| the temperature and humidity preferences of haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes holocyclus and rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodidae): studies on eggs. | | 1979 | 571858 |
| factors influencing the toxicity of salivary gland extracts of ixodes holocyclus neumann. | | 1978 | 730466 |
| the establishment of a laboratory colony of ixodes holocyclus. | a laboratory colony capable of producing annually 3000 female ixodes holocyclus was maintained for 3 years. guinea-pigs were used for larval feeding and bandicoots for nymphs and adults. the methods and equipment employed are described in detail. | 1978 | 743048 |
| histology of bovine skin reactions to ixodes holocyclus neumann. | the histology of skin responses to infestations with female ixodes holocyclus ticks was investigated in naive and previously infested cattle. in the latter hosts, infiltration of the skin site with basophil leucocytes was an early event. concurrent spongiosis and vesiculation occurred in the epidermis adjacent to the tick mouthparts. this was followed by infiltration of the upper dermis by eosinophils and other leukocytes. such reactions were evident one hour after attachment of ticks in hosts w ... | 1977 | 832186 |
| paralysis of calves by the tick, ixodes holocyclus. | adult female ixodes holocyclus were collected from the field at fig tree pocket, a brisbane suburb, at tamborine mountain, queensland and at lismore, new south wales, in november 1974. females were also reared from engorged nymphs collected off bandicoots from tamborine mountain july 1974 and 1975. in november 1974 unexposed 2-3 week old british breed calves, weighing between 26 and 46 kg were infested with 2,4,8 or 10 ticks. neither 2 nor 4 females per calf caused paralysis. a challenge of 8 to ... | 1977 | 849217 |
| aggregation pheromones in 2 australian hard ticks, ixodes holocyclus and aponomma concolor. | the presence of an aggregation pheromone has been demonstrated for the first time in indigenous australian ticks. filter paper discs exposed to either australian paralysis ticks ixodes holocyclus or echidna ticks aponomma concolor showed inter-sex or intra-sex attraction for ticks of their own species. nymphal exuviae of ap, concolor were highly attractive to adult ticks. discs were significantly attractive to i. holocyclus at distances up to 80 cm. | 1977 | 862817 |
| neuromuscular paralysis caused by tick envenomation. | the australian scrub-tick ixodes holocyclus causes a series of significant toxic effects in its victims. the most important feature of tick envenomation is neuromuscular paralysis. children poisoned by ticks may manifest only local motoneural effects, usually facial paralysis. progressive ascending flaccid paralysis occurs if the removal of an embedded tick is delayed. the specific neurological features of tick-bite are discussed in the light of a series of 6 children who all showed signs of tic ... | 1977 | 915536 |
| the clinical features of tick bite. | the clinical features of bites by the australian scrub tick, ixodes holocyclus, are reviewed. eight cases of tick bite are summarized, including six new cases of tick paralysis in children. in almost all cases neuroparalysis became worse transiently, after the tick had been removed. one child with life-threatening respiratory and bulbar palsy received canine antitick antivenene, with rapid reversal of clinical signs. the differential diagnosis of tick bite includes all acute childhood diseases w ... | 1977 | 927249 |
| cattle and the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | paralysis of domestic stock by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus is chiefly a disease of young animals (especially calves) and of non-habituated stock introduced into tick-infested country in spring. the tick has a wide host range, but its principal hosts are bandicoots. the tick has one generation per year and the adult female, which causes almost all paralysis, is abundant in spring and early summer and occurs most commonly in overgrown or regrowth country where bandicoots are abundant. the ... | 1975 | 1220655 |
| seasonal occurrence of karoo paralysis in angora goats in relation to the infestation density of female ixodes rubicundus. | the seasonal occurrence of karoo paralysis in relation to the infestation density of female ixodes rubicundus was investigated in an enzootic area of the southwestern orange free state, south africa. young and adult angora goats were exposed to infestation during two paralysis tick seasons. only the young goats became paralysed and their infestation densities (female ticks kg-1 host body weight) were significantly higher than those of healthy animals. the infestation densities on paralysed goats ... | 1992 | 1502788 |
| the role of host behaviour in tick-host interactions: a domestic host-paralysis tick model. | the aim of this study was to quantify the infestation densities of karoo and brown paralysis ticks on sheep and goats and explain it in terms of the etho-ecology of these ticks and their domestic hosts. the karoo paralysis tick usually quests from a vantage point on the vegetation whereas the brown paralysis tick displays an appetence response from the ground and mainly engages hosts that are prostrate. both tick species are confined chiefly to hilly areas. temporal differences in the infestatio ... | 1992 | 1563303 |
| sites of attachment and intraspecific infestation densities of the brown paralysis tick (rhipicephalus punctatus) on angora goats. | significant differences in the distribution of brown paralysis ticks on various age classes of angora goats were recorded. in kids, most (greater than 98%) of the ticks attached to the head and ears, whereas in older groups, in addition to the ears, a high proportion (greater than 20%) of ticks also attached to the ventral side of the neck. there were significant differences in the mean infestation densities of both male and female r. punctatus in kids and older animals. these differences were, ... | 1991 | 1773681 |
| anticoagulant in the tick ixodes holocyclus. | | 1991 | 1776937 |
| spatial distribution of the karoo paralysis tick ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae) within a false upper karoo veld type. | spatial distribution of the karoo paralysis tick (ixodes rubicundus) has been studied in a paralysis enzootic area of the southwestern orange free state. significantly more females than males were collected from the vegetation. most ticks (99%) used grass as questing sites at a height of approximately 45 cm (range 10-97 cm), which correlates with the size of host animals. no significant differences between the questing height of male and female ticks were evident. the ticks were found on most of ... | 1991 | 1860416 |
| reactions to argasid tick bites by island residents on the great barrier reef. | to attribute a cause and quantify allergic-like symptoms observed among island residents. | 1991 | 1875814 |
| ixodes holocyclus in the melbourne metropolitan area. | | 1991 | 1888318 |
| spotted fever group rickettsial infections in australia. | more than four decades ago, rickettsia australis was discovered to be the etiologic agent of queensland tick typhus (qtt), yet many unanswered questions persist about the ecology, epidemiology, and clinical features of this disease. we review 46 previously published cases of qtt along with 16 cases discovered by active surveillance. qtt is usually a mild disease. patients often have regional lymphadenopathy and eschars. some have vesicular rashes. because clinical features overlap, serologic tes ... | 1991 | 1962102 |
| vector competence of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, for the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. | clinical and serologic evidence of lyme disease in australia, including the typical rash, erythema migrans, has been reported. the vector tick transmitting borrelia burgdorferi in australia, however, has not been determined. the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, is a logical candidate vector of the lyme disease spirochete in australia; therefore, we tested the ability of i. holocyclus to acquire and maintain a north american isolate of b. burgdorferi. larval i. holocyclus ingested sp ... | 1991 | 2040556 |
| some effects of tick infestations on juvenile northern brown bandicoot (isoodon macrourus). | the effect of tick infestations on body weight and various blood parameters was monitored in juvenile northern brown bandicoots (isoodon macrourus) after release into tick-infested or tick-free enclosures. three species of ticks were observed in the enclosures, haemaphysalis humerosa, ixodes tasmani and ixodes holocyclus. bandicoots released into tick-infested enclosures showed a reduced growth rate (1.8 versus 2.5 g/day increase in body weight), a reduced haematocrit value (27.4 versus 40.0%) a ... | 1991 | 2067048 |
| the dispersion of the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus, within a naturally infested population of sheep in south africa. | the ratio of variance to mean (s2/means) of numbers of ixodes rubicundus (males and females) per sheep was used as a measure of the dispersion pattern of this tick within a naturally infested population of sheep. sheep were divided into two groups, one with previous contact with i. rubicundus and the other with no previous contact. samples of 10 sheep from each group were searched for ticks on a weekly basis for 19 weeks during the winter of 1986. in each group, both male and female ticks had an ... | 1990 | 2316179 |
| an immunoblot technique for identification of allergens of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | the blocking conditions appropriate for western blot identification of allergens of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, have been investigated. the results suggest that human serum is a potent blocking agent which may have wide application in the immunodetection of antigens. | 1990 | 2406343 |
| some wild hosts of the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus neumann, 1904 (acari: ixodidae). | a variety of mammal and bird species in the mountain zebra national park, eastern cape province, were examined for ixodes rubicundus. in addition, caracal (felis caracal) from the park and its vicinity as well as from the graaff-reinet region of the karoo were examined. amongst the animals collected, the red rock rabbit (pronolagus rupestris) was a preferred host of the immature stages of the tick. caracal were moderately good hosts of these stages and, with mountain reedbuck (redunca fulvoruful ... | 1987 | 3587926 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. 1. clinical and histological findings. | under laboratory conditions 8 dogs were infested with ixodes holocyclus and the clinical signs and histological findings were recorded. seven of the dogs developed clinical signs of the disease, died and were subjected to a post-mortem examination, while the eighth dog remained normal. the clinical signs were consistent between animals and enabled the course of the disease to be subdivided into 5 stages to facilitate analysis of data in future experiments. the most prominent feature of the disea ... | 1987 | 3632489 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. 3. respiratory effects. | to assess respiratory function in dogs with tick paralysis, respiratory measurements were recorded on 14 dogs experimentally infested with ixodes holocyclus. there was a progressive fall in respiratory rate with no change in tidal volume, which resulted in a significant fall in minute respiratory volume in the latter stages of the disease. the fall in respiratory rate was possibly central in origin and was accompanied by an increased alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, probably caused b ... | 1987 | 3632490 |
| toxoid stimulation in dogs of high titres of neutralising antibodies against holocyclotoxin, the paralysing toxin of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | | 1986 | 3741277 |
| tick (ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in an imported dog. | | 1974 | 4531608 |
| isolation of tick paralysis toxin from ixodes holocyclus. | | 1966 | 4898164 |
| ixodes holocyclus larvae and 'scrub-itch' in southeast queensland. | | 1971 | 5112343 |
| laboratory investigations on the life-cycle of the karoo paralysis tick (ixodes rubicundus neumann, 1904). | | 1971 | 5164824 |
| tick-paralysis toxoid: an effective immunizing agent against the toxin of ixodes holocyclus. | glutaraldehyde treatment of the toxin of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus produced a potent, immunogenic toxoid. three subcutaneous injections (2 to 4 weeks apart) into rabbits produced very high antitoxin titres in their serum, although circulating antitoxin titres declined in the absence of stimulation. twenty weeks later, immunized rabbits were unaffected by lethal doses of toxin injected subcutaneously. | 1984 | 6540558 |
| artificial feeding of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus and collection of paralysing toxin. | | 1983 | 6642860 |
| ixodes holocyclus: kinetics of cutaneous basophil responses in naive, and actively and passively sensitized guinea pigs. | in guinea pigs, macroscopic cutaneous reactions to initial (primary) ixodes holocyclus feeding were first apparent at 96 hr post-tick attachment, peaked at 7 days (5 mm), and were gone by day 14. microscopic analyses of these primary tick feeding sites at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr post-attachment revealed the dominance mononuclear cells (63-94% of the infiltrate) at all times. neutrophil levels were high initially (34% of the infiltrate), but quickly subsided to 6-15% of the cellular response. e ... | 1984 | 6692883 |
| epidemiology and transmission of theileria sp of cattle in australia. | theileria sp occurs in cattle in australia where boophilus microplus is not present. two species of ixodid ticks namely haemaphysalis longicornis and h. bancrofti have been implicated as natural vectors. experimental transmission was obtained with these two species but attempts to transmit the infection with b. microplus, ixodes holocyclus and amblyomma triguttatum were not successful. although calves born in the enzootic area may become infected before one-month-old most show evidence of infect ... | 1982 | 6818938 |
| tick (ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog--quantitative studies on immunity following artificial infestation with the tick. | | 1983 | 6870707 |
| tick (ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog--induction of immunity by injection of toxin. | three beagle dogs were immunised against the paralysing effects of holocyclotoxin, using toxic extracts derived from salivary glands of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. upon subsequent challenge with four ed50's of toxin the animals were completely immune, whereas during the early stages 2 of 3 dogs became paralysed after injection with 0.5 ed50. three immunised beagles, on which 15 i. holocyclus ticks had fed, showed no symptoms but a control beagle became paralysed after 4 i. ... | 1983 | 6870708 |
| improved toxin/antitoxin assays for studies on the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | sensitive biological assays of toxin/antitoxin potency have been developed to assist in research on characterization of salivary toxins of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus and on immunity to tick paralysis. the toxin assay utilizes suckling mice (4-5 g); a quantitative paralysis index is applied over a range of doses. the antitoxin assay is based on an in vitro/in vivo neutralization test which required a sensitive toxin assay and methods of standardization of toxin preparations. ... | 1982 | 7138417 |
| the temperature and humidity preferences of haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes holocyclus and rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodidae): studies on engorged larvae. | | 1981 | 7228486 |
| comparison of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) in salivary gland of boophilus microplus, haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes holocyclus, and quantification of pge2 in saliva, hemolymph, ovary and gut of b. microplus. | the amount of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) in salivary gland of semi-engorged adult female boophilus microplus, haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes holocyclus were 374.3 pg, 427.0 pg and 825.0 pg per one tick, respectively. it was thought that the pge2 production is a common phenomenon among ticks. then pge2 concentrations in saliva and hemolymph, salivary gland, ovary and gut of fully-engorged adult female b. microplus were compared. the pge2 concentration in saliva induced by pilocarpine was 40.3 ... | 1994 | 7696426 |
| australian paralysis tick bite. | | 1994 | 8208504 |
| tick paralysis--washington, 1995. | tick paralysis (tick toxicosis)--one of the eight most common tickborne diseases in the united states (1)--is an acute, ascending, flaccid motor paralysis that can be confused with guillain-barre syndrome, botulism, and myasthenia gravis. this report summarizes the results of the investigation of a case of tick paralysis in washington. | 1996 | 8602132 |
| interbreed differences in the efficacy of 1% deltamethrin pour-on to protect small livestock against infestation with ixodes rubicundus (acari:ixodidae). | synthetic pyrethroid pour-on compounds have been developed for use on cattle but many are now also registered for the control of ectoparasites on small ruminants. the breed of small livestock has been known to influence the efficacy of various pour-ons and we hypothesized that differences in the duration of protection afforded by a synthetic pyrethroid pour-on against ticks on small livestock, would be greatest between hairy and woolly breeds. angora goats with mohair, dorper sheep with hairy wo ... | 1996 | 8792585 |
| control of karoo paralysis ticks through vegetation management. | karoo paralysis, caused by feeding ixodes rubicundus females, is a major disease of small stock in south africa. control methods currently practised are almost exclusively chemical based. to limit overdependance on chemicals, vegetation management was investigated as a possible method for control, to be incorporated in an integrated tick management system. laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine, firstly, the extent of vertical migration and survival of ticks on long and sho ... | 1996 | 8834741 |
| sex ratio characteristics in ixodes rubicundus (acari:ixodidae), the karoo paralysis tick. | the sex ratio is an important parameter which characterizes the state and dynamics of natural populations of animals. although ixodid ticks are specialized ectoparasites, most species are bisexual and are characterized by a 1:1 sex ratio for their progeny. in natural populations and even in laboratory colonies, biased sex ratios are often observed. ixodes rubicundus, the karoo paralysis tick, parasitizes domestic stock and wild ungulates in south africa. adults quest from vegetation, can mate of ... | 1996 | 8856964 |
| seasonal dynamics of the karoo paralysis tick (ixodes rubicundus): a comparative study on merino and dorper sheep. | karoo paralysis in south africa is induced in livestock by feeding female ixodes rubicundus ticks when infestation densities on hosts exceed certain critical levels. it has been shown previously that angora goats are at a higher risk of being paralysed than merino sheep, and such differences have been related to differences in feeding behaviour and spatial distribution of the two small-stock breeds. we hypothesized that differences in infestation densities with karoo paralysis ticks would also o ... | 1996 | 9173358 |
| efficacy of permethrin in controlling the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus and the cat flea ctenocephalides felis on dogs. | | 1994 | 8198516 |
| q fever. | q fever is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution with the exception of new zealand. the disease is caused by coxiella burnetii, a strictly intracellular, gram-negative bacterium. many species of mammals, birds, and ticks are reservoirs of c. burnetii in nature. c. burnetii infection is most often latent in animals, with persistent shedding of bacteria into the environment. however, in females intermittent high-level shedding occurs at the time of parturition, with millions of bacteria being r ... | 1999 | 10515901 |
| paralysis tick research. | | 2000 | 10904812 |
| genetic variation within the ticks ixodes holocyclus and ixodes cornuatus from south-eastern australia. | ticks from mainland australia (victoria, new south wales and queensland) and tasmania, identified morphologically as either ixodes holocyclus or ixodes cornuatus, were compared genetically using 24 enzyme loci. the results showed that ticks from three localities in victoria were genetically similar to i. cornuatus in tasmania, but both groups had fixed genetic differences at >45% of loci compared with other ticks on the mainland. in addition, there were fixed genetic differences at 0-60% of loci ... | 2000 | 11027781 |
| a quantitative study on preprandial insemination in the karoo paralysis tick ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae). | | 1995 | 7696696 |
| improvement of field sampling methods for adult karoo paralysis ticks, ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae), through addition of host odour. | the responsiveness of ixodes rubicundus ticks on questing substrates and the success of their attachment to non-living substrates were investigated. the purpose of this study was to relate responsiveness to conditions of temperature and humidity, to compare the efficacy of flagging and dragging methods to estimate the size of populations of adult i. rubicundus in the field, and to determine the possible influence of host odour on the efficacy of these methods. responsiveness was tested under var ... | 1995 | 7656732 |
| an evaluation of strategic and threshold control measures against the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae) in south africa. | paralysis caused by feeding female ixodes rubicundus ticks is a major problem in large areas of south africa. as the life cycle of the tick extends over a period of 2 years, it was hypothesized that strategic treatment of sheep with an acaricide over a 2 year period, timed to kill most engorging females, should markedly lower the biotic potential of the tick. two flocks of sheep grazing in separate paddocks known to be infested with i. rubicundus were treated either strategically or on a thresho ... | 1995 | 7634969 |
| low intraspecific variation in the rrna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. | ixodes holocyclus has a narrow, discontinuous distribution along the east coast of australia. we studied ticks from 17 localities throughout the geographic range of this tick. the its2 of i. holocyclus is 793 bp long. we found nucleotide variation at eight of the 588 nucleotide positions (1.4%) that were compared for all ticks. there were eight different nucleotide sequences. most sequences were not restricted to a particular geographic region. however, sequences f, g and h, which had an adenine ... | 2002 | 11954910 |
| massive tick (ixodes holocyclus) infestation with delayed facial-nerve palsy. | | 2002 | 11999258 |
| seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to ixodes ticks and lyme borreliosis. | background: being born in winter and spring is considered one of the most robust epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia. the aetiology and exact timing of this birth excess, however, has remained elusive so far. since during phylogeny, borrelia dna has led to multiple germ-line mutations within the cb1 candidate gene for schizophrenia, a meta analysis has been performed of all papers on schizophrenic birth excesses with no less than 3000 cases each. all published numerical data were then ... | 2002 | 12453316 |
| long qt syndrome in dogs with tick toxicity (ixodes holocyclus). | to evaluate cardiac electrical function in dogs with tick toxicity. | 2002 | 12465812 |
| the effect of feeding immature karoo paralysis ticks ixodes rubicundus (acari: ixodidae) on the metabolic rate of the rock elephant shrew. | the effect of feeding immature karoo paralysis ticks (ixodes rubicundus) on the resting metabolic rate (rmr) of their principal natural host, the rock elephant shrew (elephantulus myurus), was investigated under laboratory conditions. the elephant shrews were artificially infested with numbers of ticks simulating natural burdens. the rmr of the elephant shrews was quantified by measuring the oxygen consumption in an open through-flow system. the rmr of hosts infested only with larvae did not dif ... | 1994 | 7628243 |
| tick paralysis by ixodes holocyclus in a japanese traveler returning from australia associated with rickettsia helvetica infection. | | 2003 | 12729517 |
| vertical migration of adult ixodes rubicundus, the karoo paralysis tick (acari: ixodidae). | mortality due to karoo paralysis amongst livestock is of considerable economic importance in south africa. indications are that the extent of vertical migration of adult ticks, to reach questing positions on grasses, is influenced by sudden climatic changes. such influences as well as selection of questing substrates were investigated under controlled conditions. vertical migration of adult ixodes rubicundus on copper rods was determined in a square metal arena within a closed glass container in ... | 1994 | 7628241 |
| tick paralysis by ixodes holocyclus in a japanese traveler returning from australia. | | 2003 | 12860653 |
| the isolation of coxiella burneti from the tick ixodes holocyclus in queensland. | | 1953 | 13149565 |
| parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. xliii. ixodid ticks of domestic dogs and cats in the western cape province. | ticks were collected at monthly intervals for 16 consecutive months from individual dogs by their owners in or close to the town of stellenbosch, western cape province. they were also collected for 27 consecutive months from dogs presented for a variety of reasons at three veterinary clinics in stellenbosch, and from dogs upon admission to an animal welfare shelter. at one of the veterinary clinics ticks were also collected from cats. dog owners collected six ixodid species from their pets and t ... | 2003 | 14621314 |
| aneruptive fever associated with antibodies to rickettsia helvetica in europe and thailand. | we report that eight patients from france, italy, and thailand had serological evidence of rickettsia helvetica infection. the infection presented as a mild disease in the warm season and was associated with fever, headache, and myalgia but not with a cutaneous rash. r. helvetica should be suspected in patients with unexplained fever, especially following a bite from an ixodes sp. tick. | 2004 | 14766859 |
| effects of the paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, on the electrocardiogram of the spectacled flying fox, pteropus conspicillatus. | to evaluate cardiac electrical function in the spectacled flying fox (bat) infested with ixodes holocyclus. | 2003 | 15080451 |
| sexual dimorphism in nymphal size of the karoo paralysis tick, ixodes rubicundus. | | 1993 | 7628238 |
| the localization of a paralysis toxin in granules and nuclei of prefed female rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi tick salivary gland cells. | a monoclonal antibody directed against a paralysis toxin of rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi ticks was used to localize the toxin in cytoplasmic granules and, surprisingly, chromatin of the nuclei of cells which resemble the "b" cell type in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus, boophilus microplus and ixodes holocyclus. the association of toxin with chromatin indicates that the toxin may have a regulatory function. evidence is provided to support the view that the toxin is made up o ... | 1993 | 7628232 |
| tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. | during most of the 20th century, the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsioses could be summarized as the occurrence of a single pathogenic rickettsia on each continent. an element of this paradigm suggested that the many other characterized and noncharacterized rickettsiae isolated from ticks were not pathogenic to humans. in this context, it was considered that relatively few tick-borne rickettsiae caused human disease. this concept was modified extensively from 1984 through 2005 by the identif ... | 2005 | 16223955 |
| detachment rhythms of immature ixodes rubicundus from their natural host, the rock elephant shrew (elephantulus myurus). | detachment rhythms of immature karoo paralysis ticks (ixodes rubicundus) from their natural host, the rock elephant shrew (elephantulus myurus), were investigated under laboratory and natural conditions. larvae and nymphs detach mainly during the day. peak detachment always occurred after the commencement of artificial as well as natural light cycles. the detachment of larvae appears to be more synchronous than that of nymphs, with a larger percentage of larvae detaching over a shorter period of ... | 1994 | 7596565 |
| immunization of rabbits to produce high serum titres of neutralizing antibodies and immunity to the paralyzing toxin of ixodes holocyclus. | rabbits have been immunized against the effects of the paralyzing toxin of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus by injecting them with preparations extracted from tick salivary glands. immunized rabbits were able to withstand doses of toxin known to kill unimmunized rabbits. neutralizing antibodies were detectable in serum after 2-4 doses of the crude extract or of the relatively pure antigenic fraction. when injections were continued at intervals of from 2-7 weeks, hyperimmunity was ... | 1982 | 7150119 |
| distributions of the paralysis ticks ixodes cornuatus and ixodes holocyclus in south-eastern australia. | to describe the actual and potential geographic distributions of ixodes cornuatus and i holocyclus in south-eastern australia. | 2007 | 17903131 |
| three rickettsioses, darnley island, australia. | we report 3 rickettsioses on darnley island, australia, in the torres strait. in addition to previously described cases of flinders island spotted fever (rickettsia honei strain "marmionii"), we describe 1 case of queensland tick typhus (r. australis) and 2 cases of scrub typhus caused by a unique strain (orientia tsutsugamushi). | 2007 | 18214193 |
| severe spotted fever group rickettsiosis, australia. | we report 3 cases of spotted fever group rickettsial infection (presumed queensland tick typhus) in residents of northern queensland, australia, who had unusually severe clinical manifestations. complications included renal failure, purpura fulminans, and severe pneumonia. clinical illness caused by rickettsia australis may not be as benign as previously described. | 2007 | 18217560 |
| prevention of infectious tick-borne diseases in humans: comparative studies of the repellency of different dodecanoic acid-formulations against ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae). | abstract: | 2008 | 18397516 |
| cutaneous basophil-associated resistance to ectoparasites (ticks). i. transfer with immune serum or immune cells. | immune resistance experiments were carried out in guinea-pigs employing two tick species that as adults are ectoparasites of cattle (ixodes holocyclus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus). these studies showed that susceptibility of non-immune guinea-pigs to infestation with tick larvae varies according to the species of tick and the strain of guinea-pig. with both tick species, greater than 90% acquired resistance was achieved in several guinea-pig strains. immune resistance was evident within a w ... | 1982 | 7061108 |
| tick paralysis; three cases of tick (dermacentor variabilis say) paralysis in virginia; with a summary of all the cases reported in the eastern united states. | | 1948 | 18908836 |
| absence of the symbiont candidatus midichloria mitochondrii in the mitochondria of the tick ixodes holocyclus. | candidatus midichloria mitochondrii (m. mitochondrii) belongs to a novel clade of bacteria within the order rickettsiales. recent pcr-based screening studies indicate that it is present in a number of blood-sucking arthropods, as well as the blood of some vertebrates. its medical and veterinary significance remains to be determined. electron microscopic examinations of m. mitochondrii have thus far been conducted on two infected tick species. remarkably, the bacterium was found in abundance with ... | 2009 | 19732154 |
| detection in allergic individuals of ige specific for the australian paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. | three techniques were developed to detect ige specific to ixodes holocyclus. the radioimmunoassay (ria) was found to be superior to both radioallergosorbent test and enzyme immunoassay techniques. validation of the ria technique was provided by dilution experiments and by a blind study involving 13 volunteers; the ria graph was linear over a wide range of concentrations. the ria ratio clearly discriminated between those volunteers with and without systemic allergic reactions and helped to identi ... | 1988 | 3338859 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas. | the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ... | 2010 | 20969792 |
| tick paralysis in australia caused by ixodes holocyclus neumann. | ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of various animals, including humans, and are abundant in temperate and tropical zones around the world. they are the most important vectors for the pathogens causing disease in livestock and second only to mosquitoes as vectors of pathogens causing human disease. ticks are formidable arachnids, capable of not only transmitting the pathogens involved in some infectious diseases but also of inducing allergies and causing toxicoses and paralysis, wit ... | 2011 | 21396246 |
| maximizing the chances of detecting pathogenic leptospires in mammals: the evaluation of field samples and a multi-sample-per-mammal, multi-test approach. | identification of wild animals that harbour the causative leptospires, and the identification of the most important of these 'wild reservoirs' (in terms of threat to human health), are key factors in the epidemiology of human leptospirosis. in an epidemiological investigation in the australian state of queensland, in 2007-2008, samples were collected from fruit bats (pteropus conspicillatus) and rodents (to investigate the potential role of fruit bats in the maintenance and transmission of lepto ... | 2011 | 21396251 |
| isolation and immunological characterisation of allergens from salivary glands of the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. | radioimmunoassay and western blot analysis showed that salivary gland extract (sge) prepared from ixodes holocyclus was a more concentrated source of allergens than whole body extract. isolation and partial immunological characterisation of allergens was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of sge, electroelution and western blotting. immunoblotting using allergic sera showed that partially purified sge from i. holocyclus contained two common allerge ... | 1988 | 3192308 |
| phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships in ixodesholocyclus and ixodescornuatus (acari: ixodidae) inferred from cox1 and its2 sequences. | we inferred the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships in ticks, which were identified morphologically as ixodes holocyclus and ixodes cornuatus, from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences. we obtained cox1 (640bp) and its2 (527-568bp) sequences from 429 ticks from 49 localities in tasmania, victoria, new south wales and queensland, australia. our analyses show that there are two species of ixodes in eastern australia ... | 2011 | 21540032 |
| an elisa to detect serum antibodies to the salivary gland toxin of ixodes holocyclus neumann in dogs and rodents. | the ixodes holocyclus tick causes paralysis in up to 10,000 companion and domestic animals each year in australia. treatment requires the removal of the parasite and the administration of a commercial tick antiserum that is prepared from hyperimmune dogs. each batch of this serum is initially tested for toxin-neutralising potency in a mouse bioassay that is expensive, time consuming, and subjective. with the aim of developing a rapid in vitro assay to replace the bioassay, we used a partially pu ... | 2011 | 21687655 |
| Long-term efficacy of a deltamethrin-impregnated collar for the control of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, on dogs. | To determine the duration of efficacy of a 4% deltamethrin-impregnated collar for dogs (Scalibor® ProtectorBand, MSD Animal Health) against adult female paralysis ticks (Ixodes holocyclus). | 2011 | 22008122 |
| q fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. | q fever is an ubiquitous zoonosis caused by an resistant intracellular bacterium, coxiella burnetii. in certain areas, q fever can be a severe public health problem, and awareness of the disease must be promoted worldwide. nevertheless, knowledge of coxiella burnetii remains limited to this day. its resistant (intracellular and environmental) and infectious properties have been poorly investigated. further understanding of the interactions between the infected host and the bacteria is necessary. ... | 2011 | 22194752 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. 5. treatment. | in this study the value of drugs administered with hyperimmune serum in the treatment of advanced disease produced by ixodes holocyclus was compared under controlled conditions. all control dogs died rapidly whereas one dog survived and 3 dogs died after receiving hyperimmune serum alone. when promethazine hydrochloride was administered with hyperimmune serum 2 dogs recovered rapidly while the remaining 2 died. administration of dexamethasone and hyperimmune serum allowed 3 dogs to survive while ... | 1988 | 3190588 |
| pcr-detection of coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from sheep and goats in southeast iran. | there is a little data on coxiella burnetii (q fever agent) in iran. ticks may play a significant role in the transmission of c. burnetii among animals. the aim of this study was to use polymerase chain reaction for the detection of c. burnetii in ticks collected in southeast iran. | 2011 | 22808404 |
| molecular detection of acinetobacter species in lice and keds of domestic animals in oromia regional state, ethiopia. | this study was conducted to determine the presence of acinetobacter and rickettsia species dna in lice and melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) of animals from oromia regional state in ethiopia. from september through november 2011, a total of 207 cattle, 85 sheep, 47 dogs and 16 cats were examined for ectoparasites. results of morphological identification revealed several species of ectoparasites: linognathus vituli (l. vituli), bovicola bovis (b. bovis) and solenopotes capillatus (s. capillatus) on c ... | 2012 | 23285015 |
| the role of saliva in tick feeding. | when attempting to feed on their hosts, ticks face the problem of host hemostasis (the vertebrate mechanisms that prevent blood loss), inflammation (that can produce itching or pain and thus initiate defensive behavior on their hosts) and adaptive immunity (by way of both cellular and humoral responses). against these barriers, ticks evolved a complex and sophisticated pharmacological armamentarium, consisting of bioactive lipids and proteins, to assist blood feeding. recent progress in transcri ... | 2009 | 19273185 |
| implication of haematophagous arthropod salivary proteins in host-vector interactions. | the saliva of haematophagous arthropods contains an array of anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to the success of the blood meal. the saliva of haematophagous arthropods is also involved in the transmission and the establishment of pathogens in the host and in allergic responses. this survey provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological activity and immunogenic properties of the main salivary proteins characterised in various haematophag ... | 2011 | 21951834 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. 4. cardiovascular effects. | to determine the extent and significance of changes in heart rate and rhythm noticed previously in dogs paralysed with ixodes holocyclus, two studies were undertaken. in one the electrocardiogram was recorded at stages throughout the disease and the traces analysed for changes, while in the second a detailed study of the effect of ixodes holocyclus on the cardiovascular system was undertaken. the electrocardiographic changes were extremely variable between stages and between dogs. generally, if ... | 1988 | 3190587 |
| tick bites and red meat allergy. | a novel form of anaphylaxis has been described that is due to ige antibody (ab) directed against a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). ongoing work regarding the cause and distribution of this ige response is reviewed. | 2013 | 23743512 |
| clinical determinants of lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis in an australian cohort. | borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of lyme borreliosis. this spirochete, along with babesia, bartonella, anaplasma, ehrlichia, and the rickettsia spp. are recognized tick-borne pathogens. in this study, the clinical manifestation of these zoonoses in australia is described. | 2014 | 25565883 |
| delayed anaphylaxis to red meat masquerading as idiopathic anaphylaxis. | anaphylaxis is traditionally recognized as a rapidly developing combination of symptoms that often includes hives and hypotension or respiratory symptoms. furthermore, when a specific cause is identified, exposure to this cause is usually noted to have occurred within minutes to 2 hours before the onset of symptoms. this case is of a 79-year-old woman who developed a severe episode of anaphylaxis 3 hours after eating pork. before 2012, she had not experienced any symptoms after ingestion of meat ... | 2014 | 24811014 |
| bacterial profiling reveals novel "ca. neoehrlichia", ehrlichia, and anaplasma species in australian human-biting ticks. | in australia, a conclusive aetiology of lyme disease-like illness in human patients remains elusive, despite growing numbers of people presenting with symptoms attributed to tick bites. in the present study, we surveyed the microbial communities harboured by human-biting ticks from across australia to identify bacteria that may contribute to this syndrome. universal pcr primers were used to amplify the v1-2 hyper-variable region of bacterial 16s rrna genes in dna samples from individual ixodes h ... | 2015 | 26709826 |
| infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus. 2. blood-gas and ph, haematological and biochemical findings. | arterial blood-gas and ph, haematological and biochemical estimations were carried out on 8 dogs infested with ixodes holocyclus and 2 uninfested controls. the arterial blood-gas and ph measurements did not change significantly until the dogs were recumbent and unable to lift their heads. when affected dogs became moribund, moderate hypoxaemia with acute ventilatory failure was present. the significant haematological and biochemical abnormalities were difficult to interpret individually, but tak ... | 1987 | 3115241 |
| tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide. | the abundance and activity of ectoparasites and its hosts are affected by various abiotic factors, such as climate and other organisms (predators, pathogens and competitors) presenting thus multiples forms of association (obligate to facultative, permanent to intermittent and superficial to subcutaneous) developed during long co-evolving processes. ticks are ectoparasites widespread globally and its eco epidemiology are closely related to the environmental conditions. they are obligatory hematop ... | 2015 | 27047089 |
| anaphylaxis to the carbohydrate side chain alpha-gal. | in 2007, the monoclonal antibody cetuximab caused severe hypersensitivity reactions during the first infusion in a region of the southeastern united states. investigation of pretreatment sera established that they contained immunoglobulin (ig) e against the oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), which is present on the fab of cetuximab. alpha-gal is a blood group substance of nonprimate mammals. these ige antibodies are also associated with delayed anaphylaxis to red meat (ie ... | 2015 | 25841549 |
| the alpha-gal story: lessons learned from connecting the dots. | anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be rapidly progressing and fatal, and therefore establishing its cause is pivotal to long-term risk management. our recent work has identified a novel ige antibody response to a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). ige to alpha-gal has been associated with 2 distinct forms of anaphylaxis: (1) immediate-onset anaphylaxis during first exposure to intravenous cetuximab and (2) delayed-onset anaphylaxis 3 to ... | 2015 | 25747720 |
| systemically and cutaneously distributed ectoparasiticides: a review of the efficacy against ticks and fleas on dogs. | acaricidal (tick) and insecticidal (flea) efficacy of systemically and cutaneously distributed ectoparasiticide products for dogs are compared based on permethrin and fluralaner as representative molecules. results of efficacy studies against fleas and ticks are reviewed that show generally good to excellent results. both externally and systemically distributed treatments have benefits and weaknesses in potentially preventing pathogen transmission by these arthropod vectors.four general properti ... | 2016 | 27502490 |
| novel borrelia species detected in echidna ticks, bothriocroton concolor, in australia. | to date, little has been documented about microorganisms harboured within australian native ticks or their pathogenic potential. recently, a borrelia sp. related to the relapsing fever (rf) group was identified in a single tick removed from a wild echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus). the present study investigated the presence of borrelia in 97 bothriocroton concolor ticks parasitizing echidnas in queensland, new south wales, and victoria, australia, using nested pcr with borrelia-specific primers ... | 2016 | 27301754 |