected in peridomestic habitats of western panama showed that avian feedings comprised 25% of this species' host selections; opossums, the principal reservoir of chagas' disease in the republic, were not among mammalian feedings. these findings may account for the low infestation rates of trypanosoma cruzi in the bugs and the hypoendemicity of chagas' disease in western panama. | 1988 | 3079313 |
| exotic stock of trypanosoma cruzi (schizotrypanum) capable of development in and transmission by triatoma protracta protracta from california: public health implications. | a stock of trypanosoma cruzi was recovered from a triatoma dimidiata from tegucigalpa, honduras. this stock was shown to be capable of development and transmission by native california triatoma protracta protracta. isozyme analysis indicated that this t. cruzi is closely related to the tehuantepec strain and to a lesser extent the miles' zymodeme 1 strain. the potential public health significance of development and transmission of exotic stocks of t. cruzi by native reduviids is discussed. | 1987 | 3107409 |
| isozyme profiles of trypanosoma cruzi stocks from colombia and ecuador. | a total of 74 of 82 domestic rhodnius prolixus from the same locality in eastern colombia were found to be infected with trypanosoma cruzi or t. rangeli. one of three domestic triatoma dimidiata from ecuador also showed t. cruzi infection. a total of 59 t. cruzi stocks from these and five other localities in colombia were isolated from man, marsupials and triatomine bugs. cellulose-acetate electrophoresis of nine or ten enzymes characterized all t. cruzi stocks as zymodeme 1 (reference clone sil ... | 1985 | 3896169 |
| effect of fasting on trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae). | | 1985 | 3908682 |
| agent of chagas' disease from honduran vector capable of developing in california insects: implications for cardiologists. | an exotic strain of trypanosoma cruzi recovered from triatoma dimidiata from tegucigalpa, honduras, was shown by isoenzyme studies to be closely related to the miles' zymodeme 1 and laboratory reference strain tehuantepec. it was injected into swiss random-bred icr mice. clean triatoma protracta nymphs and adults, which had been captured in winters, california, fed on inoculated mice and were then examined over a 15-month period. their feces contained multiplying epimastigote and infective trypo ... | 1985 | 3929580 |
| biology and ethology of triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811). i. life cycle, amount of blood ingested, resistance of starvation, and size of adults. | | 1970 | 4915977 |
| american trypanosomiasis in british honduras. i. isolation of a strain of trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) cruzi from a triatomine bug, triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera, reduviidae). | | 1967 | 4966471 |
| the camouflage of triatoma dimidiata and the epidemiology of chagas' disease in costa rica. | | 1969 | 4983544 |
| sources of blood for triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae) in an endemic area of chagas' disease in costa rica. | | 1970 | 4984080 |
| american trypanosomiasis in british honduras. ix. development of trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) cruzi in triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera, reduviidae), and a note on the occurrence of dividing trypomastigote forms in the gut of some of the naturally infected bugs. | | 1971 | 4996806 |
| american trypanosomiasis in british honduras. x. natural habitats and ecology of triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera, reduviidae) in the el cayo and toledo districts, and the prevalence of infection with trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) cruzi in the wild-caught bugs. | | 1971 | 4996905 |
| american trypanosomiasis in british honduras. 3. unusual morphology in a strain of trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) cruzi from a white mouse infected with the gut contents of a wild-caught triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera, reduviidae). | | 1967 | 5004334 |
| american trypanosomiasis in british honduras. iv. laboratory observations on triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera, reduviidae) and its efficiency as a vector of chagas' disease in british honduras. | | 1967 | 5004335 |
| enemies of triatoma dimidiata latreille, 1811 in an endemic area of chagas' disease in costa rica (hemiptera, reduviidae). | | 1970 | 5501241 |
| scanning electron microscopy of the final phase of the life cycle of trypanosoma cruzi in the insect vector. | scanning electron micrographs showed that both epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi are attached by the flagellum to the epithelium of the rectal gland of triatoma dimidiata. the flagellates tended to cover the surface of the gland and there was a marked predominance of epimastigotes with a round posterior end. reproduction and metacyclogenesis seem to take place in situ, the latter apparently by twisting and elongation of the epimastigotes. metatrypomastigotes remai ... | 1984 | 6143481 |
| the role of dirt floors and of firewood in rural dwellings in the epidemiology of chagas' disease in costa rica. | in an endemic area of chagas' disease in costa rica, 50 houses infested with triatoma dimidiata were re-examined after a period of 14-17 years. criteria used were two socioeconomic parameters which are closely associated with the presence of the bugs: colonies of triatomines inside houses are favored by the presence of a dirt floor, and stored firewood is an excellent refuge for insects outdoors. indoor infestation was completely eliminated from nine of 13 houses in which the floors had been cha ... | 1984 | 6424484 |
| the effects of precocene ii on reproduction and development of triatomine bugs (reduviidae: triatominae). | precocene ii is a botanically derived chemical that inhibits the production of juvenile hormone (jh) in insects. the effects of this anti-jh compound on molting and growth by rhodnius prolixus and triatoma dimidiata and reproduction in r. prolixus were tested and the efficacy of precocene ii as a fumigant was assessed. precocene ii induced precocious metamorphosis in both species when applied by either contact exposure or fumigation, and this effect could be prevented by juvenile hormone replace ... | 1982 | 7041667 |
| domestic vectors of chagas' disease in three rural communities of nicaragua. | a triatomine survey was conducted in three rural settlements of nicaragua (santa rosa, quebrada honda and poneloya) where chagas' disease is endemic, to determine rates of house infestation, evaluate the housing condition and to assess the performance of the maria sensor box in detection of domestic vectors. a total of 184 households were selected and vectors were sought by the methods of timed manual capture and by sensor boxes. the solve vectors species found in this study was triatoma dimidia ... | 1996 | 9071033 |
| characterisation of trypanosoma cruzi populations by dna polymorphism of the cruzipain gene detected by single-stranded dna conformation polymorphism (sscp) and direct sequencing. | fifty fresh isolates of trypanosoma cruzi from triatoma dimidiata vectors and 31 from patients with chagas' disease were analysed for dna polymorphisms within the 432-bp core region of the cruzipain gene which encodes the active site of cathepsin l-like cystein proteinase. the cruzipain gene showed signs of polymorphism consisting of four different dna sequences in central and south american isolates of t. cruzi. the pcr fragments of guatemalan isolates could be divided into three groups, groups ... | 1998 | 9925265 |
| utility of the polymerase chain reaction in detection of trypanosoma cruzi in guatemalan chagas' disease vectors. | for effective control programs, accurate assessment of trypanosoma cruzi infection in vectors is essential and has traditionally been performed by microscopic examination. for particular vectors and not others, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of fecal samples recently has been shown to be an effective means of detection. the sensitivities of the pcr and microscopy for detection of t. cruzi in different anatomic sites were compared in the two major vectors of guatemala, triatoma dimidiat ... | 1999 | 10344645 |
| mitochondrial dna sequence variation among triatomine vectors of chagas' disease. | kissing bugs or triatomines (reduviidae: triatominae) are vectors of the chagas' disease agent trypanosoma cruzi. there is a current need for more sensitive tools for use in discrimination of different bug populations and species, thus allowing a better understanding of these insects as it relates to disease transmission and control. in a preliminary analysis of the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna (mtlsurrna) and cytochrome b (mtcytb) genes, we used dna sequencing to study species iden ... | 1999 | 10466963 |
| [towards the elimination of the transmission of trypanosoma cruzi in honduras and central american countries]. | central america is composed of seven countries: belice, costa rica, el salvador, guatemala, honduras, nicaragua and panama. chagas disease exists in all seven countries, but with major prevalence in el salvador, guatemala, honduras and nicaragua. the main species of triatomine vectors are: rhodnius prolixus, triatoma dimidiata y rhodnius pallescens. in 1997 the central american countries launched an initiative for the vectorial and transfusion transmission control of chagas disease. the objectiv ... | 1999 | 10668252 |
| epidemiology of chagas disease in ecuador. a brief review. | chagas disease is a complex public health problem that has been underestimated in ecuador. here we review the relevant published information, and present unpublished and new data that help to understand the current chagas disease epidemiological situation and its evolution in the country. three main characteristics have been identified: (i) persistence of trypanosoma cruzi transmission in already known foci; (ii) a marked endemicity in some urban areas of guayaquil; and (iii) the transformation ... | 1999 | 10677762 |
| trypanosoma cruzi: of man, kissing-bugs, and frogs. | | 2000 | 10864520 |
| comparison of intervention strategies for control of triatoma dimidiata in nicaragua. | the effectiveness of three operational strategies for the control of triatoma dimidiata was compared by a field trial in the department of madriz, nicaragua. one strategy involved full pretrial evaluation, followed by spraying of all houses irrespective of whether or not they had been found to be infested. the second strategy minimised the pretrial evaluation by considering the locality infested as soon as one house was found to be positive, followed by spraying all houses. the third strategy in ... | 2000 | 11080777 |
| the its-2 of the nuclear rdna as a molecular marker for populations, species, and phylogenetic relationships in triatominae (hemiptera: reduviidae), vectors of chagas disease. | the nucleotide sequences of the rdna second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of 31 populations of 12 and 3 species of the two main triatominae tribes triatomini and rhodniini, including the most important chagas disease vectors, were obtained. sequence comparisons and parsimony, distance, and maximum-likelihood analyses indicate that its-2 is a useful marker for resolving supraspecific, specific, subspecific, and even sometimes population-level relationships in triatominae. results were marke ... | 2001 | 11161750 |
| kissing bugs (triatoma) and the skin. | kissing bugs (family reduviidae) can be the source of nocturnal dermatologic wounds in the mid to southern latitudes in the united states. the insects are obligate blood feeders and though the bites may be asymptomatic, a variety of dermatologic eruptions or death from anaphylaxis can result. the various dermatologic forms of the bite can be mistaken for herpes zoster, erythema multiforme and the ubiquitous catch-all diagnoses of "spider-bite." | 2001 | 11328627 |
| assessment of hepatitis b virus dna and hepatitis c virus rna in the common bedbug (cimex lectularius l.) and kissing bug (rodnius prolixus). | historical clinical studies suggest the potential for insect-borne transmission of human hepatitis viruses. studies of hepatitis b virus (hbv) persistence in insects were performed before the advent of molecular techniques, and studies to assess possible insect-borne transmission of hepatitis viruses have not yet been performed. the aim of this study was to determine, using molecular techniques, whether hbv and hepatitis c virus (hcv) persist in and are excreted in the feces of the bedbug cimex ... | 2001 | 11467652 |
| biogeography of triatominae (hemiptera: reduviidae) in ecuador: implications for the design of control strategies. | chagas disease control strategies strongly depend on the triatomine vector species involved in trypanosoma cruzi transmission within each area. here we report the results of the identification of specimens belonging to various species of triatominae captured in ecuador (15 species from 17 provinces) and deposited in the entomological collections of the catholic university of ecuador (quito), instituto oswaldo cruz (brazil), the natural history museum london (uk), the london school of hygiene and ... | 2001 | 11500757 |
| evidence of colonization of man-made ecotopes by triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811) in costa rica. | triatoma dimidiata adults have been frequently found, during the last five years, in a dog kennel and a chicken coop, in the back yard of a well-built house, 15 km from san josé, the capital of costa rica. in the chicken coop nymphs were also found. two of the 11 dogs from the kennel were serologically positive for trypanosoma cruzi infection. the inhabitants of the house, three adults and two children, were negative. this type of colonization by the insect, which is attracted to lights, is beco ... | 2001 | 11500765 |
| entomological and ecological aspects of six sylvatic species of triatomines (hemiptera, reduviidae) from the collection of the national biodiversity institute of costa rica, central america. | a total of 797 specimens of wild adult triatomines, belonging to six species from the entomological collections of the costa rican national biodiversity institute, was studied from the standpoint of their relative abundance, as reflected by light traps, distribution in the country, seasonal variations and climatic and altitudinal preferences. triatoma dimidiata was the most abundant species (32.9% of the total specimens), with a very extensive distribution in different ecological zones, being mo ... | 2001 | 11562697 |
| seroprevalence of human trypanosoma cruzi infection in diferent geografic zones of chiapas, mexico. | a serologic survey was carried out in four different geographic zones of chiapas, mexico. a total of 1,333 samples were collected from residents of thirteen communities located on the coast, central mountain, lacandon forest and a zone called mesochiapas. one hundred and fifty one seropositive individuals (11.3%) were identified. human trypanosoma cruzi infection was influenced by geography. in the lacandon forest and central mountains there was a higher seroprevalence 32.1 and 13.8% respectivel ... | 2001 | 11600911 |
| bacterial symbionts of the triatominae and their potential use in control of chagas disease transmission. | chagas disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by insects in the family reduviidae, subfamily triatominae, commonly known as kissing bugs. because these insects feed throughout their entire developmental cycle on vertebrate blood, they harbor populations of symbiotic bacteria in their intestinal track that produce nutrients that are lacking in the insects' limited diet. it is possible to cultivate these bacteria, genetically modify them, and place them back ... | 2002 | 11729071 |
| invasions by insect vectors of human disease. | nonindigenous vectors that arrive, establish, and spread in new areas have fomented throughout recorded history epidemics of human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhus, and plague. although some vagile vectors, such as adults of black flies, biting midges, and tsetse flies, have dispersed into new habitats by flight or wind, human-aided transport is responsible for the arrival and spread of most invasive vectors, such as anthropophilic fleas, lice, kissing bugs, and mosquitoes. from th ... | 2002 | 11729075 |
| movement of rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera: reduviidae) within a simulated house environment. | we observed the movement, attraction, and resting behavior of laboratory rhodnius prolixus stål within a house environment, simulated by a styrofoam box. movement of r. prolixus into various refuge types (fiberpots or white-, cream-, or black-colored modified gomez-nunez boxes) at different strata was assessed. greater numbers of fifth instars sought a refuge than third instars. fasted nymphs sought a refuge more than fed nymphs. our simulated house environment showed potential as a laboratory a ... | 2001 | 11761381 |
| triatoma dimidiata latreille, 1811 (hemiptera: reduviidae: triatominae) in central mexico: first record for the state of morelos. | | 2001 | 11784427 |
| incidence of trypanosoma cruzi infection in two guatemalan communities. | the prevalence of human infection by trypanosoma cruzi was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in a serological survey in 1998 of 2 rural communities (smh and ps) in guatemala. in smh (department of zacapa), where rhodnius prolixus was the principal vector, the seroprevalence amongst 373 people tested was 38.8%. in ps (department of santa rosa), where the main vector was triatoma dimidiata, 8.9% of the 428 people tested were seropositive. the overall prevalence of seropos ... | 2002 | 11925991 |
| the triatomines of northern peru, with emphasis on the ecology and infection by trypanosomes of rhodnius ecuadoriensis (triatominae). | information on the distribution and synanthropic behaviour of triatomines is essential for chagas disease vector control. this work summarises such information from northern peru, and presents new data on rhodnius ecuadoriensis - an important local vector infesting 10-35% of dwellings in some zones. three species are strongly synanthropic and may be suitable targets for chemical control of domestic/peridomestic bug populations. panstrongylus herreri, the main domestic vector in the area, is prob ... | 2002 | 12016438 |
| chagas disease in dogs from endemic areas of costa rica. | dogs with the presumptive diagnosis of chagas disease are commonly sent to our school of veterinary medicine by independent veterinarians. this prompted us to evaluate the prevalence of canine trypanosomiasis in some villages of the central valley of costa rica. a total of 54 dogs (21 males and 33 females) from five rural villages, with ages between 3 months and 10 years old, were bled and submitted to three serological tests: indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination and elisa. amo ... | 2002 | 12118277 |
| the opossum didelphis virginiana as a synanthropic reservoir of trypanosoma cruzi in dzidzilché, yucatán, méxico. | in méxico, the role of mammals in the transmission cycle of trypanosoma cruzi is poorly known. in the state of yucatán, an endemic area of chagas disease, both didelphis virginiana and d. marsupialis occur sympatrically. however, until now, only the former species had been found infected with t. cruzi. to evaluate the role of d. virginiana in a peridomestic transmission, nine periods of capture-recapture were performed around the village of dzidzilché, yucatán. the sex, age, reproductive status, ... | 2002 | 12219121 |
| cuticular hydrocarbons of chagas disease vectors in mexico. | capillary gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyse the cuticular hydrocarbons of three triatomine species, triatoma dimidiata, t. barberi and dipetalogaster maxima, domestic vectors of chagas disease in mexico. mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons of straight and methyl-branched chains were characteristic of the three species, but quantitatively different. major methylbranched components mostly corresponded to different saturated isomers of monomethyl, dimethyl and trimethyl branched hydrocar ... | 2002 | 12386703 |
| geographic distribution of triatoma dimidiata and transmission dynamics of trypanosoma cruzi in the yucatan peninsula of mexico. | chagas disease represents a major public health concern in most of latin america, and its control is currently based on vector control and blood bank screening. we investigated the geographic distribution and seasonal variations in triatomine populations in the yucatan peninsula of mexico to obtain entomologic data for the optimization of potential control programs. we collected domiciliated and peri-domiciliated triatoma dimidiata from 115 houses in 23 villages distributed throughout most of th ... | 2002 | 12389944 |
| trypanosoma cruzi isoenzyme variability in ecuador: first observation of zymodeme iii genotypes in chronic chagasic patients. | we have analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) at 21 genetic loci 10 trypanosoma cruzi stocks isolated from chronic chagasic patients and 3 stocks isolated from triatoma dimidiata collected in human habitats from the coastal part of ecuador (all stocks isolated in august-december 1998). isoenzyme profiles were compared to those of 4 laboratory-cloned stocks representing the major phylogenetic subdivisions of t. cruzi. this parasite's genetic variability in ecuador proved to be cons ... | 2002 | 12497973 |
| impact of residual spraying on rhodnius prolixus and triatoma dimidiata in the department of zacapa in guatemala. | as a vector control program to control chagas disease in guatemala, residual spraying of rhodnius prolixus and triatoma dimidiata was performed, and its impact was measured in the department of zacapa. in order to identify infested villages and determine the degree of infestation, a baseline entomological survey to identify municipalities infested with vectors followed by an additional vector survey in areas known to be infested was conducted. residual spraying using pyrethroid insecticides was ... | 2003 | 12764447 |
| the impact of vector control on triatoma dimidiata in the guatemalan department of jutiapa. | in 2000, a national control operation against the triatomine vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, based on house spraying with residual pyrethroid insecticides, was initiated in guatemala. the impact of the operation against triatoma dimidiata in the most heavily infested department, jutiapa, was evaluated by pre- and post-spraying surveys of the vector populations. of the houses checked for tri. dimidiata in the baseline surveys, 18.3% were found to be infested with the bug, and in 12.1% of the villag ... | 2003 | 12803860 |
| epidemiology of chagas disease in guatemala: infection rate of triatoma dimidiata, triatoma nitida and rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera, reduviidae) with trypanosoma cruzi and trypanosoma rangeli (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae). | a five-year domiciliary collection in the 22 departments of guatemala showed that out of 4,128 triatomines collected, 1,675 were triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811), 2,344 were rhodnius prolixus stal 1859, and only 109 were t. nitida usinger 1939. the chagas disease parasite, trypanosoma cruzi, was found in all three species. their natural infection rates were similar in the first two species (20.6%; 19.1%) and slightly lower in t. nitida(13.8%). however there was no significant difference in t ... | 2003 | 12886407 |
| update on the biology of triatoma dimidiata latreille (hemiptera: reduviidae) under laboratory conditions. | feeding time, postfeeding defecation delay, and life cycle for each stage of a cohort of recently colonized mexican triatoma dimidiata were evaluated, and results were compared to existing published information on this species. seventy-five nymphs (41.7%) completed a cycle with an average time from n-i to adult of 142 +/- 64 days. the average span in days for each stage was 20.2 for n-i, 17.9 for n-ii, 10.1 for n-iii, 43.6 for n-iv, and 55.1 for n-v. first-stage nymphs had the highest mean feedi ... | 2001 | 14529090 |
| the chagas vector, triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae), is panmictic within and among adjacent villages in guatemala. | trypanosoma cruzi, the hemoflagellate parasite and cause of chagas disease in latin america, is carried by triatomine vectors, principally triatoma dimidiata and rhodnius prolixus in central america. to assist control efforts and to understand the epidemiology of the disease in guatemala, the population genetics of t. dimidiata was analyzed among three houses within a village and two adjacent villages in guatemala. eleven randomly amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) pr ... | 2003 | 14680107 |
| habitats, dispersion and invasion of sylvatic triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae: triatominae) in petén, guatemala. | dispersion and invasion capacity of sylvatic populations of triatoma dimidiata (latreille) were investigated during 14 mo by means of experimental chicken coops installed in a nature reserve within the maya biosphere, petén, guatemala. in addition, palm trees, underground archeological holes (chultunes) and piles of limestones within the forest were inspected as potential sylvatic habitats of t. dimidiata. from the three types of sylvatic habitats we inspected, all served as shelter and breeding ... | 2003 | 14765656 |
| predicting triatoma dimidiata abundance and infection rate: a risk map for natural transmission of chagas disease in the yucatan peninsula of mexico. | chagas disease, a major public health problem in latin america, is caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by hematophageous insects from the triatominae subfamily. control of this disease is based on domestic vector control with insecticides and improvements in housing. as with other vector-borne diseases, the identification of areas of high risk of disease transmission is a major prerequisite for the planning and implementation of cost-effective control programs. in ... | 2004 | 15155983 |
| metric variation among geographic populations of the chagas vector triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae: triatominae) and related species. | eight triatoma dimidiata populations from different geographic regions were compared along with related species using traditional morphometry of head characters. a method for removing allometric change was used for the intraspecific comparisons, and scaling for the isometric change of size was used for the interspecific comparisons. the intraspecific comparison showed significant head shape differences between t. dimidiata populations correlating with geography, showing a separation between the ... | 2004 | 15185928 |
| re-infestation of houses by triatoma dimidiata after intra-domicile insecticide application in the yucatán peninsula, mexico. | in most countries, chagas disease transmission control remains based on domestic insecticide application. we thus evaluated the efficacy of intra-domicile cyfluthrin spraying for the control of triatoma dimidiata, the only chagas disease vector in the yucatán peninsula, mexico, and monitored potential re-infestation every 15 days for up to 9 months. we found that there was a re-infestation of houses by adult bugs starting 4 months after insecticide application, possibly from sylvatic/peridomicil ... | 2004 | 15273795 |
| insecticide and community interventions to control triatoma dimidiata in localities of the state of veracruz, mexico. | three different interventions to control triatoma dimidiata in the state of veracruz were implemented: x-1 = whole dwelling spraying, x-2 = middle wall spraying, x-3 = household cleaning. cyfluthrin was sprayed 3 times with 8 month intervals. after each spraying, insects were collected and sent to the laboratory to be recorded and to determine genus and species of the adult triatomine bugs, and nymphs were counted. trypanosoma cruzi presence was determined. with x-1, the infestation, colonizatio ... | 2004 | 15322635 |
| a preliminary assessment of genetic differentiation of triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae) in guatemala by random amplification of polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction. | the population genetics of triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811) from five different provinces in guatemala, including three sylvan and three domestic populations, was investigated by random amplification of polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction. there is a high degree of genetic variation in all of the t. dimidiata populations as evidenced by high levels of average expected heterozygosity and polymorphism. domestic populations are more closely related to each other (d = 0.05-0.085, nei's gen ... | 2004 | 15535616 |
| genetic structure of sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic populations of triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae) from an endemic zone of boyaca, colombia. | randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to study the genetic structure of sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic populations of triatoma dimidiata. the genetic flow among them was calculated to establish the epidemiological risk of non-domiciliated populations in the transmission of chagas disease in an endemic area of boyaca, colombia. a total of 83 adult specimens were studied: 26 sylvatic, 27 peridomestic and 30 domestic insects. wright's fst was 0.071 and the effective migr ... | 2005 | 15589794 |
| nitric oxide interaction with insect nitrophorins and thoughts on the electron configuration of the {feno}6 complex. | the nitrophorins are no-carrying heme proteins that are found in the saliva of two species of blood-sucking insects, the kissing bug (rhodnius prolixus) and the bedbug (cimex lectularius). in both insects the no is bound to the ferric form of the protein, which gives rise to kds in the micromolar to nanomolar range, and thus upon injection of the saliva into the tissues of the victim the no can dissociate to cause vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. the structures of the protein ... | 2005 | 15598503 |
| intraspecific variability in triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae) populations from guatemala based on chemical and morphometric analyses. | the intraspecific variability of triatoma dimidiata latreille, a major vector of chagas disease, was studied in four departments of guatemala. insects were collected from either domestic and sylvatic habitats, and their cuticular hydrocarbon pattern and head morphology were analyzed using ordination and classification techniques. a significant discrimination was obtained both with morphometric and hydrocarbon analyses. insects from northern departments were easily differentiated from southern co ... | 2005 | 15691005 |
| systemic immediate allergic reactions to arthropod stings and bites. | most of the encounters with biting and stinging insects result in more or less pronounced localized reactions. typically, urticarial wheals and papular reactions are observed. less often local bullous or hemorrhagic or disseminated papular reactions, particularly in children and immunologically naive adults, may be seen. with the exception of bee and wasp venom allergies, immediate-type allergic reactions to arthropod stings and bites are rare. systemic ige-mediated hypersensitivity has also bee ... | 2005 | 15724094 |
| high infection rates of triatoma dimidiata are associated with low levels of trypanosoma cruzi seroprevalence in pedro carbo, ecuador. use of a tc24 gene-based pcr approach. | in control programs for vectorial transmission of chagas' disease, conventional microscopic procedures are generally performed to determine baseline levels of infectivity of vectors. reported here are data using polymerase chain reaction in the detection of trypanosoma cruzi in triatoma dimidiata, one of the principal vectors of chagas' disease in ecuador. the microscopy and pcr techniques showed a high percentage of vector infection in pedro carbo, province of guayas (ecuador), with 44.16% and ... | 2005 | 15828584 |
| geographical characterization of the triatomine infestations in north-central guatemala. | in an entomological study in 2002, the degree of domestic and peridomestic infestation with triatomine bugs and the geographical distribution of such infestations were investigated in north-central guatemala. the survey team searched for triatomines in houses constructed with mud walls or thatched roofs, in villages suspected of being infested. the level of infestation observed was lower than that seen in the same area and in eastern guatemala, in a preliminary survey, 3 years earlier. most of t ... | 2005 | 15829138 |
| morphometric analysis of triatoma dimidiata populations (reduviidae:triatominae) from mexico and northern guatemala. | triatoma dimidiata is one of the major vectors of chagas disease in latin america. its range includes mexico, all countries of central america, colombia, and ecuador. in light of recent genetic analysis suggesting that the possible origin of this species is the yucatan peninsula, we have analyzed populations from the state of yucatan, san luis potosi, and veracruz in mexico, and a population from the southern region of the yucatan peninsula located in northern guatemala, the region of el peten. ... | 2005 | 16184224 |
| structural and morphological characterization of hemozoin produced by schistosoma mansoni and rhodnius prolixus. | hemozoin (hz) is a heme crystal produced upon the digestion of hemoglobin (hb) by blood-feeding organisms as a main mechanism of heme disposal. the structure of hz consists of heme dimers bound by reciprocal iron-carboxylate interactions and stabilized by hydrogen bonds. we have recently described heme crystals in the blood fluke, schistosoma mansoni, and in the kissing bug, rhodnius prolixus. here, we characterized the structures and morphologies of the heme crystals from those two organisms an ... | 2005 | 16229843 |
| function and evolution of a mosquito salivary protein family. | saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains a complex and diverse mixture of antihemostatic, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory compounds. the d7 salivary family of proteins is abundantly expressed in blood-feeding diptera and is distantly related to the odorant-binding protein superfamily. in mosquitoes, two subfamilies exist, the long and short d7 proteins. ticks and kissing bugs evolved salivary lipocalins that act as efficient scavengers of biogenic amines, and a similar function was pos ... | 2006 | 16301315 |
| a survey on triatoma dimidiata in an urban area of the province of heredia, costa rica. | triatoma dimidiata has been found in several cities and towns of those countries where the insect is a domestic or peridomestic pest. in central america, urban infestations occur in the capitals of at least five countries. during 2001 and 2002 a survey was carried out in the county of san rafael, heredia province, located 15 km northwest of san josé, capital of costa rica, in order to determine the degree of infestation by t. dimidiata in an entire city block. six peridomestic colonies of the in ... | 2005 | 16302059 |
| effect of hurricane isidore on triatoma dimidiata distribution and chagas disease transmission risk in the yucatán peninsula of mexico. | hurricanes can have devastating effects on health and may directly modulate vector-borne diseases. chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs, and the effect of hurricanes on these bugs is largely unknown. we thus performed a detailed study of the changes in triatoma dimidiata geographic distribution and infection rates after hurricane isidore devastated the yucatán peninsula in september 2002. bugs were collected in 34 vill ... | 2005 | 16354805 |
| antennal phenotype of triatoma dimidiata populations and its relationship with species of phyllosoma and protracta complexes. | triatoma dimidiata (latreille 1811) reduviidae triatominae is the main vector of chagas disease in several countries of latin america. as for other vector species, the characterization of t. dimidiata subpopulations within particular geographical regions or occupying different habitats could help in better planning of vector control actions. a first objective in this study was to evaluate the antennal phenotype as a phenetic marker to characterize populations of t. dimidiata collected in differe ... | 2005 | 16363154 |
| cuticular hydrocarbon variability among triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: reduviidae) populations from mexico and guatemala. | the geographic variation in the cuticular hydrocarbon pattern among 11 populations of triatoma dimidiata latreille (hemiptera: reduviidae: triatominae) from different regions of mexico and guatemala, was studied using capillary gas chromatography. t. dimidiata populations were differentiated based on the relative amounts of 71 hydrocarbon components. insect population classification was mostly in agreement with their geographical vicinity; mexican populations from the yucatan peninsula grouped t ... | 2005 | 16363161 |
| fine-scale predictions of distributions of chagas disease vectors in the state of guanajuato, mexico. | one of the most daunting challenges for chagas disease surveillance and control in mexico is the lack of community level data on vector distributions. although many states now have assembled representative domestic triatomine collections, only two triatomine specimens had been collected and reported previously from the state of guanajuato. field personnel from the state's secretaría de salud conducted health promotion activities in 43 of the 46 counties in the state and received donations of a t ... | 2005 | 16465750 |
| distribution and ecological aspects of rhodnius pallescens in costa rica and nicaragua and their epidemiological implications. | in light of the central american initiative for the control of chagas disease, efforts were made on the part of costa rican and nicaraguan teams, working separately, to determine the present status of rhodnius pallescens in areas close to the common border of the two countries, where the insect has appeared within the last few years. the opportunity was also used to establish whether r. prolixus, a vector present in some areas of nicaragua, has been introduced in recent years into costa rica wit ... | 2006 | 16699712 |
| control of chagas disease. | the southern cone initiative (iniciativa de salud del cono sur, incosur) to control domestic transmission of trypanosoma cruzi is a substantial achievement based on the enthusiasm of the scientific community, effective strategies, leadership, and cost-effectiveness. incosur triggered the launch of other regional initiatives in central america and in the andean and amazon regions, which have all made progress. the central american initiative targeted the elimination of an imported triatomine bug ... | 2006 | 16735164 |
| clinical aspects of the chagas' heart disease. | chagas' heart disease, caused by protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, is a common cause of cardiomyopathy in the americas. transmission of t. cruzi occurs through reduviids, the kissing bugs. less common ways of transmission are blood transfusion, congenital transmission, organ transplantation, laboratory accident, breastfeeding, and oral contamination. infestation results in cardiac dysautonomia, myocardial apoptosis, and myocardial fibrosis. in acute phase, death is mostly caused by myocarditis and in ... | 2007 | 16769134 |
| chagas disease parasite induces behavioural changes in the kissing bug mepraia spinolai. | parasites have been shown to manipulate the feeding behaviour of their invertebrate vectors, which results in an increased probability of transmission to definitive hosts. most evidence for this hypothesis comes from protozoan species with salivary transmission but evidence for stercorarian parasite transmission is lacking. we present experimental evidence that infection of the kissing bug mepraia spinolai (hemiptera; reduviidae) with the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi reduced the time to detect po ... | 2006 | 16780784 |
| chromosomal variation and genome size support existence of cryptic species of triatoma dimidiata with different epidemiological importance as chagas disease vectors. | the wide geographical distribution of triatoma dimidiata, one of the three major vectors of chagas disease, ranges from mexico to northern peru. since this species occupies a great diversity of artificial and natural ecotopes, its eradication is extremely difficult. in order to assist control efforts, we used chromosome analyses and dna amount as taxonomic markers to study genetic variability in populations of t. dimidiata from mexico, guatemala, el salvador and colombia. we differentiated three ... | 2006 | 16827710 |
| chagas disease after organ transplantation--los angeles, california, 2006. | chagas disease is an infection caused by the parasite trypanosoma cruzi. reduviids (i.e., "kissing bugs") transmit the parasite through infected feces. t. cruzi also can be transmitted congenitally and through blood transfusion or organ transplantation. the infection is lifelong if left untreated; the majority of infected persons are asymptomatic, and their disease remains undiagnosed. although routine serologic testing of organ and blood donors is performed in areas of latin america where chaga ... | 2006 | 16874295 |
| impact of single and multiple residual sprayings of pyrethroid insecticides against triatoma dimidiata (reduviiade; triatominae), the principal vector of chagas disease in jutiapa, guatemala. | this study investigated the impact of single, double, and triple insecticide sprayings on indoor infestation of triatoma dimidiata in jutiapa, guatemala. up to three successive insecticide sprayings were applied in villages, where the indoor infestation index was > 5% before each spraying round or located adjacent to the persistently infested villages. among 64 villages with single spraying, the mean indoor infestation index reduced from 20.8% to 1.4% after 12 months, but rose to 8.1% after 33 m ... | 2006 | 16896123 |
| genetic variation, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships of triatoma rubida and t. recurva (hemiptera: reduviidae: triatominae) from the sonoran desert, insect vectors of the chagas' disease parasite trypanosoma cruzi. | nucleotide and amino acid sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene segments were used to gain insights into the population biology and phylogenetic relationships of two species of hematophagous kissing bugs (hemiptera: reduviidae: triatominae) from the sonoran desert of northwestern mexico and southern arizona, usa, triatoma rubida (uhler, 1894) and t. recurva (stål, 1868), both of which are vectors of the protozoan parasite trypanoso ... | 2006 | 16934496 |
| environmental management for the control of triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811), (hemiptera: reduviidae) in costa rica: a pilot project. | an ecological control method, using environmental management operations, based on biological and behavioral characteristics of triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811), was implemented as a pilot project in an area of costa rica where the bug is prevalent. the sample was represented by 20 houses with peridomestic colonies (two also had indoor infestation), divided in two equivalent groups of 10 each. in one group we intervened the houses, i.e. all objects or materials that were serving as artificial ... | 2006 | 16951807 |
| triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811): a review of its diversity across its geographic range and the relationship among populations. | due to its vast diversity the chagas vector, triatoma dimidiata, has been merged and split into species and subspecies since its first description in 1811. across its geographic range from southern mexico to northern peru populations differ in their biology and ethology in many ways including those that directly affect vector capacity and competence. recent phenetic and genetic data suggest that t. dimidiata can be divided into at least three clades and in fact may be a polytypic species or spec ... | 2007 | 17097928 |
| human infection and risk of transmission of chagas disease in hidalgo state, mexico. | new zones with risk of infection for chagas disease were reported in san antonio tezoquipan, caltimacan, and el ahorcado in the hidalgo state of mexico. antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect hemagglutination assay in human serum samples. study subjects were also given an electrocardiogram. trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from triatomines collected and its virulence was determined in balb/c mice. seropositive persons were found in the three ... | 2007 | 17297042 |
| blood donor screening for chagas disease--united states, 2006-2007. | chagas disease, a zoonotic disease caused by the bloodborne parasite trypanosoma cruzi, affects an estimated 11 million persons throughout much of latin america. in endemic areas, t. cruzi is transmitted primarily by triatomine insects (i.e., kissing bugs); infection also can occur via blood transfusion, congenital transmission, organ transplantation, laboratory incident, and ingestion of triatomine-contaminated food or drink. to evaluate an investigational assay for detecting t. cruzi infection ... | 2007 | 17318113 |
| chagas disease in the united states: a cause for concern in louisiana? | chagas disease, or american trypanosomiasis, is an arthropod-borne protozoan infectious disease, hyperendemic throughout latin america, caused by trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted to man by reduviid or kissing bugs. throughout the americas, chagas disease shares many life cycle features with malaria, including transmission of infectious stages by local arthropods, exacerbation or reactivation of subclinical infections by immunosuppression (particularly hiv/aids) and pregnancy, and both transpla ... | 2007 | 17396472 |
| the number of families of triatoma dimidiata in a guatemalan house. | triatoma dimidiata is an important vector of chagas disease in guatemala. to help understand the biology and population dynamics of the insect, we estimated the number of full sibling families living in one house. forty one families with an average size of 2.17 individuals were detected using random amplification of polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction genetic markers. this result suggests high levels of migration of the vector, polyandry, and a significant capability for spreading the dise ... | 2007 | 17426889 |
| evaluation of cultures of saccharomyces cerevisae as baits for triatoma dimidiata and triatoma pallidipennis. | we tested the attraction of triatoma dimidiata and t. pallidipennis to traps baited with yeast volatiles. two traps were simultaneously presented in opposite sides of an experimental arena. one trap presented a yeast culture in sucrose solution, while the other contained sucrose solution as control. a first experimental series was done without offering a central refuge for bugs. in a second series, one shelter where the insects could hide was offered and the traps were presented afterwards. in t ... | 2007 | 17426891 |
| what does determine gonad weight in the wild kissing bug mepraia spinolai. | female fecundity increases with body size in a variety of insects, but it is unknown if this generalization applies for kissing bugs. in this study, we evaluate whether gonad weight in the bloodsucking insect mepraia spinolai correlates with body size, or determined by nutrition or developmental time. we found that the investment on reproductive tissue correlates positively and significantly with body size and with the amount of ingested blood by female insects along their lifespan. total moltin ... | 2007 | 17426892 |
| assessment of triatoma dimidiata dispersal in the yucatan peninsula of mexico by morphometry and microsatellite markers. | in the yucatán peninsula of mexico, the main vector of chagas disease is triatoma dimidiata. field studies suggest that natural transmission occurs through transient and seasonal invasion of houses by sylvatic/peridomestic triatomines, rather than through persistent domiciliated bug populations. we investigated the genetic structure of t. dimidiata populations, using morphometry and microsatellite markers, to assess dispersal of individuals in this triatomine species and to understand the dynami ... | 2007 | 17488918 |
| awareness of stroke risk in chagasic stroke patients. | reduction in stroke risk may depend on the general population's knowledge of stroke. in south america, chagasic myocardiopathy is independently associated with ischemic stroke. | 2007 | 17574599 |
| apo-nitrophorin 4 at atomic resolution. | the nitrophorins from rhodnius prolixus, the kissing bug, are heme-containing proteins used for the transport of nitric oxide to aide the insect in obtaining a blood meal. the rhodnius nitrophorins display an eight-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel motif, typical of lipocalins, with a histidine-linked heme in the open end of the barrel. heme is stabilized in the ferric state and highly distorted, displaying a ruffled conformation that may be of importance in the setting of the reduction potentia ... | 2007 | 17660249 |
| current situation of chagas disease in central america. | chagas disease in central america is known since 1913 when the first human case was reported in el salvador. the other central american countries reported their first cases between 1933 and 1967. on october 1997 was launched the central american initiative for chagas disease control (ipca). the objectives of this sub-regional initiative are: (1) the elimination of rhodnius prolixus in central america; (2) the reduction of the domiciliary infestation of triatoma dimidiata; and (3) the elimination ... | 2007 | 17713679 |
| [seroprevalence of trypanosoma cruzi antibodies and associated risk factors among the population under 18 years of age in veracruz, mexico]. | to determine the prevalence of trypanasoma cruzi antibodies among the population under 18 years of age in the state of veracruz, mexico, and to identify risk factors associated with housing conditions and vector presence and distribution. | 2007 | 17976273 |
| urban infestation by triatoma dimidiata in the city of mérida, yucatán, méxico. | the observation of widespread seasonal infestation by triatoma dimidiata in rural villages around the city of mérida, yucatán, méxico, led us to reconsider the presence of chagas disease vectors and the risk factors for house infestation in the city itself. bugs were collected in 150 houses from 30 neighborhoods distributed throughout the city. we observed a widespread infestation by t. dimidiata in the city, with 38% of infested houses and 48% of the collected triatomines testing positive for t ... | 2007 | 17979537 |
| [toxic effect of beta-cipermethrin, deltamethrin and fenitrothion in colonies of triatoma dimidiata (latreille, 1811) and triatoma maculata (erichson, 1848) (hemiptera, reduviidae)]. | the susceptibility to insecticides of triatomine species must be evaluated because of their involvement in the transmission of the chagas disease. in each region with chagas endemicity, evaluation of insecticide response is necessary to predict the success of the control campaigns. | 2007 | 18154247 |