| different allotypic susceptibility of mice to rickett-sia tsutsugamushi. | some lines of mice and random-bred mice show different susceptibility to infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, displayed mainly in the development of overt infection. the latter is most markedly manifested in random-bred and swiss mice, causing high death rates and massive accumulation of rickettsiae in the peritoneum. black mice respond to inoculation with asymptomatic infection with no microscopically detectable rickettsiae. the infection is accompanied in either case by immunological respo ... | 1976 | 5869 |
| cytological investigation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection of mice with different allotypic susceptibility to the agent. | cytological and cytochemical studies on swiss and random-bred white mice susceptible to rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection as well as resistant c57 black 6 and cba mice revealed a clear-cut relationship between the severity of infection and the pattern of macrophage reaction. in highly susceptible mice the fatal infection was accompanied by death of macrophages and necrotisation of the peritoneal exudate cells. the resistant mice showed no clinical signs but developed an intensive macrophage rea ... | 1976 | 5870 |
| enzymatic activity of blood lymphocytes experimental tsutsugamushi fever in mice. | the influence of tsutsugamushi fever infection on the metabolism of blood lymphocytes of mice differing in susceptibility to rickettsia tsutsugamushi and of rifampicine and tetracycline treatment was studied. in susceptible mice, the activity of oxidation-reduction processes in lymphocytes increased at 7--10 days of the disease and became normal upon recovery of the animals. in mice with low susceptibility this increase of the activity began and terminated much earlier, at 3--5 days. treatment o ... | 1977 | 17284 |
| serologic classification of scrub typhus isolates from pakistan. | detailed serologic characterization of 79 isolates of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from pakistan was performed by using complement fixation and direct immunofluorescence techniques for comparison with three prototype strains. seventy-one were of the karp serotype and one was of a gilliam serotype. seven isolates were multiply-reactive: one with karp and gilliam, 3 with karp and kato, and 3 with karp, gilliam and kato, no strain failed to react with at least 1 of the 3 prototype antisera. no correlat ... | 1975 | 46135 |
| plaque assay and cloning of scrub typhus rickettsiae in irradiated l-929 cells. | it was demonstrated that gamma-irradiated l-929 cells support plaque formation by three strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and representative species of the spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. sensitivity of the plaque assay for detection of viable scrub typhus rickettsiae was similar to that achieved with intraperitoneal inoculation of random-bred mice. the concentration of irradiated cells and the temperature and length of incubation were all found to affect plaque size. a technique c ... | 1977 | 69632 |
| stylostome formation by leptotrombidium mites (acari: trombiculidae). | the modes of stylostome formation by larvae (chiggers) of leptotrombidium intermedium, l. fletcheri, l. arenicola, and l. deliense in parasitized mouse skin were studied histologically in relation to their capacity to transmit rickettsia tsutsugamushi. three types of stylostome formation were recognized among the different species: the epidermal stylostome formed by the larva of l. intermedium; the mesenchymal stylostome formed by the larva of l. fletcheri; and, the mixed stylostome formed by th ... | 1978 | 98623 |
| early detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in peripheral monocyte cultures derived from experimentally infected monkeys and dogs. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms were identified in giemsa and fluorescent antibody stained monocyte cell cultures derived from experimentally infected monkeys and dogs. the identification of organisms in monocyte cell cultures compared favorably with the standard technique of mouse inoculation. | 1978 | 100887 |
| identification and antigenic typing of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in naturally infected chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae) by direct immunofluorescence. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms were detected and typed antigenically by direct immunofluorescence in mites from laboratory-maintained infected colonies of leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) fletcheri and l. (l.) arenicola. rickettsiae were identified most readily in unengorged larvae, but were also discernable in engorged larvae and all post-larval stages of the vectors. | 1978 | 103449 |
| effects of temperature on the stability of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens. | unirradiated rickettsia tsutsugamushi and a component of gamma-irradiated karp immunogen required for homologous immunity were more stable than the immunogen component that elicited heterologous (kato strain) protection. | 1978 | 103827 |
| gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity. | the development and duration of immunity to lethal scrub typhus infection was studied in balb/c mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain karp. one intraperitoneal injection containing approximately 10(8) 50% mouse lethal doses (mld(50)) of irradiated organisms elicited an immune response protective against challenge with 10(5) mld(50) of viable karp. the same mass of immunogen given in three injections at 5-day intervals increased homologous (karp strain) protection ... | 1978 | 103828 |
| sero-epidemiological survey of scrub typhus. | a total of 1017 human sera from ecologically different areas in the states of rajasthan and jammu & kashmir were subjected to the cf test using the gilliam strain antigen of r. tsutsugamushi. results revealed that 2.4% and 3.5% of the populations examined in the two states respectively, were found to possess antibodies to the test antigen. the titres of positive sera varied from 1:8 to 1:32. findings of this survey could be correlated with the local topography, presence or absence of vector and ... | 1978 | 107239 |
| rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in chiggers and small mammals on a mature oil palm estate. | an epidemiological study in a mature oil palm estate in peninsular malaysia has demonstrated a low prevalence of r. tsutsugamushi infection in small mammals. the direct fluorescent antibody technique for assaying infections in chiggers proved more sensitive than mouse inoculation. most infections in both chiggers and rodents were caused by the karp strain. | 1978 | 107596 |
| [history of bacteriology in japan (32)]. | | 1979 | 112271 |
| intracellular localization of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi (gilliam strain) was serially propagated in bhk-21 cell cultures and incubated with guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes to study the ultrastructural features of rickettsial uptake and entry into the leukocytes. significant numbers of rickettsiae were phagocytized selectively by these leukocytes within 30 min. about one-half of these rickettsiae remained sequestered in phagosomes but the other one-half were free from the phagosome and localized directly in ... | 1979 | 113480 |
| [current remarks on rickettsiae and rickettsiosis--studies on virulence and prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease rickettsia (author's transl)]. | | 1979 | 114685 |
| gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains. | scrub typhus immunogens were prepared from rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains karp, kato, gilliam, kostival, and buie by exposing frozen infected yolk sac suspensions to 300 krad of gamma radiation. mouse protection tests showed that each of the irradiated immunogens protected c3h/hedub mice against high challenge levels of karp and gilliam, but that none of these single-strain immunogens were capable of protecting against all five of the challenge strains. broad-spectrum protection was achieved b ... | 1979 | 115796 |
| macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infection: macrophage activation in vitro for killing of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain gilliam, replicates in cultures of resident peritoneal macrophages from balb/c mice. macrophage cultures treated with culture supernatants of spleen cells from rickettsial-infected mice stimulated with heat-killed rickettsiae markedly suppressed macrophage infection by rickettsiae. rickettsiacidal activity of activated macrophages was dependent upon both lymphokine concentration and time of incubation in lymphokines. treatment of macrophage cultures with lymphoki ... | 1979 | 115917 |
| clinical responses of silvered leaf monkeys to infection with selected strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | minimal clinical and hematologic signs were observed in silvered leaf monkeys inoculated intradermally with four strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, both virulent and avirulent for laboratory mice. the clinical response of the monkeys to the infection was related to neither the virulence of the strains in mice nor the antigenic characteristics of the strains. | 1979 | 119001 |
| [immunological studies of rickettsial infection--analysis of lymphoid cell subpopulations of the spleens of the mice infected with rickettsia sennetsu and rickettsia tsutsugamushi (author's transl)]. | | 1979 | 119018 |
| studies on soluble complement fixing antigen of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | | 1979 | 120318 |
| experimental rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in dogs. | dogs were infected intravenously and intradermally with the gilliam and karp strains of r. tsutsugamushi. although the development of clinical signs was related to the dose of the organism, gilliam-infected dogs developed severer infections than those infected with karp. specific antibodies were demonstrated in sera of experimentally infected dogs. | 1979 | 120457 |
| persistence and reactivation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in laboratory mice. | the persistence of r. tsutsugamushi in tissues of experimentally infected mice for 565 days was demonstrated. reactivation of apparently dormant infections was accomplished by inoculating the mice with a heterologous strain of the organism or treatment with cyclophosphamide. | 1979 | 120458 |
| antigenic analysis by direct immunofluorescence of 114 isolates of rickettsia tsutsugamushi recovered from febrile patients in rural malaysia. | one hundred and fourteen rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates, recovered from febrile patients in central peninsular malaysia, were antigenically analyzed by direct immunofluorescence using eight prototype strains. twenty-nine antigenic types were detected. the ta763, ta716, karp and ta686 strains were the most common and occurred singly or in combination with each other or other strains in 86% of the isolates. | 1979 | 120901 |
| changes in immunoferritin labeling of rickettsia tsutsugamushi after serial cultivation in 60co-irradiated bhk cells. | the immunolabeling characteristics of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (gilliam strain) were examined by using a purified immunoglobulin g fraction of antibody to r. tsutsugamushi raised in rabbits. formalin-fixed rickettsiae were reacted with this antibody and then with ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit fc antibody. r. tsutsugamushi cultivated in yolk sacs was used to raise antibody for this study. when rickettsiae in bhk-21 cells infected from yolk sac seed material were immunoferritin labeled, the ... | 1979 | 121111 |
| host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of normal and activated macrophages. | resident peritoneal macrophage from balb/c mice were infected in vitro with rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain gilliam, and rickettsial growth was estimated by microscopic examination of giemsa-stained cells. both number of infected macrophage per culture and number of intracellular rickettsiae per cell increased with time during culture. treatment of rickettsiae with immune serum before infection macrophage cultures reduced the number of infected macrophage by 50%. macrophage treated in vitro with ... | 1979 | 121116 |
| failure of cyclophosphamide to significantly enhance isolation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from wild philippine rats. | treatment of wild rats from a known scrub typhus focus in the philippines with cyclophosphamide did not significantly enhance the isolation rate of rickettsia tsutsugamushi using mouse inoculation techniques. similarly, cyclophosphamide treatment of mice inoculated with organs of wild rats did not increase the recovery of rickettsiae, and isolation of rickettsiae was about equal from biopsies obtained before and after immunosuppression of wild rats. | 1977 | 401830 |
| scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations. | an explanation was sought for the disparity between the low reported incidence of scrub typhus and the high prevalence of antibody to rickettsia tsutsugamushi in the rural population of malaysia. a combination of isolation of the organism, titration of antibody by indirect immunofluorescence, and the weil-felix test was used to confirm infections. scrub typhus was found to be very common, causing 23% of all febrile illnesses at one hospital. the infection was particularly prevalent in oil-palm w ... | 1976 | 402722 |
| efficiency of transovarial transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in leptotrombidium arenicola (acari: trombiculidae). | | 1977 | 403286 |
| indirect immunofluorescence antibodies in natural and acquired rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections of philippine rodents. | antibodies against rickettsia tsutsugamushi detected by the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (ifat) were present in most rats trapped from a human focus of scrub typhus in the philippines. rickettsiae were isolated only from rats with positive ifats. naturally acquired antibodies persisted for at least 11 months, and antibodies resulting from experimental infections of rats persisted for at least 7 months. a common philippine rodent, rattus mindanensis, tolerated experimental infections with b ... | 1977 | 404245 |
| patterns of rickettsemia and antibody response in silvered leaf monkeys (presbytis cristatus) after inoculation with virulent and avirulent strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | most silvered leaf monkeys inoculated with selected strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi developed rickettsemia. the time of onset and the duration of rickettsemia were related to the infecting strains, but these parameters could not be correlated with the virulence of the strain. the rickettsemia was not terminated by the appearance of humoral antibody, as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. the specificities of the antibody responses were related to the antigens present in the i ... | 1977 | 404364 |
| host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of spleen and peritoneal exudate lymphocytes in cellular immunity. | lymphocytes obtained from spleens or peritoneal exudates of immune donor mice were evaluated for their ability to passively confer protection on recipients subsequently challenged with virulent scrub typhus rickettsiae. peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (pels) injected intraperitoneally were able to transfer complete protection against rickettsial challenge by 5 days after immunization, whereas splenic lymphocytes (spl's) required 15 days to exhibit similar resistance. when immune lymphocytes were ... | 1977 | 409681 |
| virulence and antigenic properties of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a naturally infectei laboratory colony of leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) arenicola. | over 1,200 isolations of r. tsutsugamushi were obtained over 7 generations of l. (l.) arenicola and no reproducible differences in virulence or antigenic markers could be detected among these isolations. the f8 generation yielded rickettsia with the same antigenic makeup and virulence properties as the original female parent mite. when these isolates were inoculated into mice they elicited the same predominant antibody specificities, i.e. they all produced antibody which reacted with the ta 763 ... | 1977 | 411179 |
| presence of antibodies to scrub typhus and murine typhus in dogs from selangor, peninsular, malaysia. | dog sera, collected from different communities throughout selangor, peninsular malaysia, were investigated for the presence of antibodies to r. tsutsugamushi and r. typhi. scrub typhus antibodies were present in animals from the rural areas only, whereas murine typhus antibodies were observed in equal numbers of dogs from both rural and metropolitan areas. greater percentage of dogs from suburban areas had demonstrable antibody titers to murine typhus than from the urban area. | 1977 | 411180 |
| host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: effect of chloramphenicol. | the effect of chloramphenicol treatment on the development of immunity to scrub typhus in mice was studied. chemotherapy was administered either shortly before infection and for 14 days thereafter (group i), or from 7 to 21 days postinfection (group ii). although the full course of either regimen resulted in complete protection of the mice against subsequent challenge with the homologous strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, initiation of chemotherapy at 7 days postinfection resulted in more rapid ... | 1977 | 411755 |
| improved chicken embryo cell culture plaque assay for scrub typhus rickettsiae. | the plaque technique for three strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chicken embryo cell cultures was greatly improved by modifying the trypsinizing procedure and employing homologous chicken serum in the overlay medium. | 1977 | 412863 |
| epidemiological and serological study of scrub typhus among chinese military in the pescadores islands of taiwan. | an outbreak of 69 cases of scrub typhus occurred among chinese military personnel stationed in the pescadores islands, taiwan province, republic of china between may and november 1975. a retrospective epidemiological study of this outbreak indicated that military personnel over 40 were more likely to have scrub typhus than those under 40. high risk groups included the garrison force (home guard), anti-aircraft gunners and infantry and armoured units stationed at hsing-jen. the onset of symptoms ... | 1977 | 413217 |
| restoration of the infectivity of rickettsia tsutsugamushi to susceptible animals by passage in athymic nude mice. | restoration of the infectivity of three prototypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (i.e., gillium, karp and kato strains) was examined to obtain each antiserum for the diagnosis of rickettsiosis and to prepare target antigens. when successively passed in embryonated yolk sac, rickettsiae gradually lost their infectivity to susceptible animals; after several passages in mice only kato strain retained infectivity and others became completely avirulent. when these strains were passaged in athymic nude ... | 1977 | 413961 |
| scrub typhus infection in rats in four habitats in peninsular malaysia. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolations were attempted from blood samples obtained from rats captured in four adjacent habitats near kuala lumpur, malaysia. antibody surveys were also made. rickettsial infections were most frequent in rats captured in the forest and in lalang grass (imperata cylindrica) and least frequent in the most extensively disturbed habitat, an orang asli (aborigine) village. forest rats such as rattus sabanus (31%), as well as rats in the subgenus r. (rattus), i.e. r. tiomani ... | 1977 | 415390 |
| serological evidence for a high incidence of transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in two orang asli settlements in peninsular malaysia. | two communities of orang asli (aborigines) in peninsular malaysia were observed for evidence of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection over periods of 1-8 mo. sequential sera were examined for antibody by the indirect immunofluorescence test. the incidence of infection in the two self-selected populations in the two communities was calculated to be 3.9% per month and 3.2% per month. | 1978 | 415625 |
| vole agent identified as a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, rochalimaea quintana. | the vole agent described by baker in 1946 was studied as an example of a bacterium that has been mistakenly regarded a rickettsia. unlike rickettsiae, the vole agent killed chicken embryos with great irregularity, multipled primarily at the surface of avian or mammalian cells and not intracellularly, produced colonies rather than plaques on chicken embryo monolayers under agar, and developed small colonies after 4 to 7 days of cultivation on blood plates. it was most conveniently cultivated on m ... | 1978 | 417026 |
| experimental infection of mouse peritoneal mesothelium with scrub typhus rickettsiae: an ultrastructural study. | the infection cycle of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in mouse peritoneal mesothelial cells, observed late in the course of an established infection, intimately involved the host cell plasma membrane. organisms multiplied in the cytoplasm, moved to the cell periphery, and acquired a host-membrane coat as they budded from the cell surface. rickettsiae enveloped by this membrane entered other mesothelial cells, apparently by a phagocytic mechanism. organisms escaped from the phagocytic vacuole as the va ... | 1978 | 417027 |
| isolation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from mammals and chiggers (fam. trombiculidae) in the pescadores islands, taiwan. | | 1978 | 418538 |
| mammals and scrub typhus ecology in peninsular malaysia. | the overall comparisons of habitats are given in (table iii). the habitats are arranged in order of extent of alterations by man, with the least disturbed at the top. the highest average blood isolation rates came from the least disturbed areas. the highest monthly maximal rickettsial isolation rates from blood and maximal prevalence rates of antibody per month were also obtained at bukit lanjan, the habitat least altered by activities of man. the lowest average blood isolation rate (6%) and the ... | 1975 | 806995 |
| distribution of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in organs of leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) fletcheri (prostigmata: trombiculidae). | | 1975 | 810585 |
| [study of the pathogenic properties of the causative agent of tsutsugamushi fever in the process of prolonged cultivation in an experimental animal]. | | 1975 | 813456 |
| protection against scrub typhus infection engendered by the passive transfer of immune sera. | the passive transfer of convalescent sera did not protect the majority of mice against challenge with the homologous strain and was completely ineffective against challenge with strains unrelated by fluorescent antibody techniques. when the immune sera was incubated with the rickettsia in vitro and then inoculated into the mice a dramatic increase occurred in the number of surviving mice. the importance of these data in relation to published results with other species of rickettsia is discussed. | 1975 | 818716 |
| host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of cellular immunity in heterologous protection. | the relative contributions of cellular and humoral immunity in scrub typhus infections were studied in inbred mice employing paired strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi differing in virulence. an infectious dose (100 mid50) of the less virulent gilliam strain resulted in heterologous immune protection against an otherwise lethal challenge (1,000 mld50) of the virulent karp strain. partial heterologous protection against lethal karp challenge was observed in animals preimmunized with the gilliam s ... | 1976 | 820646 |
| [tromiculid mites of the southern kurile islands and their participation in the circulation of the causative agent of tsutsugamushi fever]. | | 1976 | 820958 |
| [rickettsial variability]. | | 1976 | 822663 |
| clinical response of silvered leaf monkeys (presbytis cristatus) to infection with strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi virulent and avirulent for mice. | silvered leaf monkeys (presbytis cristatus) inoculated with avirulent strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi showed little or no signs of disease, whereas those inoculated with moderately or fully virulent strains developed severe disease. infection with the virulent strains produced early leukocytosis followed by leukopenia and significant decreases in packed-cell volumes. in animals infected with avirulent strains, these parameters were normal throughout the experimental period. | 1976 | 823272 |
| adaptation of a microimmunofluorescence test to the study of human rickettsia tsutsugamuskh antibody. | a microimmunofluorescence (micro-ifa) test has been adapted to the study of naturally occurring antibody to rickettsia tsutsugamushi in humans. the micro-ifa test was comparable to the present immlnofluorescent assay in sensitivity and reproducibility, but offered distinct advantages in the quantity of reagents necessary. also the micro-ifa could be used to simultaneously titer a serum to as many as nine strains of the organism resulting in a great saving of time. | 1976 | 827214 |
| the prevalence of scrub typhus antibodies in residents of west malaysia. | based on the prevalence of antibody, an estimated 3% of the population of rural malaysia is infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi each year, resulting in positive antibody rates in focal areas of 6 to 69%. most of these infections do not appear to produce clinical scrub typhus. a wide range of seropositivity rates was found in areas otherwise resembling each other in predominant occupation, terrain, and nearby habitat. the prevalence rates however were significantly higher in people who worked ... | 1976 | 827831 |
| seroepidemiological survey of hospital-associated populations in colombo, sri lanka. | almost 1,500 sera from hospital-associated groups in colombo, sri lanka were tested for antibodies against melioidosis, scrub typhus, influenza, and group b arboviruses. a low prevalence of antibodies was found against meliodosis and scrub typhus. crude prevalence rates of more than 50% were encountered for antibodies against a influenza, and there was no apparent difference in rates when these were analysed according to age, sex, or ethnic background. influenza b antibodies were more prevalent ... | 1976 | 829175 |
| identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in the life stages of leptotrombidium fletcheri with isolation and immunofluorescence techniques. | | 1975 | 829477 |
| attempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of r. tsutsugamushi in three species of leptotrombidium mites. | | 1975 | 829478 |
| the acquisition of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by chiggers (trombiculid mites) during the feeding process. | | 1975 | 829479 |
| [report on first finding an epidemic of scrub typhus in north rural areas]. | in the autumn of 1989 and 1990, an epidemic of scrub typhus occurred in north rural areas in tianjin. the authors investigated the epidemic on clinical, epidemiological, serological and etiological features, 44 patients were diagnosed serologically or clinically as scrub typhus and 42 of them (95.5%) were diagnosed serologically by ifa method. 10 sera specimens collected from the patients were determined distinctively by cf method, 8 of them were > or = 1:20 titre to gilliam type antigen of tsut ... | 1992 | 1301265 |
| [characterization of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains newly isolated in ehime prefecture, japan]. | five strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were isolated in ehime prefecture during december 1987 to january 1990. of these, two strains, the yamazaki and noma-3, were isolated at noma area of imabari city and three strains, the kakiwara-10, -11, -12, at kakiwara area of uwajima city. the yamazaki strain was isolated from a patient of tsutsugamushi disease and the other strains from wild rodents (apodemus speciosus). these strains showed virulence in euthymic mice. the calculated ld50 of the yamaz ... | 1992 | 1402103 |
| [detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna by polymerase chain reaction]. | | 1992 | 1404934 |
| diagnosis of typhus infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi by polymerase chain reaction. | two sets of oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify the genomic dna of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease), by the polymerase chain reaction. each set of primers amplified 538-bp and 109-bp products, representing part of a gene encoding a possible major 58-kda immunogenic protein, from whole genomic dna extracted from r. tsutsugamushi strains karp, kato, gilliam, kuroki and kawasaki. no amplification was observed from r. sibirica, r. rickett ... | 1992 | 1433259 |
| epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease in relation to the serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients, field mice, and unfed chiggers on the eastern slope of mount fuji, shizuoka prefecture, japan. | a total of 59 strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were isolated from patients (24 isolates), apodemus speciosus mice (30 isolates), and unfed larvae of leptotrombidium scutellare (2 isolates) and leptotrombidium pallidum (3 isolates) in the gotenba-oyama district, shizuoka prefecture, japan. all these isolates were classified into the three serotypes karp, kawasaki, and kuroki based on reactivity with strain-specific monoclonal antibodies. kawasaki- and karp-type rickettsiae were isolated from l ... | 1992 | 1452653 |
| development and evaluation of dot-immunobinding assay for detection of scrub typhus infection in leptotrombidium fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae). | a dot-immunobinding assay (diba) was compared with a direct fluorescent antibody technique (dfat) for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in leptotrombidium fletcheri (womersley & heaslip). laboratory colonies of infected and noninfected chiggers were examined. the relative proportions of positive, negative, and indeterminate results were significantly different between diba and dfat for infected but not for noninfected chiggers. diba was more sensitive and had a better negative ... | 1992 | 1495069 |
| the 56-kilodalton major protein antigen of rickettsia tsutsugamushi: molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the sta56 gene and precise identification of a strain-specific epitope. | lasting immunity against rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus fever, has been demonstrated to be strain specific. two protein antigens of 110 and 56 kilodaltons (kda) have been shown to exhibit strain-specific epitopes. the 56-kda scrub typhus antigen (sta56) is an abundant outer membrane protein of r. tsutsugamushi and is an antigen often recognized by humans infected with this obligate intracellular bacterium. in this study the complete gene encoding sta56 (strain karp ... | 1990 | 1694818 |
| [induction of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by rickettsial antigen-specific t cell line]. | | 1990 | 1700803 |
| use of monoclonal antibodies against rickettsia tsutsugamushi kawasaki for serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against rickettsia tsutsugamushi kawasaki were prepared. the crossreactivity tests of the mabs performed by using antigenically distinct strains of r. tsutsugamushi in immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses indicated that the kawasaki strain contains a strain-specific epitope and also contains a common epitope on the 56-kda polypeptide cross-reactive with the gilliam strain, group- and subgroup-specific epitopes on the 46-kda polypeptide, and a subgroup-speci ... | 1991 | 1706729 |
| comparative susceptibility to mouse interferons of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains with different virulence in mice and of rickettsia rickettsii. | three strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (karp, gilliam, and ta716, representing three virulence types in mice) were examined for their sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of recombinant gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) and purified ifn-alpha/beta in two cultured mouse fibroblast cell lines. the susceptibilities of another species, rickettsia rickettsii, and of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) were also tested for comparative purposes. ifn-gamma inhibited rickettsial replication in only one of t ... | 1991 | 1718869 |
| molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a rickettsia tsutsugamushi 22 kda antigen containing b- and t-cell epitopes. | the identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi t-cell epitopes is necessary for the characterization of the protective immune response (of which the t-cell response is essential) against scrub typhus rickettsiae. a t-helper cell line derived from r. tsutsugamushi (karp strain) immune mice reacted with rickettsial protein antigens eluted from the 18-35 kda region of polyacrylamide gels. within this region is a 22 kda protein which is reactive with immune serum. the gene encoding the 22 kda scrub ... | 1991 | 1724548 |
| efficacy of three pyrethroids against leptotrombidium fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae) infected and noninfected with scrub typhus. | toxicities of three pyrethroids, d-phenothrin, decamethrin, and permethrin, were evaluated in the laboratory against leptotrombidium fletcheri (womersley & heaslip). the susceptibilities between populations of the species infected and noninfected with scrub typhus were investigated. the three pesticides exhibited different toxicities to the chiggers. d- phenothrin was the most toxic, followed by decamethrin, then permethrin. there were no significant differences between susceptibilities of the i ... | 1991 | 1770512 |
| [studies on tsutsugamushi disease in gifu prefecture. 4. survey results in ena and takayama city, and the summary of the studies in the prefecture]. | investigations of trombiculid mites and rickettsia tsutsugamushi in wild rodents were made in ena (nov. 1988) and takayama (may 1989) city. in the former area where no patient has been reported so far, leptotrombidium pallidum (63.9%) was most predominant and no l. scutellare was found. a karp-related rickettsia (11.1%) was isolated from wild rodents and 30% of them had antibody to r. tsutsugamushi (anti-karp was prominent). the latter area where patients were reported in spring as well as in au ... | 1991 | 1906079 |
| dna base composition of rickettsia tsutsugamushi determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. | the dna base composition of rickettsia tsutsugamushi was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and compared with that of rickettsia rickettsii. the g+c contents were 28.1 to 30.5 mol% for r. tsutsugamushi and 32.1 mol% for r. rickettsii. | 1991 | 1906730 |
| a case of tsutsugamushi disease probably contracted in africa. | | 1991 | 1907545 |
| [a case of tsutsugamushi disease in the urban area of komatsu city]. | most of patients with tsutsugamushi disease are diagnosed by their clinical histories suggesting the opportunities of rickettsia infection in a rural region. we reported a 76-year-old female patient, who was considered to be infected in her house in the urban area of komatsu city. she has shown typical clinical manifestations of tsutsugamushi disease, and was remitted successfully by oral administration of minocycline. although specific antibodies to rickettsia tsutsugamushi could not be detecte ... | 1991 | 1919106 |
| [tsutsugamushi disease found in haruna district, gunma prefecture--evaluations of the clinical features and the outbreak pattern]. | from november to december in 1990, 7 cases of tsutsugamushi disease were found first in the southern foot of mt. haruna of gunma pref., japan. the present study was conducted to clarify the clinical features and the outbreak pattern of rickettsial infection in this area. all the patients consisting of 6 males and 1 female farmers were admitted to our hospital, complaining of high fever, chills and skin rash on 5-12 days after working in the field. based on laboratory examinations and one (or two ... | 1992 | 1624819 |
| [polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease]. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using specific oligonucleotide primers and taq polymerase was developed for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of tsutsugamushi disease. oligonucleotide primers were synthesized on the basis of dna sequences encoding 58 kd antigen of r. tsutsugamushi. specific dna amplification of 358 bp and 109 bp dna fragments were demonstrated using patient's blood. this pcr method would enable to make a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of tsutsugamus ... | 1991 | 1942583 |
| gelatin particle agglutination test for early serodiagnosis of japanese spotted fever. | a gelatin particle agglutination (pa) test for japanese spotted fever has been developed. gelatin particles were sensitized with a sonicated causative rickettsia and used as antigens. the antibodies by pa test were detected as early as days 4-7 after the onset, whereas those by indirect immunoperoxidase (ip) test were detected after days 8-11. in addition, pa titers were higher than ip titers before days 20-23. the agglutinins detected by pa test were proven to be igm because they were all sensi ... | 1992 | 1603001 |
| sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction assay for rickettsia tsutsugamushi in patients' blood samples. | we developed a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi (r. tsutsugamushi) dna and determined its sensitivity. primers were selected from the dna sequence of the 58-kda group-specific antigen gene of the karp strain. the target sequence of rickettsial dna was detectable as the band corresponding to 88 bp in 1.0 microgram of the dna extracted from bs-c-1 cells infected with r. tsutsugamushi. rickettsia-specific bands were observed not only for the homologou ... | 1992 | 1491618 |
| serological classification by monoclonal antibodies of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated in korea. | antigenic types of 113 strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from korean patients were analyzed by using murine polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. the isolates can be classified in six groups according to their reaction to a panel of monoclonal antibodies. nine isolates of group i were identified as the gilliam serotype, and 13 isolates of groups ii and iii were identified as the karp serotype. there were two groups that were considered to be a mixture of groups i and ii or groups i an ... | 1990 | 2110179 |
| [clinical and etiological studies of tsutsugamushi disease in miyazaki district--correlation of serological type of r. tsutsugamushi to clinical feature]. | the correlation of pathogenic and immunologic characteristics of rickettsia tsutsugamushi to clinical findings of patients with tsutsugamushi disease in miyazaki was investigated. in two immunological types, hirano type strains seemed to have higher virulence to mice than irie from the findings during the course of infection and on autopsy. a strain of hirano type was so virulent as to succumb to the infection. as to clinical findings, incidence of hepatomegaly was slightly higher in hirano type ... | 1990 | 2110590 |
| [the natural foci of the tsutsugamushi disease in the suburbs of hang zhou city]. | in 1986, investigating tsutsugamushi disease in the suburbs of hangzhou, we isolated rickettsia tsutsugamushi from leptotrombidium gaohuense and its reservoir hosts, rattus confucianus and rattus fulvescens, which were collected in yang shan wu village, linan county. it proved there was a natural focus of tsutsugamushi disease in the suburbs of hang zhou. which is located at 30 degrees 35'. north latitude, and main forest of the east tianmu mountain, covered by wide and needle leaves, with more ... | 1990 | 2115400 |
| analysis of rickettsia tsutsugamushi amplified dna that encodes an antigenic gene product. | | 1990 | 2116110 |
| [studies on tsutsugamushi diseases in gifu prefecture. 5. characterization of monoclonal antibodies to prototype strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and immunological grouping of newly isolated strains using the antibodies]. | we characterized 8 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to karp, kato, and gilliam strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, and analysed 17 isolates from patients with tsutsugamushi disease using these mabs. these were divided into 3 strain-specific (kp/d11, kt/2d9, and gi/e4) and 5 cross-reactive mabs (kp/1f11, kp/1c10, kp/c6, kt/3b2, and kt/3c2). all mabs recognized characteristic protein antigens using the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (ifa) and proteinase k treatment. analysis by polyacrylamide gel ... | 1992 | 1431386 |
| growth characteristics and proteins of plaque-purified strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | six plaque-purified strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (karp, gilliam, kato, jc472b, ta716, and ta763) that fall into three categories of virulence for mice were compared by several parameters. five of the six strains formed plaques of identical size in mouse cells, but each of three strains tested (representing three mouse virulence types) had a different doubling time in mouse cell cultures. neither of these properties correlated strictly with virulence in mice, although the avirulent ta716 s ... | 1992 | 1379212 |
| [serodiagnosis of scrub typhus by dot-blot method]. | microimmunofluorescence (if) and immunoperoxidase tests are generally used for the serodiagnosis of scrub typhus. while these tests give satisfactory results in the hands of experienced personnel, they can be troublesome for inexperienced technicians. to develop a simpler diagnostic method, dot-blot assay was examined in this study. six antigenically distinctive strains of gilliam, karp, kato, shimokoshi, kawasaki and kuroki of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and a strain of rickettsia sibirica were do ... | 1990 | 2119408 |
| the reactivity between rickettsiae and weil-felix test antigens against sera of rickettsial disease patients. | of the sera which were positive to rickettsia tsutsugamushi by indirect immunoperoxidase test, approximately 80% sera were positive to a proteus oxk antigen by weil-felix test at 10 or more days after the onset of fever, while only 10% sera were positive within 9 days from the onset of fever. in elisa using the oxk antigen, almost all of the paired sera of tsutsugamushi disease (td) patients increased on the igm antibody titres with the rise of their titres by weil-felix test, whereas the igg an ... | 1992 | 1350175 |
| characterization of a new antigenic type, kuroki, of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from a patient in japan. | the kuroki strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, isolated from a patient in kyushu, japan, has a major, type-specific antigenic polypeptide which is distinct from the prototype strains in size (58 kilodaltons), in antigenicity, and in its cleavage pattern with n-chlorosuccinimide. these results indicate that kuroki is another antigenic type of r. tsutsugamushi. | 1990 | 2121793 |
| scrub typhus in suburban bangkok: first cases. | three patients, two of whom had eschars, were admitted with fulminant febrile disease suggestive of scrub typhus. elevated igg and igm to rickettsia tsutsugamushi were detected in all three by ifa. the cases lived in widely separated areas of western bangkok where fruit trees are grown and claimed not to have left the areas of their homes during the estimated incubation periods. a field survey collected rodents, treeshrews, and mites fro around the homes of each case. r. tsutsugamushi was isolat ... | 1990 | 2126275 |
| study on vector mites of tsutsugamushi disease in cheju island, korea. | because no reference on trombiculid mites (acarina: trombiculidae) in cheju island where tsutsugamushi disease is highly endemic had been available, studies on trombiculid mites in cheju island were implemented during the period of august 1991-april 1992, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) the species and numbers of the field rodents collected were 143 apodemus agrarius chejuensis (92.3%), 11 crocidura lasiura (7.1%) and 1 micromys minutus (0.6%). from total 12,075 chiggers ... | 1992 | 1297424 |
| experiments on chickens placed on ground endemic of classical scrub typhus in akita prefecture, japan. | the chicken is available as a bait animal for the study of vector mites and has been found to be infected by chigger mite bite in an area endemic of scrub typhus. l. pallidum and l. palpale were reconfirmed to be zoophilic for the chicken. it is suggested a walking bird can serve as a vector--carrying mites from one place to another. r. orientalis can persist subclinically for a certain period in the spleen and liver of chickens placed on the gound endemic of scrub typhus. specimens of l. pallid ... | 1976 | 823258 |
| host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: genetics of natural resistance to infection. | genetic resistance to lethal infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi was studied in over 30 inbred strains, inbred hybrids, and outbred stocks of mice. inbred mice infected intraperitoneally with the gilliam strain of r. tsutsugamushi showed three patterns of response: susceptible (a/hej, c3h/hedub, c3h/hej, c3h/hen, c3h/st, cba/j, dba/1j, dba/2j, and sjl/j), resistant (akr/j, balb/cdub, balb/cj, c57bl/6j, c57l/j, and swr/j), and selectively resistant (a/j). the selectively resistant pattern was ... | 1978 | 415980 |
| the life history of a colony of leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) fletcheri (womersley & heaslip) infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | the life cycle of 5 generations of leptotrombidium (l.) fletcheri infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi and reared under ambient temperatures in malaysia was presented and compared with a colony reared at a constant 27 degrees c (neal and barnett, 1961). in general our colony had a longer generation time (average of 54 days from engorged larvae to adult compared with 37 days) and produced fewer eggs (average of 127.9 compared with 900.0) than the comparison colony. possible factors causing thes ... | 1977 | 411178 |
| numbers of leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) deliense (acarina: trombiculidae) and prevalence of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in adjacent habitats of peninsular malaysia. | numbers of l. (l.) deliense larvae were determined in adjacent habitats over a 16 month period. both r. argentiventer and r. tiomanicus were highly efficient hosts for l. (l.) deliense. r. argentiventer was host to significantly greater numbers of chiggers per rat than was r. tiomanicus. the 2 habitats were similar in numbers of chiggers collected. no consistent correlation was apparent between numbers of chiggers and any single weather factor, but the chigger population seemed to be adversely a ... | 1977 | 411177 |
| pathology of toxic death in mice following intravenous injection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain gilliam: examination by light and scanning electron microscopy. | the pathologic manifestations of the toxic death elicited by the iv injection of mice with rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain gilliam were examined by light and scanning electron microscopic techniques to ascertain the cause of death. light microscopic examinations of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of organs suggested the presence of fluid in the lungs; this was confirmed by an increase in the weight of the lungs of moribund mice. scanning electron microscopy of blood cells demonstrated a m ... | 1985 | 2416973 |
| [antigenic structure of the rickettsiae]. | | 1985 | 2418607 |
| chigger (acarina:trombiculidae) surveys of the west coast beaches of sabah and sarawak. | leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) arenicola traub, a vector of scrub typhus, had previously been found to occur in the coastal vegetation behind the edge of open sand along the beaches of peninsular malaysia. surveys of the west coast beaches of sabah and sarawak were conducted to determine if this species occurs in similar habitat in east malaysia on the island of borneo. leptotrombidium (l.) arenicola was not collected from the eighteen sites studied. of the 11,982 mite larvae collected, 55 pe ... | 1977 | 411176 |
| establishment and characterization of a t-cell line specific for rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | to study the immunological protective system against rickettsial infection, a t-cell line specific for rickettsia tsutsugamushi antigen was established by long-term culture of splenocytes from mice immunized with live gilliam strain r. tsutsugamushi and then propagated in the presence of homologous rickettsial antigen and syngeneic filler cells. the characteristics of the t-cell line and its capacity to induce antirickettsial protection in vivo were studied. flow cytometric analysis demonstrated ... | 1987 | 2443453 |
| [immunological analysis of newly isolated strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi using monoclonal antibodies]. | | 1987 | 2452853 |
| antigenic and genetic relatedness of eight rickettsia tsutsugamushi antigens. | the genetic and antigenic relatedness of eight antigens in three strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi has been studied by using recombinant organisms expressing epitopes of the 150-, 110-, 72-, 58-, 56-, 49-, 47-, and 20-kilodalton (kda) polypeptide antigens of the karp strain. southern blot analysis of karp, kato, and gilliam strain genomic dna by using probes specific for each antigen class indicated that while strong homology exists between each of the corresponding antigen genes in these thre ... | 1989 | 2476399 |
| purification and partial characterization of a type-specific antigen of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | a type-specific antigen (54- to 56-kilodalton polypeptide) in the envelope of rickettsia tsutsugamushi was purified from each of three prototype strains (gilliam, karp, and kato) by a combination of mild anionic detergent treatment, gel filtration, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. the purified antigens from the three strains were shown to have similar amino acid compositions: primarily aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine, with lesser amounts of cysteine, methionine ... | 1989 | 2496028 |
| characterization of factors determining rickettsia tsutsugamushi pathogenicity for mice. | pathogenicity of rickettsia tsutsugamushi for laboratory mice is known to be influenced by at least three factors: (i) route of inoculation, (ii) antigenic strain, and (iii) natural resistance of the host. by using karp, gilliam, and kato strains of r. tsutsugamushi, we examined the effect of these three pathogenicity factors on the kinetics of infection and the development of immunity in balb/cdub and c3h/hedub mice. the appearance of rickettsemia in the pathogenic infections generally preceded ... | 1989 | 2496030 |
| [antigenic types of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients with tsutsugamushi fever and their distribution in miyazaki prefecture]. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rt) isolated from patients with tsutsugamushi fever were examined for their antigenicity. this was done by indirect immunofluorescence (iif) with guinea pig antisera against three standard strains (karp, kato and gilliam) and two local strains (kawasaki and kuroki) isolated in 1981, and with mouse monoclonal antibodies against the three standard strains. in the meantime, antibodies in sera from 317 out of 442 patients registered during 1985 to 1988 were titrated by iif ... | 1989 | 2501427 |