| effect of gamma radiation on the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (diptera, glossinidae) with observations on the reproductive biology. | | 1978 | 753787 |
| glossina fuscipes fuscipes and glossina palpalis palpalis as joint vectors of sleeping sickness in the focus of nola-bilolo in the central african republic. | | 1992 | 1354934 |
| [infection of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera, glossinidae) by trypanosomes in the forest zone of gagnoa in the ivory coast]. | 2,153 glossina palpalis palpalis caught in biconical traps from different biotopes in relation with human activities in the forest areas of côte d'ivoire were used to calculate the trypanosome infection rates. the results showed that there was no preferential biotope for glossina infected by trypanosomes. the most widespread species of trypanosomes infecting glossina p. palpalis is t. congolense (10.13%) followed by t. vivax (8.22%) and seldomly by t. brucei (0.70%). female glossina are infected ... | 1991 | 1665576 |
| identification of midgut trypanolysin and trypanoagglutinin in glossina palpalis sspp. (diptera: glossinidae). | a midgut trypanolysin and an agglutinin from glossina palpalis subspecies were isolated and partially characterized using anion-exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. fplc fractions of midgut extracts of glossina palpalis palpalis caused agglutination and lysis of two trypanosome species (trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei), although glossina palpalis gambiensis caused only agglutination. the trypanolysin and agglutinin were active only in the posterior ... | 1990 | 2092294 |
| [the trapping of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). improvement of a model: the vavoua trap]. | the control of tsetse flies with traps needs a decrease of their cost/efficiency. in the forest belt of côte d'ivoire, the research on glossina palpalis palpalis behaviour allows to propose a new model of trap, the "vavoua" trap, issued from the biconical and the pyramidal traps, with a similar efficiency but a twice lower cost (1139 f cfa without manpower, i.e. 3.55 us $, respectively 6.68 and 6.98 us $ for the biconical and the pyramidal). this trap has an upper cone (polyamide mosquito net) o ... | 1990 | 2166330 |
| the effect of intersubspecific hybridization and gamma radiation on the reproductive biology of glossina palpalis palpalis (robineau-desvoidy) and glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank. | the closely related tsetse fly subspecies glossina palpalis palpalis (nigeria origin) and glossina palpalis gambiensis (burkina faso origin) hybridize readily in the laboratory. hybridized g.p.palpalis females produced less offspring than the parental intrasubspecific crosses. adult emergence was below 70% with at least 78% being females. most female hybrids were fertile whereas most of the male hybrids were sterile when backcrossed to the g.p.palpalis parental line. all f1 males were capable of ... | 1990 | 2222007 |
| [relation between tsetse fly density and bovine trypanosomiasis: the case of n'dama cattle ranching (louboulou, congo)]. | the authors report the results of an entomo-parasitological survey in the state ranch of louboulou, bouenza region, congo. over a period of more than five months, the average tsetse density was 0.2 glossina palpalis palpalis captured per day and trap. although some specimens of glossina fusca congolensis were also captured, the density of the latter species was quite insignificant. no trypanosomiasis was detected among the n'dama cattle of the ranch, as a result of 114 blood samples collected fo ... | 1990 | 2263746 |
| tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement. | literature comparing salmon and wild type glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. new information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type g. m. morsitans. the eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in g. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of g. p. palpalis. the salmon allele in g. ... | 1987 | 2473378 |
| passive transfer of humoral resistance against adults of the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera, glossinidae), in rabbits. | the possibility of passive transfer of rabbit humoral immunity against tsetse fly bites was investigated for the first time. partial immunity of recipient animals was achieved after two intravenous injections of 15 ml of serum from immunized (donor) rabbits during 48 hrs. this treatment induced an apparent increase of resistance in the passively immunized group of rabbits expressed as direct mortality ("killing effect") of sucking flies within the following 72 hr period. the immunological state ... | 1989 | 2488053 |
| [the determination of the geographical boundaries between two subspecies of tsetse flies in the ivory coast: glossina palpalis (robineau-desvoidy, 1830) and g.p.gambiensis (vanderplank, 1949)]. | the biometric analysis of the male genitalia of glossina palpalis palpalis and glossina palpalis gambiensis about samples caught along four bits of road in côte d'ivoire permitted to determine the geographic limit between both subspecies. g. p. palpalis is everywhere in the guinean area whereas g. p. gambiensis is found in the sudanese one. in the wet savanna, both subspecies live together and mate to give out a reduced number of hybrids. | 1989 | 2544980 |
| [modification of the behavior of glossina palpalis palpalis linked to the swine fever epizootic of 1982 in a congolese village]. | a swine fever epizootic decimated the pig herds in villages within the yamba focus of human trypanosomiasis. ecological studies of glossina palpalis palpalis populations were carried out in one of the villages for four years following the disappearance of the pigs, which had been the principal nutritive host of the glossina in the area. one important behavioural modification occurred, namely the establishment of a small peridomestic tsetse population. the flies deserted the patches of residual f ... | 1987 | 2892369 |
| [the use of sentinel animals for the evaluation of the control of vectors of sleeping sickness: preliminary reports at a congolese site]. | a large-scale control trial against glossina palpalis palpalis was carried out in the congo using a new trapping technique. in the same way a test related to the experimental utilization of sentinel animals was performed, concurrently to the classical epidemiological and entomological evaluation. 564 domestic animals (pigs, sheep, goats) were examined parasitologically (wet blood films, woo/hct) and serologically (testryps catt) in six villages. when a drastic reduction of tsetse populations was ... | 1988 | 2907260 |
| geographical distribution of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g.p.palpalis in liberia. | the two subspecies of glossina palpalis (robineau-desvoidy) occurring in liberia could be reliably separated morphometrically by measuring the width of the terminal dilatations of the male inferior claspers. subspecies differentiation of female flies was less conclusive. identification of flies from fifty-four sites revealed that most of liberia lies in the belt of glossina palpalis palpalis. however, pure and substantial populations of g.p.gambiensis vanderplank occur north of 8 degrees 20'n in ... | 1987 | 2979551 |
| trials of compounds to enhance trap catches of glossina palpalis palpalis in liberia. | | 1988 | 2980175 |
| effect of ivermectin and isometamidium chloride on glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1988 | 3178326 |
| detection of antigens common to salivary glands and other tissues of tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | the study demonstrates the common antigens to salivary gland, fat body, mesenteron, thorax muscle, native whole body, and dried whole body homogenates of tsetse flies, g. palpalis palpalis. the possibilities of their origin and the role in hypersensitivity induction and its propagation are discussed. | 1988 | 3198018 |
| use of oven-dried blood for in vitro feeding of tsetse flies. | comparison of the survival, fecundity and offspring size of glossina palpalis palpalis females fed reconstituted oven-dried blood, fresh, frozen/thawed, or reconstituted freeze-dried blood showed that oven-drying at 45 degrees c does not diminish the nutritional quality of blood. the significance of this finding is discussed with a view to optimizing costs and conditions of blood-diet storage and transportation in the context of mass-rearing of tsetse flies. | 1988 | 3416999 |
| [the pyramidal trap for collecting and controlling tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). comparative trials and description of new collecting technics]. | the pyramidal trap, currently being used in the congo by the public health service, is between two and five times more efficient than the biconical trap in this country. this is the case in particular for collecting the sleeping sickness vector species glossina palpalis palpalis and g. fuscips quanzensis. its simple and robust construction makes this trap ideally suitable for the large scale control of tsetse flies. its efficiency and ease of transport make it useful for the biologist and the ep ... | 1986 | 3704477 |
| efficacy of ivermectin on the reproductive biology of glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (glossinidae: diptera). | | 1986 | 3755883 |
| action of isometamidium chloride on the insect vector form of trypanosoma vivax. | the effect of isometamidium chloride upon developing and mature trypanosoma vivax occurring in glossina palpalis palpalis flies was evaluated. newly emerged g p palpalis flies were infected with t vivax by allowing them to feed on parasitaemic animals. two experiments were conducted and in each the flies were divided into two groups. one group of infected flies was fed in vitro through a membrane on defibrinated cow blood containing isometamidium chloride at 0.1 mg ml-1, after which they were di ... | 1985 | 4081332 |
| preliminary notes on the response behaviour of glossina palpalis palpalis (r.-d.) and glossina longipalpis wied, to man and ox-bait in their natural habitat. | | 1974 | 4480474 |
| the seasonal fluctuations of the "apparent density" of glossina palpalis palpalis in the republic of zaire. | | 1973 | 4798872 |
| [contact between glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv., 1830) and g. palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera) in the bouaké area (ivory coast)]. | the boundary between the distributions of the tsetse sub-species g. palpalis palpalis and g. p. gambiensis lies 60 km north of bouaké, ivory coast. at this place, there is a very narrow hybridization belt. 10 males were caught and compared with hybrids of laboratory origin. the possibility of a postcopulatory sub-specific barrier is discussed. | 1984 | 6093300 |
| a mixed population of trypanozoon in glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast. | cloning trypanosomes clearly showed that at least two enzymically distinct populations of trypanozoon were present within the salivary glands of a wild-caught glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast. normal sampling techniques detected only the predominant population, which would be the only population reaching a stage suitable for enzyme characterization. thus a tsetse fly may fail to be implicated as a transmitter of man-infective trypanosomes. the enzymic relationship of the two trypanozo ... | 1984 | 6095495 |
| investigations on development of an artificial diet for in vitro rearing of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1983 | 6630713 |
| the susceptibility of gamma-irradiated glossina palpalis palpalis at different ages to infection with trypanosoma congolense. | | 1983 | 6859970 |
| the susceptibility of glossina palpalis palpalis at different ages to infection with trypanosoma congolense. | | 1982 | 7103580 |
| identification of a mariner element from the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis. | in the present study, the polymerase chain reaction was used initially to demonstrate the presence of mariner sequences in seven species/subspecies of tsetse flies. dna hybridization experiments show mariner sequences to be dispersed within the tsetse genome and that there are large variations in copy numbers among the various taxa. a genomic library was used to isolate and characterize a full-length mariner element from g. p. palpalis. the results indicate that this element is 1257 bp in length ... | 1995 | 7551197 |
| multiple trypanosome infections in wild tsetse in côte d'ivoire detected by pcr analysis and dna probes. | trypanosomes were isolated from the midguts of glossina palpalis palpalis, g. pallicera pallicera and g. nigrofusca nigrofusca captured around the village of guediboua, south west of daloa in côte d'ivoire. seventy of the 124 isolates, obtained from 688 flies, were examined for four different kinds of trypanosome using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). prevalences were: trypanozoon 46%, riverine-forest t. congolense 86% and savannah t. congolense 54%. only 29 samples were examined for t. simi ... | 1995 | 7676910 |
| mixed populations of trypanosoma brucei in wild glossina palpalis palpalis. | in many previous characterization studies of trypanozoon, isolates have been subpassaged numerous times in laboratory rodents until a quantity of trypanosomes sufficient for analysis has been obtained. in addition to the numerous biochemical effects of such a process on the parasite, it appears probable that adaptation to an unnatural host may also serve to filter out less virulent populations from mixed infections, leading to an underestimate of the true level of genetic diversity. by the early ... | 1994 | 7716394 |
| measurement of risk in endemic areas of human african trypanosomiasis in côte d'ivoire. | an index of epidemiological risk was developed for the foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in the forest zone of côte d'ivoire, based on the following characteristics of glossina palpalis palpalis populations: daily survival rate, apparent density of teneral males and females, and frequency of human-fly contact. the index agreed well with hat prevalence. it varied according to ethnic groups and with seasonal changes in agricultural activities and fell rapidly to zero following the start ... | 1994 | 7886756 |
| isolation and characterization of hypervariable sequences from tsetse fly genome. | a glossina brevipalpis newstead genomic library, constructed using a charomid 9-36 vector, was used to isolate putative clones that hybridize to polymorphic regions of the tsetse genome. five types of probes, that reveal individual dna polymorphic in humans and higher animal species, were used to screen 300 tsetse charomid clones; 15% of the clones hybridized with at least one probe. twenty four recombinants were further characterized by southern blotting hybridization using dna isolated from in ... | 1994 | 7951269 |
| midgut lectin activity and sugar specificity in teneral and fed tsetse. | midgut infection rates of trypanosoma congolense in glossina palpalis palpalis and of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in glossina pallidipes are potentiated by the addition of d+ glucosamine to the infective feed, but not to the levels of super-infection reported for g.m.morsitans, g.p.palpalis and g.pallidipes are shown to possess two trypanocidal molecules: a glucosyl lectin which can be inhibited by d+ glucosamine and a galactosyl molecule inhibited by d+ galactose. addition of both d+ glucosa ... | 1994 | 8161852 |
| man-fly contact in the gambian trypanosomiasis focus of nola-bilolo (central african republic). | a study using bipyramid tetse fly traps in the nola-bilolo sleeping sickness focus (central african republic) reveals ecological and behavioural differences between two vectors, glossina palpalis palpalis and g. fuscipes fuscipes. the latter species inhabits mainly open water sites and surrounding forest, whereas g. p. palpalis occurs mainly in coffe plantations near villages. consequently, the man-fly contact differs considerably according to the species. the intensity of trypanosomiasis transm ... | 1993 | 8256100 |
| genetics of glossina palpalis palpalis: designation of linkage groups and the mapping of eight biochemical and visible marker genes. | the loci for three enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and testicular esterase) and two eye-color mutants (brick and tan) are mapped on the x chromosome of glossina palpalis palpalis. the loci occur in the order brick hex (tan/pgm) est-t, with a recombination frequency of approximately 78% between the outer two loci. the locus for octanol dehydrogenase is located in linkage group ii and the loci for malate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase are separated by a recombination frequency ... | 1995 | 8536997 |
| [standardization and evaluation of a manual salivation method for the detection of trypanosoma infection in the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae)]. | two methods of salivation of tsetse flies, namely manual salivation and method of bruce et al. were simultaneously evaluated on 1,702 male uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis (zaire), g. palpalis gambiensis (bobo-dioulasso), g. p. gambiensis (maisons-alfort) et g. morsitans morsitans (mall) fasted for 23, 48 and 72 hours. the risk of salivation was 0.66 by the manual method and 0.01 by the method of bruce et al. the manual salivation method was standardised on 79 male g. m. morsitans (mall) in ... | 1995 | 8552848 |
| analysis of the mating scar pattern of glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) and glossina fuscipes fuscipes newstead (diptera: glossinidae). | an analysis was made of the mating scar pattern of female glossina palpalis palpalis robineau-desvoidy and glossina fuscipes fuscipes newstead. measurements on fifty permanent preparations of the mating scars of females reared in the laboratory revealed significant differences in the length, width and in the distance between the centers of the mating scars of the two species. plotting the distance between the centers of the two mating scars against the ratio width/length resulted in a 93% separa ... | 1995 | 8849301 |
| effect of maternal age on offspring quality in tsetse (diptera: glossinidae). | the effects of maternal age on offspring quality were studied in 1 line of glossina palpalis palpalis robineau-desvoidy, 1 line of g. p. gambiensis vanderplank, and 3 lines of g. morsitans morsitans westwood by measuring offspring adult size and the duration of puparial period. g. p. gambiensis males also were examined for effects of maternal age on fluctuating asymmetry of wing veins. the puparial period was shorter in offspring of old females (late offspring) than in offspring of young females ... | 1998 | 9615536 |
| characterization of trypanosome infections by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification in wild tsetse flies in cameroon. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was used to characterize trypanosome infections in tsetse flies from 3 sleeping sickness foci in cameroon. the predominant tsetse species found was glossina palpalis palpalis. an average infection rate of 12.1% was revealed by microscopical examination of 888 non-teneral tsets flies. pcr amplification analyses for trypanosome identification were carried out on 467 flies, with primer sets specific for trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei s.1., t. (duttonella ... | 1998 | 9651938 |
| detection and identification of trypanosomes by polymerase chain reaction in wild tsetse flies in cameroon. | the prevalence of various species and subgroups of trypanosomes in infected flies from three sleeping sickness foci in cameroon was determined by the use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the predominant tsetse species found were glossina palpalis palpalis. microscopical examination of 943 non-teneral tsetse flies revealed an average infection rate of 10.4%. a total of 90 flies were analyzed for trypanosome identification with primer sets specific for trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei s.l., t. ... | 1998 | 9707369 |
| [vectorial competence of glossina palpalis palpalis, glossina p. gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans flies for a clone of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense il 1180]. | the authors report on the results of experimental infections of teneral (age < 32 hours) and non-teneral (age between 80 and 96 hours) glossina palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans with trypanosoma congolense il 1180. flies were infected once on a parasitaemic rat. teneral flies, both sexes indiscriminate, showed a procyclic and metacyclic infection rate respectively of 0.0588 and 0.7272 for g. p. palpalis; 0.0525 and 0.0416 for g. p. gambiensis; 0.6493 and 0.7300 for g ... | 1998 | 9754312 |
| glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina palpalis palpalis: dosage compensation raises questions about the milligan model for control of trypanosome development. | evidence that dosage compensation occurs in tsetse flies was obtained by comparing the activities of x chromosome-linked enzymes, arginine phosphokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in glossina m. morsitans and hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase in glossina p. palpalis, with the activity of an autosome-linked enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, in each species. the shortcomings of the x chromosome model for the control of trypanozoon maturation in tsetse are discussed in light of these finding ... | 1998 | 9806869 |
| effects of urbanization on transmission of human african trypanosomiasis in a suburban relict forest area of daloa, côte d'ivoire. | the epidemiological risk of human african trypanosomiasis transmission was evaluated from entomological parameters (apparent trap density, female teneral rates, daily survival rates, proportion of human feeds) of tsetse (glossina palpalis palpalis) populations in the town of daloa, côte d'ivoire. high tsetse densities were found in the town outskirts, where the calculated risk of transmission was greatest. environmental changes brought about by urbanization did not result in the disappearance of ... | 1999 | 10450433 |
| [age group distribution of glossina palpalis palpalis females in plantations and shallow water of the forest region of côte d'ivoire. relation to the prevalence of sleeping sickness]. | in epidemiologically dangerous biotopes of foci with high prevalence of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), different female age groups (nulliparous, young parous, old parous) were observed in the same proportions. on the contrary, in areas without hat or in low prevalence foci (< 0.2%), these proportions significantly differed. female age group distribution in epidemiologically dangerous biotopes could thus be a good indication by which to guide the control of human african trypanosomiasis (ha ... | 1999 | 10472452 |
| isozymic comparison of five laboratory lines of tsetse flies belonging to the two subspecies of glossina palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | three laboratory colonies of glossina palpalis palpalis and two of g. p. gambiensis have been characterized by means of 14 polymorphic enzyme loci. the presence/absence of some alleles for three enzymes (octanol dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aldehyde oxidase) distinguished the two subspecies. other differences in allozymes could not be used to discriminate between subspecies but could be used to distinguish populations within each of the subspecies. the genetic differences between popula ... | 1999 | 10492677 |
| independent evolution of toll and related genes in insects and mammals. | toll and toll-related proteins play an important role in antibacterial innate immunity in insect, plants, and mammals. we present the first comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of toll-related genes from both insects and mammals. drosophila melanogaster contains toll and a highly homologous gene, tehao. the protein, dm tehao, comprises 795 amino acid residues and its cytoplasmic domain shares a striking 61% identity with dm toll. two toll homologues were found in another dipteran of medical impor ... | 2000 | 10663571 |
| [diversity of feeding behavior of glossina palpalis palpalis in the forest belt of the ivory coast: relation to the prevalence of human african trypanosomiasis]. | the feeding habits of glossina palpalis palpalis, the main vector of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) were retrospectively analysed using data collected between 1984 and 1994 in five areas in the forest belt in the mid-west of côte d'ivoire. the authors compare the feeding habits of the vector in these different foci. this analysis is aimed at determining if there is any relationship between the feeding pattern of tsetse-flies and the prevalence rates of hat. the feeding pattern was measured ... | 2000 | 10672209 |
| [spatial distribution and bloodmeal preferences of glossina palpalis palpalis in the forest focus of zoukougbeu (ivory coast). epidemiological consequences]. | in the sleeping sickness focus of zoukougbeu (côte d'ivoire), in the cropping areas which are favourable for disease transmission, more than a quarter of the flies collected were found to have fed on domestic pigs. the sites where glossina palpalis palpalis was caught fed on these animals were concordant with the sites where the patients were present. these results might indicate that in zoukougbeu, but perhaps also in other sleeping sickness foci, the pig could play an active role in disease tr ... | 2000 | 11031763 |
| microsatellite polymorphism in tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). | in sub-saharan africa, tsetse flies are the vectors of trypanosomes, the causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. certain wild populations of the palpalis group exhibit intraspecific variation and are suspect of manifest differences in vectorial capacity. the current study reports the identification of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci from glossina palpalis palpalis robinean-desvoidy. the majority of these markers amplify corresponding loci from the related specie ... | 2001 | 11372961 |
| [reproductive disorders in glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) in forested areas of ivory coast]. | study of reproductive disorders were carried out through the dissection of 11,012 tsetse flies caught over a period of one year in forested different habitats of glossina palpalis palpalis of daloa in ivory coast. the proportion of females with reproductive disorders was very low and estimated at 0.79%. out of 87 tsetse files with reproductive disorders, 93.10% were abortions, 5.77% were ovular blockage and 1.13% was uterine pupaison. reproductive disorders were recorded from all age groups: 0.7 ... | 2003 | 12847927 |
| estimating tsetse population parameters: application of a mathematical model with density-dependence. | a density-dependent model is used to describe the dynamics of an open population of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). immigration (or emigration) takes place when the total population is below (or above) a biologically determined threshold value. the population is also subjected to birth and death rates, as well as to the risk of being trapped (continuously or intermittently). during trapping the population decreases toward a 'low' equilibrium population and when trapping ceases the populatio ... | 2003 | 12941011 |
| [new data on parasitization of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) by hexamermis glossinae (nematoda: mermithidae) in a forested area of ivory coast]. | observations on the parasitism of glossina palpalis palpalis by hexamermis glossinae were carried out over a period of one year by catching flies at abengourou, aboisso and daloa (forested area of ivory coast). no parasite is observed out of 2,168 glossina palpalis palpalis caught in abengourou and 9,732 in aboisso. at daloa, dissections of 7,341 glossina reveal 1.75% parasited flies. all the worms were located in the abdominal cavity, loosely intertwined with the internal organ. males were more ... | 2003 | 14535167 |
| a study of host preference in tsetse flies using a modified heteroduplex pcr-based method. | a study of host preference in tsetse flies using a modified heteroduplex pcr-based method is described. domestic and wild animal blood samples were collected to extract the corresponding reference dnas. in campo (south cameroon), tsetse flies (mainly glossina palpalis palpalis) were trapped and 41 bloodmeals were collected. all reference dnas and 37 bloodmeal dnas (90.7%) were successfully amplified and hybridised. twelve bloodmeals (32.4%) were of human origin, 13 (35.4%) were from sitatunga (t ... | 2004 | 15234660 |
| mixed infections of trypanosomes in tsetse and pigs and their epidemiological significance in a sleeping sickness focus of côte d'ivoire. | in a sleeping sickness focus of côte d'ivoire, trypanosomes were characterized in humans, pigs and tsetse using various techniques. out of 74 patients, all the 43 stocks isolated by kivi (kit for in vitro isolation) appeared to belong to only one zymodeme of trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 (the major zymodeme z3). the only stock isolated on rodents belonged to a different, new, zymodeme (z50), of t. b. gambiense group 1. from 18 pigs sampled in the same locations as the patients, pcr showed ... | 2004 | 15648692 |
| increased expression of unusual ep repeat-containing proteins in the midgut of the tsetse fly (glossina) after bacterial challenge. | proteins containing a glutamic acid-proline (ep) repeat epitope were immunologically detected in midguts from eight species of glossina (tsetse flies). the molecular masses of the tsetse ep proteins differed among species groups. the amino acid sequence of one of these proteins, from glossina palpalis palpalis, was determined and compared to the sequence of a homologue, the tsetse midgut ep protein of glossina m. morsitans. the extended ep repeat domains comprised between 36% (g. m. morsitans) a ... | 2005 | 15804575 |
| the effect of age on the mating competitiveness of male glossina fuscipes fuscipes and g. palpalis palpalis. | the effect of age on male glossina fuscipes fuscipes, newstead, and glossina palpalis palpalis, austin (diptera: glossinidae) competiveness were investigated with a view to estimate optimal age for sterile male release. sterile insect technique involves the mass production, sterilization and sequential release of males of the target species to out compete the wild male population. mating between released sterile males and wild females produce inviable progeny and the population is reduced over s ... | 2003 | 15841229 |
| the tsetse fly glossina palpalis palpalis is composed of several genetically differentiated small populations in the sleeping sickness focus of bonon, côte d'ivoire. | glossina palpalis is the main vector of human african trypanosomosis (hat, or sleeping sickness) that dramatically affects human health in sub-saharan africa. because of the implications of genetic structuring of vector populations for the design and efficacy of control campaigns, g. palpalis palpalis in the most active focus of sleeping sickness in côte d'ivoire was studied to determine whether this taxon is genetically structured. high and statistically significant levels of within population ... | 2007 | 16890499 |
| spatial and temporal variability of the glossina palpalis palpalis population in the mbini focus (equatorial guinea). | human african trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease. the geographical distribution of the disease is linked to the spatial distribution of the tsetse fly. as part of a control campaign using traps, the spatial and temporal variability is analysed of the glossina populations present in the mbini sleeping sickness foci (equatorial guinea). | 2007 | 17760953 |
| tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in cameroon: epidemiological implications. | to determine the tsetse fly host preferences in two sleeping sickness foci of southern cameroon, four entomological surveys (two in each focus) were carried out. for the whole study, 4929 tsetse flies were caught: 3933 (79.8%) glossina palpalis palpalis, 626 (12.7%) glossina pallicera pallicera, 276 (5.6%) glossina nigrofusca and 94 (1.9%) glossina caliginea. one hundred and thirty-eight blood meals were collected and the origin of 118 (85.5%) meals was successfully identified: 38.4% from man, 2 ... | 2008 | 17977803 |
| predicted distribution and movement of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) in the wet and dry seasons in the kogo trypanosomiasis focus (equatorial guinea). | the aim of this study was to predict the distribution and movement of populations of the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae), in the wet and dry seasons and to analyze the impact of the use of mono-pyramidal traps on fly populations in the kogo focus in 2004 and 2005. three glossina species are present in kogo: glossina palpalis palpalis, major hat vector in west-central africa, glossina caliginea, and glossina tabaniformis. the apparent density (ad) of g. p. palpalis c ... | 2007 | 18260511 |
| evidence for a discrete evolutionary lineage within equatorial guinea suggests that the tsetse fly glossina palpalis palpalis exists as a species complex. | tsetse flies of the palpalis group are major vectors of human african trypanosomiasis in africa. accurate knowledge of species identity is essential for vector control. here, we combine ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1), mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (coi) and microsatellites to determine the population structure and phylogenetic relations of glossina p. palpalis in equatorial guinea. co1 sequence data suggest that g. p. palpalis in equatorial guinea is a distinct subspecies fr ... | 2009 | 19619197 |
| influence of habitat and seasonal variation on wild mammal diversity and distribution with special reference to the trypanosoma brucei gambiense host-reservoir in bipindi (cameroon). | to evaluate the role of wildlife in the resurgence and perenisation of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), we investigated the influence of habitat and seasonal variations on the diversity and spatial distribution of wild mammals, with special reference to those recognised as potential host-reservoirs of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in bipindi (southwestern cameroon). to achieve this, we carried out transect surveys in four habitat types over two years. a total of 31 mammal species were recorde ... | 2009 | 19732737 |
| first isolation of enterobacter, enterococcus, and acinetobacter spp. as inhabitants of the tsetse fly (glossina palpalis palpalis) midgut. | this paper reports the first evidence of the presence of bacteria, other than the three previously described as symbionts, wigglesworthia glossinidia, wolbachia, and sodalis glossinidius, in the midgut of glossina palpalis palpalis, the tsetse fly, a vector of the chronic form of human african trypanosomiasis in sub-saharan african countries. based on the morphological, nutritional, physiological, and phylogenetic results, we identified enterobacter, enterococcus, and acinetobacter spp. as inhab ... | 2009 | 19800031 |
| diversity and spatial distribution of vectors and hosts of t. brucei gambiense in forest zones of, southern cameroon: epidemiological implications. | host and vector distribution of trypanosoma brucei gambiense was studied in relation to habitat types and seasons. six (19.35%) of the 31 mammal species recorded in bipindi were reservoir hosts. cercopithecus nictitans was confined to the undisturbed forest and the low intensive shifting cultivation zones, while cephalophus monticola, cephalophus dorsalis, cricetomys gambianus, atherurus africanus and nandinia binotata occurred in all the habitat types. as for vectors of human african trypanosom ... | 2010 | 20067756 |
| [eco-distribution and trypanosoma infection of glossina palpalis palpalis in the banco forest of and its relics, abidjan (côte d'ivoire)]. | in order to implement an anti-vector programme in the suburb of abidjan (côte d'ivoire), investigations were conducted to assess the tsetse fly densities as well as infection with trypanosomes. catches were carried out during the rainy season and dry season with vavoua traps laid during four consecutive days in different sites (banco forest, abidjan zoological park, area of the university of abobo-adjamé). one species of tsetse fly (glossina polpalis palpalis) and two species of trypanosomes (tr ... | 2009 | 20092060 |
| prospects for the development of odour baits to control the tsetse flies glossina tachinoides and g. palpalis s.l. | field studies were done of the responses of glossina palpalis palpalis in côte d'ivoire, and g. p. gambiensis and g. tachinoides in burkina faso, to odours from humans, cattle and pigs. responses were measured either by baiting (1.) biconical traps or (2.) electrocuting black targets with natural host odours. the catch of g. tachinoides from traps was significantly enhanced ( approximately 5x) by odour from cattle but not humans. in contrast, catches from electric targets showed inconsistent res ... | 2010 | 20300513 |
| tsetse fly blood meal modification and trypanosome identification in two sleeping sickness foci in the forest of southern cameroon. | the blood meal origins of 222 tsetse flies (213 glossina palpalis palpalis, 7 glossina pallicera pallicera, one glossina nigrofusca and one glossina caliginea) caught in 2008 in two human african trypanosomiasis foci (bipindi and campo) of south cameroon were investigated. 88.7% of tsetse flies blood meals were identified using the heteroduplex method and the origin of the remaining blood meals (11.3%) was identified by sequencing the cytochrome b gene. most of the meals were from humans (45.9%) ... | 2010 | 20541513 |
| [glossina feeding habits and diversity of species of trypanosomes in an active focus of human african trypanosomiasis in gabon]. | feeding host is an important factor upon which depend the glossina infection rate and the proportion of different species of trypanosome. glossina feed both upon animals and humans. in order to identify species of trypanosomes present in the komo-mondah focus and to verify whether there is any relationship between the prevalence of sleeping sickness and the feeding habits of glossina, we have carried out an entomological survey in this focus of gabon. flies were dissected and organs were analyse ... | 2010 | 20821180 |
| a new transmission risk index for human african trypanosomiasis and its application in the identification of sites of high transmission of sleeping sickness in the fontem focus of southwest cameroon. | a new index for the risk for transmission of human african trypanosomiasis was developed from an earlier index by adding terms for the proportion of tsetse infected with trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 and the contribution of animals to tsetse diet. the validity of the new index was then assessed in the fontem focus of southwest cameroon. averages of 0.66 and 4.85 glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) were caught per trap/day at the end of one rainy season (november) and the sta ... | 2010 | 21198712 |
| bacterial diversity associated with populations of glossina spp. from cameroon and distribution within the campo sleeping sickness focus. | tsetse flies were sampled in three villages of the campo sleeping sickness focus in south cameroon. the aim of this study was to investigate the flies' gut bacterial composition using culture-dependent techniques. out of the 32 flies analyzed (27 glossina palpalis palpalis, two glossina pallicera, one glossina nigrofusca, and two glossina caliginea), 17 were shown to be inhabited by diverse bacteria belonging to the proteobacteria, the firmicutes, or the bacteroidetes phyla. phylogenetic analysi ... | 2011 | 21387098 |
| population genetics of glossina palpalis palpalis from central african sleeping sickness foci. | abstract: background: glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) is widespread in west africa, and is the main vector of sleeping sickness in cameroon as well as in the bas congo province of the democratic republic of congo. however, little is known on the structure of its populations. we investigated g. p. palpalis population genetic structure in five sleeping sickness foci (four in cameroon, one in democratic republic of congo) using eight microsatellite dna markers. results: a strong i ... | 2011 | 21767402 |
| post eclosion age predicts the prevalence of midgut trypanosome infections in glossina. | the teneral phenomenon, as observed in glossina sp., refers to the increased susceptibility of the fly to trypanosome infection when the first bloodmeal taken is trypanosome-infected. in recent years, the term teneral has gradually become synonymous with unfed, and thus fails to consider the age of the newly emerged fly at the time the first bloodmeal is taken. furthermore, conflicting evidence exists of the effect of the age of the teneral fly post eclosion when it is given the infected first b ... | 2011 | 22087240 |
| transmission of human african trypanosomiasis in the komo-mondah focus, gabon. | knowledge about transmission of sleeping sickness in a given focus is of a great importance since it governs the efficacy and the cost-effectiveness of control strategy. the komo-mondah focus is the most endemic sleeping sickness focus of gabon. this focus has hardly been investigated and available publications are more than thirty years old. in order to update transmission features of sleeping sickness in that focus, we have conducted epidemiological and entomological surveys in march-april 200 ... | 2011 | 22121444 |
| [Entomological survey in the historical sleeping sickness focus of Bendje (Gabon)]. | The situation of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is poorly known in Gabon. Most of the historical foci have not been investigated for more than 15 years. Few cases are passively recorded from the historical focus of Bendjé; they involved mainly fishermen but determining their contamination site is difficult because of their mobility due to their activity. The presence of these cases in that focus could favour its reactivation if the vector is still there. In order to assess a p ... | 2011 | 22091460 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies, sodalis glossinidius, in sleeping sickness foci in cameroon. | previous studies have shown substantial differences in sodalis glossinidius and trypanosome infection rates between glossina palpalis palpalis populations from two cameroonian foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), bipindi and campo. we hypothesized that the geographical isolation of the two foci may have induced independent evolution in the two areas, resulting in the diversification of symbiont genotypes. | 2011 | 21886849 |
| glossina palpalis palpalis populations from equatorial guinea belong to distinct allopatric clades. | luba is one of the four historical foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) on bioko island, in equatorial guinea. although no human cases have been detected since 1995, t. b. gambiense was recently observed in the vector glossina palpalis palpalis. the existence of cryptic species within this vector taxon has been previously suggested, although no data are available regarding the evolutionary history of tsetse flies populations in bioko. | 2014 | 24438585 |
| high frequency of (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) type among (diptera: glossinidae) in a historic trypanosoma foci in north-eastern gabon: preliminary study. | human african trypanosomiasis became a neglected disease after the 1960s, when case numbers dropped dramatically. it again became a public health problem in sub-saharan africa at the end of the 1990s, when new cases were reported, notably in central africa, and specifically in gabon, where historic foci existed and new cases have been reported. therefore, the present study reports on an entomological survey conducted in may 2012 to determine the pathogenic trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fl ... | 2016 | 27113105 |
| xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in campo (cameroon). | the sleeping sickness focus of campo in south cameroon is still active, at a low endemic level, for more than a century, despite a regular medical surveillance. the present study focuses on the spatial distribution of xenomonitoring information obtained from an entomological survey performed in the dry season 2012. it appears that humans constitute a third of the blood meals and that the flies' densities were coherent with those classically observed in the different biotopes. paradoxically, the ... | 2016 | 27071554 |
| detection and identification of pathogenic trypanosome species in tsetse flies along the comoé river in côte d'ivoire. | in order to identify pathogenic trypanosomes responsible for african trypanosomiasis, and to better understand tsetse-trypanosome relationships, surveys were undertaken in three sites located in different eco-climatic areas in côte d'ivoire during the dry and rainy seasons. tsetse flies were caught during five consecutive days using biconical traps, dissected and microscopically examined looking for trypanosome infection. samples from infected flies were tested by pcr using specific primers for ... | 2015 | 26035296 |
| challenges towards the elimination of human african trypanosomiasis in the sleeping sickness focus of campo in southern cameroon. | the sleeping sickness focus of campo lies along the atlantic coast and extends along the ntem river, which constitutes the cameroonian and equatorial guinean border. it is a hypo-endemic focus with the disease prevalence varying from 0.3 to 0.86% during the last few decades. investigations on animal reservoirs revealed a prevalence of trypanosoma brucei gambiense of 0.6% in wild animals and 4.83% in domestic animals of this focus. from 2001 to 2012, about 19 931 tsetse were collected in this foc ... | 2014 | 25129168 |
| population genetics of trypanosoma brucei circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis and domestic animals of the fontem sleeping sickness focus of cameroon. | human african trypanosomiasis is still a public health threat in cameroon. to assess trypanosoma brucei strains circulating in the fontem sleeping sickness focus, we conducted a genetic structure study using microsatellites to assess genotypes circulating in both tsetse flies and domestic animals. | 2014 | 24690359 |
| identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the malanga (kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo. | the malanga sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo has shown an epidemic evolution of disease during the last century. however, following case detection and treatment, the prevalence of the disease decreased considerably. no active survey has been undertaken in this focus for a couple of years. to understand the current epidemiological status of sleeping sickness as well as the animal african trypanosomiasis in the malanga focus, we undertook the identification of tsetse blo ... | 2012 | 22992486 |
| molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria. | animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ... | 2016 | 27216812 |
| population genetics of forest type of trypanosoma congolense circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. | genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms. to improve our knowledge on the population genetics of trypanosomes, trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah types were identified in the mid-guts of glossina palpalis palpalis caught in five villages of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. from the positive samples of trypanosoma congolense forest, the genetic diversity and the population genetic str ... | 2014 | 25142136 |
| trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies in the "silent" sleeping sickness focus of bafia in the centre region in cameroon. | the bafia sleeping sickness focus of cameroon is considered as "silent" with no case reported for about 20 years despite medical surveys performed during the last decades. in this focus, all epidemiological factors that can contribute to trypanosomes transmission are present. to update our knowledge on the current risks of human and animal african trypanosomiases, different trypanosome species were identified in midguts of tsetse flies captured in the bafia focus. | 2015 | 26458386 |
| effect of sampling methods, effective population size and migration rate estimation in glossina palpalis palpalis from cameroon. | human and animal trypanosomiases are two major constraints to development in africa. these diseases are mainly transmitted by tsetse flies in particular by glossina palpalis palpalis in western and central africa. to set up an effective vector control campaign, prior population genetics studies have proved useful. previous studies on population genetics of g. p. palpalis using microsatellite loci showed high heterozygote deficits, as compared to hardy-weinberg expectations, mainly explained by t ... | 2015 | 25917495 |
| ecotype evolution in glossina palpalis subspecies, major vectors of sleeping sickness. | the role of environmental factors in driving adaptive trajectories of living organisms is still being debated. this is even more important to understand when dealing with important neglected diseases and their vectors. | 2015 | 25775377 |
| standardising visual control devices for tsetse flies: central and west african species glossina palpalis palpalis. | glossina palpalis palpalis (g. p. palpalis) is one of the principal vectors of sleeping sickness and nagana in africa with a geographical range stretching from liberia in west africa to angola in central africa. it inhabits tropical rain forest but has also adapted to urban settlements. we set out to standardize a long-lasting, practical and cost-effective visually attractive device that would induce the strongest landing response by g. p. palpalis for future use as an insecticide-impregnated to ... | 2014 | 24421909 |
| spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the bipindi focus of southern cameroon. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) remains a public health problem in many poor countries. due to lack of financial resources in these countries, cost-effective strategies are needed for efficient control of this scourge, especially the tsetse vector. it was shown that perennial water sources maintain a favourable biotope for tsetse flies and thus the transmission dynamics of sleeping sickness. the present paper aimed at assessing the transmission dynamics of hat in a forest environment where t ... | 2013 | 23815985 |
| phenetic and genetic structure of tsetse fly populations (glossina palpalis palpalis) in southern ivory coast. | sleeping sickness, transmitted by g. p. palpalis, is known to be present in the ivory coast. g. p. palpalis has recently been reported to occur in several places within the town of abidjan, including: (i) the banco forest, (ii) the abobo adjamé university campus and (iii) the zoological park. could these three places be treated sequentially, as separate tsetse populations, or should they be taken as one area comprising a single, panmictic population? | 2012 | 22846152 |
| intestinal bacterial communities of trypanosome-infected and uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis from three human african trypanomiasis foci in cameroon. | glossina sp. the tsetse fly that transmits trypanosomes causing the human or the animal african trypanosomiasis (hat or aat) can harbor symbiotic bacteria that are known to play a crucial role in the fly's vector competence. we hypothesized that other bacteria could be present, and that some of them could also influence the fly's vector competence. in this context the objectives of our work were: (a) to characterize the bacteria that compose the g. palpalis palpalis midgut bacteriome, (b) to evi ... | 2017 | 28824591 |
| transcriptional profiling of midguts prepared from trypanosoma/t. congolense-positive glossina palpalis palpalis collected from two distinct cameroonian foci: coordinated signatures of the midguts' remodeling as t. congolense-supportive niches. | our previous transcriptomic analysis of glossina palpalis gambiensis experimentally infected or not with trypanosoma brucei gambiense aimed to detect differentially expressed genes (degs) associated with infection. specifically, we selected candidate genes governing tsetse fly vector competence that could be used in the context of an anti-vector strategy, to control human and/or animal trypanosomiasis. the present study aimed to verify whether gene expression in field tsetse flies (g. p. palpali ... | 2017 | 28804485 |