| the temperature and humidity preferences of haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes holocyclus and rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodidae): studies on eggs. | | 1979 | 571858 |
| factors influencing the toxicity of salivary gland extracts of ixodes holocyclus neumann. | | 1978 | 730466 |
| the establishment of a laboratory colony of ixodes holocyclus. | a laboratory colony capable of producing annually 3000 female ixodes holocyclus was maintained for 3 years. guinea-pigs were used for larval feeding and bandicoots for nymphs and adults. the methods and equipment employed are described in detail. | 1978 | 743048 |
| histology of bovine skin reactions to ixodes holocyclus neumann. | the histology of skin responses to infestations with female ixodes holocyclus ticks was investigated in naive and previously infested cattle. in the latter hosts, infiltration of the skin site with basophil leucocytes was an early event. concurrent spongiosis and vesiculation occurred in the epidermis adjacent to the tick mouthparts. this was followed by infiltration of the upper dermis by eosinophils and other leukocytes. such reactions were evident one hour after attachment of ticks in hosts w ... | 1977 | 832186 |
| paralysis of calves by the tick, ixodes holocyclus. | adult female ixodes holocyclus were collected from the field at fig tree pocket, a brisbane suburb, at tamborine mountain, queensland and at lismore, new south wales, in november 1974. females were also reared from engorged nymphs collected off bandicoots from tamborine mountain july 1974 and 1975. in november 1974 unexposed 2-3 week old british breed calves, weighing between 26 and 46 kg were infested with 2,4,8 or 10 ticks. neither 2 nor 4 females per calf caused paralysis. a challenge of 8 to ... | 1977 | 849217 |
| aggregation pheromones in 2 australian hard ticks, ixodes holocyclus and aponomma concolor. | the presence of an aggregation pheromone has been demonstrated for the first time in indigenous australian ticks. filter paper discs exposed to either australian paralysis ticks ixodes holocyclus or echidna ticks aponomma concolor showed inter-sex or intra-sex attraction for ticks of their own species. nymphal exuviae of ap, concolor were highly attractive to adult ticks. discs were significantly attractive to i. holocyclus at distances up to 80 cm. | 1977 | 862817 |
| neuromuscular paralysis caused by tick envenomation. | the australian scrub-tick ixodes holocyclus causes a series of significant toxic effects in its victims. the most important feature of tick envenomation is neuromuscular paralysis. children poisoned by ticks may manifest only local motoneural effects, usually facial paralysis. progressive ascending flaccid paralysis occurs if the removal of an embedded tick is delayed. the specific neurological features of tick-bite are discussed in the light of a series of 6 children who all showed signs of tic ... | 1977 | 915536 |
| the clinical features of tick bite. | the clinical features of bites by the australian scrub tick, ixodes holocyclus, are reviewed. eight cases of tick bite are summarized, including six new cases of tick paralysis in children. in almost all cases neuroparalysis became worse transiently, after the tick had been removed. one child with life-threatening respiratory and bulbar palsy received canine antitick antivenene, with rapid reversal of clinical signs. the differential diagnosis of tick bite includes all acute childhood diseases w ... | 1977 | 927249 |
| cattle and the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | paralysis of domestic stock by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus is chiefly a disease of young animals (especially calves) and of non-habituated stock introduced into tick-infested country in spring. the tick has a wide host range, but its principal hosts are bandicoots. the tick has one generation per year and the adult female, which causes almost all paralysis, is abundant in spring and early summer and occurs most commonly in overgrown or regrowth country where bandicoots are abundant. the ... | 1975 | 1220655 |
| seasonal occurrence of karoo paralysis in angora goats in relation to the infestation density of female ixodes rubicundus. | the seasonal occurrence of karoo paralysis in relation to the infestation density of female ixodes rubicundus was investigated in an enzootic area of the southwestern orange free state, south africa. young and adult angora goats were exposed to infestation during two paralysis tick seasons. only the young goats became paralysed and their infestation densities (female ticks kg-1 host body weight) were significantly higher than those of healthy animals. the infestation densities on paralysed goats ... | 1992 | 1502788 |
| the role of host behaviour in tick-host interactions: a domestic host-paralysis tick model. | the aim of this study was to quantify the infestation densities of karoo and brown paralysis ticks on sheep and goats and explain it in terms of the etho-ecology of these ticks and their domestic hosts. the karoo paralysis tick usually quests from a vantage point on the vegetation whereas the brown paralysis tick displays an appetence response from the ground and mainly engages hosts that are prostrate. both tick species are confined chiefly to hilly areas. temporal differences in the infestatio ... | 1992 | 1563303 |
| sites of attachment and intraspecific infestation densities of the brown paralysis tick (rhipicephalus punctatus) on angora goats. | significant differences in the distribution of brown paralysis ticks on various age classes of angora goats were recorded. in kids, most (greater than 98%) of the ticks attached to the head and ears, whereas in older groups, in addition to the ears, a high proportion (greater than 20%) of ticks also attached to the ventral side of the neck. there were significant differences in the mean infestation densities of both male and female r. punctatus in kids and older animals. these differences were, ... | 1991 | 1773681 |
| anticoagulant in the tick ixodes holocyclus. | | 1991 | 1776937 |
| spatial distribution of the karoo paralysis tick ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae) within a false upper karoo veld type. | spatial distribution of the karoo paralysis tick (ixodes rubicundus) has been studied in a paralysis enzootic area of the southwestern orange free state. significantly more females than males were collected from the vegetation. most ticks (99%) used grass as questing sites at a height of approximately 45 cm (range 10-97 cm), which correlates with the size of host animals. no significant differences between the questing height of male and female ticks were evident. the ticks were found on most of ... | 1991 | 1860416 |
| reactions to argasid tick bites by island residents on the great barrier reef. | to attribute a cause and quantify allergic-like symptoms observed among island residents. | 1991 | 1875814 |
| ixodes holocyclus in the melbourne metropolitan area. | | 1991 | 1888318 |
| spotted fever group rickettsial infections in australia. | more than four decades ago, rickettsia australis was discovered to be the etiologic agent of queensland tick typhus (qtt), yet many unanswered questions persist about the ecology, epidemiology, and clinical features of this disease. we review 46 previously published cases of qtt along with 16 cases discovered by active surveillance. qtt is usually a mild disease. patients often have regional lymphadenopathy and eschars. some have vesicular rashes. because clinical features overlap, serologic tes ... | 1991 | 1962102 |
| vector competence of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, for the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. | clinical and serologic evidence of lyme disease in australia, including the typical rash, erythema migrans, has been reported. the vector tick transmitting borrelia burgdorferi in australia, however, has not been determined. the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, is a logical candidate vector of the lyme disease spirochete in australia; therefore, we tested the ability of i. holocyclus to acquire and maintain a north american isolate of b. burgdorferi. larval i. holocyclus ingested sp ... | 1991 | 2040556 |
| some effects of tick infestations on juvenile northern brown bandicoot (isoodon macrourus). | the effect of tick infestations on body weight and various blood parameters was monitored in juvenile northern brown bandicoots (isoodon macrourus) after release into tick-infested or tick-free enclosures. three species of ticks were observed in the enclosures, haemaphysalis humerosa, ixodes tasmani and ixodes holocyclus. bandicoots released into tick-infested enclosures showed a reduced growth rate (1.8 versus 2.5 g/day increase in body weight), a reduced haematocrit value (27.4 versus 40.0%) a ... | 1991 | 2067048 |
| evaluation of partially purified salivary gland allergens from the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus in diagnosis of allergy by ria and skin prick test. | two diagnostic assays that detect ige specific to i. holocyclus were developed using purified sources of allergens. salivary gland extract was superior to whole body extract in both the radioimmunoassay and the skin prick test. of the partially purified salivary gland allergens, the 28-kd protein fraction gave the most promising results. | 1990 | 2310060 |
| the dispersion of the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus, within a naturally infested population of sheep in south africa. | the ratio of variance to mean (s2/means) of numbers of ixodes rubicundus (males and females) per sheep was used as a measure of the dispersion pattern of this tick within a naturally infested population of sheep. sheep were divided into two groups, one with previous contact with i. rubicundus and the other with no previous contact. samples of 10 sheep from each group were searched for ticks on a weekly basis for 19 weeks during the winter of 1986. in each group, both male and female ticks had an ... | 1990 | 2316179 |
| an immunoblot technique for identification of allergens of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | the blocking conditions appropriate for western blot identification of allergens of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, have been investigated. the results suggest that human serum is a potent blocking agent which may have wide application in the immunodetection of antigens. | 1990 | 2406343 |
| tick/host interactions for ixodes holocyclus: role, effects, biosynthesis and nature of its toxic and allergenic oral secretions. | the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus occurs along the eastern coast of australia. its interaction with a wide variety of hosts causes a serious toxicosis (tick paralysis) in domestic pets and livestock (occasionally in wildlife and humans) as well as hypersensitivity reactions in humans. tick paralysis in animals is usually fatal in the absence of speedy antitoxin treatment and human hypersensitivity may result in life-threatening anaphylaxis. the protection of such hosts against toxi ... | 1989 | 2667920 |
| paralysis of laboratory rabbits by nymphae of ixodes rubicundus, neumann 1904 (acarina: ixodidae) and some effects on the life-cycle following feeding under different temperature conditions. | feeding under constant cold conditions resulted in a marginal shortening of feeding period and a major shortening of the subsequent developmental phase of all stages of ixodes rubicundus neumann 1904, the karoo paralysis tick. paralysis occurred in laboratory rabbits when nymphae were fed on them under constant warm, constant cold and fluctuating ambient winter conditions. this paralysis was found to be dependent on infestation rate and feeding conditions. under constant cold conditions paralysi ... | 1989 | 2726194 |
| allergic reactions to the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus: diagnostic evaluation by skin test and radioimmunoassay. | allergic reactions to ixodes holocyclus are well recognized but poorly defined. tick-bite reactions in 42 individuals in this study fell into six classes. skin-prick tests and radioimmunoassay (ria) indicated that all systemic hypersensitivity (class 3) and atypical reactions (class 4) were ige-mediated. some 73% of the large local reactions (class 2) and only 12.5% of the small local reactions (class 1) were associated with ige specific for tick allergens. subjects who reported heavy exposure t ... | 1989 | 2736429 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. 2. blood-gas and ph, haematological and biochemical findings. | arterial blood-gas and ph, haematological and biochemical estimations were carried out on 8 dogs infested with ixodes holocyclus and 2 uninfested controls. the arterial blood-gas and ph measurements did not change significantly until the dogs were recumbent and unable to lift their heads. when affected dogs became moribund, moderate hypoxaemia with acute ventilatory failure was present. the significant haematological and biochemical abnormalities were difficult to interpret individually, but tak ... | 1987 | 3115241 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. 4. cardiovascular effects. | to determine the extent and significance of changes in heart rate and rhythm noticed previously in dogs paralysed with ixodes holocyclus, two studies were undertaken. in one the electrocardiogram was recorded at stages throughout the disease and the traces analysed for changes, while in the second a detailed study of the effect of ixodes holocyclus on the cardiovascular system was undertaken. the electrocardiographic changes were extremely variable between stages and between dogs. generally, if ... | 1988 | 3190587 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. 5. treatment. | in this study the value of drugs administered with hyperimmune serum in the treatment of advanced disease produced by ixodes holocyclus was compared under controlled conditions. all control dogs died rapidly whereas one dog survived and 3 dogs died after receiving hyperimmune serum alone. when promethazine hydrochloride was administered with hyperimmune serum 2 dogs recovered rapidly while the remaining 2 died. administration of dexamethasone and hyperimmune serum allowed 3 dogs to survive while ... | 1988 | 3190588 |
| isolation and immunological characterisation of allergens from salivary glands of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | radioimmunoassay and western blot analysis showed that salivary gland extract (sge) prepared from ixodes holocyclus was a more concentrated source of allergens than whole body extract. isolation and partial immunological characterisation of allergens was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of sge, electroelution and western blotting. immunoblotting using allergic sera showed that partially purified sge from i. holocyclus contained two common allerge ... | 1988 | 3192308 |
| detection in allergic individuals of ige specific for the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. | three techniques were developed to detect ige specific to ixodes holocyclus. the radioimmunoassay (ria) was found to be superior to both radioallergosorbent test and enzyme immunoassay techniques. validation of the ria technique was provided by dilution experiments and by a blind study involving 13 volunteers; the ria graph was linear over a wide range of concentrations. the ria ratio clearly discriminated between those volunteers with and without systemic allergic reactions and helped to identi ... | 1988 | 3338859 |
| some wild hosts of the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus neumann, 1904 (acari: ixodidae). | a variety of mammal and bird species in the mountain zebra national park, eastern cape province, were examined for ixodes rubicundus. in addition, caracal (felis caracal) from the park and its vicinity as well as from the graaff-reinet region of the karoo were examined. amongst the animals collected, the red rock rabbit (pronolagus rupestris) was a preferred host of the immature stages of the tick. caracal were moderately good hosts of these stages and, with mountain reedbuck (redunca fulvoruful ... | 1987 | 3587926 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. 1. clinical and histological findings. | under laboratory conditions 8 dogs were infested with ixodes holocyclus and the clinical signs and histological findings were recorded. seven of the dogs developed clinical signs of the disease, died and were subjected to a post-mortem examination, while the eighth dog remained normal. the clinical signs were consistent between animals and enabled the course of the disease to be subdivided into 5 stages to facilitate analysis of data in future experiments. the most prominent feature of the disea ... | 1987 | 3632489 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. 3. respiratory effects. | to assess respiratory function in dogs with tick paralysis, respiratory measurements were recorded on 14 dogs experimentally infested with ixodes holocyclus. there was a progressive fall in respiratory rate with no change in tidal volume, which resulted in a significant fall in minute respiratory volume in the latter stages of the disease. the fall in respiratory rate was possibly central in origin and was accompanied by an increased alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, probably caused b ... | 1987 | 3632490 |
| toxoid stimulation in dogs of high titres of neutralising antibodies against holocyclotoxin, the paralysing toxin of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | | 1986 | 3741277 |
| tick (ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in an imported dog. | | 1974 | 4531608 |
| isolation of tick paralysis toxin from ixodes holocyclus. | | 1966 | 4898164 |
| ixodes holocyclus larvae and 'scrub-itch' in southeast queensland. | | 1971 | 5112343 |
| laboratory investigations on the life-cycle of the karoo paralysis tick (ixodes rubicundus neumann, 1904). | | 1971 | 5164824 |
| tick-paralysis toxoid: an effective immunizing agent against the toxin of ixodes holocyclus. | glutaraldehyde treatment of the toxin of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus produced a potent, immunogenic toxoid. three subcutaneous injections (2 to 4 weeks apart) into rabbits produced very high antitoxin titres in their serum, although circulating antitoxin titres declined in the absence of stimulation. twenty weeks later, immunized rabbits were unaffected by lethal doses of toxin injected subcutaneously. | 1984 | 6540558 |
| artificial feeding of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus and collection of paralysing toxin. | | 1983 | 6642860 |
| ixodes holocyclus: kinetics of cutaneous basophil responses in naive, and actively and passively sensitized guinea pigs. | in guinea pigs, macroscopic cutaneous reactions to initial (primary) ixodes holocyclus feeding were first apparent at 96 hr post-tick attachment, peaked at 7 days (5 mm), and were gone by day 14. microscopic analyses of these primary tick feeding sites at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr post-attachment revealed the dominance mononuclear cells (63-94% of the infiltrate) at all times. neutrophil levels were high initially (34% of the infiltrate), but quickly subsided to 6-15% of the cellular response. e ... | 1984 | 6692883 |
| epidemiology and transmission of theileria sp of cattle in australia. | theileria sp occurs in cattle in australia where boophilus microplus is not present. two species of ixodid ticks namely haemaphysalis longicornis and h. bancrofti have been implicated as natural vectors. experimental transmission was obtained with these two species but attempts to transmit the infection with b. microplus, ixodes holocyclus and amblyomma triguttatum were not successful. although calves born in the enzootic area may become infected before one-month-old most show evidence of infect ... | 1982 | 6818938 |
| tick (ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog--quantitative studies on immunity following artificial infestation with the tick. | | 1983 | 6870707 |
| tick (ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog--induction of immunity by injection of toxin. | three beagle dogs were immunised against the paralysing effects of holocyclotoxin, using toxic extracts derived from salivary glands of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. upon subsequent challenge with four ed50's of toxin the animals were completely immune, whereas during the early stages 2 of 3 dogs became paralysed after injection with 0.5 ed50. three immunised beagles, on which 15 i. holocyclus ticks had fed, showed no symptoms but a control beagle became paralysed after 4 i. ... | 1983 | 6870708 |
| cutaneous basophil-associated resistance to ectoparasites (ticks). i. transfer with immune serum or immune cells. | immune resistance experiments were carried out in guinea-pigs employing two tick species that as adults are ectoparasites of cattle (ixodes holocyclus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus). these studies showed that susceptibility of non-immune guinea-pigs to infestation with tick larvae varies according to the species of tick and the strain of guinea-pig. with both tick species, greater than 90% acquired resistance was achieved in several guinea-pig strains. immune resistance was evident within a w ... | 1982 | 7061108 |
| improved toxin/antitoxin assays for studies on the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | sensitive biological assays of toxin/antitoxin potency have been developed to assist in research on characterization of salivary toxins of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus and on immunity to tick paralysis. the toxin assay utilizes suckling mice (4-5 g); a quantitative paralysis index is applied over a range of doses. the antitoxin assay is based on an in vitro/in vivo neutralization test which required a sensitive toxin assay and methods of standardization of toxin preparations. ... | 1982 | 7138417 |
| immunization of rabbits to produce high serum titres of neutralizing antibodies and immunity to the paralyzing toxin of ixodes holocyclus. | rabbits have been immunized against the effects of the paralyzing toxin of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus by injecting them with preparations extracted from tick salivary glands. immunized rabbits were able to withstand doses of toxin known to kill unimmunized rabbits. neutralizing antibodies were detectable in serum after 2-4 doses of the crude extract or of the relatively pure antigenic fraction. when injections were continued at intervals of from 2-7 weeks, hyperimmunity was ... | 1982 | 7150119 |
| the temperature and humidity preferences of haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes holocyclus and rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodidae): studies on engorged larvae. | | 1981 | 7228486 |
| detachment rhythms of immature ixodes rubicundus from their natural host, the rock elephant shrew (elephantulus myurus). | detachment rhythms of immature karoo paralysis ticks (ixodes rubicundus) from their natural host, the rock elephant shrew (elephantulus myurus), were investigated under laboratory and natural conditions. larvae and nymphs detach mainly during the day. peak detachment always occurred after the commencement of artificial as well as natural light cycles. the detachment of larvae appears to be more synchronous than that of nymphs, with a larger percentage of larvae detaching over a shorter period of ... | 1994 | 7596565 |
| the localization of a paralysis toxin in granules and nuclei of prefed female rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi tick salivary gland cells. | a monoclonal antibody directed against a paralysis toxin of rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi ticks was used to localize the toxin in cytoplasmic granules and, surprisingly, chromatin of the nuclei of cells which resemble the "b" cell type in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus, boophilus microplus and ixodes holocyclus. the association of toxin with chromatin indicates that the toxin may have a regulatory function. evidence is provided to support the view that the toxin is made up o ... | 1993 | 7628232 |
| sexual dimorphism in nymphal size of the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus. | | 1993 | 7628238 |
| vertical migration of adult ixodes rubicundus, the karoo paralysis tick (acari: ixodidae). | mortality due to karoo paralysis amongst livestock is of considerable economic importance in south africa. indications are that the extent of vertical migration of adult ticks, to reach questing positions on grasses, is influenced by sudden climatic changes. such influences as well as selection of questing substrates were investigated under controlled conditions. vertical migration of adult ixodes rubicundus on copper rods was determined in a square metal arena within a closed glass container in ... | 1994 | 7628241 |
| the effect of feeding immature karoo paralysis ticks ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae) on the metabolic rate of the rock elephant shrew. | the effect of feeding immature karoo paralysis ticks (ixodes rubicundus) on the resting metabolic rate (rmr) of their principal natural host, the rock elephant shrew (elephantulus myurus), was investigated under laboratory conditions. the elephant shrews were artificially infested with numbers of ticks simulating natural burdens. the rmr of the elephant shrews was quantified by measuring the oxygen consumption in an open through-flow system. the rmr of hosts infested only with larvae did not dif ... | 1994 | 7628243 |
| an evaluation of strategic and threshold control measures against the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae) in south africa. | paralysis caused by feeding female ixodes rubicundus ticks is a major problem in large areas of south africa. as the life cycle of the tick extends over a period of 2 years, it was hypothesized that strategic treatment of sheep with an acaricide over a 2 year period, timed to kill most engorging females, should markedly lower the biotic potential of the tick. two flocks of sheep grazing in separate paddocks known to be infested with i. rubicundus were treated either strategically or on a thresho ... | 1995 | 7634969 |
| improvement of field sampling methods for adult karoo paralysis ticks, ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae), through addition of host odour. | the responsiveness of ixodes rubicundus ticks on questing substrates and the success of their attachment to non-living substrates were investigated. the purpose of this study was to relate responsiveness to conditions of temperature and humidity, to compare the efficacy of flagging and dragging methods to estimate the size of populations of adult i. rubicundus in the field, and to determine the possible influence of host odour on the efficacy of these methods. responsiveness was tested under var ... | 1995 | 7656732 |
| comparison of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) in salivary gland of boophilus microplus, haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes holocyclus, and quantification of pge2 in saliva, hemolymph, ovary and gut of b. microplus. | the amount of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) in salivary gland of semi-engorged adult female boophilus microplus, haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes holocyclus were 374.3 pg, 427.0 pg and 825.0 pg per one tick, respectively. it was thought that the pge2 production is a common phenomenon among ticks. then pge2 concentrations in saliva and hemolymph, salivary gland, ovary and gut of fully-engorged adult female b. microplus were compared. the pge2 concentration in saliva induced by pilocarpine was 40.3 ... | 1994 | 7696426 |
| a quantitative study on preprandial insemination in the karoo paralysis tick ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae). | | 1995 | 7696696 |
| efficacy of permethrin in controlling the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus and the cat flea ctenocephalides felis on dogs. | | 1994 | 8198516 |
| australian paralysis tick bite. | | 1994 | 8208504 |
| sites of attachment of karoo paralysis ticks (ixodes rubicundus) on three cattle breeds. | the sites of attachment of female karoo paralysis ticks (ixodes rubicundus) were determined on friesian, bonsmara and nguni cattle in the south-western orange free state. the largest proportion of the ticks (> 30%) attached to the forelegs and shoulders of the cattle. contrary to the findings on small stock, no significant differences in the preferred sites of attachment were evident between the breeds of cattle. | 1993 | 8410949 |
| a comparison of ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae) infestations on friesian and bonsmara cattle in south africa. | this study was conducted to compare the relative resistance of crossbred bos indicus x b. taurus bonsmara and b. taurus friesian cattle to ixodes rubicundus (karoo paralysis tick) infestations. during periods of peak abundance of the ticks, friesian oxen harboured almost twice or more than twice as many ticks as either bonsmara oxen or cows. during periods of low tick abundance tick burdens on both cattle breeds were closely similar. it is envisaged that cattle can play an important role in an i ... | 1995 | 8575273 |
| tick paralysis--washington, 1995. | tick paralysis (tick toxicosis)--one of the eight most common tickborne diseases in the united states (1)--is an acute, ascending, flaccid motor paralysis that can be confused with guillain-barre syndrome, botulism, and myasthenia gravis. this report summarizes the results of the investigation of a case of tick paralysis in washington. | 1996 | 8602132 |
| interbreed differences in the efficacy of 1% deltamethrin pour-on to protect small livestock against infestation with ixodes rubicundus (acari:ixodidae). | synthetic pyrethroid pour-on compounds have been developed for use on cattle but many are now also registered for the control of ectoparasites on small ruminants. the breed of small livestock has been known to influence the efficacy of various pour-ons and we hypothesized that differences in the duration of protection afforded by a synthetic pyrethroid pour-on against ticks on small livestock, would be greatest between hairy and woolly breeds. angora goats with mohair, dorper sheep with hairy wo ... | 1996 | 8792585 |
| control of karoo paralysis ticks through vegetation management. | karoo paralysis, caused by feeding ixodes rubicundus females, is a major disease of small stock in south africa. control methods currently practised are almost exclusively chemical based. to limit overdependance on chemicals, vegetation management was investigated as a possible method for control, to be incorporated in an integrated tick management system. laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine, firstly, the extent of vertical migration and survival of ticks on long and sho ... | 1996 | 8834741 |
| sex ratio characteristics in ixodes rubicundus (acari:ixodidae), the karoo paralysis tick. | the sex ratio is an important parameter which characterizes the state and dynamics of natural populations of animals. although ixodid ticks are specialized ectoparasites, most species are bisexual and are characterized by a 1:1 sex ratio for their progeny. in natural populations and even in laboratory colonies, biased sex ratios are often observed. ixodes rubicundus, the karoo paralysis tick, parasitizes domestic stock and wild ungulates in south africa. adults quest from vegetation, can mate of ... | 1996 | 8856964 |
| seasonal dynamics of the karoo paralysis tick (ixodes rubicundus): a comparative study on merino and dorper sheep. | karoo paralysis in south africa is induced in livestock by feeding female ixodes rubicundus ticks when infestation densities on hosts exceed certain critical levels. it has been shown previously that angora goats are at a higher risk of being paralysed than merino sheep, and such differences have been related to differences in feeding behaviour and spatial distribution of the two small-stock breeds. we hypothesized that differences in infestation densities with karoo paralysis ticks would also o ... | 1996 | 9173358 |
| spatial and temporal variations in the commencement of seasonal activity in the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundis. | successful prophylaxis of paralysis, induced in small stock by feeding female ixodes rubicundus, is dependent on the accurate determination of the commencement of seasonal activity by the tick. the commencement of this activity was recorded for 11 consecutive years on a farm in the south-western free state, south africa, and for shorter periods on other farms, some of these in regions with markedly colder climates. the colder the mean minimum atmospheric temperatures during the 2 months precedin ... | 1996 | 9173361 |
| clinical and neurophysiological features of tick paralysis. | the clinical and neurophysiological findings in six australian children with generalized tick paralysis are described. paralysis is usually caused by the mature female of the species ixodes holocyclus. it most frequently occurs in the spring and summer months but can be seen at any time of year. children aged 1-5 years are most commonly affected. the tick is usually found in the scalp, often behind the ear. the typical presentation is a prodrome followed by the development of an unsteady gait, a ... | 1997 | 9397015 |
| tick paralysis: development of a vaccine. | the paralysis tick of australia, ixodes holocyclus, causes a severe toxicosis in domestic animals such as dogs and cats, livestock, and in some cases, humans. it is characterised by a rapidly ascending flaccid paralysis. the causative agent of the toxicosis is a neurotoxin(s) produced in the tick salivary glands. the current treatment for tick paralysis is in the form of a polyclonal dog antiserum. this antiserum treatment is expensive and effective only in the early stages of paralysis. the aim ... | 1999 | 10428629 |
| q fever. | q fever is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution with the exception of new zealand. the disease is caused by coxiella burnetii, a strictly intracellular, gram-negative bacterium. many species of mammals, birds, and ticks are reservoirs of c. burnetii in nature. c. burnetii infection is most often latent in animals, with persistent shedding of bacteria into the environment. however, in females intermittent high-level shedding occurs at the time of parturition, with millions of bacteria being r ... | 1999 | 10515901 |
| paralysis tick research. | | 2000 | 10904812 |
| genetic variation within the ticks ixodes holocyclus and ixodes cornuatus from south-eastern australia. | ticks from mainland australia (victoria, new south wales and queensland) and tasmania, identified morphologically as either ixodes holocyclus or ixodes cornuatus, were compared genetically using 24 enzyme loci. the results showed that ticks from three localities in victoria were genetically similar to i. cornuatus in tasmania, but both groups had fixed genetic differences at >45% of loci compared with other ticks on the mainland. in addition, there were fixed genetic differences at 0-60% of loci ... | 2000 | 11027781 |
| neuropathogenic properties of argas (persicargas) walkerae larval homogenates. | several tick species have been demonstrated, described, or suspected to cause paralysis in their host during the repletion process, presumably by impairing neurotransmission. the resulting polyneuropathy gradually spreads to the upper limbs causing incoordination and ends in respiratory failure. this form of paralysis is commonly confused with guillain-barrè syndrome, botulism and myasthenia gravis and although the clinical symptoms of these diseases are similar, it is not clear whether the path ... | 2001 | 11223384 |
| reactions to tick antitoxin serum and the role of atropine in treatment of dogs and cats with tick paralysis caused by ixodes holocyclus: a pilot survey. | to determine the incidence and nature of adverse reactions of dogs and cats to tick antitoxin serum and to re-evaluate the role of atropine in the treatment of tick paralysis. | 2001 | 11491215 |
| ixodes rubicundus nymphs are short-day diapause-induced ticks with thermolabile sensitivity and desiccation resistance. | the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus neumann (acari: ixodidae), is a semi-voltine ixodid that survives stressful environmental conditions using morphogenetic diapause (eggs and engorged nymphs) and desiccation resistance. both photoperiod and temperature influence diapause induction in the engorged nymph. ixodes rubicundus nymphs are typical long-day photoperiodic organisms. the critical photoperiod is approximately 13.5 h light, 10.5 h dark, and they display a thermolabile response. the ... | 2001 | 11583453 |
| low intraspecific variation in the rrna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. | ixodes holocyclus has a narrow, discontinuous distribution along the east coast of australia. we studied ticks from 17 localities throughout the geographic range of this tick. the its2 of i. holocyclus is 793 bp long. we found nucleotide variation at eight of the 588 nucleotide positions (1.4%) that were compared for all ticks. there were eight different nucleotide sequences. most sequences were not restricted to a particular geographic region. however, sequences f, g and h, which had an adenine ... | 2002 | 11954910 |
| massive tick (ixodes holocyclus) infestation with delayed facial-nerve palsy. | | 2002 | 11999258 |
| seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to ixodes ticks and lyme borreliosis. | background: being born in winter and spring is considered one of the most robust epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia. the aetiology and exact timing of this birth excess, however, has remained elusive so far. since during phylogeny, borrelia dna has led to multiple germ-line mutations within the cb1 candidate gene for schizophrenia, a meta analysis has been performed of all papers on schizophrenic birth excesses with no less than 3000 cases each. all published numerical data were then ... | 2002 | 12453316 |
| long qt syndrome in dogs with tick toxicity (ixodes holocyclus). | to evaluate cardiac electrical function in dogs with tick toxicity. | 2002 | 12465812 |
| the australian paralysis tick may be the missing link in the transmission of hendra virus from bats to horses to humans. | hendra virus is a new virus of the family paramyxoviridae. this virus was first detected in queensland, australia, in 1994; although, it seems that the virus has infected fruit-eating bats (flying-foxes) for a very long time. at least 2 humans and 15 horses have been killed by this virus since it first emerged as a virus that may infect mammals other than flying-foxes. hendra virus is thought to have moved from flying-foxes to horses, and then from horses to people. there is a reasonably strong ... | 2003 | 12615503 |
| tick paralysis by ixodes holocyclus in a japanese traveler returning from australia associated with rickettsia helvetica infection. | | 2003 | 12729517 |
| antivenom treatment in arachnidism. | envenomation by arachnids causes significant medical illness worldwide. scorpion sting is the most important arachnid envenomation causing adult morbidity and pediatric mortality. important groups of spiders include the widow spiders (latrodectus spp.), the recluse spiders (loxosceles spp.), and two spiders confined to single countries: the australian funnel web spider (atrax and hadronyche spp.) and the armed spider (phoneutria spp.) from brazil. there are four widow spider antivenoms available ... | 2003 | 12807312 |
| tick paralysis by ixodes holocyclus in a japanese traveler returning from australia. | | 2003 | 12860653 |
| the isolation of coxiella burneti from the tick ixodes holocyclus in queensland. | | 1953 | 13149565 |
| parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. xliii. ixodid ticks of domestic dogs and cats in the western cape province. | ticks were collected at monthly intervals for 16 consecutive months from individual dogs by their owners in or close to the town of stellenbosch, western cape province. they were also collected for 27 consecutive months from dogs presented for a variety of reasons at three veterinary clinics in stellenbosch, and from dogs upon admission to an animal welfare shelter. at one of the veterinary clinics ticks were also collected from cats. dog owners collected six ixodid species from their pets and t ... | 2003 | 14621314 |
| aneruptive fever associated with antibodies to rickettsia helvetica in europe and thailand. | we report that eight patients from france, italy, and thailand had serological evidence of rickettsia helvetica infection. the infection presented as a mild disease in the warm season and was associated with fever, headache, and myalgia but not with a cutaneous rash. r. helvetica should be suspected in patients with unexplained fever, especially following a bite from an ixodes sp. tick. | 2004 | 14766859 |
| effects of the paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, on the electrocardiogram of the spectacled flying fox, pteropus conspicillatus. | to evaluate cardiac electrical function in the spectacled flying fox (bat) infested with ixodes holocyclus. | 2003 | 15080451 |
| cardiovascular effects of the toxin(s) of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, in the rat. | an extract of toxin(s) from the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, produced positive inotropic responses in rat left ventricular papillary muscles and positive contractile responses in rat thoracic aortic rings. there was no measurable chronotropic response in rat right atria, but positive inotropic concentrations in papillary muscles produced arrhythmias in right atria. positive inotropic responses were attenuated by verapamil, but unaffected by metoprolol, cimetidine, pyrilamine, te ... | 2004 | 15284008 |
| role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct-ligated rats. | cardiac contractility in cirrhosis is normal at baseline but hyporesponsive to stimuli, a phenomenon known as 'cirrhotic cardiomyopathy'. the pathogenesis remains unclear. endocannabinoids are vasoactive, but have not previously been examined in the cirrhotic heart. we therefore aimed to systematically clarify a possible role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. cirrhosis was induced in sprague-dawley rats by bile duct ligation; controls underwent a sham operation ... | 2005 | 16025138 |
| tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. | during most of the 20th century, the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsioses could be summarized as the occurrence of a single pathogenic rickettsia on each continent. an element of this paradigm suggested that the many other characterized and noncharacterized rickettsiae isolated from ticks were not pathogenic to humans. in this context, it was considered that relatively few tick-borne rickettsiae caused human disease. this concept was modified extensively from 1984 through 2005 by the identif ... | 2005 | 16223955 |
| world association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (w.a.a.v.p.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against ticks (ixodidae) on ruminants. | these guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides (excluding vaccines and other bio-control agents) against single and multi-host ticks (ixodidae) on ruminants. information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. the use of pen facilities is advocated for dose determination and confirmation studies ... | 2006 | 16377090 |
| tick toxicity in cats caused by ixodes species in australia: a review of published literature. | tick toxicity in cats caused by ixodes holocyclus and related species is a common medical condition on the east coast of australia. intoxication typically causes a flaccid ascending neuromuscular paralysis and clinical signs can include anxiety, dysphonia, hind limb weakness and/or ataxia, pupillary dilation, respiratory signs and possible bladder voiding dysfunction. diagnosis is made with a combination of appropriate clinical signs and visualisation of tick(s) on a thorough body search. cases ... | 2007 | 17706447 |
| distributions of the paralysis ticks ixodes cornuatus and ixodes holocyclus in south-eastern australia. | to describe the actual and potential geographic distributions of ixodes cornuatus and i holocyclus in south-eastern australia. | 2007 | 17903131 |
| three rickettsioses, darnley island, australia. | we report 3 rickettsioses on darnley island, australia, in the torres strait. in addition to previously described cases of flinders island spotted fever (rickettsia honei strain "marmionii"), we describe 1 case of queensland tick typhus (r. australis) and 2 cases of scrub typhus caused by a unique strain (orientia tsutsugamushi). | 2007 | 18214193 |
| severe spotted fever group rickettsiosis, australia. | we report 3 cases of spotted fever group rickettsial infection (presumed queensland tick typhus) in residents of northern queensland, australia, who had unusually severe clinical manifestations. complications included renal failure, purpura fulminans, and severe pneumonia. clinical illness caused by rickettsia australis may not be as benign as previously described. | 2007 | 18217560 |
| prevention of infectious tick-borne diseases in humans: comparative studies of the repellency of different dodecanoic acid-formulations against ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae). | abstract: | 2008 | 18397516 |
| asymmetrical focal neurological deficits in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (ixodes holocyclus): 27 cases (1999-2006). | to describe basic epidemiological features, clinical characteristics and outcomes of asymmetrical focal neurological deficits identified in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (ixodes holocyclus). | 2008 | 18826507 |
| tick paralysis; three cases of tick (dermacentor variabilis say) paralysis in virginia; with a summary of all the cases reported in the eastern united states. | | 1948 | 18908836 |
| absence of the symbiont candidatus midichloria mitochondrii in the mitochondria of the tick ixodes holocyclus. | candidatus midichloria mitochondrii (m. mitochondrii) belongs to a novel clade of bacteria within the order rickettsiales. recent pcr-based screening studies indicate that it is present in a number of blood-sucking arthropods, as well as the blood of some vertebrates. its medical and veterinary significance remains to be determined. electron microscopic examinations of m. mitochondrii have thus far been conducted on two infected tick species. remarkably, the bacterium was found in abundance with ... | 2009 | 19732154 |
| parasites of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (petrogale penicillata). | the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (petrogale penicillata) is listed as vulnerable on the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list of threatened species. parasitic diseases have been proposed as possible contributing factors to the decline of the species, but very little is known about the effects of parasites on this host. this study determined the antibody prevalence of the protist toxoplasma gondii in a wild brush-tailed rock-wallaby population from three neighboring colonies ... | 2010 | 20090035 |