| characterization of a hydroperoxide lyase gene and effect of c6-volatiles on expression of genes of the oxylipin metabolism in citrus. | a number of c6-volatile products of the lipoxygenase (lox) pathway was examined for their antifungal activity and a potential role as a signal molecule in citrus. trans-2-hexenal induced the rough lemon lipoxygenase gene (rlemlox), hydroperoxide lyase gene (rlemhpl) and aos gene, but hexanal, and hexanol suppressed them. cis-3-hexenol and trans-2-hexenol increased expression of the aos gene but not rlemlox and rlemhpl. transcripts of the rlemhpl and aos gene were detected constitutively in leave ... | 2003 | 14610891 |
| identity and behavior of xylem-residing bacteria in rough lemon roots of florida citrus trees. | an aseptic vacuum extraction technique was used to obtain xylem fluid from the roots of rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush.) rootstock of florida citrus trees. bacteria were consistently isolated from vascular fluid of both healthy and young tree decline-affected trees. thirteen genera of bacteria were found, the most frequently occurring genera being pseudomonas (40%), enterobacter (18%), bacillus, corynebacterium, and other gram-positive bacteria (16%), and serratia (6%). xylem bacterial counts ... | 1982 | 16346030 |
| de novo arginine biosynthesis in leaves of phosphorus-deficient citrus and poncirus species. | young, fully expanded leaves from 7-month-old p-deficient citrus rootstock seedlings had levels of nonprotein arginine that were 10- to 50-fold greater than those from p-sufficient control plants. arginine content of the protein fraction increased 2- to 4-fold in p-deficient leaves. total arginine content, which averaged 72 +/- 6 micromoles per gram dry weight of p-sufficient leaf tissue (mean +/- se, n = the four rootstocks) was 207, 308, 241, and 178 micromoles in p-deficient leaves from citru ... | 1984 | 16663918 |
| host-specific effects of toxin from the rough lemon pathotype of alternaria alternata on mitochondria. | host-specific toxin from the rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush) pathotype of alternaria alternata (acr toxin) was tested for effects on mitochondria isolated from several citrus species. the toxin caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and changes in membrane potential in mitochondria from leaves of the susceptible host (rough lemon); the effects differed from those of carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, a typical protonophore. acr toxin also inhibited malate oxidation, apparently b ... | 1989 | 16666643 |
| cellular toxicity of elsinochrome phytotoxins produced by the pathogenic fungus, elsinoë fawcettii causing citrus scab. | elsinochromes are the red/orange pigments produced by many elsinoë fungal species and are structurally similar to the phytotoxin, cercosporin. here, pigments were extracted from cultures of a citrus pathogen, elsinoë fawcettii and tested for cellular toxicity. on irradiation with light, elsinochromes rapidly killed suspension cultured citrus and tobacco cells. the toxicity was decreased by adding the singlet oxygen ((1)o(2)) quenchers (bixin (carotenoid carboxylic acid), dabco (1, 4-diazabicyco ... | 2008 | 17953652 |
| genetic dissection defines the roles of elsinochrome phytotoxin for fungal pathogenesis and conidiation of the citrus pathogen elsinoë fawcettii. | elsinochrome pigments produced by many phytopathogenic elsinoë spp. are nonhost-selective toxins which react with oxygen molecules after light activation to produce highly toxic reactive oxygen species. the structures and chemical properties of four derivatives are well known. however, the biological roles of elsinochromes in fungal pathogenesis are poorly understood. many isolates of elsinoë fawcettii causing citrus scab are able to produce elsinochromes under axenic conditions. in this article ... | 2008 | 18321192 |
| citrus black rot is caused by phylogenetically distinct lineages of alternaria alternata. | abstract phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates of alternaria alternata causing black rot of citrus were associated with six well-supported evolutionary lineages. isolates recovered from brown spot lesions on minneola tangelo, leaf spot lesions on rough lemon, and healthy citrus tissue and noncitrus hosts were related closely to isolates from black-rotted fruit. phylogenies estimated independently from dna sequence data from an endopolygalacturonase gene (endopg) and two anonymous regions ... | 2005 | 18943316 |
| genetic differentiation and host specificity among populations of alternaria spp. causing brown spot of grapefruit and tangerine x grapefruit hybrids in florida. | abstract alternaria spp. were sampled from brown spot lesions in several geographically separated citrus groves and different grapefruit and tangerine x grapefruit hybrid cultivars in florida and screened for variation at 16 putative random amplified polymorphic dna loci. populations of the pathogen on two hybrids, minneola and orlando, in five locations throughout florida were moderately differentiated (nei's coefficient of gene differentiation [g(st)] = 0.12) among locations. the hypothesis th ... | 2000 | 18944592 |
| host range of a population of pratylenchus vulnus in commercial fruit, nut, citrus, and grape rootstocks in spain. | in a host-range study carried out under greenhouse conditions, a total of 37 commercial fruit tree, grape, and citrus rootstocks were tested for their reaction to a population of the lesion nematode, pratylenchus vulnus, in spain. twenty-five rootstocks had a pf/pi > 1.5. these included almond (desmayo rojo, 1143), apple (em-9, em-106), avocado (hass), cherry (santa lucia 64, camil, m x m 14, masto de montafiana), grape (41-b, fercal, ritcher 110), hazelnut (pauetet), loquat (nadal), peach (mont ... | 1992 | 19283047 |
| observations on the mode of parasitism and histopathology of meloidodera floridensis and verutus volvingentis (heteroderidae). | some aspects of the host-parasite relationships of two heteroderid nematodes are described. meloidodera floridensis induced formation of single uninucleate giant cells in the stelar parenchyma tissue of sand pine (pinus clausa) roots. wrinkling and yellowing of the cuticle were associated with maturation of the adult female (cystoid stage). the mode of parasitism of different life stages of verutus volvingentis on buttonweed (diodia virginiana) is described. the nematode caused extensive necrosi ... | 1984 | 19294021 |
| influence of metalaxyl on three nematodes of citrus. | metalaxyl significantly reduced population of pratylenchus coffeae, radopholus similis, and tylenchulus semipenetrans in roots of citrus limon (rough lemon) under greenhouse conditions. postinoculation treatment of rough lemon seedlings was not as effective i n reducing nematode populations as was treatment before inoculation. fewer nematodes infected metalaxyl-treated roots than nontreated roots. however, incubation of nematodes in metalaxyl did not inhibit nematode motility or their ability to ... | 1983 | 19295833 |
| citrus tree decline caused by pratylenchus coffeae. | the pathogenic effects of pratylenchus coffeae on growth and yield of tangelo (citrus paradisi x c. reticulata) scions grafted on rough lemon (c jambhiri), sour orange (c. aurantium) and 'cleopatra' mandarin (c. reticulata) rootstocks were evaluated under field conditions for 4 years. pratylenchus coffeae on inoculated trees increased to significantly damaging population densities on rough lemon rootstock the second year, on sour orange the third and on cleopatra mandarin the fourth year after p ... | 1973 | 19319354 |
| pathotypes and genetic relationship of worldwide collections of elsinoë spp. causing scab diseases of citrus. | two scab diseases are recognized currently on citrus: citrus scab, caused by elsinoë fawcettii, and sweet orange scab, caused by e. australis. because the two species cannot be reliably distinguished by morphological or cultural characteristics, host range and molecular methods must be used to identify isolates. four pathotypes of e. fawcettii and two of e. australis have been described to date based on host range. the host specificity and genetic relationships among 76 isolates from argentina, ... | 2009 | 19453232 |
| chemical composition of the essential oils of two citrus species and their biological activities. | essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the fruit rinds of citrus jambhiri lush. (rough lemon) and c. pyriformis hassk (ponderosa lemon) were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (glc/fid) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (glc/ms). a total of 94 compounds were unambiguously identified from the oils and the (hexane/ether) extracts of the rind and juices representing 98.55% and 97.98% of the total oil composition. the main component of both oils was d-limonene (92.48% and 75.56 ... | 2010 | 20225661 |
| in vitro selection of calli of citrus jambhiri lush. for tolerance to culture filtrate of phytophthora parasitica and their regeneration. | the present study deals with the selection of phytophthora tolerant lines of citrus jambhiri and their regeneration. cotyledon derived calli were cultured on selective ms medium supplemented with 5-100 % of culture filtrate (cf), to estimate the critical concentration of the selective agent. the survived calli under stress were subcultured for mass propagation for 20 days on callus multiplication medium (2,4-d 2 mg/l + ba 0.75 mg/l) without culture filtrate. after multiplication, these calli wer ... | 2011 | 23572994 |
| agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush) with yeast hal2 gene. | rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush.) is the most commonly used citrus rootstock in south asia. it is extremely sensitive to salt stress that decreases the growth and yield of citrus crops in many areas worldwide. over expression of the yeast halotolerant gene (hal2) results in increasing the level of salt tolerance in transgenic plants. | 2012 | 22691292 |
| a polyketide synthase gene, acrts2, is responsible for biosynthesis of host-selective acr-toxin in the rough lemon pathotype of alternaria alternata. | the rough lemon pathotype of alternaria alternata produces host-selective acr-toxin and causes alternaria leaf spot disease of rough lemon (citrus jambhiri). the structure of acr-toxin i (mw = 496) consists of a polyketide with an α-dihydropyrone ring in a 19-carbon polyalcohol. genes responsible for toxin production were localized to a 1.5-mb chromosome in the genome of the rough lemon pathotype. sequence analysis of this chromosome revealed an 8,338-bp open reading frame, acrts2, that was pres ... | 2012 | 22835272 |
| the resistance of sour orange to citrus tristeza virus is mediated by both the salicylic acid and rna silencing defence pathways. | citrus tristeza virus (ctv) induces in the field the decline and death of citrus varieties grafted on sour orange (so) rootstock, which has forced the use of alternative decline-tolerant rootstocks in affected countries, despite the highly desirable agronomic features of the so rootstock. declining citrus plants display phloem necrosis below the bud union. in addition, so is minimally susceptible to ctv compared with other citrus varieties, suggesting partial resistance of so to ctv. here, by si ... | 2016 | 27588892 |
| host differences among florida populations of belonolaimus longicaudatus rau. | three populations of belonolaimus longicaudatus from gainesville, fuller's crossing, and sanford, all in florida, were tested for parasitism on citrus jambhiri (rough lemon), arachis hypogaea ('early runner' peanut), fragaria sp. ('florida 90' hybrid strawberry), and lycopersicon esculentum ('rutgers' tomato). the three populations were found to be three different physiological races because: (i) the fuller's crossing population reproduced well on and caused injury to rough lemon and tomato but ... | 1970 | 19322299 |
| geraniol synthase whose mrna is induced by host-selective act-toxin in the act-toxin-insensitive rough lemon (citrus jambhiri). | host-selective toxins (hsts) produced by some strains of alternaria alternata are selectively toxic to certain cultivars of plants. however, the role of hsts in toxin-insensitive plants is currently unknown. here, we studied the role of act-toxin using an act-toxin producing a. alternata strain sh20 and the act-toxin-insensitive plant rough lemon. induction of some defense related genes in response to sh20 were faster or stronger than in response to the act-toxin deficient sh20 mutant. by sequen ... | 2012 | 22673031 |
| role of the pathotype-specific acrts1 gene encoding a hydroxylase involved in the biosynthesis of host-selective acr-toxin in the rough lemon pathotype of alternaria alternata. | the rough lemon pathotype of alternaria alternata produces host-selective acr-toxin and causes alternaria leaf spot disease of the rootstock species rough lemon (citrus jambhiri) and rangpur lime (c. limonia). genes controlling toxin production were localized to a 1.5-mb chromosome carrying the acr-toxin biosynthesis gene cluster (acrt) in the genome of the rough lemon pathotype. a genomic bac clone containing a portion of the acrt cluster was sequenced which allowed identification of three open ... | 2012 | 22779742 |
| a zinc-binding citrus protein metallothionein can act as a plant defense factor by controlling host-selective acr-toxin production. | metallothionein is a small cysteine-rich protein known to have a metal-binding function. we isolated three different lengths of rough lemon cdnas encoding a metallothionein (rlemmt1, rlemmt2 and rlemmt3), and only rlemmt1-recombinant protein had zinc-binding activity. appropriate concentration of zinc is an essential micronutrient for living organisms, while excess zinc is toxic. zinc also stimulates the production of host-selective acr-toxin for citrus leaf spot pathogen of alternaria alternata ... | 2013 | 23086497 |
| molecular systematics of citrus-associated alternaria species. | the causal agents of alternaria brown spot of tangerines and tangerine hybrids, alternaria leaf spot of rough lemon and alternaria black rot of citrus historically have been referred to as alternaria citri or a. alternata. ten species of alternaria recently were described among a set of isolates from leaf lesions on rough lemon (citrus jambhiri) and tangelo (c. paradisi × c. reticulata), and none of these isolates was considered representative of a. alternata or a. citri. to test the hypothesis ... | 2004 | 21148834 |
| molecular, ecological and evolutionary approaches to understanding alternaria diseases of citrus. | summary alternaria fungi cause four different diseases of citrus: alternaria brown spot of tangerines, alternaria leaf spot of rough lemon, alternaria black rot of several citrus fruits and mancha foliar of mexican lime. the first three diseases are caused by the small-spored species, alternaria alternata and the causal agents can only be differentiated using pathogenicity tests, toxin assays or genetic markers. mancha foliar is caused by the morphologically distinct, large-spored species a. lim ... | 2003 | 20569403 |
| temporal patterns in homalodisca spp. (hemiptera: cicadellidae) oviposition on southern california citrus and jojoba. | a detailed study of the distribution of egg masses of homalodisca vitripennis (germar) and h. liturata ball was done across a 2-yr period (2001-2003) on six host plants in southern california (marsh grapefruit, lisbon lemon, washington navel, dancy tangerine, rough lemon, and jojoba in riverside; jojoba in desert center). the majority of egg masses in riverside belonged to h. vitripennis (84-100%), whereas in desert center, all homalodisca egg masses were h. liturata. oviposition in riverside oc ... | 2010 | 20146836 |
| inhibition of p-glycoprotein activity by limonin and other secondary metabolites from citrus species in human colon and leukaemia cell lines. | p-glycoprotein (p-gp), a membrane transporter encoded by the mdr1 gene in human cells, mediates drug efflux from cells and plays a major role in causing multidrug resistance; which is one of the most accepted mechanisms for failure of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. in this study, we investigated the effects of nine naturally occurring compounds isolated from citrus jambhiri lush and citrus pyriformis hassk (rutaceae) for their potential to modulate the activity of p-gp in the multidrug-resist ... | 2010 | 19782062 |
| characterization of a sabinene synthase gene from rough lemon (citrus jambhiri). | we previously isolated two putative monoterpene synthase genes, rlemtps1 and rlemtps2, from rough lemon (citrus jambhiri) and showed that gene expression of rlemtps2 was induced by microbial attack. the protein product of rlemtps2 was obtained using a prokaryotic expression system, and gc and gc-ms of monoterpene synthesis by rlemtps2 determined that rlemtps2 encodes a sabinene synthase. sabinene has antifungal activity toward alternaria alternata. furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis identifi ... | 2009 | 19433341 |
| anatomical studies of citrus jambhiri lush. roots infected by pratylenchus coffeae. | all motile stages of pratylenchus coffeae infected mature and immature tissues of citrus jambhiri (rough lemon) seedling tap roots. the nematodes fed primarily in the cortex and colonized in pockets or cavities. intra- and intercellular migration within the cortex occurred in either direction from the point of entry. when p. coffeae invaded a root tip the meristem often was destroyed and lateral root initiation usually occurred near the destroyed root tip. males were essential for reproduction a ... | 1971 | 19322400 |
| temperature effects on reproduction and pathogenicity of pratylenchus coffeae and p. brachyurus and survival of p. coffeae in roots of citrus jambhiri. | optimum temperature for reproduction of pratylenchus coffeae on rough lemon, citrus jambhiri lush. was 29.5 c. pratylenchus coffeae populations reached 7653 per g of root 2 months after initial inoculation with 140 nematodes. maximum plant weight reduction was 38%; root weights were reduced by as much as 47%. pratylenchus brachyurus significantly reduced plant and root weights but population sizes never approached those of p. coffeae. pratylenchus coffeae survived in stored excised roots and wer ... | 1971 | 19322397 |
| rearing migratory endoparasitic nematodes in citrus callus and roots produced from citrus leaves. | radopholus similis and pratylenchus coffeae were reared on callus and roots developed from citrus leaves. callus formed best when leaf petioles were immersed in astatula fine sand and the leaves were sprayed daily with 4 ppm 2,4-d solution and maintained at 25 or 30 c. the nematodes completed one generation in 20 days at 25 c. highest populations of r. similis (1,127) occurred after 50 days, and the highest for p. coffeae (619) after 70 days. leaf-callus cultures from r. similis-resistant citrus ... | 1975 | 19308168 |
| reaction of citrus rootstocks to meloidogyne javanica. | the response of citrus spp. and related rootstocks to a population of meloidogyne javanica was evaluated in a screenhouse experiment. palestine and rangpur lime, rough lemon, sour orange, sexton and thentriton tangelo, and volkamer lemon were not infected by m. javanica. galls and tip swellings were observed on the roots of poncirus triloliata and troyer citrange. there was no evidence of nematode development. symptoms induced by the nematode were stelar division, syncytia formation in the vascu ... | 1978 | 19305835 |
| population genetic structure and host specificity of alternaria spp. causing brown spot of minneola tangelo and rough lemon in florida. | abstract alternaria spp. were sampled from two rough lemon (rl) and two minneola tangelo (min) groves in a limited geographic area in central florida to test for host-specialized forms of the pathogen. isolates of alternaria spp. were scored for variation at 16 putative random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) loci and for pathogenicity on both hosts. subpopulations on each host were differentiated genetically and pathogenically, which was consistent with the hypothesis of host specialization. hi ... | 1999 | 18944727 |
| distribution and characterization of akt homologs in the tangerine pathotype of alternaria alternata. | abstract the tangerine pathotype of alternaria alternata produces a host-selective toxin (hst), known as act-toxin, and causes alternaria brown spot disease of citrus. the structure of act-toxin is closely related to ak- and af-toxins, which are hsts produced by the japanese pear and strawberry pathotypes of a. alternata, respectively. ac-, ak-, and af-toxins are chemically similar and share a 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid moiety. two genes controlling ak-toxin biosynthesis (ak ... | 2000 | 18944496 |
| an isolate of alternaria alternata that is pathogenic to both tangerines and rough lemon and produces two host-selective toxins, act- and acr-toxins. | abstract two different pathotypes of alternaria alternata cause alternaria brown spot of tangerines and alternaria leaf spot of rough lemon. the former produces the host-selective act-toxin and the latter produces acr-toxin. both pathogens induce similar symptoms on leaves or young fruits of their respective hosts, but the host ranges of these pathogens are distinct and one pathogen can be easily distinguished from another by comparing host ranges. we isolated strain bc3-5-1-os2a from a leaf spo ... | 2005 | 18943116 |
| rapd-based genetic analysis of offsprings from the sexual cross using allotetraploid citrus somatic hybrid as pollen parent. | thirty-one polymorphic decamer primers were selected to genotype 92 progenies from the cross between yiben no.4, a monoembryonic diploid f1 hybrid of citrus reticulata blanco cv huanongbendizao tangerine and c. ichangensis swingle, and [hamlin sweet orange + rough lemon], an allotetraploid somatic hybrid of citrus sinensis osbeck cv. hamlin and c. jambhiri lush cv. rough lemon. chi2 (chi-square) analysis of rapd markers in the progenies indicated they were randomly transmitted from the four dono ... | 2007 | 17609894 |
| overexpression of citrus polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein in citrus black rot pathogen alternaria citri. | the rough lemon (citrus jambhiri) gene encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (rlempgipa) was overexpressed in the pathogenic fungus alternaria citri. the overexpression mutant acopi6 retained the ability to utilize pectin as a sole carbon source, and the overexpression of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein did not have any effect on the growth of acopi6 in potato dextrose and pectin medium. the pathogenicity of acopi6 to cause a black rot symptom in citrus fruits was also unchanged. po ... | 2007 | 17223223 |
| characterization of cdnas encoding two distinct miraculin-like proteins and stress-related modulation of the corresponding mrnas in citrus jambhiri lush. | two distinct full-length cdnas from rough lemon that encoded miraculin-like proteins were isolated by random amplification of cdna ends (races), based on sequence information from subtractive pcr previously described, and designated as rlemmlp1 and rlemmlp2. the transcripts of both rlemmlp1 and rlemmlp2 were not detected in leaves, or stems but accumulated in fruits. transcripts accumulated to higher levels in leaves after wounding, inoculation with conidia of alternaria alternata, or treatment ... | 2006 | 16463104 |
| [creation and hybrid identification of the sexual progenies using citrus somatic hybrid as pollen parent]. | 110 plantlets were obtained from the cross between citrus allotetraploid somatic hybrid [hamlin sweet orange (citrus sinensis osback) + rough lemon (c. jambhiri luss)] (as the pollen parent) and mono-embryonic diploid type iben no.4 [huanongbendizao tangerine (c. reticulata blanco) x ichang papeda (c. ichangensis swingle)] by the means of young embryo culture in vitro, and there were 93 triploids and 17 diploids through chromosome counting and the ploidy analyser identification. rapd analyses sh ... | 2005 | 16044915 |
| epoxide hydrolase: a mrna induced by the fungal pathogen alternaria alternata on rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush). | an expression profile of genes induced by non-pathogenic alternaria alternata on rough lemon leaves was obtained by sequencing 500 subtractive pcr clones generated from mrna of leaves inoculated with the fungus after subtraction with that of non-inoculated leaves. about 6% of the cdna sequences had homology to known putative defense-related genes including epoxide hydrolase. a full-length cdna (951 bp) from rough lemon that encoded epoxy hydrolase was isolated by random amplification of cdna end ... | 2003 | 14756316 |
| sensitivity to alternaria alternata toxin in citrus because of altered mitochondrial rna processing. | specificity in the interaction between rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush.) and the fungal pathogen alternaria alternata rough lemon pathotype is determined by a host-selective toxin, acr-toxin. mitochondria from rough lemon are sensitive to acr-toxin whereas mitochondria from resistant plants, including other citrus species, are resistant. we have identified a c. jambhiri mitochondrial dna sequence, designated acrs (acr-toxin sensitivity gene), that confers toxin sensitivity to escherichia coli. ... | 2002 | 11842194 |
| endopolygalacturonase is essential for citrus black rot caused by alternaria citri but not brown spot caused by alternaria alternata. | alternaria citri, the cause of alternaria black rot, and alternaria alternata rough lemon pathotype, the cause of alternaria brown spot, are morphologically indistinguishable pathogens of citrus: one causes rot by macerating tissues and the other causes necrotic spots by producing a host-selective toxin. to evaluate the role of endopolygalacturonase (endopg) in pathogenicity of these two alternaria spp. pathogens, their genes for endopg were mutated by gene targeting. the endopgs produced by the ... | 2001 | 11386370 |
| biology of diaphorina citri (homoptera: psyllidae) on four host plants. | the biology of the citrus psyllid diaphorina citri kuwayama was studied at 25 degrees c on four commonly grown citrus and related plants [rough lemon, citrus jambhiri lush; sour orange, c aurantium l.; grapefruit, c. paradisi macfadyen; and orange jessamine, murraya paniculata (l.) jack] in the laboratory. the biological characteristics of each life stage are described. the average egg incubation periods on orange jessamine, grapefruit, rough lemon, and sour orange varied very little (4.1-4.2 d) ... | 2000 | 11142304 |
| evidence of recombinant citrus tristeza virus isolate occurring in acid lime cv. pant lemon orchard in uttarakhand terai region of northern himalaya in india. | the present study for the first time describes biological and molecular characterization of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) occurring in the terai area of uttarakhand state in northern himalaya region of india. direct antigen coated-elisa and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) detected the ctv infection in acid lime cv. pant lemon (citrus aurantifolia) orchards of pantnagar with an estimated disease incidence of 16.6-20.5 %. to know the biological and genetic properties, an iso ... | 2013 | 24426255 |
| the response of citrus limon seedlings to a symbiont, glomus etunicatus, and a pathogen, radopholus similis. | the influences of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (glomus etunicatus) and burrowing nematode (radophohts similis), alone and in combination, on the growth of rough lemon (citrus limon) seedlings were studied in the greenhouse. growth of mycorrhizal seedlings was significantly greater than that of nonmycorrhizal seedlings or seedlings inoculated with r. sindlis. mycorrhizal stimulation of seedling growth was inhibited by nematode infection. when seedlings were inoculated with g. etunicatus arid ... | 1979 | 19300646 |
| responses of tylenchulus semipenetrans to citrus fruit removal: implications for carbohydrate competition. | sixteen mature valencia orange trees on rough lemon rootstock were selected on the basis of approximately equal, naturally occurring populations of tylenchulus semipenetrans in soil. in march, fruit 1 cm in diameter or less were removed from eight of the trees, which were kept free of fruit for 15 months. in july, 4 months after fruit removal, fibrous root (<2 mm d) mass density of defruited trees was 51% greater and insoluble starch in fibrous roots was 24% less than on control trees with fruit ... | 1993 | 19279735 |
| isolation of a sesquiterpene synthase expressing in specialized epithelial cells surrounding the secretory cavities in rough lemon (citrus jambhiri). | volatile terpenoids such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes play multiple roles in plant responses and are synthesized by terpene synthases (tpss). we have previously isolated a partial tps gene, rlemtps4, that responds to microbial attack in rough lemon. in this study, we isolated a full length rlemtps4 cdna from rough lemon. rlemtps4 localized in the cytosol. the recombinant rlemtps4 protein was obtained using a prokaryotic expression system and gc-ms analysis of the terpenes produced by the r ... | 2015 | 25899729 |
| host status of citrus and citrus relatives to tylenchulus graminis. | studies were conducted on the host suitability of four citrus rootstocks--rough lemon (citrus limon), sour orange (c. aurantium), trifoliate orange (poncirus trifoliata cv. argentina), and swingle citrumelo (c. paradisi x p. trifoliata)--to tylenchulus graminis which was previously considered a "grass" race of t. semipenetrans. in an uncultivated field, sour orange seedlings grown with t. graminis-infected broomsedge (andropogon virginicus) were not infected with this nematode after 18-month's e ... | 1989 | 19287668 |
| the influence of glomus mosseae on tylenchulus semipenetrans-infected and uninfected citrus limon seedlings. | greenhouse studies have shown that when rough lemon (citrus limon) seedlings infected with tyienchulus semipenetrans were transplanted into soil infested with glomus mosseae, the mycorrhizal fungus infection increased seedling growth compared to nonntycorrhizal seedlings. tylenchulus semipenetrans significantly suppressed seedling growth below that of mycorrhizal seedlings. histological observations of nematode-free mycorrhizal roots showed that hyphae penetrated the epidermis and invaded the co ... | 1979 | 19300642 |
| chemical composition and biological activity of citrus jambhiri lush. | the fresh peel of citrus jambhiri was extracted with aqueous methanol and the residue was fractionated using light petroleum, chloroform and ethyl acetate. the constituents of the extracts were separated by column chromatography employing solvents of different polarity. the chemical structure of the isolated compounds was then identified by ms and nmr. column chromatography of the petroleum fraction resulted in the isolation of nobiletin, 5-o-demethylnobiletin, tangeretin, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4 ... | 2011 | 23140678 |
| identification of transcription factors potentially involved in the juvenile to adult phase transition in citrus. | the juvenile to adult transition (jat) in higher plants is required for them to reach reproductive competence. however, it is a poorly understood process in woody plants, where only a few genes have been definitely identified as being involved in this transition. this work aims at increasing our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the jat in citrus. | 2013 | 24052558 |
| [two interspecific somatic hybrid plants regenerated via protoplast electro-fusion]. | protoplasts isolated from cell suspension cultures of 'bonnaza' navel orange (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) were electrically fused with mesophyll protoplasts of rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush) and goutou orange (citrus aurantium l.) respectively. plants regenerated from both fusion combinations. chromosome counting of randomly selected fifty two globular embryoids as well as all the regenerated seventy four plants from bonnaza navel + rough lemon revealed that twenty six embryoids were tetraplo ... | 2000 | 10976322 |
| evaluation of polyamine and proline levels during low temperature acclimation of citrus. | the polyamines (pa) putrescine (put), spermidine (spd), and spermine (spm) were measured during 3 weeks exposure to cold hardening (15.6 degrees c day and 4.4 degrees c night) and nonhardening (32.2 degrees c day and 21.1 degrees c night) temperature regimes in three citrus cultivars: sour orange (so) (citrus aurantium l.), ;valencia' (val) (citrus sinensis l. osbeck), and rough lemon (rl) (citrus jambhiri lush). the changes in pa were compared to the amount of free proline, percent wood kill an ... | 1987 | 16665504 |
| identification of zygotic and nucellar seedlings in citrus interploid crosses by means of isozymes, flow cytometry and issr-pcr. | 'milam' (a purported hybrid of citrus jambhiri lush) + 'femminello' lemon (citrus limon l. burm. f.) allotetraploid somatic hybrids were used as pollen parents in interploid crosses with diploid 'femminello' lemon to achieve mal secco tolerance in different populations of seedless triploid lemon types with good fruit quality. a total of 137 plantlets were obtained and subjected to screening experiments, in order to distinguish zygotic embryos from nucellars. here we report on and discuss the res ... | 2002 | 12378230 |
| effect of cations on effective permeability of leaf cuticles to sulfuric acid. | many plants are exposed to prolonged episodes of anthropogenic acid precipitation with ph values of 4 or less, but there is little evidence of widespread direct damage to the plant cells. acids appear to permeate leaf cuticle via charged pores, which act as a fixed buffer that delays but does not stop acid movement. we investigated the effect of cations on the movement of protons through astomatous isolated leaf cuticles of pear (pyrus communis l.) and rough lemon (citrus limon [l.] burm. fils c ... | 1993 | 12231931 |
| patterns of effective permeability of leaf cuticles to acids. | plants in the field are frequently exposed to anthropogenic acid precipitation with ph values of 4 and below. for the acid to directly affect leaf tissues, it must pass through the leaf cuticle, but little is known about the permeability of cuticles to protons, or about the effect of different anions on this permeability. we investigated the movement of protons through isolated astomatous leaf cuticles of grapefruit (citrus x paradisi macfady.), rough lemon (citrus limon [l.] burm. fils cv ponde ... | 1993 | 12231681 |
| influence of mycorrhizal fungus, phosphorus, and burrowing nematode interactions on growth of rough lemon citrus seedlings. | rough lemon seedlings were grown in mycorrhizal-infested or phosphorus-amended soil (25 and 300 mg p/kg) in greenhouse experiments. plants were inoculated with the citrus burrowing nematode, radopholus citrophilus (0, 50, 100, or 200 nematodes per pot). six months later, mycorrhizal plants and nonmycorrhizal, high-p plants had larger shoot and root weights than did non-mycorrhizal, low-p plants. burrowing nematode population densities were lower in roots of mycorrhizal or nonmycorrhizal, high-p ... | 1988 | 19290252 |
| increased arginine biosynthesis during phosphorus deficiency : a response to the increased ammonia content of leaves. | the accumulation of arginine in leaves of four citrus rootstock cultivars during p deficiency has been demonstrated to be due to increased de novo synthesis rather than decreased catabolism or increased protein degradation (e rabe, cj lovatt, 1984, plant physiol 76: 747-752). in this report, we provide evidence (a) that the increased activity of the arginine biosynthetic pathway observed for citrus rootstocks grown under p-deficient conditions for 7 months is due to an increase in the concentrat ... | 1986 | 16664901 |
| transcriptome profiling to understand the effect of citrus rootstocks on the growth of 'shatangju' mandarin. | to obtain insight into potential mechanisms underlying the influence of rootstock on scion growth, we performed a comparative analysis of 'shatangju' mandarin grafted onto 5 rootstocks: fragrant orange (citrus junons sieb. ex. tanaka), red tangerine (citrus reticulata blanco), 'shatangju' mandarin (citrus reticulata blanco), rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush) and canton lemon (citrus limonia osbeck). the tree size of 'shatangju' mandarin grafted onto canton lemon and rough lemon were the largest ... | 2017 | 28081213 |
| long-term, large scale banking of citrus species embryos: comparisons between cryopreservation and other seed banking temperatures. | the long-term, large scale application of embryo cryopreservation has been assessed rarely and comparisons of viability loss for partially dried material with conventional seed bank storage conditions infrequently made. five citrus species were cryopreserved following air drying of embryos (seed minus the testa) and embryonic axes: rough lemon (citrus jambhiri), pommelo (c. grandis), mandarin (c. reticulata), citron (c. medica) and kagzi lime (c. aurantifolia). although drying rates to c. 10 per ... | 2015 | 23250405 |
| nobiletin is main fungistat in tangerines resistant to mal secco. | a number of crystalline compounds isolated from peel of tangerines resistant to "mal secco" were characterized and tested for fungistatic activity toward deuterophoma tracheiphila. nobiletin exhibited strong fungistatic activity, tangeritin was weakly active, and hesperidin slightly stimulated fungal growth. rough lemon seedlings, inoculated with the pathogenic fungus, rapidly developed the symptoms of mal secco, whereas continuous infusion of the inoculated seedlings with nobiletin solution lar ... | 1967 | 17830494 |
| involvement of adenylate kinase in phosphorylation of ribose-5-phosphate by adenosinediphosphate in mitochondria-free preparations from rough lemon leaves. | | 1961 | 16655524 |
| relationships of leaf fatty acids to cold hardening of citrus seedlings. | three cultivars of citrus with different sensitivities to freezing temperatures (citron, citrus medica l.; rough lemon, c. limon burm. f; sour orange, c. aurantium l.) were cold hardened for 4 weeks. lipids from leaves of hardened and control seedlings were fractionated and analyzed for fatty acids. the absolute amount of triglycerides and phospholipids increased in the leaves upon hardening. with hardening, total linoleic acid also increased 141% in citron, 210% in rough lemon, and 233% in sour ... | 1982 | 16662433 |
| comparing morphological plasticity of root orders in slow- and fast-growing citrus rootstocks supplied with different nitrate levels. | studies of the plasticity of functional root traits involved in resource acquisition have focused mainly on root length without considering such 'morphological components' as biomass allocation, specific root length, root fineness, and tissue density that affect root length. the plasticity of the above components in response to nitrate supply was studied in each root order of two co-generic citrus rootstocks, namely the fast-growing citrus jambhiri 'rough lemon' (rl) and the slow-growing citrus ... | 2007 | 17881338 |
| transgenic expression of antimicrobial peptide d2a21 confers resistance to diseases incited by pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and xanthomonas citri, but not candidatus liberibacter asiaticus. | citrus huanglongbing (hlb) associated with 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (las) and citrus canker disease incited by xanthomonas citri are the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. to control citrus hlb and canker disease, we previously screened over forty antimicrobial peptides (amps) in vitro for their potential application in genetic engineering. d2a21 was one of the most active amps against x. citri, agrobacterium tumefaciens and sinorhizobium meliloti with low hemolysis activity. ... | 2017 | 29049366 |
| fourier transform infrared analysis of tamra bhasma at different levels: a preliminary study. | tamra bhasma, one among the herbo-metallic preparations is extensively used in ayurveda for different conditions. to make it safe to use, tamra has to pass through a set of classical pharmaceutical procedures including a series of quenching in prescribed liquids, followed by incineration with black sulfide of mercury and herbal juice of citrus jambhiri lush. and corm of amorphophallus campanulatus linn. ftir profiles of tamra bhasma at different levels is not available. | 2017 | 26730144 |
| pharmacognostical evaluation of citrus jambhiri lush. fruit. | citrus jambhiri lush., commonly known as jambīra nimbū in sanskrit is medium to large indigenous tree with spreading habit, less spiny than lemon and belonging to the family rutaceae. in ayurveda, it is used in many pharmaceutical procedures of purification (śodhana), calcination (māraṇa) etc., though it is an important plant, till date, no pharmacognostical reports have been available on its fruit. | 2015 | 25861144 |
| development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and sybr green real-time pcr methods for the detection of citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus in citrus species. | citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus (cmbv) is an important pathogen in southern india spread by infected citrus propagules. one of the measures to arrest the spread of cmbv is to develop methods to screen and certify citrus propagules as cmbv-free. the methods loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) and sybr green real-time pcr (sgrtpcr) have been developed for the efficient detection of cmbv in citrus propagules. this paper compares the sensitivities of lamp and sgrtpcr with polymerase chain ... | 2014 | 24675064 |
| an efficient plant regeneration protocol from callus cultures of citrus jambhiri lush. | citrus jambhiri lush. (family rutaceae), commonly known as 'rough lemon', is one of the favourite rootstocks for lemons, oranges, mandarins, grape fruits and kinnows in punjab. the present investigation deals with development of an efficient miropropagation protocol for citrus jambhiri lush. using cotyledons as explant. maximum callus induction (91.66 %) was observed on ms medium supplemented with 2,4-d (2 mg/l) in combination with me (500 mg/l). green healthy calli were cut into small pieces an ... | 2011 | 23573006 |
| properties of a cationic peroxidase from citrus jambhiri cv. adalia. | the major pool of peroxidase activity is present in the peel of some egyptian citrus species and cultivars compared to the juice and pulp. citrus jambhiri cv. adalia had the highest peroxidase activity among the examined species. four anionic and one cationic peroxidase isoenzymes from c. jambhiri were detected using the purification procedure including ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on diethylaminoethanol-cellulose, carboxymethyl-cellulose, and sephacryl s-200 columns. cationic ... | 2008 | 18633734 |
| in situ localization of gene transcriptions for monoterpene synthesis in irregular parenchymic cells surrounding the secretory cavities in rough lemon (citrus jambhiri). | a cdna (rlemispf) encoding 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, an enzyme of the methyl erythritol phosphate (mep) pathway, and two homologs (rlemtps1 and rlemtps2) of citrus monoterpene synthase cdna were isolated from the rough lemon (citrus jambhiri). transient localization of all or a part of rlemispf fused to a green fluorescence protein using particle gun-mediated dna delivery localized rlemispf in the chloroplast. transcripts of rlemispf and other monoterpene synthase ge ... | 2007 | 17223221 |
| a comparison of anion concentration in surficial groundwater sampled from two types of water quality monitoring wells. | groundwater sampling for monitoring the presence and concentration of contaminants can be done using either depth integrated monitoring wells (mw) or depth specific multi-level sampling (mls) wells. depth specific multi-level sampling wells (mls) are cost-effective, easy to install, and provide very detailed information about the vertical gradient in contaminant concentration. in contrast the mw sampling provides information on the presence of contaminant over large representative area. this stu ... | 2007 | 17129947 |
| processes modulating calcium distribution in citrus leaves. an investigation using x-ray microanalysis with strontium as a tracer. | citrus leaves accumulate large amounts of calcium that must be compartmented effectively to prevent stomatal closure by extracellular ca2+ and interference with ca(2+)-based cell signaling pathways. using x-ray microanalysis, the distribution of calcium between vacuoles in different cell types of leaves of rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush.) was investigated. calcium was accumulated principally in palisade, spongy mesophyll, and crystal-containing idioblast cells. it was low in epidermal and bun ... | 2004 | 15516511 |
| evidence of carpinus (betulaceae) in the late tertiary (pliocene) of alabama. | carpinus is a common and widespread element of the modern north american forest vegetation, but its scant fossil record on the continent is perplexing, especially considering the abundant and relatively continuous record of the genus in the tertiary of europe and asia. despite earlier claims of tertiary carpinus remains, recent reviews have indicated that a definitive post-eocene tertiary record of the genus in north america is lacking. therefore, it remains uncertain if carpinus was present but ... | 2002 | 21665756 |
| furanocoumarin content and phototoxicity of rough lemon (citrus jambhiri) foliage exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-b (uvb) irradiation. | rooted cuttings ofc. jambhiri were grown under enhanced levels of uvb radiation for 95 days. bacterial phototoxicity and furanocoumarin content were determined in extracts made from various tissues from the aboveground biomass. young, newly expanded leaves contained significantly higher concentrations of furanocoumarins than older leaves and stems. additionally, the proportional concentration of psoralen was higher in young leaves than in old leaves. while treatment with uvb did not result in a ... | 1992 | 24254153 |
| a bioassay to estimate root penetration by nematodes. | an in vitro bioassay with a 96-well microtiter plate was used to study the effect of lectins on burrowing nematode penetration of citrus roots. in each well, one 4-mm root segment, excised from the zone of elongation of rough lemon roots, was buried in 0.88 g dry sand. addition of a radopholus citrophilus suspension containing ca. 300 nematodes in 50 mu1 test solution completely moistened the sand in each well. the technique assured uniform treatment concentration throughout the medium. within 1 ... | 1991 | 19283153 |
| psychrometric field measurement of water potential changes following leaf excision. | in situ measurement of sudden leaf water potential changes has not been performed under field conditions. a laboratory investigation involving the measurement of leaf water potential prior to and 2 to 200 minutes after excision of citrus leaves (citrus jambhiri) showed good linear correlation (r = 0.99) between in situ leaf psychrometer and scholander pressure chamber measurements. following this, a field investigation was conducted which involved psychrometric measurement prior to petiole excis ... | 1984 | 16663394 |
| in situ field measurement of leaf water potential using thermocouple psychrometers. | thermocouple psychrometers are the only instruments which can measure the in situ water potential of intact leaves, and which can possibly be used to monitor leaf water potential. unfortunately, their usefulness is limited by a number of difficulties, among them fluctuating temperatures and temperature gradients within the psychrometer, sealing of the psychrometer chamber to the leaf, shading of the leaf by the psychrometer, and resistance to water vapor diffusion by the cuticle when the stomate ... | 1983 | 16663267 |
| [genetic analysis of leaf-parent-type plants regenerated from somatic hybridization in citrus]. | the leaf indexes and stoma characteristics of leaf-parent-type regenerants were the same as those of the leaf parent rough lemon, but quite different from the somatic hybrids. leaf-parent-type plants were diploid (2n = 2x = 18). patterns of pox, ppo, got isozymes were identical to those of rough lemon. the plants were analyzed by using 54 arbitrary primers with polymorphisms. most of the primers (52) showed that leaf-parent-type plants were in concordance with rough lemon. however, with primer o ... | 1999 | 10589164 |
| cytokinins in the root pressure exudate of citrus jambhiri lush. colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. | the influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (vam) symbiosis on the transport of cytokinins from the root to the shoot of citrus jambhiri lush. seedlings inoculated with cultures of glomus etunicatum (becker and gerd.), g. fusciculatum (thaxt.) gerd. and trappe, or g. mosseae (nichol. and gerd.) was investigated. cytokinins collected from root exudates over a 90-day period were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and a bioassay. the flux of cytokinins was i ... | 1988 | 14972831 |
| protoplast-fusion-mediated transfer of organelles from microcitrus into citrus and regeneration of novel alloplasmic trees. | iodoacetate-treated citrus protoplasts from embryogenic nucellar calli of sour orange (c. aurantium) or from rough lemon (c. jambhiri) were fused with γ-irradiated protoplasts from a related genus, microcitrus. the fused protoplasts were cultured to obtain colonies and micro-calli. micro-calli derived from these two fusion combinations were isolated, propagated and differentiated into embryos, which subsequently regenerated trees having the morphology of sour orange or rough lemon. these interge ... | 1989 | 24225837 |
| citrus seed oils efficacy against larvae of aedes aegypti. | dengue fever is a serious public health issue in pakistan for many years. globally plants have been reported to contain compounds with insecticidal properties. these properties have been demonstrated more recently on the larval stages of mosquitoes. therefore, citrus cultivar seeds were evaluated for larvicidal potential against the primary dengue vector aedes aegypti. | 2017 | 29322059 |
| reprogramming of a defense signaling pathway in rough lemon and sweet orange is a critical element of the early response to 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus'. | huanglongbing (hlb) in citrus infected by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) has caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry. no resistant genotypes have been identified in citrus species or close relatives. among citrus varieties, rough lemon (citrus jambhiri) has been considered tolerant due to its ability to produce a healthy flush of new growth after infection. the difference between tolerance and susceptibility is often defined by the speed and intensity of a plant's response to a ... | 2017 | 29214028 |
| comparative transcriptional and anatomical analyses of tolerant rough lemon and susceptible sweet orange in response to 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' infection. | although there are no known sources of genetic resistance, some citrus spp. are reportedly tolerant to huanglongbing (hlb), presumably caused by 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus'. time-course transcriptional analysis of tolerant rough lemon (citrus jambhiri) and susceptible sweet orange (c. sinensis) in response to 'ca. l. asiaticus' infection showed more genes differentially expressed in hlb-affected rough lemon than sweet orange at early stages but substantially fewer at late time points, po ... | 2012 | 22809274 |
| analysis of full-length sequences of two citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus isolates infecting citrus jambhiri (rough lemon) and citrus sinensis l. osbeck (sweet orange) from a nursery in india. | citrus yellow mosaic badna virus (cmbv), a member of the family caulimoviridae, genus badnavirus is the causative agent of mosaic disease among citrus species in southern india. despite its reported prevalence in several citrus species, complete information on clear functional genomics or functional information of full-length genomes from all the cmbv isolates infecting citrus species are not available in publicly accessible databases. cmbv isolates from rough lemon and sweet orange collected fr ... | 2012 | 22926812 |
| purification of a zn-binding phloem protein with sequence identity to chitin-binding proteins. | in citrus blight, a decline disorder of unknown etiology, the tree canopy exhibits symptoms of zn deficiency while zn accumulates in the trunk phloem. we have purified a zn-binding protein (zbp) from phloem tissue of healthy and blight-affected citrus (citrus sinensis [l.] osbeck on citrus jambhiri [l.]). the molecular weight of the zbp was estimated to be 5000 by size-exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ion-exchange chromatography at ph 8.0 de ... | 1996 | 8742339 |