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transmission of japanese encephalitis virus by culex bitaeniorhynchus giles. 1978214400
population dynamics of some pakistan mosquitoes: changes in adult relative abundance over time and space.time series and spatial changes in the relative abundance of 14 mosquito species were described from weekly or biweekly collections at nine localities in punjab province, pakistan, from january 1976 to june 1980. comparisons between indoor aspirator catches and outdoor mechanical sweeper collections enabled mosquito resting habits to be classified as: (1) endophilic (anopheles culicifacies, an. fluviatilis, an. stephensi, an. subpictus); (2) partially exophilic (an. annularis, an. pulcherrimus, ...19862873798
transovarial transmission of japanese encephalitis virus in culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. 19854018856
characterization of an established cell line from culex bitaeniorhynchus (giles). 19846532952
isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in sabak bernam, selangor, malaysia in 1992.detection and isolation of japanese encephalitis (je) virus were attempted from female mosquitoes collected in kampong pasir panjang, sabak bernam, selangor, from may to november 1992. a total of 7,400 mosquitoes consisting of 12 species in 148 pools were processed and inoculated into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell cultures. of these, 26 pools showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected c6/36 cells by specific immunoperoxidase staining using an anti-je virus polyclonal antibody. pre ...19957616198
late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the republic of korea.field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 september 2000 in a malarious area near paekyeon-ri (tongil-chon) and camp greaves in paju county, kyonggi province, republic of korea. the host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of japanese encephalitis, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and ...200211949213
susceptibility of culex (culex) bitaeniorhynchus giles, 1901, to plasmodium relictum but not to plasmodium gallinaceum and plasmodium falciparum. 195513262831
culex bitaeniorhynchus as vector of wuchereria bancrofti in new guinea. 195613384193
a strain of sindbis virus isolated from culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in the philippines. 196214495059
efficacy of eleven antimicrobials against a gregarine parasite (apicomplexa: protozoa).the apicomplexa are a diverse group of obligate protozoan parasites infesting a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts including humans. these parasites are notoriously difficult to control and many species continue to evolve resistance to commercial antibiotics. in this study, we sought to find an effective chemotherapeutic treatment against arthropod gregarines (apicomplexa), and to identify candidate compounds for testing against other groups of protozoan parasites.200717997852
the resting sites and blood-meal sources of anopheles minimus in taiwan.the who declared taiwan free from malaria in 1965, but in 2003 the reporting of two introduced cases in a rural area suggested a possible local transmission of this disease. therefore, understanding the resting sites and the blood sources of anopheles minimus is crucial in order to provide information for implementing vector control strategies.200818538036
the aedes aegypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection.aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue viruses, utilizes its innate immune system to ward off a variety of pathogens, some of which can cause disease in humans. to date, the features of insects' innate immune defenses against viruses have mainly been studied in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, which appears to utilize different immune pathways against different types of viruses, in addition to an rna interference-based defense system. we have used the recently released whole-genome s ...200818604274
implication of the mosquito midgut microbiota in the defense against malaria parasites.malaria-transmitting mosquitoes are continuously exposed to microbes, including their midgut microbiota. this naturally acquired microbial flora can modulate the mosquito's vectorial capacity by inhibiting the development of plasmodium and other human pathogens through an unknown mechanism. we have undertaken a comprehensive functional genomic approach to elucidate the molecular interplay between the bacterial co-infection and the development of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum i ...200919424427
bloodmeal identification and detection of avian malaria parasite from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) inhabiting coastal areas of tokyo bay, japan.bloodmeal identification and the detection of avian malaria parasite from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were carried out by polymerase chain reaction-based methods for field samples collected in coastal areas of tokyo bay, japan, from april to october 2007. the following seven mosquito species were collected: aedes albopictus (skuse), culex pipiens pallens coquillett, culex pipiens form molestus forskal, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex inatomii kamimura & wada, culex bitaeniorhynchus gile ...200919769059
present and future arboviral threats.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. all arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. viruses such as dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. many arboviruses recently have increased i ...201019857523
emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration.abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ...201020377873
rift valley fever virus epidemic in kenya, 2006/2007: the entomologic investigations.in december 2006, rift valley fever (rvf) was diagnosed in humans in garissa hospital, kenya and an outbreak reported affecting 11 districts. entomologic surveillance was performed in four districts to determine the epidemic/epizootic vectors of rvf virus (rvfv). approximately 297,000 mosquitoes were collected, 164,626 identified to species, 72,058 sorted into 3,003 pools and tested for rvfv by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. seventy-seven pools representing 10 species tested po ...201020682903
serological investigations of flavivirus prevalence in khammouane province, lao people's democratic republic, 2007-2008.a large-scale cross-sectional seroprevalence study of dengue (den) and japanese encephalitis (je) was conducted in khammouane province, lao pdr, as part of the initial baseline health impact assessment of the nam theun 2 hydroelectric dam construction project. health surveys were performed between may 2007 and february 2008 with serum samples collected from healthy individuals involved in the resettlement program of 16 villages (total surveyed population 4,369). hemagglutination inhibition assay ...201021036856
seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes, including vectors of brugian filariasis, in southern islands of the republic of korea.a survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of jeollanam-do (province), gyeongsangnam-do, and jeju-do, korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as aedes togoi), anopheles (hyrcanus) group, and culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all ...201121461270
continuity and change of japanese encephalitis virus in toyama prefecture, japan.abstract. to determine the mechanisms of maintenance and evolution of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in a temperate zone, we attempted to isolate jev from mosquitoes and pigs in toyama prefecture, japan. a total of 87 jevs were isolated from female culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes and pigs during 2005-2009. the prevalence of jev in toyama prefecture was seasonally late in comparison with that of the virus during 1966-1972. furthermore, jevs were isolated after the peak in the number of fema ...201121540378
feeding behaviour of potential vectors of west nile virus in senegal.west nile virus (wnv) is a widespread pathogen maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds with occasional spill-over into dead-end hosts such as horses and humans. migratory birds are believed to play an important role in its dissemination from and to the palaearctic area, as well as its local dispersion between wintering sites. the djoudj park, located in senegal, is a major wintering site for birds migrating from europe during the study period (sept. 2008- jan. 2009). in this ...201121651763
emergence of japanese encephalitis virus genotype v in the republic of korea.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) genotype v reemerged in asia (china) in 2009 after a 57-year hiatus from the continent, thereby emphasizing a need to increase regional surveillance efforts. genotypic characterization was performed on 19 jev-positive mosquito pools (18 pools of culex tritaeniorhynchus and 1 pool of cx. bitaeniorhynchus) from a total of 64 positive pools collected from geographically different locations throughout the republic of korea (rok) during 2008 and 2010.201121943222
japanese encephalitis virus in culicine mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected at daeseongdong, a village in the demilitarized zone of the republic of korea.in total, 22,846 (17,793 culicines and 5,053 anopheles spp.) female mosquitoes were captured by a mosquito magnet trap at daeseongdong, a small village adjacent to the military demarcation line (center of the demilitarized zone) in northern gyeonggi province, republic of korea (rok). culicine mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus using a sybr green i-based real-time polymerase chain reaction. in total, 51/660 pools positiv ...201122238887
mosquito communities and disease risk influenced by land use change and seasonality in the australian tropics.anthropogenic land use changes have contributed considerably to the rise of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. these diseases appear to be increasing as a result of the novel juxtapositions of habitats and species that can result in new interchanges of vectors, diseases and hosts. we studied whether the mosquito community structure varied between habitats and seasons and whether known disease vectors displayed habitat preferences in tropical australia.201627388293
mosquito cell lines: history, isolation, availability and application to assess the threat of arboviral transmission in the united kingdom.mosquitoes are highly effective vectors for transmission of human and animal pathogens. understanding the relationship between pathogen and vector is vital in developing strategies to predict and prevent transmission. cell lines derived from appropriate mosquito hosts provide a relatively simple tool for investigating the interaction between the host and viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. this review provides a brief overview of the development of mosquito cell lines, methods of isolation, their ...201425141888
comparison of genotypes i and iii in japanese encephalitis virus reveals distinct differences in their genetic and host diversity.japanese encephalitis (je) is an arthropod-borne disease associated with the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the asia-pacific region. the causative agent, japanese encephalitis virus (jev), has been phylogenetically divided into five genotypes. recent surveillance data indicate that genotype i (gi) is gradually replacing genotype iii (giii) as the dominant genotype. to investigate the mechanism behind the genotype shift and the potential consequences in terms of vaccine efficacy, human c ...201425056890
the spatio-temporal distribution of japanese encephalitis cases in different age groups in mainland china, 2004 - 2014.japanese encephalitis (je) is very prevalent in china, but the incidence of je among children has been greatly reduced by extensive promotion of vaccinations. the incidence of je among adults, however, has increased in some parts of china.201627050414
a japanese encephalitis virus genotype 5 molecular clone is highly neuropathogenic in a mouse model: impact of the structural protein region on virulence.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) strains can be separated into 5 genotypes (g1 to g5) based on sequence similarity. jev g5 strains have been rarely isolated and are poorly characterized. we report here the full characterization of a g5 virus generated using a cdna-based technology and its comparison with a widely studied g3 strain. we did not observe any major differences between those viruses when their infectious cycles were studied in various cell lines in vitro. interestingly, the jev g5 st ...201525787283
detection of japanese encephalitis virus genotype v in culex orientalis and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in korea.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) causes significant viral encephalitis and is distributed throughout the asian countries. the virus is known to be transmitted by culex tritaeniorhynchus, which mainly breeds in rice paddies in korea. in this study, we investigated the presence of other mosquito species that can transmit jev as a second or regional vector. we selected five cities where patients have experienced je in the last 5 years as mosquito-collecting locations and subdivided them into four ...201525658839
ecological niche modeling to estimate the distribution of japanese encephalitis virus in asia.culex tritaeniorhynchus is the primary vector of japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a leading cause of encephalitis in asia. jev is transmitted in an enzootic cycle involving large wading birds as the reservoirs and swine as amplifying hosts. the development of a jev vaccine reduced the number of je cases in regions with comprehensive childhood vaccination programs, such as in japan and the republic of korea. however, the lack of vaccine programs or insufficient coverage of populations in other ...201222724030
surveillance of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes in vietnam from 2006 to 2008.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquitoes was monitored in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. a total of 15,225 mosquitoes, identified as 26 species in five genera were collected and 12,621 were grouped into 447 pools for examination of jev infection by assays for cytopathic effects in c6/36 cells and by rt-pcr to detect flavivirus rna. three jev strains were isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus giles collected in northern and southern vietnam and two jev strains were isolated from cule ...201323358634
molecular detection and genotyping of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during a 2010 outbreak in the republic of korea.japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis. to reduce the impact of japanese encephalitis among children in the republic of korea (rok), the government established a mandatory vaccination program in 1967. through the efforts of this program only 0-7 (mean 2.1) cases of japanese encephalitis were reported annually in the rok during the period of 1984-2009. however, in 2010 there was an outbreak of 26 confirmed cases of j ...201323390520
southernmost asia is the source of japanese encephalitis virus (genotype 1) diversity from which the viruses disperse and evolve throughout asia.although a previous study predicted that japanese encephalitis virus (jev) originated in the malaysia/indonesia region, the virus is known to circulate mainly on the asian continent. however, there are no reported systematic studies that adequately define how jev then dispersed throughout asia.201324069502
ecology of west nile virus in north america.the introduction, dispersal and establishment of west nile virus in north america were reviewed, focusing on factors that may have enhanced receptivity and enabled the invasion process. the overwintering persistence of this tropical virus within temperate latitudes was unexpected, but was key in the transition from invasion to endemic establishment. the cascade of temporal events allowing sporadic amplification to outbreak levels was discussed within a future perspective.201324008376
phylogeography of japanese encephalitis virus: genotype is associated with climate.the circulation of vector-borne zoonotic viruses is largely determined by the overlap in the geographical distributions of virus-competent vectors and reservoir hosts. what is less clear are the factors influencing the distribution of virus-specific lineages. japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is the most important etiologic agent of epidemic encephalitis worldwide, and is primarily maintained between vertebrate reservoir hosts (avian and swine) and culicine mosquitoes. there are five genotypes o ...201324009790
monitoring of malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis vectors.vector monitoring in military stations would help in protecting the armed forces from vector borne diseases such as malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis.201324843200
a video clip of the biting midge culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged anopheles mosquito in hainan, china.biting midges are hematophagus ectoparasites of insects, humans and other animals. culicoides (trithicoides) anophelis edwards1922 is a predator of engorged mosquitoes.201324499575
mosquito vector diversity across habitats in central thailand endemic for dengue and other arthropod-borne diseases.recent years have seen the greatest ecological disturbances of our times, with global human expansion, species and habitat loss, climate change, and the emergence of new and previously-known infectious diseases. biodiversity loss affects infectious disease risk by disrupting normal relationships between hosts and pathogens. mosquito-borne pathogens respond to changing dynamics on multiple transmission levels and appear to increase in disturbed systems, yet current knowledge of mosquito diversity ...201324205420
molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during an outbreak in china, 2013.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) can cause serious encephalitis and culex mosquitoes are the primary vector. in 2013, a je outbreak occurred in shandong province, china with 407 confirmed cases, including 11 deaths. an investigation on jev in mosquitoes during the outbreak was conducted. a total of 14,719 mosquitoes were collected at 3 sites. for the 12,695 culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, 88/201 pooled samples were positive by rt-pcr for the presence of the pre-membrane or envelope protein ...201424809635
sampling design influences the observed dominance of culex tritaeniorhynchus: considerations for future studies of japanese encephalitis virus transmission.mosquito sampling during japanese encephalitis virus (jev)-associated studies, particularly in india, has usually been conducted via aspirators or light traps to catch mosquitoes around cattle, which are dead-end hosts for jev. high numbers of culex tritaeniorhynchus, relative to other species, have often been caught during these studies. less frequently, studies have involved sampling outdoor resting mosquitoes. we aimed to compare the relative abundance of mosquito species between these two pr ...201626726881
high prevalence of west nile virus in domestic birds and detection in 2 new mosquito species in madagascar.west nile virus is an arthropod-borne zoonosis transmitted by a large number of mosquito species, and birds play a key role as reservoir of the virus. its distribution is largely widespread over africa, asia, the americas and europe. since 1978, it has frequently been reported in madagascar. studies described a high seroprevalence level of the virus in humans in different areas of the island and a human fatal case of wnv infection was reported in 2011. despite these reports, the epidemiology of ...201626807720
mosquito species composition and plasmodium vivax infection rates for korean army bases near the demilitarized zone in the republic of korea, 2011.vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in northern republic of korea (rok). mosquito collections were performed at two rok army installations, paju near the demilitarized zone (dmz) using black light traps in 2011. the dmz, a 4 km wide border, is the northernmost point of the rok and separates the rok from the democratic people's republic of korea (dprk). anopheles spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction and screened for plasmodium vivax sporozoites. of 4,35 ...201223243112
recent outbreaks of rift valley fever in east africa and the middle east.rift valley fever (rvf) is an important neglected, emerging, mosquito-borne disease with severe negative impact on human and animal health. mosquitoes in the aedes genus have been considered as the reservoir, as well as vectors, since their transovarially infected eggs withstand desiccation and larvae hatch when in contact with water. however, different mosquito species serve as epizootic/epidemic vectors of rvf, creating a complex epidemiologic pattern in east africa. the recent rvf outbreaks i ...201425340047
survey of the mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) of mayotte.a transversal survey of immature mosquitoes was conducted on mayotte island (france) in the comoros archipelago, western indian ocean, with the aim to inventory the culicidae and to document inter-species relationships in different habitats. in total 420 habitats were sampled for larvae and/or pupae mosquitoes, resulting in more than 6,000 specimens. forty species belonging to 15 genera were collected, with eight taxa integrated for the first time to the mayotte mosquito list. the most frequentl ...201425004163
comparison of methods for xenomonitoring in vectors of lymphatic filariasis in northeastern tanzania.monitoring wuchereria bancrofti infection in mosquitoes (xenomonitoring) can play an important role in determining when lymphatic filariasis has been eliminated, or in focusing control efforts. as mosquito infection rates can be low, a method for collecting large numbers of mosquitoes is necessary. gravid traps collected large numbers of culex quinquefasciatus in tanzania, and a collection method that targets mosquitoes that have already fed could result in increased sensitivity in detecting w. ...201526350454
socio-economic impact of rift valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in arusha, manyara and morogoro regions in tanzania.rift valley fever (rvf) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of rvf and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling rvf in selected areas of tanzania. data were collected in arusha, manyara and morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with ke ...201324255846
genetic and phylogenetic characterization of tataguine and witwatersrand viruses and other orthobunyaviruses of the anopheles a, capim, guamá, koongol, mapputta, tete, and turlock serogroups.the family bunyaviridae has more than 530 members that are distributed among five genera or remain to be classified. the genus orthobunyavirus is the most diverse bunyaviral genus with more than 220 viruses that have been assigned to more than 18 serogroups based on serological cross-reactions and limited molecular-biological characterization. sequence information for all three orthobunyaviral genome segments is only available for viruses belonging to the bunyamwera, bwamba/pongola, california e ...201526610546
mosquito biodiversity patterns around urban environments in south-central okinawa island, japan.okinawa is the largest, most urbanized, and densely populated island in the ryukyus archipelago, where mosquito species diversity has been thoroughly studied. however, the south-central okinawa mosquito fauna has been relatively poorly studied. here, we present results from a mosquito faunal survey in urban environments of nishihara city, south-central okinawa. mosquitoes were sampled biweekly, from april 2007 to march 2008, at 3 different environments: a forest preserve, an animal farm, and a w ...201425843131
mosquito (diptera: culicidae) habitat surveillance by android mobile devices in guangzhou, china.in 2014, guangzhou city, south china, suffered from its worst outbreak of dengue fever in decades. larval mosquito habitat surveillance was carried out by using android mobile devices in four study sites in may 2015. the habitats with larval mosquitoes were recorded as photo waypoints in oruxmaps or in videos. the total number of potential mosquito habitats was 342, of which 166 (49%) were found to have mosquito larvae or pupae. small containers were the most abundant potential habitats, account ...201627999305
bothaella manhi, a new species of tribe aedini (diptera: culicidae) from the cuc phuong national park of vietnam based on morphology and dna sequence.a new species of genus bothaella (diptera: culicidae) collected along with two other species of the genus during surveys for flavivirus isolations in the cuc phuong national park in northern vietnam is formally described and named as bothaella manhi, sp. n. the adults, pupa and fourth-instar larva are characterized, the male genitalia and the two immature stages are illustrated and dna sequence data are included for regions coding for sections of the coi and coii genes (mtdna). the species is co ...023155353
an impossible journey? the development of plasmodium falciparum nf54 in culex quinquefasciatus.although anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors for human plasmodium spp., there are also other mosquito species-among them culicines (culex spp., aedes spp.)-present in malaria-endemic areas. culicine mosquitoes transmit arboviruses and filarial worms to humans and are vectors for avian plasmodium spp., but have never been observed to transmit human plasmodium spp. when ingested by a culicine mosquito, parasites could either face an environment that does not allow development due to biologic inco ...201323658824
molecular characterization of umbre virus (bunyaviridae).umbre (umb) virus was first isolated from india in 1955 and classified as orthobunyavirus (turlock serogroup). eight isolates of this virus, isolated from culex mosquitoes were characterized on the basis of partial glycoprotein (g2) gene. twenty-six percent differences at nucleotide level while 17% differences at amino acid level were noted within different isolates. phylogentic data shows that this virus represents a distinct group within the genus orthobunyavirus.200818842123
venereal transmission of japanese encephalitis virus in culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes.experiments were conducted in the laboratory on c. bitaeniorhynchus to determine the possible role of males in maintaining or sustaining the japanese encephalitis virus activity in nature. it was found that infected males are capable of passing on the virus to female mosquitoes while mating. the occurrence of phenomenon of venereal transmission of this virus may have epidemiological importance.199910491910
susceptibility of culex bitaeniorhynchus cell line to some arboviruses. 19827169234
effect of gregarine parasite, ascogregarina culicis & tetracycline on the susceptibility of culex bitaeniorhynchus to je virus. 19853926641
[the presence and vector role of culex bitaeniorhynchus in new caledonia].culex bitaeniorhynchus, reported from new caledonia after a single collection of larvae in noumea in 1952, has been found in two other localities, on the south-west and on the north-east coasts. the morphological features show some differences between the local population and the forms from the oriental region. adults have been caught during the hot and rainy season, by light traps mainly. the females have been very rarely collected on human bait. though found naturally infected by dengue 4 viru ...19863698147
transmission of japanese encephalitis virus to chicks by individual culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. 19872836308
disappearance of anopheles minimus and anopheles dirus from certain malaria endemic areas of assam, india.orang primary health centre (ophc) and balipara primary health centre (bphc) of assam (india) report mosquito borne diseases annually. current study was performed to ascertain the prevalence of known malaria and japanese encephalitis (je) vectors and their possible role in disease transmission.201729026850
certain uncommon habits of culex bitaeniorhynchus (type form). 195024540999
genome sequences of five arboviruses in field-captured mosquitoes in a unique rural environment of south korea.here, we present the genome sequences of one mesonivirus and four novel arboviruses observed in culex bitaeniorhynchus and culex pipiens, captured in and near the demilitarized zone, republic of korea. results suggest the ubiquitous presence of mesoniviruses and the discovery of a potentially new species of arboviruses in field-captured mosquitoes.201626823588
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