| [chemical and biological evaluation of quinua (chenopodium quinoa willd). effect of the extraction of saponins by heat treatment]. | the changes in proximate composition, amino acid content and protein efficiency ratio (per) caused by hot-water extraction of the saponins were studied in four bolivian varieties of quinua (chenopodium quinoa, willd). detectable saponin was eliminated with an extraction at 70 degrees c. extraction at 87 degrees c also eliminated the saponins but, in addition, had the tendency of slightly increasing the protein amino acid content. the maximum per obtained was 2.99 for the blanca variety, followed ... | 1978 | 572664 |
| immunodetection of grapevine fanleaf virus satellite rna-encoded protein in infected chenopodium quinoa. | an antiserum was raised against a fusion protein containing the c-terminal half of the protein (p3) encoded by the satellite rna of grapevine fanleaf virus (gflv; f13 isolate) and the n-terminal portion of the ci repressor of phage lambda. this antiserum specifically recognized p3 synthesized in the in vitro wheatgerm translation system and also in infected chenopodium quinoa plants. in these plants, the amount of virus increased for 10 days, then remained constant for up to 21 days, whereas p3 ... | 1992 | 1279107 |
| quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) an important andean food crop. | | 1992 | 1342156 |
| replication of grapevine fanleaf virus satellite rna transcripts in chenopodium quinoa protoplasts. | a set of full-length cdna clones of the satellite rna of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus isolate f13 (gflv-f13) was constructed with a variable number of additional, non-viral nucleotides at the 5' and 3' ends. the biological activity of the rnas transcribed from these constructs was tested in chenopodium quinoa protoplasts using a helper virus. when inoculated with arabis mosaic virus s (armv-s) rna as helper, transcripts with 33 non-viral nucleotides at the 5' end (tr45p4) did not replicate, where ... | 1992 | 1383395 |
| cis-active sequences near the 5'-termini of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rnas 3 and 4. | rnas 3 and 4 of the multicomponent genome of beet necrotic yellow vein virus are dispensable for infection of chenopodium quinoa leaves. we have used mutagenesis of biologically active rna 3 transcripts to identify 5'-proximal sequences essential in cis for rna 3 amplification. one such element, box i, (nucleotides 283-292) was complementary to the first 10 residues (box i') following the 5'-terminal cap. a second cis-active element (box ii) was identified between nucleotides 237-244 and was com ... | 1992 | 1529554 |
| nutritional quality of the protein in quinoa (chenopodium quinoa, willd) seeds. | the nutritional quality of protein in quinoa seeds has been determined by amino acid assay and by animal feeding experiments. the amino acid composition of the protein in raw quinoa and washed quinoa show similar pattern. the first limiting amino acids were the aromatic amino acids thyrosine + phenylalanine giving a chemical score of 86 for protein in raw quinoa and 85 for protein in washed quinoa. threonine was the next limiting amino acid followed by lysine. the amount of lysine and sulfur ami ... | 1992 | 1546052 |
| a cdna clone of tomato mosaic virus is infectious in plants. | a cdna clone of tomato mosaic virus (tomv) genomic rna was fused to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s rna promoter and the nopaline synthase gene polyadenylation signal. the transcriptional initiation site of the 35s rna promoter was altered by in vitro mutagenesis so that the resulting transcripts start at the first nucleotide of the tomv sequence. in addition, 12 nucleotides were inserted in the 5' untranslated region of the tomv genome. this plasmid, psln, was used to inoculate several host pl ... | 1992 | 1583735 |
| a comparison, using dsrna analysis, between beet soil-borne virus and some other tubular viruses isolated from sugar beet. | double-stranded rna preparations from chenopodium quinoa leaves inoculated with two english isolates of beet soil-borne virus (bsbv), bsbv-n and bsbv-452n, a french isolate of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv), a swedish isolate of a tubular beet virus (86-109) or a belgian isolate of a similar virus (1530) were compared following separation on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. the dsrnas of bnyvv differed in mobility from those isolated from tissue infected with the other four tubular b ... | 1992 | 1588330 |
| efficient cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus requires 3' proximal genes located on rna 2. | rna 2 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) carries six open reading frames. the four 3' proximal frames encode the proteins p42, p13, p15, and p14. the first three species present homologies to proteins encoded by three overlapping open reading frames (the triple gene block) in potexviruses, carlaviruses, and barley stripe mosaic virus. p14 does not display homology with other known plant viral proteins. the functions of p42, p13, p15, and p14 were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis ... | 1992 | 1604825 |
| virus-specific proteins in cells infected with tomato black ring nepovirus: evidence for proteolytic processing in vivo. | the synthesis of proteins encoded by the rna of tomato black ring virus (tbrv) in vivo was studied in protoplasts by direct labelling with [35s]methionine, and in protoplasts and plants by immunoblotting experiments with specific antisera. comparison of the proteins synthesized in infected and mock-inoculated protoplasts suggested that proteins of m(r) 120k, 90k, 80k, 57k and 46k were virus-specific. the proteins derived from the rna-1-encoded polyprotein detected by immunoblotting were a stable ... | 1992 | 1629691 |
| immunodetection of the proteins encoded by grapevine chrome mosaic nepovirus rna2. | fragments of the putative non-structural proteins (44k and 46k) encoded by rna2 of grapevine chrome mosaic nepovirus (gcmv) were expressed as fusion proteins in escherichia coli and used to raise specific antisera. all three proteins encoded by gcmv rna2 (viral coat protein, and the 44k and 46k proteins) were detected by immunoblotting in subcellular fractions prepared from the leaves of infected chenopodium quinoa plants, confirming a previously proposed model of the gcmv rna2-encoded polyprote ... | 1992 | 1645145 |
| in vitro synthesis of biologically active transcripts of tomato black ring virus satellite rna. | synthetic transcripts of tomato black ring virus satellite rna (tbrv satrna), isolate l, were prepared from cdna cloned in the bluescribe transcription vector. transcripts with 49 (t49l) or two (t2gl) extra nucleotides at their 5' ends and 42 extra nucleotides at their 3' ends were able to induce, but to different extents, the synthesis in vitro of the satrna-encoded 48k protein. however, when inoculated into chenopodium quinoa together with tbrv l genomic rnas, only t2gl was biologically active ... | 1990 | 1691271 |
| biologically active transcripts of a large satellite rna from arabis mosaic nepovirus and the importance of 5' end sequences for its replication. | synthetic transcripts of a satellite rna associated with a lilac isolate of arabis mosaic nepovirus (armv) were made from cdna clones. transcripts having either six (m1r) or 29 (m3r) extra nucleotides at their 5' ends replicated in the presence of armv genomic rna in manually inoculated chenopodium quinoa plants, even though m1r also differs from the native sequence at nucleotide position 2. transcript 12r, which has 11 guanosyl residues and 27 other nucleotides not present in the natural satell ... | 1991 | 1722500 |
| synthesis of full-length transcripts of beet western yellows virus rna: messenger properties and biological activity in protoplasts. | full-length cdna of beet western yellows virus genomic rna has been cloned behind the bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase promoter of the transcription vector bs(-). the in vitro run-off transcription product obtained in the presence of t7 rna polymerase and m7gpppg cap has the same messenger properties as natural viral rna in in vitro translation systems. the full-length transcript was also able to infect chenopodium quinoa protoplasts inoculated by electroporation. infection could be followed by t ... | 1992 | 1727597 |
| change in phenotype and encapsidated rna segments of an isolate of alfalfa mosaic virus: an influence of host passage. | a local lesion isolate of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv-n20) from lucerne was found to encapsidate two extra rnas in addition to the four major rnas (rna1, -2, -3 and -4). these were resolved by gel electrophoresis both under native conditions and after glyoxal denaturation. the rna with an electrophoretic mobility between that of rnas 2 and 3 was designated rna31, that between rnas 3 and 4 was designated rna3s. sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis of amv-n20 showed six instead of the no ... | 1991 | 1765766 |
| shortened forms of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna-3 and -4: internal deletions and a subgenomic rna. | beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna-3 and rna-4, produced as full-length biologically active transcripts in vitro, can undergo spontaneous internal deletions when inoculated onto chenopodium quinoa leaves along with rna-1 and -2. the deletion process is specific, giving rise to only a few major species, and can be rapid; deleted forms appear after only one or two passages in leaves. in one of the shortened forms of rna-4, the deletion precisely eliminated one copy of a 15 nucleotide (nt) direct ... | 1991 | 1993870 |
| immunodetection in vivo of beet necrotic yellow vein virus-encoded proteins. | open reading frames identified on the four genomic rnas of beet necrotic yellow vein virus were cloned into bacterial expression vectors and resulting cl-fusion proteins expressed in escherichia coli were used to raise polyclonal antibodies. this set of antisera was used to show the presence of 7 of 9 predicted viral proteins in mechanically inoculated chenopodium quinoa leaves by the western blot technique. viral coat protein (p22) and its readthrough protein p85 encoded by rna-2 could be detec ... | 1990 | 2202150 |
| multiplication of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna 3 lacking a 3' poly(a) tail is accompanied by reappearance of the poly(a) tail and a novel short u-rich tract preceding it. | beet necrotic yellow vein virus rnas 1 and 2 but not rnas 3 and 4 are required for viral multiplication in chenopodium quinoa leaves. elimination of the 3' poly(a) tail from rna 3 transcripts markedly attenuated their ability to be amplified when co-inoculated with rnas 1 and 2 to this host. successful multiplication of the tailless rna 3 was accompanied by the reappearance of new 3' poly(a) tails on the progeny. the evidence suggests that the newly acquired poly(a) sequence results from the act ... | 1990 | 2389554 |
| quantitative determinations of chemical compounds with nutritional value from inca crops: chenopodium quinoa ('quinoa'). | quantitative determinations of total and soluble proteins, total and free sugars, starch, total lipids, tanins, ash (ca, na, k, fe, and p), and caloric value were carried out on quinoa flour. results show that the amount of soluble proteins was higher than the standard value for wheat and maize and was very close to that of barley's. the yield of free sugars like glucose (4.55%), fructose (2.41%) and sucrose (2.39%) were also of importance. iron and calcium levels were higher than the reported v ... | 1989 | 2631089 |
| in vitro synthesis of biologically active beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna. | beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) has a quadripartite plus-strand rna genome in which the two smallest genome components, rna 3 and 4, are not necessary for virus multiplication in leaves. infectious transcripts of bnyvv rna 3 and 4 have already been described (v. ziegler-graff, s. bouzoubaa, i. jupin, h. guilley, g. jonard, and k. richards (1988) j. gen. virol. 69, 2347-2357). in this paper we describe synthesis of a full-length rna-1 transcript by bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase-directed ... | 1989 | 2773320 |
| effect of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna composition on transmission by polymyxa betae. | beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) is naturally transmitted by the soil-borne fungus polymyxa betae and usually remains confined to the roots of infected sugarbeets. in naturally infected sugarbeets the virion rna always consists of four components which are uniform in size in different isolates but when bnyvv is propagated by mechanical inoculation to leaves of chenopodium quinoa the two smallest rna components, rna-3 and -4, may undergo deletion or disappear from the isolate, suggesting t ... | 1988 | 3336941 |
| cucumber mosaic virus-associated rna 5. xi. comparison of 14 carna 5 variants relates ability to induce tomato necrosis to a conserved nucleotide sequence. | seven carna 5 (cucumber mosaic virus-associated rna 5) variants were obtained from an indonesian cucumber mosaic virus isolate (designated cmv-in) by serial passage of this virus in squash, chenopodium quinoa, tobacco, and tomato. bioassays of the isolated carna 5 variants for their capability to induce lethal necrosis in tomato allowed categorization of the carna 5 variants as either necrogenic or nonnecrogenic. comparison of the carna 5 sequences with sequences previously published shows that ... | 1988 | 3354198 |
| cytopathology in the identification and classification of tombusviruses. | ten recognized members of the tombusvirus group, including two strains of tomato bushy stunt virus, were compared for their ultrastructural effects in nicotiana clevelandii, gomphrena globosa, and chenopodium quinoa. the cytopathic inclusions known as multivesicular bodies and tonoplast evaginations containing virus particles were induced by all the viruses in all three hosts. some of the viruses could be differentiated from each other (especially in c. quinoa) by other characters, such as the a ... | 1987 | 3450676 |
| [effect of the extrusion process on the functional characteristics and protein quality of quinua (chenopodium quinoa, willd)]. | in order to have available a human food of high nutritive value, and conscious of the protein quality of the quinua, as well as its carbohydrate, vitamin and mineral content, its behavior during the extrusion process was tested in the present study. to eliminate saponins, a simple method was developed which consisted of washing the seeds through an aluminum container, using a wooden stirrer. seven treatments were studied: washed quinua, washed and cooked quinua, washed and expanded quinua no. 1 ... | 1985 | 3834873 |
| [digestibility and protein quality of quinua: comparative study of quinua (chenopodium quinoa) seed and flour in children]. | based on the hypothesis that the digestibility of quinua seed is the limiting factor in the utilization of nutrients from this staple, two quinua-based diets were prepared using quinua seeds and quinua flour. theses diets were offered to children recovering from malnutrition. the digestibility and protein quality of the quinua diets were compared to those of a casein control diet by analyzing the children's metabolic balance. results showed that digestibility of the quinua diets were compared to ... | 1981 | 6807239 |
| specificity in the association of tomato black ring virus satellite rna with helper virus. | the satellite rnas (sat-rnas) associated with some isolates of tomato black ring virus (tbrv) consist of single-stranded molecules of about 1375 nucleotides, encoding a nonstructural protein of 48k which has been shown to be involved in the replication of the sat-rna. the tbrv sat-rnas are also dependent for their replication and for their encapsidation on the helper virus. to characterize the nature of the association between sat-rna and helper virus, transcripts of sat-rna from tbrv isolates c ... | 1995 | 7483283 |
| a satellite rna associated with bamboo mosaic potexvirus. | a small rna molecule with properties of a satellite rna was found in an isolate of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (bamv-v) from bambusa vulgaris mcclure. this rna (sbamv rna) and the genomic rna of bamv shared no significant sequence homology as assessed by hybridization with cdna probes derived from the genomes of bamv and sbamv rna. replication of sbamv rna in barley protoplasts or chenopodium quinoa was supported by bamv, but not by potato virus x, the type member of the potexvirus group, or other ... | 1994 | 7518162 |
| purification, properties, and subcellular localization of foxtail mosaic potexvirus 26-kda protein. | the open reading frame 2 (orf2) of the potexviral genome encodes a 24- to 26-kda protein which is part of the "triple gene block," a group of overlapping orfs also present in the genomes of the carla-, hordei-, and furoviruses. the product of these orfs is believed to play a role in the cell-to-cell movement of the viruses in host plants. the amino acid sequences of the homologous orf2 products encoded by these related viruses suggest that they specify ntp binding and possibly helicase activitie ... | 1994 | 7522371 |
| small satellite of arabis mosaic virus: autolytic processing of in vitro transcripts of (+) and (-) polarity and infectivity of (+) strand transcripts. | in vitro rna transcripts of both (+) and (-) polarities were obtained from a circularly permuted dimer clone of the small satellite of arabis mosaic virus (sarmv). the transcripts show efficient self-cleavage at the two specific sites in the sequence where the monomers were joined. autolytic processing of the full-length transcript in both orientations releases promoter-proximate fragments (+) or (-) p, promoter-distal fragments (+) or (-) d, and the monomer fragments (+) or (-) m. the presence ... | 1995 | 7531215 |
| detection of beet necrotic yellow vein virus using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. | a diagnostic test based on reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was developed for the detection of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv). a specific 500-base-pair fragment was amplified from the read-through region of the coat protein gene located on rna-2. the viral origin of the amplified product was confirmed by sequencing, with the sequence obtained having 94.5% homology with published sequence data for bnyvv. the assay gave a sensitivity of 800 times th ... | 1995 | 7559854 |
| a subgenomic rna associated with cherry leafroll virus infections. | cherry leafroll nepovirus (clrv) genomic rna 1 (8 kb) and genomic rna 2 (7 kb) have 3' polyadenylate tracts and, extending 5' from the polyadenylate, nearly identical sequences of 1.6 kb termed the 3' common region. we observed rnas 1 and 2 and a third rna of 1.5 kb in nucleic acid extracts of clrv-infected nicotiana tabacum suspension cell protoplasts and chenopodium quinoa plants, using a hybridization probe complementary to 1 kb of the 3' common region. the third rna was partially purified by ... | 1995 | 7645232 |
| biological significance of the seven amino-terminal basic residues of brome mosaic virus coat protein. | inoculation of six brome mosaic virus (bmv) rna3 transcripts with defined deletions in the coat protein (cp) gene to three chenopodium spp demonstrated that synthesis of a functional, encapsidation-competent cp is required for the induction of local lesions. the bmv cp open reading frame contains two in-frame aug codons separated by seven amino acids, resulting in the synthesis of two cps (cp1 and cp2). to elucidate the biological significance of the n-terminal basic region of bmv cp, rna3 varia ... | 1995 | 7645235 |
| efficient replication of the in vitro transcripts from cloned cdna of tomato black ring virus satellite rna requires the 48k satellite rna-encoded protein. | tomato black ring virus isolate l supports the multiplication of a large satellite rna of 1376 nt which has no common features with the two genomic rnas except for the terminal motif 5' vpg uugaaaa and a 3' poly(a) tail. the tbrv sat-rna contains an orf for a protein of 48k which is translated both in vitro and in vivo. to determine the function of the 48k protein we have studied the effect of different mutations introduced in the orf of the cdna clone on the capacity of transcripts to multiply ... | 1993 | 7684878 |
| the multiplication in plants of arabis mosaic virus satellite rna requires the encoded protein. | oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to create two mutations at each of three positions within the open reading frame (orf) of a cdna clone representing a satellite rna from a lilac isolate of arabis mosaic nepovirus (armv). three of the six mutants, in which stop codons were introduced at three different sites, did not direct synthesis of a translation product. the other three mutants, in which stop codons were not introduced, directed synthesis of a translation product (39k) although, ... | 1993 | 7687652 |
| expression, subcellular location and modification of the 50 kda protein encoded by orf2 of the apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus genome. | a putative movement protein of molecular mass 50 kda encoded by the orf2 of the apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (aclsv) genome was expressed in escherichia coli using an expression vector and was then used to produce an antiserum. immunoblot analysis using an antiserum raised against this protein showed that the orf2 protein of aclsv was detected in both cell wall and cell membrane fractions prepared from infected chenopodium quinoa tissues. the orf2 protein from infected tissues had a molecular ... | 1995 | 7782779 |
| the small cysteine-rich protein p14 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus regulates accumulation of rna 2 in cis and coat protein in trans. | the effect of null mutations of the small cysteine-rich protein p14 encoded by rna 2 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus has been investigated using in vitro transcripts of viral rna to infect chenopodium quinoa protoplasts. the p14 mutations down-regulated rna 2 accumulation by approximately 10- to 50-fold. accumulation of minus-strand rna 2 was also diminished but rna 1 accumulation was much less affected. the inhibition of rna 2 accumulation could not be complemented in trans by providing p14 ... | 1995 | 7793082 |
| autocatalytic processing of the 223-kda protein of blueberry scorch carlavirus by a papain-like proteinase. | the first open reading frame of the blueberry scorch carlavirus (bbscv) genome encodes a putative replication-associated protein of 223 kda (p223). a pulse-chase analysis of viral rna translated in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysate revealed that p223 was proteolytically processed. using a full-length orf 1 cdna clone in a coupled in vitro transcription/translation reaction, we confirmed that the orf 1 gene product of bbscv processes autocatalytically. from sequence alignments with phylogenetic ... | 1995 | 7871721 |
| amplification in vivo of brome mosaic virus rnas bearing 3' noncoding region from cucumber mosaic virus. | the 3' noncoding aminoacylatable regions of the three genomic rnas of brome mosaic (bmv) and cucumber mosaic (cmv) viruses are highly conserved and exhibit extensive similarities in their primary and secondary structures. to investigate the functional significance of these conserved features, the 3' 186 nucleotide sequence of fny-cmv rna3 was incorporated into the 3' end of full-length genomic bmv rna2 and rna3 and their replicative competence and infectivity were examined in barley protoplasts ... | 1994 | 8091683 |
| artificial defective interfering rnas derived from rna 2 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus. | long internal deletions were introduced into cloned cdna of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rnas 1-4 and transcripts containing the deletions were tested for their ability to inhibit replication of viral rna in chenopodium quinoa protoplasts and plants. no inhibition was observed with the deletion mutants based on rnas 1, 3 and 4 but the rna 2 deletion mutants all provoked a dramatic inhibition of synthesis of viral rnas 1 and 2. | 1994 | 8198439 |
| partial purification and characterization of foxtail mosaic potexvirus rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) of foxtail mosaic virus (fmv) was partially purified from infected leaves of chenopodium quinoa. the membrane fraction of crude plant extracts contained most of the fmv rdrp activity. additional purification was obtained by solubilization of the rdrp using kcl and dodecyl-sucrose and by centrifugation through a glycerol gradient. the rna template endogenous to rdrp preparations could be removed using micrococcal nuclease but the resulting fraction was unab ... | 1993 | 8249292 |
| biologically active transcripts from cloned cdna of genomic grapevine fanleaf nepovirus rnas. | transcripts were produced in vitro by run-off transcription from full-length cdna of rna1 and rna2 of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (gflv; isolate f13) cloned downstream from a bacteriophage rna polymerase promoter. these transcripts, which possess a 5' terminal cap structure and a non-viral g residue instead of the naturally occurring genome-linked viral protein (vpg), are infectious to chenopodium quinoa protoplasts when inoculated by electroporation. synthetic rna1 alone replicated in protoplas ... | 1993 | 8429300 |
| biological and molecular properties of a pathotype p-1 and a pathotype p-4 isolate of pea seed-borne mosaic virus. | two isolates of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus, dpd1 and ny, were identified as pathotypes p-1 and p-4, respectively, by their infectivity on pisum sativum l. lines homozygous for the recessive resistance genes sbm-1 and sbm-4. the two isolates differed in several biological characteristics. dpd1 induced transient vein clearing, downward rolling of leaflets and internode shortening on p. sativum, whereas ny only caused a slight growth reduction. dpd1 moved systemically in chenopodium quinoa whe ... | 1996 | 8683223 |
| immunodetection of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna3-encoded protein in different host plants and tissues. | the protein p25 open reading frame (orf) of beet necrotic yellow vein virus-bnyvv rna3 was cloned into bacterial expression vector downstream of the 5-'terminus part of beta-galactosidase orf and the expressed p25 fusion protein was used to produce an antiserum. the latter was employed to detect the subcellular location of p25 in mechanically inoculated tetragonia expansa, chenopodium quinoa and sugarbeet leaves by western blot assay. the results showed that p25 was present as a soluble protein ... | 1996 | 8886114 |
| molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. i. characterization of cell-to-cell movement-defective rna3 variants of brome mosaic virus. | to evaluate the extent to which brome mosaic virus (bmv) coat protein (cp) gene is involved in the process of cell-to-cell movement. chenopodium quinoa plants were coinoculated with bmv wild-type rnas 1 and 2 and a rna3 variant containing either the beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene in place of cp (b3/cp-gus), to be subjected to gus analysis, or a deletion in the cp gene to be analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). irrespective of time postinoculation, gus expressed from the subgenom ... | 1996 | 8955048 |
| molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. ii. functional analysis of the amino-terminal arginine-rich motif and its role in encapsidation, movement, and pathology. | the n-terminal region of the brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv) coat protein (cp) contains an arginine-rich motif that is conserved among plant and nonplant viruses and implicated in binding the rna during encapsidation. to elucidate the functional significance of this conserved motif in the bmv cp, a series of deletions encompassing the arginine-rich motif was introduced into a biologically active clone of bmv rna3, and their effect on replication, encapsidation, and infection in plants was examined ... | 1996 | 8955049 |
| deletion of the c-terminal 33 amino acids of cucumber mosaic virus movement protein enables a chimeric brome mosaic virus to move from cell to cell. | the movement protein (mp) gene of brome mosaic virus (bmv) was precisely replaced with that of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv). infectivity tests of the chimeric bmv on chenopodium quinoa, a permissive host for cell-to-cell movement of both bmv and cmv, showed that the chimeric bmv failed to move from cell to cell even though it replicated in protoplasts. a spontaneous mutant of the chimeric bmv that displayed cell-to-cell movement was subsequently obtained from a local lesion during one of the expe ... | 1997 | 9032362 |
| grapevine fanleaf nepovirus p38 putative movement protein is not transiently expressed and is a stable final maturation product in vivo. | the putative 38 kda movement protein (p38) gene, located on the rna2 of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (gflv), was cloned in escherichia coli and expressed as a fusion protein fused to six histidines (6hisp38). this protein was purified and used to produce a specific polyclonal antiserum from which immunoglobulins were isolated by immunoaffinity against the recombinant 6hisp38. western immunoblot analyses on gflv rna2 in vitro maturation products showed that the antibodies were specific for p38 pro ... | 1995 | 9049337 |
| molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. iii. analysis of cell-to-cell movement competence of coat protein defective variants of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. | to determine whether the role of coat protein (cp) in cell-to-cell movement of dicot-adapted cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) is distinct from that of monocot-adapted brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv), two reporter genes, beta-glucuronidase (gus) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), were substituted for the cp in a biologically active clone of ccmv rna3 (c3). primary leaves of nicotiana benthamiana, chenopodium quinoa, and cowpea were co-inoculated with wild-type (wt) ccmv rna 1 a ... | 1997 | 9191853 |
| the enigma of px: a host-dependent cis-acting element with variable effects on tombusvirus rna accumulation. | tomato bushy stunt virus (tbsv) is a small isometric virus that contains a single-stranded rna genome with five major genes. in this study, we have analyzed the importance of an additional small sixth open reading frame (orf) of 207 nucleotides, designated px, which resides at the 3' end of the genome. bioassays showed that deletions or additions of nucleotides at the 5' end of the px gene that were designed to disrupt the orf, or site-specific inactivation of its start codon, all gave rise to t ... | 1997 | 9344907 |
| molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. iv. coat protein exchanges between brome mosaic and cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses exhibit neutral effects in heterologous hosts. | two members of the bromovirus group, brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), selectively infect barley and cowpea, respectively, and also differ in their ability to systemically infect a common permissive host, chenopodium quinoa. ccmv is confined to inoculated leaves of c. quinoa, whereas bmv causes rapid systemic mottling. to examine whether host-specific determinants for systemic movement of bmv and ccmv in each of these hosts are localized in the coat protein (cp), ... | 1997 | 9400617 |
| a single conserved amino acid in the coat protein gene of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus modulates the ability of the virus to move systemically in chenopodium quinoa. | two isolates of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus, dpd1 and ny, which both infect pea (pisum sativum) systemically, differ in their ability to move long distance in chenopodium quinoa. dpd1 spreads to uninoculated leaves, whereas ny is restricted to the inoculated leaves. the ny isolate was found to move from cell to cell infecting all parts of the inoculated leaves, including the petiole. the coat protein (cp) coding region was identified as the determinant of long-distance movement. virus chimer ... | 1998 | 9499805 |
| analysis of plastid dna-like sequences within the nuclear genomes of higher plants. | a wide-ranging examination of plastid (pt)dna sequence homologies within higher plant nuclear genomes (promiscuous dna) was undertaken. digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and southern analysis was used to distinguish plastid and nuclear dna in order to assess the extent of variability of promiscuous sequences within and between plant species. some species, such as gossypium hirsutum (cotton), nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), and chenopodium quinoa, showed homogenity of these se ... | 1998 | 9615455 |
| cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus: i. heterologous complementation experiments provide evidence for specific interactions among the triple gene block proteins. | cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) requires three proteins encoded by a triple gene block (tgb) on viral rna 2. a bnyvv rna 3-derived replicon was used to express movement proteins to functionally substitute for the bnyvv tgb proteins was tested by coinoculation of tgb-defective bnyvv with the various replicons to chenopodium quinoa. trans-heterocomplementation was successful with the movement protein (p30) of tobacco mosaic virus but not with the tubule-forming mov ... | 1998 | 9650295 |
| adjuvant action of chenopodium quinoa saponins on the induction of antibody responses to intragastric and intranasal administered antigens in mice. | saponins extracted from the seed of chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) were studied for their ability to act as mucosal adjuvants upon their intragastric or intranasal administration together with model antigens in mice. quinoa saponins, co-administered intragastrically or intranasally with cholera toxin or ovalbumin, potentiated specific igg and iga antibody responses to the antigens in serum, intestinal and lung secretions. the potentiating effect of the saponins appeared, to some extent, mediated by ... | 1998 | 9681245 |
| genome properties of beet virus q, a new furo-like virus from sugarbeet, determined from unpurified virus. | based solely on the information that beet virus q (bvq) contains tubular particles, the entire nucleotide sequence of its tripartite genome was determined from unpurified virus in ca. 40 ml crude sap from locally infected chenopodium quinoa. a starting sequence for rna 1 was generated using primers corresponding to highly conserved helicase domains in the respective rnas of furo-, pomo-, peclu-, hordei- and tobraviruses, and was extended by a walking random-primed cdna approach. the similarity o ... | 1998 | 9714254 |
| identification of genes involved in replication and movement of peanut clump virus. | the genome of peanut clump pecluvirus (pcv) consists of two messenger rna components which contain, respectively, three and five open reading frames (orfs). inoculation of transcripts from full-length cdna clones derived from the pcv rnas showed that rna-1 is able to replicate in the absence of rna-2 in protoplasts, but both rnas are necessary for plant infection. to investigate the role of different gene products in viral rna replication and movement, transcripts from mutant cdna clones were in ... | 1998 | 9721240 |
| deletions in the conserved amino-terminal basic arm of cucumber mosaic virus coat protein disrupt virion assembly but do not abolish infectivity and cell-to-cell movement. | the n-terminal basic arm of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (cmv) coat protein (cp) contains a conserved arginine-rich motif, which is characteristic of rna binding proteins of several plant and nonplant viruses. to identify regions of the cmv cp n-terminus that are essential for interacting with viral genomic rna, a comprehensive set of mutations was engineered into biologically active clones of cmv rna3 and the behavior of each variant with respect to infectivity, packaging and movement was examin ... | 1998 | 9721241 |
| serological characterization of the 3'-proximal encoded proteins of beet yellows closterovirus. | the 3'-proximal open reading frames (orfs) of beet yellows closterovirus, california isolate (byv-ca), were sequenced and the expression of the corresponding proteins analyzed. the nucleotide sequence of orf 5 (coding for p24) was most conserved compared with orf 7 (coding for p20) and orf 8 (coding for p21) among the isolates analyzed. polyclonal antisera were produced to gst fusion proteins of p24, p20, and p21. accumulation of p24, cp, p20 and p21 was studied in infected tetragonia expansa pl ... | 1998 | 9722879 |
| infectivity of turnip mosaic potyvirus cdna clones and transcripts on the systemic host arabidopsis thaliana and local lesion hosts. | full-length cdna clones of turnip mosaic virus were assembled under the control of t7 or 35s promoter. the 35s or nopaline synthase terminator signals were introduced downstream the full length cdna controlled by 35s promoter. both the capped in vitro transcripts from t7 controlled template, and the cdnas from 35s controlled plasmids were infectious on arabidopis thaliana plants according to systemically induced symptoms and to elisa assays. the cdnas from 35s controlled plasmids induced local l ... | 1998 | 9725673 |
| mutations in the n terminus of the brome mosaic virus polymerase affect genetic rna-rna recombination. | previously, we have observed that mutations in proteins 1a and 2a, the two virally encoded components of the brome mosaic virus (bmv) replicase, can affect the frequency of recombination and the locations of rna recombination sites (p. d. nagy, a. dzianott, p. ahlquist, and j. j. bujarski, j. virol. 69:2547-2556, 1995; m. figlerowicz, p. d. nagy, and j. j. bujarski, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 94:2073-2078, 1997). also, it was found before that the n-terminal domain of 2a, the putative rna polyme ... | 1998 | 9765466 |
| molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. | brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv) and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (cmv) are structurally and genetically very similar. the specificity of the bmv and cmv coat proteins (cps) during in vivo encapsidation was studied using two rna3 chimera in which the respective cp genes were exchanged. the replicative competence of each chimera was analyzed in nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts, and their ability to cause infections was examined in two common permissive hosts, chenopodium quinoa and n. benthamiana. e ... | 1998 | 9837807 |
| transmission of raspberry bushy dwarf virus by seed of chenopodium quinoa. | | 1998 | 9842450 |
| evolution of bamboo mosaic virus in a nonsystemic host results in mutations in the helicase-like domain that cause reduced rna accumulation. | a mutant population of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (bamv) was isolated after serial passage using chenopodium quinoa plants. while the wild type inoculum induced indistinct chlorotic lesions, the mutant produced obvious lesions on c. quinoa although rna accumulation of the mutant in nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts was significantly reduced compared to wild type. mutations were identified in the helicase-like domain. one rt-pcr-generated cdna clone (designated pl1-33) representing the helicase-lik ... | 1998 | 9879769 |
| in vivo detection, rna-binding properties and characterization of the rna-binding domain of the p7 putative movement protein from carnation mottle carmovirus (carmv). | biochemical and structural characterization studies on the p7 putative movement protein from a spanish isolate of carnation mottle carmovirus (carmv) have been conducted. the carmv p7 gene was fused to a sequence coding for a six-histidine tag and expressed in bacteria, allowing the purification of carmv p7 and the production of a specific antiserum. this antiserum led to the immunological identification of carmv p7 in infected leaf tissue from the experimental host chenopodium quinoa. putative ... | 1999 | 10069961 |
| the nine c-terminal residues of the grapevine fanleaf nepovirus movement protein are critical for systemic virus spread. | the grapevine fanleaf virus (gflv) rna2-encoded polyprotein p2 is proteolytically cleaved by the rna1-encoded proteinase to yield protein 2a, 2b(mp) movement protein and 2c(cp) coat protein. to further investigate the role of the 2b(mp) and 2c(cp) proteins in virus movement, rna2 was engineered by alternatively replacing the gflv 2b(mp) and 2c(cp) genes with their counterparts from the closely related arabis mosaic virus (armv). transcripts of all chimeric rna2s were able to replicate in chenopo ... | 1999 | 10374950 |
| effects of structural modifications upon the accumulation in planta of replicons derived from beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna 3. | beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) rna 3 from which all but the 3' and 5' 'core' replication origins (promoters) have been deleted replicates when coinoculated to chenopodium quinoa with viral rnas 1 and 2. the resulting 'replicon' can be used to express inserted heterologous sequences in planta. the effects of alterations of replicon structure on its efficiency of accumulation in planta were examined. inclusion of up to approximately 240 nucleotides of sequence from the region immediately ... | 1999 | 10446653 |
| a simple and reliable protocol for the detection of apple stem grooving virus by rt-pcr and in a multiplex pcr assay. | primers were identified which amplify specifically a 499 bp fragment in the coat protein coding region of apple stem grooving virus (asgv) genome. these primers were used in various rt-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analyses for the detection of asgv in chenopodium quinoa, nicotiana occidentalis, and in species of malus and pyrus. isolates of asgv in malus and pyrus from locations in canada, china, israel, japan, nepal, pakistan, south africa, and the u.s.a. were reliably detected in leaf and b ... | 1999 | 10598077 |
| the cognate coat protein is required for cell-to-cell movement of a chimeric brome mosaic virus mediated by the cucumber mosaic virus movement protein. | cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (cmv) and brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv) have many similarities, including the three-dimensional structure of virions, genome organizations, and requirement of the coat protein (cp) for cell-to-cell movement. we have shown that a chimeric bmv with the cmv 3a movement protein (mp) gene instead of its own cannot move from cell to cell in chenopodium quinoa, a common permissive host for both bmv and cmv. another chimeric bmv was constructed by replacing both mp and cp gen ... | 1999 | 10600595 |
| processing of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa, willd): effects on in vitro iron availability and phytate hydrolysis. | the effect of different processing techniques was studied on in vitro iron availability and phytate hydrolysis in high and low saponin content quinoa (chenopodium quinoa, willd) seeds. water slurries of ungerminated and germinated quinoa flour were processed by cooking, soaking, and fermentation using lactobacillus plantarum as starter. iron solubility under physiological conditions (in vitro) was measured and used as an estimation of iron availability. phytate (inositol hexaphosphate/ip6) and i ... | 1999 | 10627836 |
| apple chlorotic leaf spot virus 50 kda protein is targeted to plasmodesmata and accumulates in sieve elements in transgenic plant leaves. | we investigated the in situ localization of the 50 kda protein encoded by orf2 of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (aclsv) genome which is thought to be a movement protein. in immunogold electron microscopy of aclsv-infected chenopodium quinoa leaves, the 50 kda protein was localized on plasmodesmata and nearby cytoplasm. observation of transgenic nicotiana occidentalis leaves expressing the 50 kda protein fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) by fluorescence and confocal laser scann ... | 1999 | 10664400 |
| molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. | specific interactions are likely to occur between the highly conserved n-proximal arginine-rich motif (arm) of brome mosaic virus (bmv) coat protein (cp) and each of three genomic rnas and a single subgenomic rna during in vivo encapsidation. to characterize these interactions, three independent deletions were engineered into a biologically active clone of bmv rna3 (b3) such that the matured cp of each b3 variant precisely lacks either the entire arm (b3/delta919) or two consecutive arginine res ... | 2000 | 10792997 |
| p42 movement protein of beet necrotic yellow vein virus is targeted by the movement proteins p13 and p15 to punctate bodies associated with plasmodesmata. | cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) is driven by a set of three movement proteins--p42, p13, and p15--organized into a triple gene block (tgb) on viral rna 2. the first tgb protein, p42, has been fused to the green fluorescent protein (gfp) and fusion proteins between p42 and gfp were expressed from a bnyvv rna 3-based replicon during virus infection. gfp-p42, in which the gfp was fused to the p42 n terminus, could drive viral cell-to-cell movement when the copy of t ... | 2000 | 10796018 |
| intracellular distribution, cell-to-cell trafficking and tubule-inducing activity of the 50 kda movement protein of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus fused to green fluorescent protein. | the 50 kda protein (50kp) encoded by orf2 of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (aclsv) fused to green fluorescent protein (gfp) was expressed transiently in cells of nicotiana occidentalis and chenopodium quinoa leaves. its intracellular distribution, cell-to-cell trafficking in leaf epidermis and tubule formation on the surface of protoplasts were analysed. the 50kp-gfp fluorescence was distributed as small irregular spots or a fibrous network structure on the periphery of epidermal cells and pro ... | 2000 | 10900048 |
| generation of subgenomic rna directed by a satellite rna associated with bamboo mosaic potexvirus: analyses of potexvirus subgenomic rna promoter. | satellite rna of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (satbamv), a single-stranded positive-sense rna encoding a nonstructural protein of 20 kda (p20), depends on bamboo mosaic potexvirus (bamv) for replication and encapsidation. a full-length cdna clone of satbamv was used to examine the sequences required for the synthesis of potexvirus subgenomic rnas (sgrnas). subgenomic promoter-like sequences (sgps), 107 nucleotides (nt) upstream from the capsid protein (cp) gene of bamv-v, were inserted upstream of t ... | 2000 | 11044078 |
| functional analyses and identification of two arginine residues essential to the atp-utilizing activity of the triple gene block protein 1 of bamboo mosaic potexvirus. | the tgbp1 of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (bamv) is encoded by the first overlapping gene of the triple-gene-block (tgb), whose products are thought to play roles in virus movement between plant cells. this protein forms cytoplasmic inclusions associated with virus particles in the bamv-infected tissues. it has been proposed that the inclusion is one of the active forms of tgbp1. to prove this idea, we purified the tgbp1 inclusions from both the bamv-infected chenopodium quinoa and escherichia coli ... | 2000 | 11080481 |
| an evaluation of edta compounds for iron fortification of cereal-based foods. | fe absorption was measured in adult human subjects consuming different cereal foods fortified with radiolabelled feso4, ferrous fumarate or nafeedta, or with radiolabelled feso4 or ferric pyrophosphate in combination with different concentrations of na2edta. mean fe absorption from wheat, wheat-soyabean and quinoa (chenopodium quinoa) infant cereals fortified with feso4 or ferrous fumarate ranged from 0.6 to 2.2%. for each infant cereal, mean fe absorption from ferrous fumarate was similar to th ... | 2000 | 11177208 |
| an ophiovirus isolated from lettuce with big-vein symptoms. | big-vein is a widespread and damaging disease of lettuce, transmitted through soil by the chytrid fungus olpidium brassicae, and generally supposed to be caused by lettuce big-vein virus (lbvv; genus varicosavirus). this virus is reported to have rigid rod-shaped particles, a divided double-stranded rna genome, and one capsid protein of 48 kd, but has not been isolated or rigorously shown to cause the disease. we provide evidence that a totally different virus, here named mirafiori lettuce virus ... | 2000 | 11205109 |
| nucleotide sequence and infectious cdna clone of the l1 isolate of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus isolate l1 has been determined from cloned virus cdna. the psbmv l1 genome is 9895 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(a) tail. computer analysis of the sequence revealed a single long open reading frame (orf) of 9594 nucleotides. the orf potentially encodes a polyprotein of 3198 amino acids with a deduced mr of 363537. nine putative proteolytic cleavage sites were identified by analogy to consensus sequences and genome arr ... | 2001 | 11266209 |
| a recessive allele inhibiting saponin synthesis in two lines of bolivian quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.). | quinoa cultivars currently grown in north america and europe require removal of bitter-tasting saponins from the grain prior to human consumption. this need for postharvest processing is a barrier to expanding production of the crop outside its andean area of origin. grain saponin content in quinoa shows continuous variation and is considered to be a quantitative trait. however, segregation for the presence or absence of grain saponin in f2 generations derived from crosses between high- and low- ... | 2001 | 11336236 |
| identification and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from chenopodium quinoa. | at least 16 saponins were detected in the seeds of chenopodium quinoa. the 5 previously isolated major saponins, 3-o-beta-d-glucuronopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-l-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranosyl phytolaccagenic acid 28-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-l-ar ... | 2001 | 11368598 |
| development of a highly sensitive nested rt-pcr method for beet necrotic yellow vein virus detection. | a diagnostic test incorporating reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) was developed for the detection of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv). the rt-pcr used the primers designed by (henry et al., j. virol. methods 54 (1995)15) but refinements were made to the protocol including simplification of the extraction method, the use of standard reagents and adoption of a one-step procedure. none of these changes impaired sensitivity or ... | 2001 | 11377723 |
| quasispecies nature of the genome of grapevine fanleaf virus. | genetic diversity was characterized in 14 isolates of grapevine fanleaf virus (gflv) recovered from grapevine (vitis vinifera). virions were collected by immunocapture, and a 1557 bp fragment containing part of the viral coat protein gene and part of the untranslated region to its 3' side was amplified by rt-pcr. sequence variation among isolates was characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and by sequencing. the avaii-generated rflp patterns from the various iso ... | 2001 | 11413392 |
| analysis of the triple gene block and coat protein sequences of two strains of kalanchoë latent carlavirus. | a region of the kalanchoë latent carlavirus (klv) genome, containing the coding capacity for the triple gene block and the coat protein, was cloned and sequenced for two isolates, the one infecting chenopodium quinoa systemically whereas the other infects c. quinoa locally. the sequence confirmed the classification of klv as a carlavirus. there was the highest identity in the amino acid sequences to the carlaviruses potato rough dwarf virus, lily latent virus, lily symptomless virus, blueberry s ... | 2001 | 11450944 |
| the nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of citrus leaf blotch virus: candidate type species for a new virus genus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of citrus leaf blotch virus (clbv) was determined. clbv genomic rna (grna) has 8747 nt, excluding the 3'-terminal poly(a) tail, and contains three open reading frames (orfs) and untranslated regions (utr) of 73 and 541 nucleotides at the 5' and 3' termini, respectively. orf1 potentially encodes a 227.4-kda polypeptide, which has methyltransferase, papain-like protease, helicase, and rna-dependent rna polymerase motifs. orf2 encodes a 40.2-kda polypeptide containi ... | 2001 | 11504557 |
| rapid screening for dominant negative mutations in the beet necrotic yellow vein virus triple gene block proteins p13 and p15 using a viral replicon. | point mutations were introduced into the genes encoding the triple gene bock movement proteins p13 and p15 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv). mutations which disabled viral cell-to-cell movement in chenopodium quinoa were then tested for their ability to act as dominant negative inhibiters of movement of wild-type bnyvv when expressed from a co-inoculated bnyvv rna 3-based replicon. for p13, three types of mutation inhibited the movement function: non-synomynous mutations in the n- and ... | 2001 | 11592709 |
| heterothallism in peronospora farinosa f.sp. chenopodii, the causal agent of downy mildew of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa). | heterothallism in peronospora farinosa f.sp. chenopodii, the causal agent of downy mildew of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa) is reported for the first time. downy mildew is the most important disease of this crop in the andean region. eight single-lesion isolates from different regions in peru and bolivia were crossed in all possible combinations using a detached leaf assay, to determine the mating system of the downy mildew pathogen. the presence of two mating types, p1 and p2, was revealed showing ... | 2001 | 11688216 |
| characterization and complete nucleotide sequence of strawberry mottle virus: a tentative member of a new family of bipartite plant picorna-like viruses. | an isolate of strawberry mottle virus (smov) was transferred from fragaria vesca to nicotiana occidentalis and chenopodium quinoa by mechanical inoculation. electron micrographs of infected tissues showed the presence of isometric particles of approximately 28 nm in diameter. smov-associated tubular structures were also conspicuous, particularly in the plasmodesmata of c. quinoa. dsrna extraction of smov-infected n. occidentalis yielded two bands of 6.3 and 7.8 kbp which were cloned and sequence ... | 2002 | 11752720 |
| red fluorescent protein dsred from discosoma sp. as a reporter protein in higher plants. | gfp from aequorea victoria is a standard genetic marker widely used to visualize cellular events in a noninvasive manner. for simultaneous imaging of different processes, in vivo mutants of gfp with shifted wavelength spectra (e.g., blue fluorescent protein) are conventionally used. the recently reported red fluorescent protein from discosoma sp., dsred, represents a new marker that can be used together with gfp variants for multicolor imaging. dsred is an interesting marker protein for use in p ... | 2002 | 11848404 |
| the nutritional quality of an infant food from quinoa and its effect on the plasma level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1) in undernourished children. | an infant food product was manufactured by drum drying a pre-cooked slurry of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa, willd) flour. the chemical composition shows that the product is a potential source of valuable nutrients, like protein (16%), vitamin e (19 mg/kg), thiamine (0.7 mg/100 g), iron (70 mg/kg), zinc (48 mg/kg) and magnesium (1.8 g/kg), all the values expressed on dry basis, to pre-school children (of 5 years of age). the animal feeding experiments with rats showed a net protein utilisation (npu ... | 2002 | 11939108 |
| in vivo accumulation of broad bean wilt virus 2 vp37 protein and its ability to bind single-stranded nucleic acid. | the vp37 protein encoded by the rna2 of broad bean wilt virus 2 (bbwv2) was overexpressed in escherichia coli. the protein was purified and a polyclonal antibody specific for the protein was produced. time course studies by western blot assays in bbwv2-infected chenopodium quinoa leaves showed that the vp37 protein was present in cells of the inoculated leaves by 12 h post inoculation and in cells of systemically-infected leaves by 2 days post inoculation. the protein was able to accumulate to a ... | 2002 | 12021864 |
| reassortment between genetically distinct japanese and us strains of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus: rna1 from a japanese strain and rna2 from a us strain make a pseudorecombinant virus. | soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (sbwmv), the type species of the genus furovirus, has a plus-sense bipartite rna genome. japanese and us strains of sbwmv are genetically distantly related, despite their biologically identical properties. here we report formation of a pseudorecombinant virus consisting of rna1 from a japanese strain and rna2 from a us strain, using infectious in vitro transcripts for both strains. full-length infectious cdna clones for a japanese strain were previously constructed ... | 2002 | 12111425 |
| toward sustainable production of protein-rich foods: appraisal of eight crops for western europe. part i. analysis of the primary links of the production chain. | increased production of plant protein is required to support the production of protein-rich foods that can replace meat in the human diet to reduce the strain that intensive animal husbandry poses to the environment. the suitability of lupin (lupinus spp.), pea (pisum sativum), quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.), triticale (x triticosecale), lucerne (medicago sativa), grasses (lolium and festuca spp.), rapeseed/canola (brassica napus), and potato (solanum tuberosum) for protein production in wes ... | 2002 | 12180778 |
| the p23 protein of hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus is indispensable for host-specific replication. | hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (hcrsv) possesses a novel open reading frame (orf) which encodes a putative 23-kda protein (p23). we report here the in vivo detection of p23 and demonstrate its essential role in viral replication. the expression of p23 could be detected in protein extracts from transfected kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus l.) protoplasts and in hcrsv-infected leaves. further, direct immunoblotting of infected kenaf leaves also showed the presence of p23, and transient expression in ... | 2002 | 12414971 |
| covariation in the capsid protein of hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus induced by serial passaging in a host that restricts movement leads to avirulence in its systemic host. | hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (hcrsv) from naturally infected hibiscus rosa-sinensis l. loses virulence in its experimental systemic host hibiscus cannabinus l. (kenaf) after serial passages in a local lesion host chenopodium quinoa. here we report the genetic changes responsible for the loss of virulence at the molecular level. a remarkable covariation of eight site-specific amino acids was found in the hcrsv capsid protein (cp) after serial passages in c. quinoa: val(49)-->ile, ile(95)-->v ... | 2002 | 12414972 |
| use of meristem tip culture to eliminate carnation latent virus from carnation plants. | a successful protocol for meristem tip culture to eliminate carnation latent virus from carnation cv. scania has been described . the virus was found to be mechanically transmissible to chenopodium quinoa, c. amaranticolor, dianthus barbatus and saponaria vaccaria. murashige and skoog'smedium (ms) supplemented with naa (1.0 microm) and kn (20.0 microm) proved best for meristem establishment and microshoots were rooted in ms medium supplemented with iba (5.0 microm). meristems measuring 0.1 and-0 ... | 2002 | 12561983 |
| preliminary attempts to biolistic inoculation of grapevine fanleaf virus. | biolistics has been studied to inoculate grapevine fanleaf virus (gflv), a nepovirus, to its natural woody host, vitis sp., and its herbaceous host, chenopodium quinoa. at first, bombardment conditions for in vitro and greenhouse grown plants were set using the uida reporter gene. the infectious feature of the cartridges was then evaluated by studying infection of c. quinoa plants. systemic infection was obtained with either gflv particles or rna extracts in experimental conditions which gave al ... | 2003 | 12565151 |
| spatio-temporal analysis of the rnas, coat and movement (p7) proteins of carnation mottle virus in chenopodium quinoa plants. | time-course and in situ hybridization analyses were used to study the spatio-temporal distribution of carnation mottle virus (carmv) in chenopodium quinoa plants. genomic and subgenomic rnas of plus polarity accumulated linearly with time, whereas the corresponding minus strands reached a peak during infection in inoculated leaves. analyses of serial tissue sections showed that plus polarity strands were localized throughout the infection area, whereas minus strands were localized at the borders ... | 2003 | 12604827 |
| structural and mutational analyses of cis-acting sequences in the 5'-untranslated region of satellite rna of bamboo mosaic potexvirus. | the satellite rna of bamboo mosaic virus (satbamv) contains on open reading frame for a 20-kda protein that is flanked by a 5'-untranslated region (utr) of 159 nucleotides (nt) and a 3'-utr of 129 nt. a secondary structure was predicted for the 5'-utr of satbamv rna, which folds into a large stem-loop (lsl) and a small stem-loop. enzymatic probing confirmed the existence of lsl (nt 8-138) in the 5'-utr. the essential cis-acting sequences in the 5'-utr required for satbamv rna replication were de ... | 2003 | 12832220 |
| towards sustainable production of protein-rich foods: appraisal of eight crops for western europe. part ii: analysis of the technological aspects of the production chain. | increased production of plant protein is required to support the production of protein-rich foods which can replace meat in the human diet to reduce the strain that intensive animal husbandry poses on the environment. the suitability of lupin (lupinus spp.), pea (pisum sativum), quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.), triticale (x triticosecale), lucerne (medicago sativa), grasses (lolium and festuca spp.), rapeseed/canola (brassica napus) and potato (solanum tuberosum) for protein production in wes ... | 2003 | 14653492 |
| arg-16 and arg-21 in the n-terminal region of the triple-gene-block protein 1 of bamboo mosaic virus are essential for virus movement. | the protein encoded by the first gene of the triple gene block (tgbp1) of potexviruses is required for movement of the viruses. it has been reported that single arg-->ala substitutions at position 11, 16 or 21 of tgbp1 of bamboo mosaic virus (bamv) eliminate its rna-binding activity, while substitutions at position 16 or 21 only affect its ntpase activity (liou et al., virology 277, 336-344, 2000). however, it remains unclear whether these arg-->ala substitutions also affect the movement of bamv ... | 2004 | 14718640 |