| dimorphism in ceratocystis minor var. barrasii. | ceratocystis minor var. barrasii, a fungus associated with the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis, exhibits dimorphism which is influenced by the concentration of both carbon dioxide and phosphate. the mycelium produces blastospores from the tips and sides of its hyphae when the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, and these blastospores germinate if the concentration of phosphate is above about 10(-2) mm, whereas below this concentration they bud. | 1977 | 600307 |
| southern pine beetle: effect of aerial pheromone saturation on orientation. | | 1976 | 1250427 |
| noise abatmement techniques in southern pine sawmills and planer mills. | | 1989 | 2596403 |
| production of aggregating pheromones in re-emerged parent females of the southern pine beetle. | | 1970 | 5449402 |
| dynamical role of predators in population cycles of a forest insect: an experimental test | population cycles occur frequently in forest insects. time-series analysis of fluctuations in one such insect, the southern pine beetle (dendroctonus frontalis), suggests that beetle dynamics are dominated by an ecological process acting in a delayed density-dependent manner. the hypothesis that delayed density dependence in this insect results from its interaction with predators was tested with a long-term predator-exclusion experiment. predator-imposed mortality was negligible during the incre ... | 1999 | 10446053 |
| effects of intensive forest management practices on insect infestation levels and loblolly pine growth. | intensive forest management practices have been shown to increase tree growth and shorten rotation time. however, they may also lead to an increased need for insect pest management because of higher infestation levels and lower action thresholds. to investigate the relationship between intensive management practices and insect infestation, maximum growth potential studies of loblolly pine, pinus taeda l., were conducted over 4 yr using a hierarchy of cultural treatments. the treatments were herb ... | 2000 | 10826182 |
| comparative treatability of moso bamboo and southern pine with cca preservative using a commercial schedule. | the united states department of agriculture introduced several bamboo species into the southern united states in the 1920s. one of the species included was moso bamboo (phyllostachys pubescens), a species native to china. this species grows well in south carolina. in rural areas, bamboo splits are frequently used for fences and stakes for supporting crop plants. however, the decay resistance of bamboo is very low. in this study, moso bamboo splits and southern pine lumber were treated in a comme ... | 2001 | 11211080 |
| pollen pool heterogeneity in shortleaf pine, pinus echinata mill. | pollen is the dominant vector of gamete exchange for most temperate tree species. because pollen movement influences the creation, maintenance and erosion of genetic structure in adult populations, it is important to understand what factors influence the process of pollen movement. isolation by distance in pollen donor populations can create highly structured pollen polls by increased sampling of local fathers. extrinsic factors, such as the intervening vegetative structure and local pollen dono ... | 2001 | 11348495 |
| development of a protocol for monitoring status and trends in forest soil carbon at a national level. | the national forest health monitoring (fhm) program requires protocols for monitoring soil carbon contents. in a pilot study, 30 fhm plots loblolly shortleaf (pinus taeda l./pinus echinata mill.) pine forests across georgia were sampled by horizon and by depth increments. for total soil carbon, approximately 40% of the variance was between plots, 40% between subplots and 20% within subplots. results by depth differed from those obtained by horizon primarily due to the rapid changes in carbon con ... | 2002 | 11833908 |
| nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers and 5.8s region of nuclear ribosomal dna in pinus taeda l. and pinus echinata mill. | the 615-bp nucleotide sequences of the first partial internal transcribed spacer (its-1), 5.8s rdna and its-2 region from pinus taeda l. (loblolly pine) and pinus echinata mill. (shortleaf pine) are reported. the two pine species show the same nucleotide sequences in this region, which indicates their close phylogenetic relationship. however, our reported nucleotide sequence in this region from shortleaf pine is different from the previous report for shortleaf pine in genbank (accession number: ... | 2002 | 12180347 |
| rapid assessment of antimould efficacies of pressure-treated southern pine. | a membrane-screening method was developed in conjunction with flow cytometric (fc) analysis for determining the efficacies of antimould pressure-treatment formulations for mould species of cosmetic significance on southern pine. fusarium subglutinans, aspergillus flavus, penicillium chrysogenum, and paecilomyces spp. were the predominant moulds colonizing surfaces of the variously treated pine stored in sealed plastic bags over 3- to 6-month periods. nylon membranes placed directly on pressure-t ... | 2002 | 12483480 |
| paternal chloroplast inheritance patterns in pine hybrids detected with trnl-trnf intergenic region polymorphism. | the inheritance patterns of the chloroplast genomes of shortleaf pine ( pinus echinata mill.), loblolly pine ( pinus taeda l.) and slash pine ( pinus elliottii engelm.) were investigated through the trnl-trnf intergenic spacer polymorphism analysis. the dna sequences of this spacer differ among these three closely related pinus species. a modified 'cold' pcr-sscp (single-strand conformation polymorphism) analysis of this spacer shows that the artificial hybrids (f1) from the shortleaf pine (seed ... | 2002 | 12582585 |
| mineral nutrition, resin flow and phloem phytochemistry in loblolly pine. | southern pine beetles and associated pathogenic fungi represent the largest biotic threat to pine forests in the southeastern usa. the two primary defensive mechanisms of the tree to the beetle-fungal complex are the primary oleoresin flow and the concentrations of preformed and induced secondary compounds. we compared oleoresin flow and concentrations of phloem nutrients, soluble sugars, starch, total phenolics and proanthocyanidins in pinus taeda l. trees in fertilized and control plots in the ... | 1999 | 12651321 |
| composition of gum turpentines of pines; a report on pinus echinata, p. rigida, and p. ponderosa from utah. | | 1951 | 14861103 |
| medical service of exercise southern pine. | | 1952 | 14890561 |
| boric acid-phenolic relationships within the pinus echinata-pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizal association. | at germination, container-grown shortleaf pine seedlings were inoculated with pisolithus tinctorius (pers.) coker & couch or left uninoculated, and both groups were fertilized semiweekly with a modified hoagland's solution supplemented with 0 or 0.4 mm boric acid. after 12, 16 and 24 weeks, seedling root tissue was analyzed for ectomycorrhizal colonization, phenolic concentration and phenoloxidase activity. in addition, phenoloxidase activity was assayed in p. tinctorius that had been cultured i ... | 1994 | 14967622 |
| leaf-level and whole-plant gas exchange characteristics of shortleaf pine exposed to ozone and simulated acid rain. | field-grown shortleaf pine (pinus echinata mill.) seedlings were exposed to ozone (o(3)) and simulated acid rain (sar) in open-top chambers over three growing seasons. ranges of o(3) and sar spanned ambient levels found in the southern usa. effects of o(3) on leaf-level and whole-plant gas exchange were characterized for a single measurement period immediately before the third summer of exposure. decreased photosynthesis rates were attributed to o(3), but not sar. stomatal conductance decreased ... | 1994 | 14967692 |
| the effects of acid rain and ozone on biomass and leaf area parameters of shortleaf pine (pinus echinata mill.). | shortleaf pine (pinus echinata mill.) seedlings in 24 open-top chambers were exposed to combinations of ozone (carbon-filtered (control), ambient, 1.7 x ambient, and 2.5 x ambient) and acidic precipitation (ph 5.3, 4.3 and 3.3) for 16 months (1989 harvest) or 28 months (1990 harvest). although the effects of acid rain were generally not significant, there was a trend toward increased aboveground biomass and leaf area in seedlings subjected to the low ph treatments. because n concentrations in th ... | 1993 | 14969926 |
| leaf water status and root system water flux of shortleaf pine (pinus echinata mill.) seedlings in relation to new root growth after transplanting. | water relations and root growth of shortleaf pine (pinus echinata mill.) were studied four weeks after seedlings from a half-sib family had been transplanted to one of three regimes of soil water availability at a root zone temperature of either 15 or 20 degrees c. about one-third of the variation in new root growth was explained by the root zone environment. the interaction between root zone temperature and soil water availability accounted for 10% of the variation in new root growth. in the mo ... | 1992 | 14969952 |
| boron fertilization and carbohydrate relations in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal shortleaf pine. | eight-week-old shortleaf pine seedlings (pinus echinata mill.) with and without ectomycorrhizae formed by pisolithus tinctorius were treated for two to eight weeks with 25 microg borate ml(-1) solution applied either to the soil, or as a foliar spray, or in both ways. control seedlings were fertilized only with modified hoagland's solution containing 0.03 microg ml(-1) borate. five sugars (pinitol, fructose, glucose, myoinositol and sucrose) were quantitated in both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhiza ... | 1988 | 14972817 |
| carbon allocation, root exudation and mycorrhizal colonization of pinus echinata seedlings grown under co(2) enrichment. | increased exudation of carbon compounds from roots may provide a mechanism for enhancement of nutrient availability to plants growing in a co(2)-enriched atmosphere. therefore, the effect of atmospheric co(2) concentration on carbon allocation and root exudation was investigated in pinus echinata mill. (shortleaf pine) seedlings. after 34 and 41 weeks, seedlings growing in 695 microl l(-1) co(2) allocated proportionately more (14)c-labeled photosynthate to fine roots than did seedlings growing i ... | 1987 | 14975813 |
| evidence of competition for photosynthates between growth processes and oleoresin synthesis in pinus taeda l. | a group of 10 pines (pinus taeda l.) in a 35-year-old stand in central louisiana was sampled periodically from march through december 1984 for oleoresin flow from small wounds. oleoresin yield was closely associated with periods of calculated moderate soil water deficit and presumed growth reduction. the period of maximum oleoresin flow coincided with the period of calculated maximum soil water depletion. calculated potential evapotranspiration reached a maximum in late june, but water deficits ... | 1986 | 14975863 |
| effects of anaerobic growth conditions on phosphorus tissue concentrations and absorption rates of southern pine seedlings. | a non-circulating, continuously flowing solution culture was used to examine the long- and short-term effects of anaerobic growth conditions on phosphorus uptake in 12-week-old seedlings of three pine species. sand pine (pinus clausa (engelm.) sarg.) and a drought-hardy loblolly pine (p. taeda l.) had the largest reductions in biomass after 8 weeks in anaerobic solution, whereas the more flood-tolerant pond pine (p. serotina michx.) and wet-site loblolly pine seedlings were least affected. anaer ... | 1986 | 14975866 |
| boron and ectomycorrhizal influences on indole-3-acetic acid levels and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase and peroxidase activities of pinus echinata mill. roots. | the level of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) in shortleaf pine (pinus echinata mill.) roots was increased by inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus tinctorius (pers.) coker and couch. indole-3-acetic acid oxidase activity was also increased suggesting that the increased level of iaa was the result of increased synthesis. boron fertilization reduced iaa levels in roots inoculated with p. tinctorius but not in noninoculated roots. | 1986 | 14975901 |
| effects of available water on growth and competition of southern pine beetle associated fungi. | competitive, interactions among bark beetle associated fungi are potentially influenced by abiotic factors. water potential, in particular, undergoes marked changes over the course of beetle colonization of tree hosts. to investigate the impact of water potential on competition among three southern pine beetle associated fungi, ophiostoma minus, entomocorticium sp. a and ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus, we utilized artificial media with water potentials of 0, -5, -10, and -20 mpa. growth of all thr ... | 2004 | 15119355 |
| suitability of some southern and western pines as hosts for the pine shoot beetle, tomicus piniperda (coleoptera: scolytidae). | the pine shoot beetle, tomicus piniperda (l.), is an exotic pest that has become established in north america. discovered in ohio in 1992, it has since been found in at least 13 states and parts of canada. the beetle can cause significant growth loss in pines, and it represents a potential threat to trees in areas where it has not yet become established. to evaluate this threat to native pines, field and laboratory tests were conducted on several common and important southern and western species ... | 2004 | 15154468 |
| a preliminary assessment of the montreal process indicators of air pollution for the united states. | air pollutants pose a risk to forest health and vitality in the united states. here we present the major findings from a national scale air pollution assessment that is part of the united states' 2003 report on sustainable forests. we examine trends and the percent forest subjected to specific levels of ozone and wet deposition of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. results are reported by resource planning act (rpa) reporting region and integrated by forest type using multivariate clustering. estim ... | 2004 | 15195820 |
| effects of mass inoculation on induced oleoresin response in intensively managed loblolly pine. | oleoresin flow is an important factor in the resistance of pines to attack by southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimm., and its associated fungi. abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply and water relations, have the potential to modify this plant-insect-fungus interaction; however, little is known of the effects of inoculation with beetle-associated fungi on oleoresin flow. we observed that constitutive and induced resin yield in loblolly pine, pinus taeda l., were affected by either ... | 2005 | 15805088 |
| effects of tree phytochemistry on the interactions among endophloedic fungi associated with the southern pine beetle. | we examined the interaction between host trees and fungi associated with a tree-killing bark beetle, dendroctonus frontalis. we evaluated (1) the response of four pinus species to fungal invasion and (2) the effects of plant secondary metabolites on primary growth of and secondary colonization of three consistent fungal associates. two of these fungi, entomocorticium sp. a and ophiostoma ranaculosum, are obligate mutualists with d. frontalis, and the third associate is a blue-staining fungus, o. ... | 2005 | 15898500 |
| antagonisms, mutualisms and commensalisms affect outbreak dynamics of the southern pine beetle. | feedback from community interactions involving mutualisms are a rarely explored mechanism for generating complex population dynamics. we examined the effects of two linked mutualisms on the population dynamics of a beetle that exhibits outbreak dynamics. one mutualism involves an obligate association between the bark beetle, dendroctonus frontalis and two mycangial fungi. the second mutualism involves tarsonemus mites that are phoretic on d. frontalis ("commensal"), and a blue-staining fungus, o ... | 2006 | 16323015 |
| light quality treatments enhance somatic seedling production in three southern pine species. | embryogenic cultures of loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.), slash pine (pinus elliottii engelm.), longleaf pine (pinus palustris mill.) and slash pine x longleaf pine hybrids were initiated from immature seeds on an initiation medium containing 13.57 microm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2.22 microm benzylaminopurine. embryogenic cultures proliferated and somatic embryos developed, matured and germinated following a modified protocol and media originally developed for radiata pine (pinus radiata ... | 2006 | 16356915 |
| competitive interactions among symbiotic fungi of the southern pine beetle. | the southern pine beetle, a damaging pest of conifers, is intimately linked to three symbiotic fungi. two fungi, ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus and entomocorticium sp. a, are transported within specialized structures (mycangia) in the beetle exoskeleton and are mutualists of the beetle. a third fungus, ophiostoma minus, is transported externally on the beetle exoskeleton (phoretically) and is an antagonist of the beetle. this study examined competitive interactions among these three fungi. the res ... | 1997 | 16535518 |
| ipsenol and ipsdienol attract monochamus titillator (coleoptera: cerambycidae) and associated large pine woodborers in southeastern united states. | we determined the responses of the southern pine sawyer, monochamus titillator (f.) (coleoptera: cerambycidae), to the pheromones (ipsenol, ipsdienol, and lanierone) used by pine engraver beetles (coleoptera: scolytidae) in the southeastern united states. (+/-)-ipsenol, (+/-)-ipsdienol, or a combination increased catches of m. titillator in florida, louisiana, georgia, and north carolina. catches of acanthocinus obsoletus (olivier) (cerambycidae) were increased by (+/-)-ipsenol and (+/-)-ipsdien ... | 2005 | 16539130 |
| attraction of southern pine engravers and associated bark beetles (coleoptera: scolytidae) to ipsenol, ipsdienol, and lanierone in southeastern united states. | we determined the response of the small southern pine engraver, ips avulsus (eichhoff); eastern fivespined ips, ips grandicollis (eichhoff); sixspined ips, ips calligraphus (germar); and pine engraver, ips pini (say) to the pheromones (+/-)-ipsenol, (+/-)-ipsdienol, and lanierone in the southeastern united states. catches of i. avulsus and i. grandicollis to baited multiple-funnel traps were increased by (+/-)-ipsenol and (+/-)-ipsdienol in florida, georgia, louisiana, and north carolina. in all ... | 2005 | 16539133 |
| electrophysiological and behavioral responses of dendroctonus frontalis (coleoptera: curculionidae) to volatiles isolated from conspecifics. | olfactory sensitivity of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann, to compounds isolated from the mid/hindguts of newly emerged conspecific adults was assayed with coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection. all previously reported pheromones for d. frontalis plus eight additional compounds (fenchyl alcohol, myrtenal, cis-verbenol, trans-pinocarveol, acetophenone, trans-myrtanol, cis-myrtanol, and 2-phenylethanol) consistently elicited antennal responses from a ... | 2005 | 16539134 |
| efficacy of systemic insecticides for protection of loblolly pine against southern pine engraver beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) and wood borers (coleoptera: cerambycidae). | we evaluated the efficacy of the systemic insecticides dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, and imidacloprid for preventing attacks and brood production of southern pine engraver beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) and wood borers (coleoptera: cerambycidae) on standing, stressed trees and bolt sections of loblolly pine, pinus taeda l., in eastern texas. emamectin benzoate significantly reduced the colonization success of engraver beetles and associated wood borers in both stres ... | 2006 | 16573328 |
| fitness consequences of pheromone production and host selection strategies in a tree-killing bark beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae). | timing of arrival at a resource often determines an individual's reproductive success. tree-killing bark beetles can reproduce in healthy trees by attacking in adequate numbers to overcome host defences that could otherwise be lethal. this process is mediated by aggregation and antiaggregation pheromones. beetles that arrive early in such a "mass attack" must contend with undiminished tree defences, and produce enough pheromones to attract more beetles, but have a head start on gallery construct ... | 2006 | 16609873 |
| transpiration and physico-chemical properties of leaves as related to drought resistance in loblolly pine and shortleaf pine. | | 1939 | 16653574 |
| tolerance of shortleaf pine seedlings for some variations in soluble calcium and h-ion concentration. | | 1941 | 16653699 |
| development of a satellite-based hazard rating system for dendroctonus frontallis (coleoptera: scolytidae) in the ouachita mountains of arkansas. | the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann (coleoptera: scolytidae), is the most damaging forest insect pest of pines (pinus spp.) throughout the southeastern united states. hazard rating schemes have been developed for d. frontalis, but for these schemes to be accurate and effective, they require extensive on-site measurements of stand attributes such as host density, age, and basal area. we developed a stand hazard-rating scheme for several watersheds in the ouachita highlands ... | 2007 | 17461062 |
| impact of minimum winter temperatures on the population dynamics of dendroctonus frontalis. | predicting population dynamics is a fundamental problem in applied ecology. temperature is a potential driver of short-term population dynamics, and temperature data are widely available, but we generally lack validated models to predict dynamics based upon temperatures. a generalized approach involves estimating the temperatures experienced by a population, characterizing the demographic consequences of physiological responses to temperature, and testing for predicted effects on abundance. we e ... | 2007 | 17494404 |
| evidence that (+)-endo-brevicomin is a male-produced component of the southern pine beetle aggregation pheromone. | previous research indicated that the aggregation pheromone of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis, is produced only by females, the sex that initiates attacks. we provide evidence indicating that secondarily arriving males augment mass aggregation by releasing the attractive synergist (+)-endo-brevicomin. healthy pines artificially infested with both sexes of d. frontalis were significantly more attractive to conspecifics than trees infested solely with females. coupled gas chromato ... | 2007 | 17629772 |
| high individual variation in pheromone production by tree-killing bark beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae). | aggregation via pheromone signalling is essential for tree-killing bark beetles to overcome tree defenses and reproduce within hosts. pheromone production is a trait that is linked to fitness, so high individual variation is paradoxical. one explanation is that the technique of measuring static pheromone pools overestimates true variation among individuals. an alternative hypothesis is that aggregation behaviour dilutes the contribution of individuals to the trait under selection and reduces the ... | 2008 | 17661002 |
| estimation of light interception properties of conifer shoots by an improved photographic method and a 3d model of shoot structure. | the spherical mean of the shoot silhouette-to-total leaf area ratio (star) and the shoot transmission coefficient (c) are two key structural parameters in radiative transfer models for calculating canopy photosynthesis and leaf area index. the standard optical method for estimating these parameters might introduce errors in the estimates for species with flexible shoots and needles by changing shoot inclination relative to its inclination in situ. we devised and tested two methods to address thi ... | 2007 | 17669728 |
| dissolution of wood in ionic liquids. | the present paper demonstrates that both hardwoods and softwoods are readily soluble in various imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ils) under gentle conditions. more specifically, a variety of ionic liquids can only partially dissolve wood chips, whereas ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride have good solvating power for norway spruce sawdust and norway spruce and southern pine thermomechanical pulp (tmp) fibers. despite the fact that t ... | 2007 | 17907779 |
| comparison of arboreal beetle catches in wet and dry collection cups with lindgren multiple funnel traps. | we compared the effectiveness of a dry collection cup (with an insecticide killing strip) to a wet collection cup (containing antifreeze) for use with lindgren multiple-funnel traps in catching several common species of bark and wood-boring beetles, and their associates in southern pine forests. all traps were baited with either the binary combination of ethanol and (-)-alpha-pinene or the quaternary combination of (+/-)-ipsenol, (+/-)-ipsdienol, ethanol, and (-)-alpha-pinene. we found that cup ... | 2008 | 18330123 |
| attraction of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis, to pheromone components of the western pine beetle, dendroctonus brevicomis (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae), in an allopatric zone. | subtle differences in pheromone components of sympatric species should be attractive only to the producing species and unattractive or repellent to the nonproducing species, and thereby maintain reproductive isolation and reduce competition between species. bark beetles dendroctonus brevicomis and d. frontalis (coleoptera: curculionidae) are known to have common pheromone components, except for exo-brevicomin, which is produced by d. brevicomis. we predicted that d. frontalis would not respond t ... | 2008 | 18348798 |
| fine-scale genetic population structure of southern pine beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae) in mississippi forests. | the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmerman, is the most destructive insect pest of pine forests in the southeastern united states, mexico, and central america. southern pine beetle aggressively attacks pine trees, and when in epidemic stages, they are capable of killing even the most healthy pine trees in a short period of time. despite the amount of destruction caused by the southern pine beetle and the amount of monetary loss faced by the timber industry and recreation, the pop ... | 2008 | 18348820 |
| resin flow responses to fertilization, wounding and fungal inoculation in loblolly pine (pinus taeda) in north carolina. | resin flow is the primary means of natural defense against southern pine beetle (dendroctonus frontalis zimm.), the most important insect pest of pinus spp. in the southern united states. as a result, factors affecting resin flow are of interest to researchers and forest managers. we examined the influence of fertilization, artificial wounding and fungal inoculation on resin flow in 6- and 12-year-old stands of loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.) and determined the extent of that influence within and ... | 2008 | 18381265 |
| bundled slash: a potential new biomass resource for fuels and chemicals. | postharvest residues for southern pine species have not previously been quantified to compare volumes produced from both thinnings and clearcut volumes. a john deere 1490 slash bundler bundled postharvest residues following a first thinning of a 14-year-old stand, a second thinning of a 25-year-old stand, and a clearcut of a naturally regenerated mature stand of 54 years of age. regardless of stand type, nearly one-fifth of merchantable volume harvested was collected as postharvest residue. init ... | 2008 | 18418737 |
| global and comparative protein profiles of the pronotum of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis. | the southern pine beetle (dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann) kills all pines within its range and is among the most important forest pest species in the us. using a specialized mycangium surrounded by gland cells in the pronotum, adult females culture, transport, and inoculate two fungi into beetle galleries during oviposition. these fungal symbionts, to varying degrees, exclude antagonistic fungi and provide nutrients to larvae. however, the mechanisms (e.g. secreted antibiotic chemicals or nut ... | 2008 | 18477241 |
| temperature extremes, density dependence, and southern pine beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae) population dynamics in east texas. | previous studies of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimm., established that its population in east texas responds to a delayed density-dependent process, whereas no clear role of climate has been determined. we tested two biological hypotheses for the influence of extreme temperatures on annual southern pine beetle population growth in the context of four alternative hypotheses for density-dependent population regulation. the significance of climate variables and their interacti ... | 2008 | 18559170 |
| fine structure of the prothoracic mycangium, a chamber for the culture of symbiotic fungi, in the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis. | the ultrastructure of the prothoracic mycangium of female dendroctonus frontalis is examined. the mycangium consists of a cuticular invagination within which symbiotic fungi are cultured by the pine beetle and transported to new host trees. secretions from two types of gland cells pass into the mycangial lumen. the plasma membrane of type-1 cells is invaginated to form an enclosed extracellular cavity. the secretory product passes into the cavity, then through fine cylindrical channels into an e ... | 1971 | 18631556 |
| bending properties of wood treated with a new organic wood preservative system. | this study investigated the effect of treatment of southern pine with a new generation, all organic wood preserving system on the mechanical properties in bending. static bending tests showed no deleterious effects of treatment on property values when compared with untreated controls. values for samples treated to 0.774 kg/m(3) total active ingredients (ai) were lower when compared to a lower retention (0.184 kg/m(3)) or to a standard copper azole system, but were not different than water-treate ... | 2009 | 18707874 |
| bacterial protection of beetle-fungus mutualism. | host-microbe symbioses play a critical role in the evolution of biological diversity and complexity. in a notably intricate system, southern pine beetles use symbiotic fungi to help overcome host-tree defenses and to provide nutrition for their larvae. we show that this beetle-fungal mutualism is chemically mediated by a bacterially produced polyunsaturated peroxide. the molecule's selective toxicity toward the beetle's fungal antagonist, combined with the prevalence and localization of its bact ... | 2008 | 18832638 |
| fusiform rust of southern pines: a major success for forest disease management. | abstract the effective management of fusiform rust in slash and loblolly pine plantations is a major success story for disease management scientists and practitioners in the southeastern united states. this disease, which reached epidemic proportions by the 1960s, resulted from anthropogenic causes associated with intensive pine culture and greatly inhibited the optimum management of slash and loblolly pine throughout extensive areas of the southern pine region. successful management of this dis ... | 2003 | 18943875 |
| mycangimycin, a polyene peroxide from a mutualist streptomyces sp. | a mutualist actinomycete of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis, produces a polyene peroxide with pronounced antifungal activity. its structure, absolute configuration, and biological activity were determined by spectral analysis, chemical modification followed by the modified mosher method, and growth inhibitory assays, respectively. | 2009 | 19125624 |
| relative susceptibility of four pine species to infection by pinewood nematode. | mature trees of eastern white, jack, scotch, and shortleaf pines were inoculated with 25,000-34,000 pinewood nematodes, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, isolated from infected scotch pines in missouri. equal numbers of trees of each species inoculated with distilled water served as controls. nine of fifteen scotch pines died within 4 months of nematode infection or during the winter and early spring following infection. a single eastern white and shortleaf pine died. no jack pines died. a single scot ... | 1987 | 19290105 |
| transmission of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to slash pine trees and log bolts by a cerambycid beetle, monochamus titillator, in florida. | field-collected adults of the southern pine sawyer, monochamus titillator (f.) (coleoptera: cerambycidae), naturally infested with fourth-stage juveniles (dauerlarvae) of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner and buhrer, 1934) nickle, 1970, were maturation fed on excised shoots of typical slash pine, pinus elliottii engelm. var elliottii, for 21 days. during august 1981, a male and female adult beetle were held in a sleeve cage placed on the terminal of a side branch of each ... | 1984 | 19295871 |
| redescription and life history of contortylenchus brevicomi, a parasite of the southern pine beetle dendroctonus frontalis. | larval and adult life stages are described for contortylenchus brevicomi (massey) rühm parasitizing a mississippi population of dendroctonus frontalis, the southern pine beetle. fourth-stage larvae and free-living adult females of this species are identified and described for the first time. the life cycle of c. brevicomi can be reconstructed from this study. the adult female nematode lays eggs in a mature beetle. larval development progresses within the hemocoel until fourth-stage larvae exit t ... | 1980 | 19300698 |
| effect of the nematode contortylenchus brevicomi on gallery construction and fecundity of the southern pine beetle. | field-collected dendroctonus frontalis were reared in a controlled environment. male-female beetle pairs retrieved from galleries 1, 2, or 5 wk after introduction into pine bolts were examined for nematode parasites. data were obtained for each pair on gallery length, egg niche construction, egg viability, and progeny survival. in a separate study, beetle pairs were reared under laboratory conditions for 10 wk. the number of emerged adult progeny of each pair was recorded. contortylenchus brevic ... | 1980 | 19300703 |
| biological pest control in beetle agriculture. | bark beetles are among the most destructive tree pests on the planet. their symbiosis with fungi has consequently been studied extensively for more than a century. a recent study has identified actinomycete bacteria that are associated with the southern pine beetle and produce specific antibiotics against an antagonist of the beetles' mutualistic fungus. in addition to highlighting the ecological complexity of bark-beetle-microbial symbioses, this work reveals a potential source of novel antibio ... | 2009 | 19375917 |
| integration of satellite imagery and forest inventory in mapping dominant and associated species at a regional scale. | to achieve the overall objective of restoring natural environment and sustainable resource usability, each forest management practice effect needs to be predicted using a simulation model. previous simulation efforts were typically confined to public land. comprehensive forest management practices entail incorporating interactions between public and private land. to make inclusion of private land into management planning feasible at the regional scale, this study uses a new method of combining f ... | 2009 | 19488811 |
| aerial reproductive structures of vascular plants as a microhabitat for myxomycetes. | this study explored the occurrence and distribution of myxomycete species on the aerial reproductive structures of vascular plants. eight species of vascular plants representing five families were sampled. the doubled rope climbing method was used to collect bark and cones from the canopy of pinus echinata. bark and aerial seed pods were gathered from cercis canadensis, follicles and stems from asclepias syriaca, dried composite inflorescences and stems from echinacea angustifolia, e. pallida, a ... | 2009 | 19537204 |
| pinus taeda clones and soil nutrient availability: effects of soil organic matter incorporation and fertilization on biomass partitioning and leaf physiology. | the combined effects of intensive management and planting of improved seedlings have led to large increases in productivity on intensively managed pine forests in the southeastern united states. to best match clones to particular site conditions, an understanding of how specific clones respond to changes in nutrition in terms of biomass partitioning, leaf physiology and biochemistry will be necessary. this study measured the response of biomass partitioning, light-saturated net photosynthesis (a ... | 2009 | 19608598 |
| efficacy of two systemic insecticides injected into loblolly pine for protection against southern pine bark beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae). | we evaluated the efficacy of systemic insecticides emamectin benzoate and fipronil for preventing mortality of individual loblolly pines, pinus taeda l., as a result of attacks by southern pine bark beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae) for two consecutive years in mississippi (2005-2006) and alabama (2006-2007). trees were injected once in the spring of 2005 (mississippi) or 2006 (alabama) and then were baited with species-specific bark beetle lures several weeks later. the southern p ... | 2009 | 19610420 |
| efficacy of verbenone for protecting ponderosa pine stands from western pine beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) attack in california. | the western pine beetle, dendroctonus brevicomis leconte (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae), is a major cause of ponderosa pine, pinus ponderosa dougl. ex laws., mortality in much of western north america. currently, techniques for managing d. brevicomis infestations are limited. verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] hept-3-en-2-one) is an antiaggregation pheromone of several dendroctonus spp., including d. brevicomis, and it has been registered as a biopesticide for control of mountain ... | 2009 | 19886449 |
| spatial displacement of release point can enhance activity of an attractant pheromone synergist of a bark beetle. | flight responses of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann, to widely-spaced (>130 m) traps baited with pine volatiles (in turpentine) and the female-produced pheromone component frontalin were enhanced when a bait containing the male pheromone component (+)-endo-brevicomin was attached directly to the trap. however, displacing this bait 4-16 m horizontally from the trap significantly increased its synergistic effect. (+)-endo-brevicomin enhanced catch to the same degree whe ... | 2009 | 19902305 |
| a conceptual framework: redefining forest soil's critical acid loads under a changing climate. | federal agencies of several nations have or are currently developing guidelines for critical forest soil acid loads. these guidelines are used to establish regulations designed to maintain atmospheric acid inputs below levels shown to damage forests and streams. traditionally, when the critical soil acid load exceeds the amount of acid that the ecosystem can absorb, it is believed to potentially impair forest health. the excess over the critical soil acid load is termed the exceedance, and the l ... | 2010 | 20045233 |
| common biosynthetic origins for polycyclic tetramate macrolactams from phylogenetically diverse bacteria. | a combination of small molecule chemistry, biosynthetic analysis, and genome mining has revealed the unexpected conservation of polycyclic tetramate macrolactam biosynthetic loci in diverse bacteria. initially our chemical analysis of a streptomyces strain associated with the southern pine beetle led to the discovery of frontalamides a and b, two previously undescribed members of this antibiotic family. genome analyses and genetic manipulation of the producing organism led to the identification ... | 2010 | 20547882 |
| weatherability and leach resistance of wood impregnated with nano-zinc oxide. | southern pine specimens vacuum-treated with nano-zinc oxide (nano-zno) dispersions were evaluated for leach resistance and uv protection. virtually, no leaching occurred in any of the nano-zno-treated specimens in a laboratory leach test, even at the highest retention of 13 kg/m(3). however, specimens treated with high concentrations of nano-zno showed 58-65% chemical depletion after 12 months of outdoor exposure. protection from uv damage after 12 months exposure is visibly obvious on both expo ... | 2010 | 20730119 |
| (3z,6z,9z,12z,15z) -pentacosapentaene and (z) -11-hexadecenyl acetate: sex attractant blend for dioryctria amatella (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | in 2006-2008, we tested (3z,6z,9z,12z,15z)-pentacosapentaene (pentaene) with the pheromone components (z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (z11-16:ac) and (z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (z9-14:ac), as sex attractants for four sympatric species of coneworms, dioryctria zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae) in slash (pinus elliottii engelm.) and loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.) seed orchards in georgia and louisiana, respectively. the addition ofpentaene increased catches of male southern pine coneworm, dioryctria amat ... | 2010 | 20857730 |
| presence and diversity of streptomyces in dendroctonus and sympatric bark beetle galleries across north america. | recent studies have revealed several examples of intimate associations between insects and actinobacteria, including the southern pine beetle dendroctonus frontalis and the spruce beetle dendroctonus rufipennis. here, we surveyed streptomyces actinobacteria co-occurring with 10 species of dendroctonus bark beetles across the united states, using both phylogenetic and community ecology approaches. from these 10 species, and 19 other scolytine beetles that occur in the same trees, we obtained 154 ... | 2011 | 21249352 |
| variable responses by southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann, to the pheromone component endo-brevicomin: influence of enantiomeric composition, release rate, and proximity to infestations. | the male-produced bicyclic acetal endo-brevicomin is a component of the pheromone blend that mediates colonization of host pines by the bark beetle dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann. efforts to identify its behavioral function have been complicated by contrasting reports that it either enhances or reduces attraction of flying beetles. our studies failed to support the hypothesis that this published variability is due to differences in release rate and/or the enantiomeric composition [i.e., the b ... | 2011 | 21465266 |
| frequency and direction of hybridization in sympatric populations of pinus taeda and p. echinata (pinaceae). | two naturally occurring, sympatric, northern georgia populations of pinus taeda l. (loblolly pine) and p. echinata mill. (shortleaf pine) were examined with respect to genetic diversity within populations and the frequency, spatial distribution, and morphology of putative hybrids. shortleaf pine predominated at the "road" site while loblolly pine predominated at the "granite outcrop" site. hybrid individuals were identified by their idh allozyme genotype, the only such locus known to be fixed fo ... | 1997 | 21708641 |
| variation in enantiospecific attraction of ips avulsus (coleoptera: curculionidae) to the pheromone ipsdienol in georgia. | in 2006, we tested the responses of the small southern pine engraver, ips avulsus (eichhoff) (coleoptera: curculionidae), to multiple-funnel traps baited with (+)-, (-)-, and (+/-)-ipsdienol. three experiments were conducted in georgia with all traps co-baited with one of the following lure combinations, respectively: experiment 1, ipsenol; experiment 2, lanierone and (-)-alpha-pinene; and experiment 3, ipsenol, lanierone, and (-)-alpha-pinene. ipsdienol and lanierone are aggregation pheromones ... | 2011 | 21735909 |
| effect of aerosol surface lubricants on the abundance and richness of selected forest insects captured in multiple-funnel and panel traps. | survey and detection programs for native and exotic forest insects frequently rely on traps baited with odorants, which mediate the orientation of target taxa (e.g., the southern pine beetle, dendroctonusfrontalis zimmermann) toward a resource (e.g., host material, mates). the influence of trap design on the capture efficiency of baited traps has received far less empirical attention than odorants, despite concerns that intercept traps currently used operationally have poor capture efficiencies ... | 2011 | 21882690 |
| temperature alters the relative abundance and population growth rates of species within the dendroctonus frontalis (coleoptera: curculionidae) community. | temperature has strong effects on metabolic processes of individuals and demographics of populations, but effects on ecological communities are not well known. many economically and ecologically important pest species have obligate associations with other organisms; therefore, effects of temperature on these species might be mediated by strong interactions. the southern pine beetle (dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann) harbors a rich community of phoretic mites and fungi that are linked by many s ... | 2011 | 22251683 |
| accounting carbon storage in decaying root systems of harvested forests. | decaying root systems of harvested trees can be a significant component of belowground carbon storage, especially in intensively managed forests where harvest occurs repeatedly in relatively short rotations. based on destructive sampling of root systems of harvested loblolly pine trees, we estimated that root systems contained about 32% (17.2 mg ha(-1)) at the time of harvest, and about 13% (6.1 mg ha(-1)) of the soil organic carbon 10 years later. based on the published roundwood output data, w ... | 2011 | 22535427 |
| genetic heterogeneity in a cyclical forest pest, the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis, is differentiated into east and west groups in the southeastern united states. | the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmerman (coleoptera: curculionidae) is an economically important pest species throughout the southeastern united states, arizona, mexico, and central america. previous research identified population structure among widely distant locations, yet failed to detect population structure among national forests in the state of mississippi. this study uses microsatellite variation throughout the southeastern united states to compare the southern pine be ... | 2011 | 22220595 |
| description of parasitorhabditis frontali n. sp. (nemata: rhabditida) from dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann (coleoptera: scolytidae). | a new parasitorhabditis species with males and females was discovered from the southern pine beetle dendroctonus frontalis and its galleries in loblolly pine, pinus taeda, growing in mississippi. females of the new species have a cupola-shaped tail with a small spike; males possess a 2 + (3+2) + 3 ray pattern on the tail fan with ray 10 reaching the margin, and a distinctive stomatal tooth. parasitorhabditis frontali n. sp. has some similarities to p. hylurgi massey, 1974 from hylurgops pinifex ... | 2010 | 22736836 |
| fungi associated with the southern pine beetle: avoidance of induced defense response in loblolly pine. | loblolly pines (pinus taeda) are rapidly killed by colonizing southern pine beetle (dendroctonus frontalis). the female beetles carry two species of fungi (ceratocystis minor var. barrasii and an unnamed basidiomycete) within a mycangium. the insects are also frequently associated with a blue-staining form of c. minor. these fungi are inoculated into the tree during colonization. the tree has an induced defensive response that involves resin soaking and necrosis of affected tissue isolating the ... | 1987 | 28312476 |
| defensive mechanisms of loblolly and shortleaf pine against attack by southern pine beetle,dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann, and its fungal associate,ceratocystis minor (hedgecock) hunt. | loblolly and shortleaf pine growing on a single site in the north carolina piedmont were examined to determine similarities and differences in their defensive mechanisms against the southern pine beetle,dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann, and its fungal associate,ceratocystis minor (hedgecock) hunt. both species responded to wounding and fungal inoculation by forming a hypersensitive lesion around the wound site. there were significantly less soluble sugars and more monoterpenes in the lesion tis ... | 1986 | 24307119 |
| dendroctonus frontalis infection by the dd-136 strain of neoaplectana carpocapsae and its bacterial complex. | the dd-136 strain of neoaplectana carpocapsae weiser (steinernematidae) after spray application to pine bark in 0.1% formalin plus wetting agent entered pine bark beetle tunnels and killed 44% of the brood and adults of dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann at 18 and 26 c, 60% relative hummidity and at ambient temperatures and humidities. | 1970 | 19322322 |
| southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis, antennal and behavioral responses to nonhost leaf and bark volatiles. | a growing body of evidence suggests that bark beetles detect and avoid release points of volatile compounds associated with nonhost species, and thus such nonhost volatiles may have potential utility in the management of bark beetles. we used a coupled gas chromatograph-electroantennographic detector (gc-ead) to assay the olfactory sensitivity of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann, to volatiles from leaves and bark of eight species of nonhost angiosperm trees that are co ... | 2013 | 23460417 |
| climate response among growth increments of fish and trees. | significant correlations were found among the annual growth increments of stream fish, trees, and climate variables in the ozark region of the united states. the variation in annual growth increments of rock bass (ambloplites rupestris) from the jacks fork river was significantly correlated over 22 years with the ring width of four tree species: white oak (quercus alba), post oak (quercus stellata), shortleaf pine (pinus echinata) and eastern red cedar (juniperus virginiana). rock bass growth an ... | 1995 | 28307582 |
| preference of formosan subterranean termites for blue-stained southern yellow pine sapwood. | little research has been conducted to investigate interactions between the invasive formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, and pine bark beetles native to the southeastern united states. facilitative interactions between these organisms could alter stand dynamics and impact wood utilization strategies. american wood protection association standard e1-09 choice tests were carried out to determine the feeding preference of formosan subterranean termites for blue-stained ver ... | 2012 | 23156160 |
| western pine beetle populations in arizona and california differ in the composition of their aggregation pheromones. | we compared pheromone production and response for populations of western pine beetle, dendroctonus brevicomis leconte, from sites in northern arizona and northern california. volatiles were collected from individuals of both sexes that had mined as a pair in a pinus ponderosa log for 1 d, and they were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry. principal component analysis of quantities of dendroctonus pheromone components indicated strong site-associated clusterin ... | 2016 | 27125814 |
| intra-annual variation in responses by flying southern pine beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) to pheromone component endo-brevicomin. | the southern pine beetle dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) is attracted to an aggregation pheromone that includes the multifunctional pheromone component endo-brevicomin. the effect of endo-brevicomin on attractive lures varies from strong enhancement to reduction of beetle attraction depending upon release rate, lure component spacing, and proximity of beetle infestations. anecdotal observations have further suggested that the effects of endo-brevicomin v ... | 2016 | 27207264 |
| responses by dendroctonus frontalis and dendroctonus mesoamericanus (coleoptera: curculionidae) to semiochemical lures in chiapas, mexico: possible roles of pheromones during joint host attacks. | in southern mexico and central america, the southern pine beetle dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) commonly colonizes host trees simultaneously with dendroctonus mesoamericanus armendáriz-toledano and sullivan, a recently described sibling species. we hypothesized that cross-species pheromone responses by host-seeking beetles might mediate joint mass attack, bole partitioning, and reproductive isolation between the species. previous studies had indicated t ... | 2016 | 26803816 |
| incorporating carbon storage into the optimal management of forest insect pests: a case study of the southern pine beetle (dendroctonus frontalis zimmerman) in the new jersey pinelands. | forest insect pest disturbance is increasing in certain areas of north america as many insect species, such as the southern pine beetle, expand their range due to a warming climate. because insect pests are beginning to occupy forests that are managed for multiple uses and have not been managed for pests before, it is becoming increasingly important to determine how forests should be managed for pests when non-timber ecosystem services are considered in addition to traditional costs and revenues ... | 2014 | 24938795 |
| use of acoustics to deter bark beetles from entering tree material. | acoustic technology is a potential tool to protect wood materials and eventually live trees from colonization by bark beetles. bark beetles such as the southern pine beetle dendroctonus frontalis, western pine beetle d. brevicomis and pine engraver ips pini (coleoptera: curculionidae) use chemical and acoustic cues to communicate and to locate potential mates and host trees. in this study, the efficacy of sound treatments on d. frontalis, d. brevicomis and i. pini entry into tree materials was t ... | 2014 | 24376044 |
| molecular evidence of facultative intraguild predation by monochamus titillator larvae (coleoptera: cerambycidae) on members of the southern pine beetle guild. | the southern pine bark beetle guild (spbg) is arguably the most destructive group of forest insects in the southeastern usa. this guild contains five species of bark beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae): dendroctonus frontalis, dendroctonus terebrans, ips avulsus, ips calligraphus, and ips grandicollis. a diverse community of illicit receivers is attracted to pheromones emitted by the spbg, including the woodborers monochamus carolinensis and monochamus titillator (coleoptera: ceramby ... | 2012 | 23052822 |
| semiochemical emission from individual galleries of the southern pine beetle, (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae), attacking standing trees. | we collected, identified, and quantified volatiles arising from individual gallery entrances of the monogamous bark beetle dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann. samples were collected while the insects were mass attacking mature loblolly pines (pinus taeda l.) in an established infestation in western mississippi, 1 august through 3 october 2005. following volatile sample collection, the entrances were dissected and categorized according to those that 1) contained a solitary female (the gallery init ... | 2012 | 22420266 |
| repellent properties of the host compound 4-allylanisole to the southern pine beetle. | the phenylpropanoid 4-allylanisole is a compound produced by loblolly pines (pinus taeda l.), an abundant species in southern pine forests and a preferred host of southern pine beetle (dendroctonus frontalis zimmermann). repellency of individual beetles was demonstrated in laboratory behavioral assays ofd. frontalis and other scolytids. inhibition was demonstrated in natural populations ofd. frontalis using baited traps. in both tests, response to the inhibitory pheromone verbenone was used for ... | 1994 | 24242654 |
| antennnal olfactory and behavioral response of southern pine beetle,dendroctonus frontalis, to analogs of its aggregation pheromone frontalin. | antennal olfactory (electroantennogram) and laboratory and field behavioral tests were carried out on the response ofdendroctonus frontalis to its aggregation pheromone frontalin and analogs. the analogs were compounds modified by altering the position and methyl groups and/or by their deletion. any modification to the frontalin structure significantly reduced both the antennal olfactory and behavioral response byd. frontalis. beetle response, although significantly reduced, was elicited at the ... | 1988 | 24276205 |
| effect of machined profile, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide particles on checking southern pine deck boards during weathering. | the aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that the combination of profiling, treatment and a surface coating with nanoparticles will be effective at reducing checking in deck boards exposed to the weather. in this study southern pine (pinus sp.) deck boards were machined to flat (control) and ribbed surface profiles. the specimens were treated with aqueous copper amine azole (ca-c) using a vacuum/pressure method and coated with nano-zno and micronised tio2. boards were exposed to accel ... | 2015 | 26023153 |
| role of ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol in chemical ecology of ips avulsus, ips calligraphus, and ips grandicollis (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae). | stressed or damaged pine (pinus sp.) trees in the southeastern united states are often colonized simultaneously by three southern ips species (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae): small southern pine engraver, ips avulsus (eichhoff); sixspined ips, ips calligraphus (germar); and eastern fivespined ips, ips grandicollis (eichhoff). all three species mediate colonization of host material with volatile pheromones. all of the southern ips produce cis-verbenol, and either ipsdienol or ipsenol, and ... | 2012 | 22812131 |