| solid-phase radioimmunoassay as a method for evaluating antigenic differences in type a influenza viruses. | an indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria) procedure was developed to determine its usefulness in assessing antigenic variation in the surface antigens of type a influenza virus strains. the importance of several test variables was examined, and those having a significant effect on the binding ratios were identified. the reproducibility of the ria procedure was investigated. maximum variation of the mean binding ratios encountered in repetitive tests was found to be approximately 20%. the an ... | 1977 | 64458 |
| [effect of endogenous interferon on the embryo-lethal and mutagenic action of the influenza virus in white mice]. | the influence of endogenous interferon on chromosomes of pregnant mice and their fetuses in influenza infection as well as embryolethal effect of influenza virus under protection of interferon induction were studied. infection of pregnant mice with influenza a2/aichi virus produced significant chromosomal aberrations in mothers and their fetuses. | 1984 | 6203229 |
| [trial of polyguacyl safety and tolerance]. | the results of studies of the antiviral and interferon-inducing activity of the synthetic interferon inducer polyguacyl in white mice as well as the results of the study of safety and tolerance of this drug given to human subjects as aerosol and intranasally are presented. both modes of administration to mice induced production of endogenous interferon, although after intranasal inoculation high interferon titres in the blood serum of the animals were observed for longer periods of time, whereas ... | 1981 | 6272492 |
| mhc-binding motifs and the design of peptide-based vaccines. | the epitope of an immunogenic peptide can be partially replaced with peptide fragments from various pathogens without any detrimental effect to their anchoring within the binding groove of mhc class ii molecules. using this principle, effective peptide vaccines against influenza aichi virus have been found to induce antibody responses that neutralize virus in vitro. | 1993 | 8162409 |
| isolation of cytopathic small round virus (aichi virus) from pakistani children and japanese travelers from southeast asia. | aichi virus was isolated in vero cells from 5 (2.3%) of 222 pakistani children with gastroenteritis but none was found in 91 healthy children. aichi virus was also isolated from 5 (0.7%) of 722 japanese travelers returned from tours to southeast asian countries and complained of gastrointestinal symptoms at the quarantine station of nagoya international airport in japan. of 5 japanese travelers, 3 were returning from indonesia, and 2 from thailand or malaysia. these results indicate that aichi v ... | 1995 | 8551977 |
| complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of aichi virus, a distinct member of the picornaviridae associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a novel enteric virus, aichi virus, associated with nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans was determined. the aichi virus genome proved to be a single-stranded positive-sense rna molecule with 8,251 bases excluding a poly(a) tail; it contains a large open reading frame with 7,302 nucleotides that encodes a potential polyprotein precursor of 2,433 amino acids. the genome contains a 5' nontranslated region (ntr) with 712 bases and a 3' ntr with 240 bases ... | 1998 | 9733894 |
| the 2a proteins of three diverse picornaviruses are related to each other and to the h-rev107 family of proteins involved in the control of cell proliferation. | the 2a protein appears to be diverse among picornaviruses, in contrast to the other non-structural proteins, which have homologous structures and functions. in enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, 2a is a trypsin-like protease involved in protein processing and in shut-off of host-cell macromolecular synthesis. the aphthovirus and cardiovirus 2a is associated with an unusual processing event at the 2a/2b junction. it is shown here that the 2a protein of several diverse picornaviruses, the human parec ... | 2000 | 10640559 |
| [biological and epidemiological characteristics of aichi virus, as a new member of picornaviridae]. | | 1999 | 10737116 |
| application of a reverse transcription-pcr for identification and differentiation of aichi virus, a new member of the picornavirus family associated with gastroenteritis in humans. | aichi viruses isolated in vero cells from seven patients in five gastroenteritis outbreaks in japan, five japanese returning from southeast asian countries, and five local children in pakistan with gastroenteritis were examined for differentiation based on their reactivities with a monoclonal antibody to a standard strain (a846/88) and a reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) of three genomic regions. the rna sequences were determined for 519 bases of these 17 isolates at the putative junction betwe ... | 2000 | 10921958 |
| gastroenteritis viruses: an overview. | acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of humankind, and its associated morbidity and mortality are greatest among those at the extremes of age, children and the elderly. in developing countries, gastroenteritis is a common cause of death in children < 5 years that can be linked to a wide variety of pathogens. in developed countries, while deaths from diarrhoea are less common, much illness leads to hospitalization or doctor visits. much of the gastroenteritis in children is ca ... | 2001 | 11444035 |
| construction of an infectious cdna clone of aichi virus (a new member of the family picornaviridae) and mutational analysis of a stem-loop structure at the 5' end of the genome. | aichi virus is the type species of a new genus, kobuvirus, of the family picornaviridae. in this study, we constructed a full-length cdna clone of aichi virus whose in vitro transcripts were infectious to vero cells. during construction of the infectious cdna clone, a novel sequence of 32 nucleotides was identified at the 5' end of the genome. computer-assisted prediction of the secondary structure of the 5' end of the genome, including the novel sequence, suggested the formation of a stable ste ... | 2001 | 11483747 |
| identification of aichi virus infection by measurement of immunoglobulin responses in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | using inhibitory enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, seroconversions to aichi virus were detected in 24 (42.9%) of 56 patients with gastroenteritis in six outbreaks. virus-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) was detected in convalescent-phase sera from 7 of 24 patients. of the other 17 patients, 12 developed a significant increase in both iga and igg levels and 5 developed a significant increase in igg alone. | 2001 | 11682554 |
| the 5'-end sequence of the genome of aichi virus, a picornavirus, contains an element critical for viral rna encapsidation. | picornavirus positive-strand rnas are selectively encapsidated despite the coexistence of viral negative-strand rnas and cellular rnas in infected cells. however, the precise mechanism of the rna encapsidation process in picornaviruses remains unclear. here we report the first identification of an rna element critical for encapsidation in picornaviruses. the 5' end of the genome of aichi virus, a member of the family picornaviridae, folds into three stem-loop structures (sl-a, sl-b, and sl-c, fr ... | 2003 | 12610129 |
| functional analysis of the stem-loop structures at the 5' end of the aichi virus genome. | aichi virus is a member of the family picornaviridae. computer-assisted secondary structure prediction suggested the formation of three stem-loop structures (sl-a, sl-b, and sl-c from the 5' end) within the 5'-end 120 nucleotides of the genome. we have already shown that the most 5'-end stem-loop, sl-a, is critical for viral rna replication. here, using an infectious cdna clone and a replicon harboring a luciferase gene, we revealed that formation of sl-b and sl-c on the positive strand is essen ... | 2003 | 12951021 |
| aichi virus leader protein is involved in viral rna replication and encapsidation. | aichi virus, a member of the family picornaviridae, encodes a leader (l) protein of 170 amino acids (aa). the aichi virus l protein exhibits no significant sequence homology to those of other picornaviruses. in this study, we investigated the function of the aichi virus l protein in virus growth. in vitro translation and cleavage assays indicated that the l protein has no autocatalytic activity and is not involved in polyprotein cleavage. the l-vp0 junction was cleaved by 3c proteinase. immunobl ... | 2003 | 14512530 |
| isolation and characterization of a new species of kobuvirus associated with cattle. | a cytopathic agent was isolated using vero cells from the culture medium of hela cells that had been used for more than 30 years in our laboratory. this agent, termed u-1 strain, was serially passed in vero cells with distinct cpe. particles of u-1 strain negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid exhibited a distinct surface that resembled aichi virus. the rna genome of u-1 strain comprises 8374 nt, with a genome organization analogous to that of picornaviruses. possible cleavage sites of the ... | 2003 | 14573811 |
| isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus. | a cytopathic agent (a308/99) was isolated using vero cells from a stool specimen of a 1-year-old patient with transient paralysis. the agent was approximately 28 nm in diameter with a distinct ultrastructure resembling the virus particle of an enterovirus. it could not be neutralized by antisera against human picornaviruses such as human enterovirus, aichi virus or human parechovirus. the virion contained three capsid proteins with molecular masses of 38, 30.3 and 30 kda. determination of the co ... | 2004 | 14769896 |
| inactivation of selected picornaviruses by high hydrostatic pressure. | the potential of high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp) to inactivate aichi virus (aiv), human parechovirus-1 (hpev-1), and the coxsackievirus strains a9 and b5 was investigated. for coxsackievirus a9 (cav9), a 5-min hpp treatment in minimum essential growth medium (mem) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine sera (fbs) resulted in 3.4-, 6.5-, and 7.6-log(10) tissue culture infectious dose (50%) (tcid(50)) reductions at 400, 500, and 600megapascals (mpa), respectively. for hpev-1, a 5-min treatm ... | 2004 | 15084405 |
| in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts from herbal parts and callus cultures of origanum acutidens. | the essential oil and various extracts obtained from origanum acutidens and methanol extracts (meoh) from callus cultures have been evaluated for their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. the essential oil exhibited strong antimicrobial activity with a significant inhibitory effect against 27 (77%) of the 35 bacteria, 12 (67%) of the 18 fungi, and a yeast tested and moderate antioxidative capacity in dpph and beta-carotene/linoleic acid assays. gc and gc-ms analyses of the oi ... | 2004 | 15161188 |
| detection of human picornaviruses by multiplex reverse transcription-pcr and liquid hybridization. | a qualitative multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr and liquid hybridization assay for the detection of human enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, parechoviruses, and aichi virus was developed. furthermore, a separate assay for the recognition of hepatitis a virus was established to complement the test pattern so that all human picornaviruses were covered. the amplicons, which represented the 5' untranslated regions of the viral rna genomes, were identified in liquid hybridization reactions with genu ... | 2005 | 15750090 |
| the 5'-terminal region of the aichi virus genome encodes cis-acting replication elements required for positive- and negative-strand rna synthesis. | aichi virus is a member of the family picornaviridae. it has already been shown that three stem-loop structures (sl-a, sl-b, and sl-c, from the 5' end) formed at the 5' end of the genome are critical elements for viral rna replication. in this study, we further characterized the 5'-terminal cis-acting replication elements. we found that an additional structural element, a pseudoknot structure, is formed through base-pairing interaction between the loop segment of sl-b (nucleotides [nt] 57 to 60) ... | 2005 | 15890931 |
| molecular characterization of the first aichi viruses isolated in europe and in south america. | the occurrence of aichi virus, a picornavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis, has so far only been described in asian countries. this study reports the first finding of aichi virus in clinical specimens from germany and brazil. the nucleotide sequences of both a german and a brazilian isolate were determined, analyzed, and compared to known aichi sequences. the german strain turned out to be a member of genogroup a, while the brazilian belonged to genogroup b. for a primary assessment of ... | 2006 | 16421634 |
| macrophage-mediated inhibitory effect of zingiber officinale rosc, a traditional oriental herbal medicine, on the growth of influenza a/aichi/2/68 virus. | the inhibitory effect of zingiber officinale rosc (zor), an oriental traditional herbal medicine, on the growth of influenza a/aichi/2/68 (aichi) virus was investigated in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. direct addition of zor (0.1 approximately 100 microg/ml) to the infected cells did not have any inhibitory effect. however, the zor-induced conditioned medium (zor-cm) of raw cells, a murine macrophage (mphi) cell line, exhibited an apparent inhibitory effect on mdck cells without cytoto ... | 2006 | 16437748 |
| proteinase inhibitors from streptomyces with antiviral activity. | an extensive screening study for the production of proteolytic inhibitors has been carried out on 75 streptomyces strains. it was found that 18 of the strains and/or their variants (24%) produced proteinaceous substances, which belonged to the group of typical serine protease inhibitors. 23 samples were tested for inhibitory activity on the replication of influenza virus a/germany/34, strain rostock (h7n1) (a/rostock) in chicken embryonic fibroblast (cef) cells. eleven of the tested samples (52. ... | 2006 | 17139614 |
| an rna extraction protocol for shellfish-borne viruses. | the gptt virus rna extraction method, originally developed for extraction of human norovirus and hepatitis a virus rnas from contaminated shellfish, was evaluated for extraction of rna from aichi virus strain a846/88 (aiv), coxsackievirus strains a9 (cav9) and b5 (cbv5), murine norovirus (strain mnv-1), and the norovirus surrogate, feline calicivirus (fcv) strain kcd, for the purpose of rt-pcr detection within seeded oyster (crassostrea virginica) extracts. the rt-pcr equivalent sensitivities ob ... | 2007 | 17184849 |
| etiological role of viruses in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in the netherlands from 1994 through 2005. | acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases worldwide. in developed countries, viruses, particularly noroviruses, are recognized as the leading cause. in the netherlands, the surveillance of gastroenteritis outbreaks with suspected viral etiologies (as determined by kaplan criteria) was established by the national institute for public health and the environment in 1994. this paper presents an overview of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks reported from 1994 through 2005. a minimum epid ... | 2007 | 17360839 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of aichi viruses from fecal specimens collected in japan, bangladesh, thailand, and vietnam. | aichi virus is a new member of the family picornaviridae, genus kobuvirus, and is associated with human gastroenteritis. this study detected aichi virus in 28 of 912 fecal specimens which were negative for rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus and were collected in japan, bangladesh, thailand, and vietnam during 2002 to 2005. | 2007 | 17522267 |
| [analysis of aichi virus replication]. | | 2007 | 17824229 |
| [analysis of aichi virus replication]. | aichi virus is a member of the family picornaviridae. this virus was first isolated in 1989 from a stool specimen from a patient with oyster-associated gastroenteritis in aichi, japan. we analyzed the function of the 5' terminal region of the genome and the leader protein in virus replication. the results indicate that both the 5' terminal region of the genome and the leader protein are involved in viral rna replication and encapsidation. | 2007 | 18040156 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of aichi virus strains in stool samples from community and hospitalized patients. | aichi virus has been proposed as a causative agent of gastroenteritis. a total of 457 stool specimens from children hospitalized with acute diarrhea and 566 stool specimens from adults and children involved in 110 gastroenteritis outbreaks were screened for the presence of aichi virus by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) amplification of the genomic region of the 3c and 3d (3cd) nonstructural proteins. our results show a low incidence of aichi virus in pediatric samples and the existence of mix ... | 2008 | 18256215 |
| acute infantile gastroenteritis associated with human enteric viruses in tunisia. | this prospective study, conducted from january 2003 to june 2005, investigated the incidence and the clinical role of various enteric viruses responsible for infantile gastroenteritis in 632 tunisian children presenting in dispensaries (380 children) or hospitalized (252 children) for acute diarrhea. at least one enteric virus was found in each of 276 samples (43.7%). a single pathogen was observed in 234 samples, and mixed infections were found in 42 samples. in terms of frequency, rotavirus an ... | 2008 | 18287312 |
| seroprevalence distribution of aichi virus among a french population in 2006-2007. | little is known about the epidemiology of aichi virus, which is a new member of the family picornaviridae, in the genus kobuvirus. we report here on seroprevalence in france. sera were screened using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for immunoglobulin g. of 972 sera tested, seroprevalence ranged from 25% for the 7-month-to-9-year-old age group to about 85% for the 30-to-39-year-old age group and older age groups. our elisa correlated well with the microneutralization technique. this ... | 2008 | 18446423 |
| interaction between polypeptide 3abc and the 5'-terminal structural elements of the genome of aichi virus: implication for negative-strand rna synthesis. | secondary structural elements at the 5' end of picornavirus genomic rna function as cis-acting replication elements and are known to interact specifically with viral p3 proteins in several picornaviruses. in poliovirus, ribonucleoprotein complex formation at the 5' end of the genome is required for negative-strand synthesis. we have previously shown that the 5'-end 115 nucleotides of the aichi virus genome, which are predicted to fold into two stem-loops (sl-a and sl-c) and one pseudoknot (pk-b) ... | 2008 | 18448525 |
| sequence analysis of the capsid gene of aichi viruses detected from japan, bangladesh, thailand, and vietnam. | sequence analysis of the capsid gene of aichi viruses was performed on 12 strains detected in japan, bangladesh, thailand, and vietnam during 2002-2005. the phylogenetic tree constructed from 17 nucleotide sequences of the capsid gene of the strains studied and reference strains demonstrated that aichi virus strains clustered into two branches. a classification of aichi viruses based on the capsid gene was proposed, in which lineage i consists of the aichi virus strains detected from japan, thai ... | 2008 | 18461624 |
| uv light inactivation of hepatitis a virus, aichi virus, and feline calicivirus on strawberries, green onions, and lettuce. | a majority of illnesses caused by foodborne viruses are associated with fresh produce. fruits and vegetables may be considered high-risk foods, as they are often consumed raw without a specific inactivation step. therefore, there is a need to evaluate nonthermal treatments for the inactivation of foodborne pathogens. this study investigates the uv inactivation of three viruses: feline calicivirus (a surrogate for norovirus), and two picornaviruses, hepatitis a virus and aichi virus. three produc ... | 2008 | 18522022 |
| aichi virus 2a protein is involved in viral rna replication. | the aichi virus 2a protein is not a protease, unlike many other picornavirus 2a proteins, and it is related to a cellular protein, h-rev107. here, we examined the replication properties of two 2a mutants in vero cells and a cell-free translation/replication system. in one mutant, amino acids 36 to 126 were replaced with an unrelated amino acid sequence. in the other mutant, the nc motif conserved in the h-rev107 family of proteins was changed to alanine residues. the two mutations abolished viru ... | 2008 | 18653460 |
| detection of human enteric viruses in japanese clams. | a total of 57 clam packages that were collected from supermarkets and fish markets from 11 different sites in western japan between 8 december 2005 and 6 september 2006 were examined for human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, aichi virus, rotavirus, adenovirus, hepatitis a virus, and astrovirus), using pcr and reverse transcription pcr. sixty-one percent of the packages were contaminated with one type of virus, 9% had two different types of viruses, 28% had three different types of viruses, and ... | 2008 | 18724766 |
| aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from a french oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. | following a flooding event close to a shellfish production lagoon, 205 cases of gastroenteritis were linked to oyster consumption. twelve stool samples from different individuals were collected. analysis showed that eight samples were positive for multiple enteric viruses, and one stool sample had seven different enteric viruses. analysis of shellfish implicated in the outbreak allowed detection of the same diversity of enteric viruses, with some viral genomic sequences being identical to those ... | 2008 | 18842942 |
| comparative recovery of foodborne viruses from fresh produce. | a large percentage of foodborne outbreaks are caused by viruses, and outbreaks associated with fresh produce have increased over the past decade within the united states. virus recovery from food is of the utmost importance in determining the cause of viral outbreaks. while there are many experimental studies investigating viruses on fruits and vegetables, there is a lack of standard techniques concerning the initial inoculation and recovery of viruses. this study investigates the efficiency of ... | 2008 | 18991544 |
| complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences and genetic organization of porcine kobuvirus, a member of a new species in the genus kobuvirus, family picornaviridae. | kobuvirus is a new genus in the family picornaviridae. two species are currently known: aichi virus (human kobuvirus) and bovine kobuvirus (u-1). in this study, the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences and genetic organization of porcine kobuvirus (kobuvirus/swine/s-1-hun/2007/hungary, eu787450) were determined. the structure of the s-1-hun genome, vpg-5'utr-leader protein-structural proteins (vp0, vp3, vp1)-non-structural proteins (2a-2c, 3a-3d)-3'utr-poly(a) tail, was found to be typic ... | 2009 | 19096904 |
| [rotavirus and other viruses causing acute childhood gastroenteritis]. | acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases, affecting children worldwide. viruses are recognized as a major cause of this disease, particularly in children. since the norwalk virus was identified as a cause of gastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated with diarrheal disease in humans has progressively increased. rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. human astroviruses, caliciviruses and enteric adenovirus are also impor ... | 2008 | 19100169 |
| metagenomic analyses of viruses in stool samples from children with acute flaccid paralysis. | we analyzed viral nucleic acids in stool samples collected from 35 south asian children with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (afp). sequence-independent reverse transcription and pcr amplification of capsid-protected, nuclease-resistant viral nucleic acids were followed by dna sequencing and sequence similarity searches. limited sanger sequencing (35 to 240 subclones per sample) identified an average of 1.4 distinct eukaryotic viruses per sample, while pyrosequencing yielded 2.6 viruses per sam ... | 2009 | 19211756 |
| transdermal influenza immunization with vaccine-coated microneedle arrays. | influenza is a contagious disease caused by a pathogenic virus, with outbreaks all over the world and thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. due to virus antigenic drift and short-lived immune responses, annual vaccination is required. however, vaccine coverage is incomplete, and improvement in immunization is needed. the objective of this study is to investigate a novel method for transdermal delivery using metal microneedle arrays (mn) coated with inactivated influenza virus to d ... | 2009 | 19274084 |
| detection and genomic characterization of aichi viruses in stool samples from children in monastir, tunisia. | aichi virus has been associated with acute gastroenteritis in adults and children. stool samples were collected from 788 tunisian children suffering from diarrhea. aichi virus was found in 4.1% of the cases. the high proportion of monoinfections and the high frequency of hospitalizations support the role of aichi virus in pediatric gastroenteritis. | 2009 | 19474269 |
| the complete genome of klassevirus - a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool. | diarrhea kills 2 million children worldwide each year, yet an etiological agent is not found in approximately 30-50% of cases. picornaviral genera such as enterovirus, kobuvirus, cosavirus, parechovirus, hepatovirus, teschovirus, and cardiovirus have all been found in human and animal diarrhea. modern technologies, especially deep sequencing, allow rapid, high-throughput screening of clinical samples such as stool for new infectious agents associated with human disease. | 2009 | 19538752 |
| detection of aichi virus shedding in a child with enteric and extraintestinal symptoms in hungary. | aichi virus, genus kobuvirus, family picornaviridae, has been proposed as a causative agent of gastroenteritis in human. although high seroprevalence has been detected, it has been identified in only a few cases. we report detection of aichi virus in hungary. a total of 65 stool samples were tested retrospectively, collected from children with diarrhea, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. one (1.5%) sample from a 3-year-old girl was positive. besides diarrhea, fever, purulent con ... | 2009 | 19669615 |
| a novel picornavirus associated with gastroenteritis. | a novel picornavirus genome was sequenced, showing 42.6%, 35.2%, and 44.6% of deduced amino acid identities corresponding to the p1, p2, and p3 regions, respectively, of the aichi virus. divergent strains of this new virus, which we named salivirus, were detected in 18 stool samples from nigeria, tunisia, nepal, and the united states. a statistical association was seen between virus shedding and unexplained cases of gastroenteritis in nepal (p = 0.0056). viruses with approximately 90% nucleotide ... | 2009 | 19759142 |
| assessment of human enteric viruses in cultured and wild bivalve molluscs. | standard and real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr) procedures were used to monitor cultured and wild bivalve molluscs from the ría de vigo (nw spain) for the main human enteric rna viruses, specifically, norovirus (nov), hepatitis a virus (hav), astrovirus (asv), rotavirus (rt), enterovirus (ev), and aichi virus (aiv). the results showed the presence of at least one enteric virus in 63.4% of the 41 samples analyzed. nov gii was the most prevalent virus, detected in 53.7% of the samples, ... | 2009 | 19784920 |
| aichi virus strains in children with gastroenteritis, china. | | 2009 | 19861087 |
| overall linkage map of the nonstructural proteins of aichi virus. | aichi virus (aiv), which is associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans, is a member of the genus kobuvirus of the family picornaviridae. picornavirus genome replication occurs in replication complexes that include viral nonstructural proteins, host proteins and viral rna. in poliovirus, all nonstructural proteins are found in the replication complexes, suggesting the ability of the viral nonstructural proteins to interact with each other. in this study, we examined the interactions between ... | 2010 | 19879907 |
| aichi virus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in finland. | aichi virus has been proposed as a novel causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. in addition to several asian countries, south america and africa, aichi virus has also recently been found in europe. our objective was to study the causative role of aichi virus in children with acute gastroenteritis in finland. we analysed 595 stool specimens from infants in an efficacy trial of rotavirus vaccine and 468 stool specimens from children in a hospital-based epidemiological and aetiological study of ... | 2010 | 19961643 |
| mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritis in children in a waterborne outbreak. | we examined stool specimens for viral pathogens from 50 children referred to hospital due to acute gastroenteritis (age) resulting from consuming drinking water contaminated with sewage in a finnish community using pcr methods. rotavirus was detected in 33 (66%), human calicivirus in 31 (62%), and both in 40% of cases. of the caliciviruses, 20/31 (65%) were noroviruses and 11 (35%) sapoviruses. furthermore, aichi virus was detected in 25 (50%), adenovirus in six (12%) and bocavirus in four (8%) ... | 2010 | 20092670 |
| seroprevalence of aichi virus in a spanish population from 2007 to 2008. | viruses are among the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis. in recent years, new viruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis have been described. among these, aichi virus was identified in japan in 1989. aichi virus belongs to the kobuvirus genus in the family picornaviridae. this virus has been detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with oyster consumption and in pediatric stool samples, but little is known about its epidemiology or pathogenesis. in the present study, ... | 2010 | 20164249 |
| virus' (ms2, phix174, and aichi) attachment on sand measured by atomic force microscopy and their transport through sand columns. | atomic force microscopy (afm) was used to study the attachment of phix174, ms2, and aichi viruses on sands of different surface properties: oxide-removed (clean), goethite-coated, and aluminum oxide-coated. interaction forces between viruses and sand surfaces were measured by contact mode afm using tips coated with particles of each virus. column experiments were conducted to quantify the macroscopic transport and retention of the viruses in sand. the average adhesion force measured with afm was ... | 2010 | 20205469 |
| molecular detection and characterization of aichi viruses in sewage-polluted waters of venezuela. | the circulation of aichi virus in a major urban area was demonstrated using molecular detection with samples recovered from a major river polluted with sewage discharges in caracas, venezuela. five out of 11 water samples studied were positive, being classified by phylogenetic analysis as genotype b. analysis of sewage waters appears to be a useful methodology to uncover the presence of a hitherto undetected fecal pathogen in a given geographical area. | 2010 | 20418428 |
| aichi virus igg seroprevalence in tunisia parallels genomic detection and clinical presentation in children with gastroenteritis. | aichi virus has been described as a novel causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. in this study, we report the seroprevalence distribution of aichi virus in tunisia. a panel of 1,000 sera was screened by applying an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin g specific for aichi virus. a considerable prevalence (92%) of antibody to aichi virus was found across all age groups. the specific anti-aichi virus antibodies increased with age, from a high rate (68.8%) in children under 1 ... | 2010 | 20484569 |
| first molecular detection of aichi virus in sewage and shellfish samples in the monastir region of tunisia. | the aims of our investigations were (1) to look for aichi virus in environmental samples and (2) to compare the aichi virus strains in both clinical and environmental samples in order to evaluate the role of environmental contamination as a possible vehicle for viral transmission. aichi virus was detected in 15 (6%) sewage samples and in 4 (6.6%) shellfish samples. aichi virus was identified for the first time in water samples. phylogenetic analysis revealed several clusters that occurred sequen ... | 2010 | 20607319 |
| a novel rt-multiplex pcr for detection of aichi virus, human parechovirus, enteroviruses, and human bocavirus among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis. | a novel reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to detect aichi virus, human parechovirus, enteroviruses, and human bocavirus. a mixture of four pairs of published specific primers, 6261 and 6779, ev22(+) and ev22(-), f1 and r1, 188f and 542r, was used to amplify the viral genomes and specifically generate four different amplicon sizes of 519, 270, 440, and 354 bp for aichi virus, human parechovirus, enteroviruses, and human bocavirus, respectively. a total ... | 2010 | 20691209 |
| fate of human enteric viruses during dairy manure-based composting. | murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), aichi virus (aiv), and human adenovirus 41 (ad41) were seeded in dairy manure and composted for 60 days, and both the stability of virus genomes and infectious viruses were evaluated. for compost started in late fall, pile temperature reached approximately 54.5 degrees c on day 1 and remained between 55 and 60 degrees c for 3 days. for viral genomes, aiv had an approximate 1.4-log loss of viral genome after 1 day and more than a 3.1-log loss after 2 days; while for mn ... | 2010 | 20819370 |
| [detection of aichi virus in stool samples from children in lanzhou]. | to identification and analysis aichi virus from diarrhea and normal children in lanzhou, and discuss the relationship between aichi virus and infant diarrhea. | 2010 | 20848838 |
| epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a parisian hospital, france. | rotavirus is recognised as the most important agent of severe acute gastroenteritis (age) in young children. in a 2-year prospective survey, we investigated the epidemiology and clinical features of the viral and bacterial pathogens in children hospitalised for age. the study was performed in a parisian teaching hospital from november 2001 to may 2004. clinical data were prospectively collected to assess the gastroenteritis severity (20-point vesikari severity score, the need for intravenous reh ... | 2010 | 21128089 |
| circulation of aichi virus genotype b strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in india. | summaryacute gastroenteritis (ag) is considered as one of the major health problems affecting humans of all ages. a number of viruses have been recognized as important causes of this disease. recently, aichi virus has been shown to play an aetiological role in sporadic infections and outbreaks of ag. a study on surveillance of enteric viruses was conducted during 2004-2008 in three cities in maharashtra state, western india. a total of 1240 stool specimens from children aged ⩽8 years hospitalize ... | 2011 | 21211104 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of aichi viruses in wastewater and river water in japan. | aichi virus (aiv) genomes were detected in 12 (100%) influent and 11 (92%) effluent wastewater and 36 (60%) river water samples. among 260 strains identified, 255 were genotype a and 5 were genotype b. this is the first report describing the molecular characterization of aivs in aquatic environments in japan. | 2011 | 21257803 |
| viral metagenome analysis to guide human pathogen monitoring in environmental samples. | the aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate an approach for describing the diversity of human pathogenic viruses in an environmentally isolated viral metagenome. | 2011 | 21272046 |
| analysis and characterization of the complete genome of a member of a new species of kobuvirus associated with swine. | a virus belonging to a new species in the genus kobuvirus, family picornaviridae, was first isolated in 2008 from apparently healthy pigs in hungary and china. we report the complete genome sequence and the genetic organization of the novel porcine kobuvirus strain y-1-chi, which was identified in china. the rna genome of strain y-1-chi contains 8210 nucleotides (nt) and has an organization similar to that of other picornaviruses. the full-length nucleotide sequence of y-1-chi was 88.62%, 58.66% ... | 2011 | 21274731 |
| kobuviruses - a comprehensive review. | kobuviruses are members of the large and growing family picornaviridae. until now, two official, aichi virus and bovine kobuvirus, and one candidate kobuvirus species, 'porcine kobuvirus', have been identified in human, cattle and swine, respectively. in addition, kobu-like viruses were detected very recently in the bat. aichi virus could be one of the causative agents of gastroenteritis in humans, and kobuviruses probably also cause diarrhoea in cattle and swine. although aichi virus has been d ... | 2011 | 21294214 |
| a single-tube multiplex pcr for rapid detection in feces of 10 viruses causing diarrhea. | a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to identify 10 viruses in a single tube. the assay was targeted to detect group a and c rotaviruses, adenovirus, norovirus gi, norovirus gii, sapovirus, astrovirus, aichi virus, parechovirus, and enterovirus. a total of 235 stool samples were collected from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in kyoto, japan, from 2008 to 2009, then tested by this novel multiplex pcr and compared with a multiplex pcr described previously ... | 2011 | 21349292 |
| aichi virus shedding in high concentrations in patients with acute diarrheac. | we assessed aichi virus shedding in patients with gastroenteritis and negative test results for other viral and bacterial infections. high concentrations of up to 1.32 × 1012 rna copies/g stool were found in 10 (2.0%) of 499 outpatients sampled in northern germany, 2004. these data substantiate aichi virus pathogenicity in humans. | 2011 | 21801647 |
| viruses in diarrhetic dogs include novel kobuviruses and sapoviruses. | the close interactions of dogs with humans and surrounding wild life provide frequent opportunities for cross-species virus transmissions. in order to initiate an unbiased characterization of the eukaryotic viruses in the gut of dogs we used deep sequencing of partially purified viral-capsid protected nucleic acids from the feces of eighteen diarrhetic dogs. we identified known canine parvoviruses, coronaviruses, and rotaviruses, and characterized the genomes of the first reported canine kobuvir ... | 2011 | 21775584 |
| first detection of kobuvirus in farm animals in brazil and the netherlands. | animal kobuviruses have been described in pigs, cattle, sheep and bats in countries in asia and europe. the virus can be detected in fecal and serum samples of infected animals with or without diarrhea, but most of the clinical as well as epidemiological features of kobuvirus infection are still unknown. this study reports the first detection of kobuvirus in farm animals from brazil and the netherlands and the molecular analysis of the detected strains. in brazil, 53% (61/115) of the pigs (suckl ... | 2011 | 21763785 |
| sequence analysis reveals mosaic genome of aichi virus. | abstract: aichi virus is a positive-sense and single-stranded rna virus, which demonstrated to be related to diarrhea of children. in the present study, phylogenetic and recombination analysis based on the aichi virus complete genomes available in genbank reveal a mosaic genome sequence [genbank: fj890523], of which the nt 261-852 region (the nt position was based on the aligned sequence file) shows close relationship with ab010145/japan with 97.9% sequence identity, while the other genomic regi ... | 2011 | 21819561 |
| ACBD3-mediated recruitment of PI4KB to picornavirus RNA replication sites. | Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIß (PI4KB) is a host factor required for genome RNA replication of enteroviruses, small non-enveloped viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Here, we demonstrated that PI4KB is also essential for genome replication of another picornavirus, Aichi virus (AiV), but is recruited to the genome replication sites by a different strategy from that utilized by enteroviruses. AiV non-structural proteins, 2B, 2BC, 2C, 3A, and 3AB, interacted with a Golgi protein, ac ... | 2011 | 22124328 |
| a distinct class of internal ribosomal entry site in members of the kobuvirus and proposed salivirus and paraturdivirus genera of the picornaviridae. | the 5'-untranslated regions (5' utrs) of picornavirus genomes contain an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) that promotes the end-independent initiation of translation. picornavirus iress are classified into four structurally distinct groups, each with different initiation factor requirements. here, we identify a fifth ires class in members of kobuvirus, salivirus, and paraturdivirus genera of picornaviridae: aichi virus (av), bovine kobuvirus (bkv), canine kobuvirus (ckov), mouse kobuvirus (m ... | 2011 | 22114340 |
| The fecal viral flora of wild rodents. | The frequent interactions of rodents with humans make them a common source of zoonotic infections. To obtain an initial unbiased measure of the viral diversity in the enteric tract of wild rodents we sequenced partially purified, randomly amplified viral RNA and DNA in the feces of 105 wild rodents (mouse, vole, and rat) collected in California and Virginia. We identified in decreasing frequency sequences related to the mammalian viruses families Circoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, A ... | 2011 | 21909269 |
| the 3a protein from multiple picornaviruses utilizes the golgi adaptor protein acbd3 to recruit pi4kiiiβ | the activity of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase class iii beta (pi4kiiiβ) has been shown to be required for the replication of multiple picornaviruses, however it is unclear whether a physical association between pi4kiiiβ and the viral replication machinery exists and if it does, whether association is necessary. we examined the ability of the 3a protein from 18 different picornaviruses to form a complex with pi4kiiiβ by affinity purification of strep-tagged transiently transfected constructs foll ... | 2012 | 22258260 |
| 3cd, but not 3c, cleaves the vp1/2a site efficiently during aichi virus polyprotein processing through interaction with 2a. | picornavirus genomes are translated into a single large polyprotein, which is processed by virus-encoded proteases into individual functional proteins. 3c of all picornaviruses is a protease, and the leader (l) and 2a proteins of some picornaviruses are also involved in polyprotein processing. aichi virus (aiv), which is associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans, is a member of the genus kobuvirus of the family picornaviridae. the aiv l and 2a proteins have already been shown to exhibit no ... | 2011 | 22226945 |
| epidemiology of human parechovirus, aichi virus and salivirus in fecal samples from hospitalized children with gastroenteritis in hong kong. | emerging human picornaviruses, including human parechovirus (hpev), aichi virus (aiv) and salivirus (salv) were found to be associated with gastroenteritis, but their roles in enteric infections are not fully understood. in addition, no report on the circulation of these viruses in hong kong is available. the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of hpev, aiv and salv in fecal samples from hospitalized children with gastroenteritis in hong kong. | 2014 | 25326707 |
| identification and characterization of porcine kobuvirus variant isolated from suckling piglet in gansu province, china. | kobuviruses comprise three species, the aichivirus a, aichivirus b, and aichivirus c (porcine kobuvirus). porcine kobuvirus is endemic to pig farms and is not restricted geographically but, rather, is distributed worldwide. the complete genomic sequences of four porcine kobuvirus strains isolated during a diarrhea outbreak in piglets in the gansu province of china were determined. two of these strains exhibited variations relative to the traditional strains. the potential 3c/3d cleavage sites of ... | 2013 | 24145960 |
| companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals. | companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ... | 2016 | 27522300 |
| temporal distribution of gastroenteritis viruses in ouagadougou, burkina faso: seasonality of rotavirus. | acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases among children and adults, and continues to cause a major problem of public health in burkina faso. the temporal pattern of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus and aichivirus a was studied by examining prevalence of gastroenteritis viruses in association with meteorological variables in ouagadougou, burkina faso. | 2017 | 28327111 |
| quantification and genotyping of aichi virus 1 in water samples in the kathmandu valley, nepal. | aichi virus 1 genomes were detected by quantitative pcr in groundwater from shallow dug (10/22) and tube wells (1/15), river water (14/14), and sewage (1/1), with the maximum concentration of 4.0 × 10(9) copies/l. nucleotide sequencing analysis demonstrated the prevalence of genotype b in the virus positive samples. | 2017 | 28185207 |
| analysis of aichi virus and saffold virus association with pediatric acute gastroenteritis. | aichi virus (aiv) and saffold virus (safv) have been reported in children with acute gastroenteritis and respiratory disease worldwide; however, their causative role in acute gastroenteritis remains ambiguous. | 2017 | 27992789 |
| the molecular basis of aichi virus 3a protein activation of phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase iiiβ, pi4kb, through acbd3. | phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iii beta (pi4kiiiβ) is an essential enzyme in mediating membrane transport, and plays key roles in facilitating viral infection. many pathogenic positive-sense single-stranded rna viruses activate pi4kiiiβ to generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (pi4p)-enriched organelles for viral replication. the molecular basis for pi4kiiiβ activation during viral infection has remained largely unclear. we describe the biochemical reconstitution and characterization of the c ... | 2017 | 27989622 |
| low prevalence of aichi virus in molluscan shellfish samples from galicia (nw spain). | the aim of this study was to detect and quantify aichi virus (aiv) in shellfish from three estuaries in galicia, the main producer of molluscs in europe. | 2017 | 27891729 |
| survival of hepatitis a virus and aichi virus in cranberry-based juices at refrigeration (4 °c). | viral foodborne illness continues to be a health-concern globally, with numerous fruit and juice outbreaks of hepatitis a virus (hav) reported worldwide. aichi virus (aiv) is an emerging pathogen with limited epidemiological data. both, hav and aiv are resistant to low ph and can survive under adverse environmental conditions leading to transmission ease. the objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of hav and aiv in commercially-available cranberry-based juices (cranberry juice cock ... | 2017 | 27889156 |
| structure of human aichi virus and implications for receptor binding. | aichi virus (aiv), an unusual and poorly characterized picornavirus, classified in the genus kobuvirus, can cause severe gastroenteritis and deaths in children below the age of five years, especially in developing countries(1,2). the seroprevalence of aiv is approximately 60% in children under the age of ten years and reaches 90% later in life(3,4). there is no available vaccine or effective antiviral treatment. here, we describe the structure of aiv at 3.7 å. this first high-resolution structur ... | 2016 | 27595320 |
| multiplex rt-pcr for rapid detection of viruses commonly causing diarrhea in pediatric patients. | multiplex rt-pcr method using five sets of panel primers was developed for the detection of diarrheal viruses, including rotavirus a, b, and c, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus gi and gii, sapovirus, aichi virus, parechovirus, enterovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and saffold virus. the sensitivity of the method was evaluated and tested with 751 fecal specimens collected from japanese children with acute diarrhea. several kinds of viruses were detected in 528 out of 751 (70.3%) fecal specimens. mi ... | 2017 | 27735999 |
| structure of aichi virus 1 and its empty particle: clues towards kobuvirus genome release mechanism. | aichi virus 1 (aiv-1) is a human pathogen from the kobuvirus genus of the picornaviridae family. worldwide, 80-95% of adults have antibodies against the virus. aiv-1 infections are associated with nausea, gastroenteritis, and fever. unlike most picornaviruses, kobuvirus capsids are composed of only three types of subunits: vp0, vp1, and vp3. here we present the structure of the aiv-1 virion determined to a resolution of 2.1 å using x-ray crystallography. the surface loops puff of vp0 and knob of ... | 2016 | 27681122 |
| cosavirus, salivirus and bufavirus in diarrheal tunisian infants. | three newly discovered viruses have been recently described in diarrheal patients: cosavirus (cosv) and salivirus (salv), two picornaviruses, and bufavirus (buv), a parvovirus. the detection rate and the role of these viruses remain to be established in acute gastroenteritis (age) in diarrheal tunisian infants. from october 2010 through march 2012, stool samples were collected from 203 children <5 years-old suffering from age and attending the children's hospital in monastir, tunisia. all sample ... | 2016 | 27631733 |
| virus reduction during advanced bardenpho and conventional wastewater treatment processes. | the present study investigated wastewater treatment for the removal of 11 different virus types (pepper mild mottle virus; aichi virus; genogroup i, ii, and iv noroviruses; enterovirus; sapovirus; group-a rotavirus; adenovirus; and jc and bk polyomaviruses) by two wastewater treatment facilities utilizing advanced bardenpho technology and compared the results with conventional treatment processes. to our knowledge, this is the first study comparing full-scale treatment processes that all receive ... | 2016 | 27447291 |
| detection and characterization of aichi virus 1 in pediatric patients with diarrhea in thailand. | kobuvirus is a newly discovered virus that belongs to the kobuvirus genus in picornaviridae family, which comprised of three species including aichivirus a, aichivirus b, and aichivirus c. the kobuvirus isolated from human has been classified as aichi virus 1 and belongs to aichivirus a species. the present study aimed to assess the epidemiology and to perform molecular characterization of aichi virus 1 in children admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis in chiang mai, thailand. a total ... | 2017 | 27420653 |
| detection of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator for drinking water quality in hanoi, vietnam, in large volume of water after household treatment. | the aims of this study were to examine the removal of bacteria and viruses by household point-of-use (pou) treatments and to apply a previously developed large-volume virus concentration method (∼20 l). first, the removal of microbes by household pou treatment was investigated in the laboratory. second, the prevalence of viruses in drinking water sources for households and the removal efficiency of microbes by pou treatments in two suburban communities in hanoi, vietnam, were investigated. indig ... | 2016 | 27419274 |
| linear antimicrobial peptides with activity against herpes simplex virus 1 and aichi virus. | viruses are the major cause of disease and mortality worldwide. nowadays there are treatments based on antivirals or prophylaxis with vaccines. however, the rising number of reports of viral resistance to current antivirals and the emergence of new types of virus has concerned the scientific community. in this scenario, the search for alternative treatments has led scientists to the discovery of antimicrobial peptides (amps) derived from many different sources. since some of them have shown anti ... | 2017 | 27161201 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in children with diarrhea in ouagadougou, burkina faso. | enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those under five years old. identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. this study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of common enteric viruses in children under five years old in burkina faso. stool samples from children with (n = 263) and without (n = 50) diarrhea disorders were collected in ouagadougou, burkina faso from november 2011 to september 2012. ... | 2016 | 27092779 |
| the use of noncrystallographic symmetry averaging to solve structures from data affected by perfect hemihedral twinning. | hemihedral twinning is a crystal-growth anomaly in which a specimen is composed of two crystal domains that coincide with each other in three dimensions. however, the orientations of the crystal lattices in the two domains differ in a specific way. in diffraction data collected from hemihedrally twinned crystals, each observed intensity contains contributions from both of the domains. with perfect hemihedral twinning, the two domains have the same volumes and the observed intensities do not cont ... | 2016 | 26919522 |
| aqueous extracts of hibiscus sabdariffa calyces to control aichi virus. | aqueous hibiscus sabdariffa extracts possess antimicrobial properties with limited information available on their antiviral effects. aichi virus (aiv) is an emerging foodborne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis. vaccines are currently unavailable to prevent their disease transmission. the objective of this study was to determine the antiviral effects of aqueous h. sabdariffa extracts against aiv. aiv at ~5 log pfu/ml was incubated with undiluted (200 mg/ml), 1:1 (100 mg/ml) or 1:5 (40 mg/ml) d ... | 2016 | 26892338 |
| novel picornavirus in domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus var. domestica). | picornaviruses (family picornaviridae) are small, non-enveloped viruses with positive sense, single-stranded rna genomes. the numbers of the novel picornavirus species and genera are continuously increasing. picornaviruses infect numerous vertebrate species from fish to mammals, but have not been identified in a member of the lagomorpha order (pikas, hares and rabbits). in this study, a novel picornavirus was identified in 16 (28.6%) out of 56 faecal samples collected from clinically healthy rab ... | 2016 | 26588888 |
| enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands. | we investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), at two surface flow wetlands in arizona. the retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was d ... | 2016 | 26562344 |
| aichi virus positivity in hiv-1 seropositive children hospitalized with diarrheal disease. | aichi viruses (aiv) have been detected in patients with diarrheal diseases (dd). the aim of this study was to assess aiv infection rates in hospitalized children with dd, including 123 hiv-1 seropositive and 125 hiv-1 seronegative patients, in two public pediatric hospitals in rio de janeiro, brazil. aiv was investigated by nested rt-pcr. the aiv-positive samples were also tested for specie a rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, enteric adenovirus and bocavirus in order to assess co-infections. aiv ... | 2015 | 26081831 |
| aichi virus 1: environmental occurrence and behavior. | aichi virus 1 (aiv-1), belonging to the genus kobuvirus in the family picornaviridae, has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis potentially transmitted by fecal-oral routes through contaminated food or water. aiv-1 is globally distributed and has been detected in various types of environmental samples, such as sewage, river water, groundwater, and shellfish. recent environmental studies revealed that this virus could be detected in higher frequency and greater abundance tha ... | 2015 | 25996404 |