| discordant results from hepatitis c virus genotyping by procedures based on amplification of different genomic regions. | we compared the results of genotyping hepatitis c virus (hcv) either by pcr amplification of the core region or by hybridization of pcr-amplified products of the 5' untranslated region (5'utr assay). serum samples from 144 italian anti-hcv-positive patients (106 drug abusers and 38 patients with chronic viral liver disease but no history of drug abuse) were studied. the original core region assay described by okamoto et al. (h. y. okamoto, y. sugiyama, s. okada, k. kurai, y. akahane, y. sugai, t ... | 1996 | 8880484 |
| a novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis e virus. | a novel virus, designated swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), was identified in pigs. swine hev crossreacts with antibody to the human hev capsid antigen. swine hev is a ubiquitous agent and the majority of swine >/=3 months of age in herds from the midwestern united states were seropositive. young pigs naturally infected by swine hev were clinically normal but had microscopic evidence of hepatitis, and developed viremia prior to seroconversion. the entire orfs 2 and 3 were amplified by reverse ... | 1997 | 9275216 |
| experimental infection of pigs with the newly identified swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), but not with human strains of hev. | a novel virus of pigs, swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), was recently identified and shown to be antigenically and genetically related to human hev. in the present study, we attempted to infect specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs experimentally with swine hev or with human strains of hev. serum samples collected from naturally infected pigs were used as the source of swine hev. pigs inoculated intravenously with serum samples containing swine hev seroconverted to anti-hev 4 to 8 weeks postinocu ... | 1998 | 9722883 |
| genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis e virus. | prior to the recent discovery of the swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev) in pigs from the midwestern united states, hev was not considered endemic to this country. since swine hev is antigenically and genetically related to human strains of hev, it was important to characterize this new virus further. the infectivity titer of a pool of swine hev in pigs was determined in order to prepare a standardized reagent and to evaluate the dose response in pigs. although the sequence of swine hev varied e ... | 1998 | 9811705 |
| serological evidence for swine hepatitis e virus infection in australian pig herds. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted human pathogen, with some similarities to caliciviruses. a variant of hev was recently identified in pigs in the usa, infecting almost 100% of animals in commercial herds. phylogenetic analysis suggests that this is a true 'swine hev' distinct from the human virus, but the swine virus may also infect man. using an in-house elisa based on a highly conserved, recombinant hev protein, we have examined collections of sera from australian pigs for ... | 1999 | 10501166 |
| identity of a novel swine hepatitis e virus in taiwan forming a monophyletic group with taiwan isolates of human hepatitis e virus. | recently, we found that more than 10% of the cases of acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in taiwan were caused by a novel strain of hepatitis e virus (hev). since none of these patients had a history of travel to areas where hev is endemic, the source of transmission remains unclear. the recent discovery of a swine hev in herd pigs in the united states has led us to speculate that hev may also circulate in herd pigs in taiwan and may serve as a reservoir for hev in taiwan. of 275 herd pigs obta ... | 1999 | 10565892 |
| clinical and epidemiological implications of swine hepatitis e virus infection. | in nonendemic areas, most patients with acute hepatitis e were infected through traveling to endemic areas. however, some patients did not have a history of foreign travel before infection. furthermore, high seroprevalence rates of antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) were found in the general adult population in some countries without any recorded outbreak of hepatitis e. the significance of anti-hev assay in these subjects remains obscure. to study if swine might be a source of hev infecti ... | 2000 | 10596016 |
| xenotransplantation and the potential risk of xenogeneic transmission of porcine viruses. | the clinical success of allotransplantation and the shortage of donor organs have led to a proposal for the use of animal organs as alternative therapeutic materials for humans. in that regard, swine are preferable to non-human primates as a source of donor organs. while applications for clinical trials for xenotransplantation have not yet been received in canada, several trials have already been authorized in the united states. a major concern, however, is the potential for xenogeneic transmiss ... | 2000 | 11041495 |
| detection and characterisation of swine hepatitis e virus in new zealand. | the objectives of the present study were to establish the presence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in new zealand pigs, first by testing for hev antibody in pig herds throughout new zealand to measure the herd prevalence, then by attempting to amplify hev genomic sequences by pcr. antibody was measured by two independently designed elisa serology tests. hev rna fragments were amplified by rt-pcr of nucleic acid extracted from faeces of 10-12-week-old piglets using primers targeting orf1, orf2, and or ... | 2001 | 11596088 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies in canadian swine herds and identification of a novel variant of swine hepatitis e virus. | swine hepatitis e virus is a newly identified potentially zoonotic virus from pigs of particular concern for possible direct transmission to a human xenotransplant recipient by organ transplantation. in the present study, prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis e virus was examined in canadian swine herds. a total of 998 serum samples collected from 6-month-old healthy slaughter hogs were examined by enzyme immunoassay and western blot analysis for antibodies to the recombinant open reading ... | 2001 | 11687465 |
| analysis of the complete genome of indigenous swine hepatitis e virus isolated in japan. | using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers derived from well-conserved genomic areas among all four hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes (i-iv), the hev sequence was identified in serum samples obtained from 3 (3%) out of 95 60- to 90-day-old pigs in japan and characterized molecularly. in the partial sequence of open reading frame (orf) 2 of 421 nucleotides, the three swine isolates (swj570, swj681, and swj791) showed the highest similarity of 83-87% to genotype iii hev rep ... | 2001 | 11741279 |
| determination of the nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' and 3' ends of swine hepatitis e virus genome. | the nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' and 3' ends of swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev) genome were determined, and genomic sequence of swine hev is now complete. sequence analysis revealed that the 3' and 5' non-coding regions (ncrs) of swine hev are closely related to that of the us-1 and us-2 strains of human hev. like the two u.s. strains of human hev, an extra g residue immediately proceeding the poly(a) tail was identified in swine hev. the 5' ncr of swine hev also differed from many ... | 2001 | 11811693 |
| use of a swine bioassay and a rt-pcr assay to assess the risk of transmission of swine hepatitis e virus in pigs. | the objective of this study was to assess the risk of transmission of swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev) to naïve pigs by inoculation with tissues or feces collected from pigs infected experimentally with swine hev. seventy-five, 3-week-old pigs were assigned randomly to 24 groups of 3-4 pigs and inoculated with homogenates of tissues (liver, heart, pancreas, or skeletal muscle) or a suspension of feces from swine hev-infected pigs collected at 3, 7, 14, 20, 27, or 55 days post inoculation (dpi ... | 2002 | 11849685 |
| detection by reverse transcription-pcr and genetic characterization of field isolates of swine hepatitis e virus from pigs in different geographic regions of the united states. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important public health concern in many developing countries. hev is also endemic in some industrialized counties, including the united states. with our recent discovery of swine hev in pigs that is genetically closely related to human hev, hepatitis e is now considered a zoonotic disease. human strains of hev are genetically heterogenic. so far in the united states, only one strain of swine hev has been identified and characterized from a pig. to determine the exte ... | 2002 | 11923352 |
| genetic characterization and sequence heterogeneity of a canadian isolate of swine hepatitis e virus. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is a newly identified potentially zoonotic agent that is possibly transmitted to humans from pigs. swine hev is prevalent in pig populations and does not cause abnormal clinical symptoms in infected pigs, further implicating a likelihood of a risk of transmission to humans by normal contact. to date in north america, only one strain of swine hev (strain us swine) has been fully sequenced. in the present study, we identified a swine hev isolate from pigs in canada, d ... | 2002 | 12409369 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid antigens derived from viruses of human and swine origin are equally efficient for detecting anti-hev by enzyme immunoassay. | the recombinant truncated orf2 (capsid) antigen derived from the meng strain of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) differs from that of the sar-55 strain of human hev by approximately 5% at the amino acid level. serial serum samples from two chimpanzees and six rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with hev were tested with one enzyme immunoassay (eia) based on the sar-55 antigen and with a second eia based on the meng antigen. we obtained 98% agreement (kappa = 0.952) by direct comparison. the virt ... | 2002 | 12454155 |
| identification of a genotype iii swine hepatitis e virus that was isolated from a japanese pig born in 1990 and that is most closely related to japanese isolates of human hepatitis e virus. | | 2003 | 12624083 |
| swine hepatitis e virus strains in japan form four phylogenetic clusters comparable with those of japanese isolates of human hepatitis e virus. | japanese patients with sporadic acute hepatitis e are infected with polyphyletic strains of hepatitis e virus (hev). hepatitis e is considered a zoonotic disease. thus far in japan, only three strains of swine hev have been identified and an antibody study for hev antibodies has not been done on japanese pigs. to determine the prevalence of swine hev infection in japan and the extent of genetic variation among japanese swine hev strains, we tested serum samples obtained from 2500 pigs from 2 to ... | 2003 | 12655086 |
| localization of swine hepatitis e virus in liver and extrahepatic tissues from naturally infected pigs by in situ hybridization. | the objective of this study was to detect and localize the swine hepatitis e virus (hev) in the liver and extrahepatic tissues from 20 pigs naturally infected with swine hev. | 2003 | 12763377 |
| identification of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) and prevalence of anti-hev antibodies in swine and human populations in korea. | the swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is considered to be a new zoonotic agent due to its close genomic resemblance to the human hev and its ability to infect nonhuman primates. hepatitis caused by hev infection has been a serious public health problem in developing countries. however, recent seroprevalence studies indicate that the hev also circulates in industrialized countries. in this study, a nested reverse transcription (rt)-pcr was developed to detect a part of the swine hev open reading fram ... | 2003 | 12904362 |
| swine hepatitis e virus: cross-species infection and risk in xenotransplantation. | swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), a ubiquitous agent recently discovered in pigs, is antigenically and genetically closely related to the human hev. swine hev infection in pigs generally occurs at about 2-3 months of age, and about 80%-100% of the pigs in commercial farms in the usa were infected. swine hev infections have now been recognized in pigs in many other countries of the world. interspecies transmission has been documented, as swine hev infects non-human primates and some strains of ... | 2003 | 12934945 |
| experimental infection of pregnant gilts with swine hepatitis e virus. | to determine the effect of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) infection on pregnant gilts, their fetuses, and offspring, 12 gilts were intravenously inoculated with swine hev. six gilts, who were not inoculated, served as controls. all inoculated gilts became actively infected and shed hev in feces, but vertical transmission was not detected in the fetuses. there was no evidence of clinical disease in the gilts or their offspring. mild multifocal lymphohistiocytic hepatitis was observed in 4 of 12 in ... | 2003 | 14620868 |
| development of nested rt-pcr for the detection of swine hepatitis e virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and comparison with in situ hybridization. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from naturally infected pigs by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the results for seminested rt-pcr were compared with those determined by in situ hybridization. the results obtained show that use of xylene deparaffinization, digestion with proteinase k followed by nested rt-pcr is a reliable detection method. swine hev nucleic acid was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embed ... | 2004 | 14656462 |
| porcine circovirus-2 and concurrent infections in the field. | porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is the necessary cause of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine; however, a variety of co-factors, including other infectious agents, are thought to be necessary in the full expression of disease. porcine parvovirus (ppv) was found in the inoculum used in the first experiments to reproduce pmws in gnotobiotic swine. retrospective and prospective studies in the field and laboratory have demonstrated pcv-2 can act synergistically with ppv to enhan ... | 2004 | 14741128 |
| immunohistochemistry for the detection of swine hepatitis e virus in the liver. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) antigen was detected immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hepatic tissue from 30 naturally infected pigs. thirty pigs from 30 different herds were selected on the basis of positive results for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. positive cells typically exhibited a red reaction product in the cytoplasm without any observable background staining. swine hev antigen was consistently detected in liver from all 30 pigs tested. a strong ... | 2004 | 15117329 |
| human and porcine hepatitis e virus strains, united kingdom. | we describe a case of acquired infection of a strain of hepatitis e virus (hev) with a 100% amino acid identity to the analogous region in strains of hev circulating in a united kingdom pig herd. this case further supports the theory that autochthonous hev infection in industrialized countries is zoonotic. | 2004 | 15200841 |
| complete sequence of a kyrgyzstan swine hepatitis e virus (hev) isolated from a piglet thought to be experimentally infected with human hev. | hepatitis e virus (hev) was identified by rt-pcr amplification with degenerate orf2 primers in the stool of a piglet experimentally inoculated with a stool suspension from a patient with acute hepatitis during an outbreak of non-a, non-b hepatitis in kyrgyzstan. further characterization by sequencing of the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis showed that the piglet isolate was most closely related to hev genotype 3. because the original human stool specimen used to inoculate the piglet was ... | 2004 | 15484284 |
| routes of transmission of swine hepatitis e virus in pigs. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is believed to be transmitted by the fecal-oral route in pigs. to date, in experiments, hev has been transmitted successfully only by the intravenous or intrahepatic route. to assess the route of hev transmission, 27 pigs were separated into nine groups of three pigs. positive-control pigs were inoculated intravenously with swine hev and served as the source of hev for the other groups. uninoculated contact pigs were placed in the positive-control group. on three consecut ... | 2004 | 15528694 |
| capped rna transcripts of full-length cdna clones of swine hepatitis e virus are replication competent when transfected into huh7 cells and infectious when intrahepatically inoculated into pigs. | swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), the first animal strain of hev to be isolated, is a zoonotic agent. we report here the construction and in vitro and in vivo characterizations of infectious cdna clones of swine hev. eight overlapping fragments spanning the entire genome were amplified by reverse transcription-pcr and assembled into a full-length cdna clone, clone c, which contained 14 mutations compared to the consensus sequence of swine hev. rna transcripts from clone c were not infectious, ... | 2005 | 15650181 |
| correlation between positivity for immunoglobulin a antibodies and viraemia of swine hepatitis e virus observed among farm pigs in japan. | to evaluate the usefulness of detection of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) to screen for viraemic pigs, serum samples obtained from 1425 1-6-month-old pigs in japan were tested for swine hev rna and igg, igm and iga classes of anti-hev antibody. fifty-five (5 %) of the 1071 2-5-month-old pigs were positive for swine hev rna, but none of 218 1-month-old pigs or 136 6-month-old pigs had detectable hev rna. the prevalence of anti-hev igg among the viraemic pigs (67 %, 37/55) was similar to th ... | 2005 | 15914860 |
| infectious swine hepatitis e virus is present in pig manure storage facilities on united states farms, but evidence of water contamination is lacking. | fresh feces, manure slurry (from earthen lagoons and/or concrete pits), and drinking and surface water samples were collected from 28 pig farms in the midwestern united states. all samples were tested for hepatitis e virus (hev) rna by reverse transcription-pcr. seven of 28 farms had fecal samples that contained hev. of 22 farms where pit samples were accessible, 15 contained hev, and of 8 farms that had lagoons, 3 contained hev. the highest virus titers were 10 and 10(3) genome equivalents per ... | 2005 | 16332757 |
| full genome sequence and analysis of indian swine hepatitis e virus isolate of genotype 4. | the full-length genomic sequence of an indian swine hepatitis e virus (hev) isolate (ind-sw-00-01) recovered from feces of a pig experimentally infected with swine hev pool from western india was determined. the genome consisted of 7,240 nucleotides, excluding the poly (a) tail of at least 22 residues and contained three open reading frames (orfs), orf-1 encoding 1,707 amino acids, orf-2 encoding 674 amino acids and orf-3 encoding 114 amino acids. comparative full-length genome sequence and phyl ... | 2006 | 16457969 |
| analysis of human and swine hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates of genotype 3 in japan that are only 81-83 % similar to reported hev isolates of the same genotype over the entire genome. | full-length sequences were determined for a human hepatitis e virus (hev) isolate (he-ja04-1911) and two swine hev isolates (swj8-5 and swj12-4) that belong to one of three clusters within genotype 3 in japan and are close to spanish isolates according to their partial sequences. the three hev isolates were 89.7-92.9 % identical to each other, but only 80.7-83.0 % similar to 21 hev strains of the same genotype isolated in canada, kyrgyzstan, the usa and japan over their entire genome. on compari ... | 2006 | 16847132 |
| hepatitis e indigenous to economically developed countries: to what extent a zoonosis? | hepatitis e, a disease transmitted by hepatitis e virus, is increasingly recognized as being indigenous to affluent, temperate-zone countries. issues pertaining to disease acquisition and hepatitis e virus infection, particularly in western countries, are reviewed and highlighted. | 2006 | 16940870 |
| identification of the first strain of swine hepatitis e virus in south america and prevalence of anti-hev antibodies in swine in argentina. | in argentina, a country considered non-endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, serologic evidence of hev infection has been observed in different human population groups. in other countries, a high degree of genetic relatedness has been observed between human and swine hev genotype 3 sequences, suggesting zoonosis as one probable route of infection. this is the first identification of swine hev in south america. hev rna was detected and sequenced in the orf 1 and orf 2 regions from swine ... | 2006 | 17063523 |
| association of hepatitis e virus (hev) and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) with lesions of hepatitis in pigs. | the aim of the study was to determine the presence of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) rna and antibodies in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected (n=114) and non-affected (n=46) pigs and the possible association with hepatitis lesions. forty-four pigs were rt-pcr positive (28.2%); 25 of them were pmws cases, while 19 were non-pmws pigs. in both groups, hev rt-pcr results were associated with hepatitis (or=5.61 for pmws-affected pigs and or=5.17 for non-pmws affected pigs; p=0.01). no ... | 2007 | 17270366 |
| detection of swine hepatitis e virus in the porcine hepatic lesion in jeju island. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen due to its close genomic similarity to human hev. the prevalence of swine hev in the hepatic lesion of pigs from the jeju island was investigated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). in total, 40 pigs with hepatitis lesions were selected from 19 different farms, based on examination by microscopy. rtpcr findings revealed swine hev in 22 cases (55%), including 18 suckling pigs and 4 growing pigs. several histop ... | 2007 | 17322774 |
| single amino acid changes in the nipah and hendra virus attachment glycoproteins distinguish ephrinb2 from ephrinb3 usage. | the henipaviruses, nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev), are lethal emerging paramyxoviruses. ephrinb2 and ephrinb3 have been identified as receptors for henipavirus entry. niv and hev share similar cellular tropisms and likely use an identical receptor set, although a quantitative comparison of receptor usage by niv and hev has not been reported. here we show that (i) soluble niv attachment protein g (sniv-g) bound to cell surface-expressed ephrinb3 with a 30-fold higher affinity than that ... | 2007 | 17652392 |
| the emergence of porcine circovirus 2b genotype (pcv-2b) in swine in canada. | since late 2004, the swine industry in the province of quebec has experienced a significant increase in death rate related to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). to explain this phenomenon, 2 hypotheses were formulated: 1) the presence of a 2nd pathogen could be exacerbating the porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) infection, or 2) a new and more virulent pcv-2 strain could be infecting swine. in 2005, 13 pmws cases were submitted to the quebec provincial diagnostic laboratory and pcv-2 w ... | 2007 | 17824323 |
| [presence of anti hepatitis e virus antibodies in swine: is it an animal reservoir for hepatitis e?]. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) has a cross-reaction with human anti-hev antibodies. therefore, pigs could be an animal reservoir, rendering hepatitis e as a zoonosis. the spread of this infection among infected pigs across countries would be possible through trading. previously, using an anti-human conjugate, we detected anti-hev antobodies in adult pigs in chile. | 2007 | 17989856 |
| molecular characterization of hepatitis e virus detected in swine farms in the province of quebec. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) could be a zoonotic agent for hev infection in humans. in canada, approximately 60% of 6-mo-old commercial pigs are seropositive for hev; the prevalence is higher in the provinces of quebec and ontario. a study was set up to evaluate the presence of swine hev in quebec farms and to compare the strains detected in fecal samples with human and swine hev strains reported worldwide. fecal samples were collected randomly from may 2003 to january 2004 from 70 swine farms ... | 2008 | 18214158 |
| localisation of swine hepatitis e virus in experimentally infected pigs. | the distribution of intravenously inoculated swine hepatitis e virus (hev) was assessed by in situ hybridisation for a period of 50 days. evidence of apparent clinical disease was found in only one pig in the hev infected group. the only gross lesion observed was mildly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes at 50 days post infection (dpi). histopathologically, mild lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and focal hepatocellular necrotic lesions were found in hev-infected pigs. swine hev nucleic acids were det ... | 2009 | 18308595 |
| [hepatitis e: an emerging disease?]. | although hepatitis e is one of the most important cause of acute clinical hepatitis in young adults throughout the developing world, hepatitis e is rare in western countries (25 to 60 annually by country). in these countries, clinical hepatitis is more common in older people (over 50 years). the possible transmission zoonotically (principally) from swine reservoir opens unexpected insights as an emerging disease. direct foodborne and occupational exposure to pigs have been identified as routes o ... | 2009 | 18538952 |
| isolation, detection and characterization of swine hepatitis e virus from herds in costa rica. | although swine hev isolates from north america, europe, and asia have been genetically characterized, little is known about the strains presumed to be circulating in latin america. in this study, seven commercial swine production sites in costa rica were surveyed for hev. using rt-pcr, with primers located in orf2, 19/52 fecal samples produced a product of the expected size following two rounds of amplification. most positive samples were from swine between the ages of 1.5 and 4 months. this stu ... | 2008 | 18569145 |
| swine hepatitis e virus in rural southern china: genetic characterization and experimental infection in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | in rural areas of southern china, where hepatitis e is endemic, residents generally rear pigs in pigsties near their houses. the study was conducted to assess the possibility that hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in this region are acquired primarily through contact with swine. | 2008 | 18648744 |
| comparison of a new synthetic, peptide-derived, polyclonal antibody-based, immunohistochemical test with in situ hybridisation for the detection of swine hepatitis e virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. | a synthetic, peptide-derived, polyclonal antibody-based, immunohistochemical test was developed to detect swine hepatitis e virus (hev) and was compared with in situ hybridisation for the detection of hev in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from experimentally infected pigs. solid-phase peptide synthesis was used to generate peptides from swine hev open reading frame 2, and the purified peptides were injected into rabbits to produce polyclonal antibodies. the specificity and sensitivity ... | 2009 | 18701328 |
| determination of fecal shedding rates and genotypes of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) in korea. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection induces an acute hepatitis or a subclinical disease in humans. it is known that hev is a zoonotic agent and pigs are major reservoirs of hev. this study was conducted to determine the fecal shedding rates of hev in various age groups of pigs and identify the genotypes of swine hev prevailing in korea. a total of 565 fecal samples were collected from suckling piglets, post-weaning pigs, growing pigs, and sows at 12 swine farms. rt-pcr was used to detect the prese ... | 2008 | 19122408 |
| comparative analysis of different taqman real-time rt-pcr assays for the detection of swine hepatitis e virus and integration of feline calicivirus as internal control. | the aim of this study was to compare the performance of four taqman rt-pcr assays with a commonly used nested rt-pcr and to include the feline calicivirus (fcv) as an internal control. | 2009 | 19187137 |
| detection and molecular characterization of swine hepatitis e virus in north carolina swine herds and their faecal wastes. | recent findings of almost genetically indistinguishable swine and human strains, have suggested swine play a role in the transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev). the extent to which hev may be present and persist in the faecal waste generated from intensive swine operations is largely unknown. the fate of swine waste liquid is often land application, possibly resulting in unintentional seepage into groundwater or run-off into surface waters, hence validating concerns of human exposure risks. fre ... | 2009 | 19240360 |
| pigs orally inoculated with swine hepatitis e virus are able to infect contact sentinels. | the purpose of the present study was to explore the most likely natural route of infection of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) by oral inoculation of pigs and to investigate the potential infection by direct contact exposure. a preliminary experiment was performed to assess the infectiousness of the bile used as source of virus. once confirmed, 16 pigs were inoculated via oral drop with an hev positive bile suspension containing 2x10(5) genome equivalents per pig. nine animals were kept as contact ... | 2009 | 19361936 |
| full-genome nucleotide sequence and analysis of a chinese swine hepatitis e virus isolate of genotype 4 identified in the guangxi zhuang autonomous region: evidence of zoonotic risk from swine to human in south china. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the leading causes of the enteric-transmitted acute hepatitis. many studies have found high identities between human and animal hev isolates using partial sequence comparison analysis. | 2009 | 19490423 |
| analysis of the helicase gene of korean swine hepatitis e virus isolates and trends in viral infection. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been considered to be a zoonotic agent and an important public concern worldwide. in this study, a nested rt-pcr was developed to detect the helicase gene of swine hev (shev) from sera of pigs. using this rt-pcr, 16 out of 821 korean isolates of shev were identified, with 1.9% prevalence. an age-specific prevalence was demonstrated with the highest prevalence in growing pigs (5.4%). phylogenetic analysis of shev korean isolates identified genotype 3, with 89.4-99.9% n ... | 2009 | 19590811 |
| high hev presence in four different wild boar populations in east and west germany. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted from pigs to humans causing hepatitis. a high prevalence of hev in wild boar populations is reported for several european countries, but actual data for germany are missing. during the hunting season from october to december 2007 liver, bile and blood samples were collected from wild boars in four different german regions. the samples were tested for hev rna by quantitative pcr (qpcr) and anti-hev igg antibodies by two different elisas and a line ... | 2009 | 19595519 |
| experimental infection of mongolian gerbils by a genotype 4 strain of swine hepatitis e virus. | an ideal animal model for hepatitis e virus (hev) research is still unavailable. to assess the possibility of using mongolian gerbils as animal model, 28 gerbils were randomly assigned into two groups, 14 for each group. gerbils in group 1 were inoculated with a genotype 4 hev recovered from swine via the intraperitoneal route. group 2 was used as a negative control and inoculated with normal suspension of swine liver. sera and feces samples were collected once a week for 7 weeks. two gerbils fr ... | 2009 | 19623666 |
| screening of specific diagnostic peptides of swine hepatitis e virus. | swine hepatitis e virus (swhev) is a zoonotic disease that is considered a major problem in pig production and presents a threat to human health. elucidation of the major antigenic epitopes of swhev is essential for the effective control of swhev epidemics. | 2009 | 19887014 |
| expression of interferon-alpha and mx protein in the livers of pigs experimentally infected with swine hepatitis e virus. | expression of interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) and mx protein in the livers of pigs experimentally infected with swine hepatitis e virus (hev) was examined immunohistochemically. five infected and five non-infected pigs were killed at 3, 7, 14, 21, 29 and 50 days post-inoculation (dpi). tissues were collected from each pig at necropsy. multifocal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis (p=0.042) and focal hepatocellular necrosis (p=0.037) were significantly more frequent in the swine hev-infected pigs than in t ... | 2010 | 19954791 |
| analysis of complete genome sequences of swine hepatitis e virus and possible risk factors for transmission of hev to humans in korea. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic agent, for which pigs are the most important reservoir. complete genome sequences of two swine hev strains, designated swkor-1 and swkor-2, were determined via rt-pcr and race-pcr. the strains contained genomes composed of 7,222- and 7,221-bp excluding the poly(a) tails, respectively. the swkor-1 and swkor-2 strains were classified into subtype 3a of genotype 3 via phylogenetic analysis. these strains formed a distinctive cluster in the phyloge ... | 2010 | 20166181 |
| molecular detection of genotype 3 porcine hepatitis e virus in aborted fetuses and their sows. | by reverse transcription (rt)-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr), hepatitis e virus (hev) rna was simultaneously detected in the livers of aborted fetuses and in fecal and serum samples from their sows, obtained from two of 14 farms tested. sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that these hevs belonged to genotype 3 hev. hev rna was detected by real-time rt-pcr at 2.0 x 10(3)-2.8 x 10(4) viral copies/microl in the hev-positive samples. all hev-positive fetuses tested positive for porcine ... | 2010 | 20458510 |
| molecular and serological survey of hepatitis e virus infection among domestic pigs in inner mongolia, china. | to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in inner mongolia, china, serum samples obtained from 356 2- to 4-month-old pigs on 14 farms in inner mongolia were tested for the presence of anti-hev antibodies and hev rna. overall, 186 pigs (52%) tested positive for anti-hev antibodies, while 30 pigs (8%) had detectable hev rna levels. the 30 hev isolates recovered from the viremic pigs were phylogenetically classified into genotype 4 and differed from ... | 2010 | 20512514 |
| swine as the possible source of hepatitis e virus transmission to humans in thailand. | this report describes a study that provides evidence of hev transmission from pigs to humans in thailand by applying molecular genetics analysis. it was found that viruses recovered from thai patients are closely related to genotype 3 and swine hepatitis e virus in thailand. based on analysis of a 302-base-pair orf2 fragment, the strains investigated belong to subgroup 3e and are closely related to european strains. based on the results obtained, swine are suspected to be a source of hev transmi ... | 2010 | 20628771 |
| molecular analysis of swine hepatitis e virus from north india. | hepatitis e is the main cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in developing countries. in the developed countries such as the usa, japan and taiwan, the viruses infecting humans and swine share the same genotype with a high sequence similarity. genotype 1 circulates in humans whereas genotype 4 in pigs in india. the present study was designed to investigate the presence of anti-hev antibodies and hev-rna in swine population from north india, to investigate the genotype prevalen ... | 2010 | 21149998 |
| proteomic analysis of swine hepatitis e virus (shev)-infected livers reveals upregulation of apolipoprotein and downregulation of ferritin heavy chain. | swine hepatitis e virus (shev) has been discovered to be almost ubiquitous in pigs, and is antigenically and genetically related to human hev. proteomic analysis was used to identify altered protein expression in swine liver, using two-dimensional electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. a total of 10 protein spots exhibited significant alterations in the shev-infected organ. the upregulation of apolipoprotein e (apo e) and downregulation of ferritin heavy chain were confirmed by western ... | 2011 | 21208291 |
| rna interference induces effective inhibition of mrna accumulation and protein expression of shev orf3 gene in vitro. | rna interference (rnai) provides a powerful promising approach to inhibit viral infection specifically. to explore the possibility of using rnai as a strategy against hev infection, which is a serious public health problem in developing countries of asia, middle east, africa, and in mexico, after the fusion protein expression plasmids pegfp-orf3 which contain the egfp reporter gene and shev orf3 as silencing target, were constructed; egfp-orf3 fusion protein expressing hek 293 cell lines were es ... | 2011 | 21225263 |
| analysing complete genome sequence of swine hepatitis e virus (hev), strain chn-xj-sw13 isolated from xinjiang, china: putative host range, and disease severity determinants in hev. | hepatitis e is a worldwide public health problem, particular in areas where hygiene conditions are poor. hepatitis e virus (hev) has at least four genotypes: genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively infect human; while genotypes 3 and 4, are considered to be a zoonotic agent, infecting both humans and animals. this study was aimed at determining why genotype 3 and 4 hev strains isolated from swine are able to cross species borders, whereas genotype1 and 2 strains isolated from humans are not. the full leng ... | 2011 | 21292034 |
| both swine and human cells are capable to support the replication of swine hepatitis e virus type 4 in vitro. | using swine anal swab or liver as inocula, cell-culture systems were developed for swine hepatitis e virus (hev) in swine cells (ibrs-2) and human cells (a549). both positive and negative strand of swine hev rna were detected continuously. cytopathic effect appeared from passage 8 in ibrs-2 and passage 22 in a549. viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay in infected cells. progenies harbored mutations in the third nucleotide of codon. amino acid changes occurred in passage ... | 2011 | 21470567 |
| prior infection of pigs with a genotype 3 swine hepatitis e virus (hev) protects against subsequent challenges with homologous and heterologous genotypes 3 and 4 human hev. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important human pathogen. at least four recognized and two putative genotypes of mammalian hev have been reported: genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. the current experimental vaccines are all based on a single strain of hev, even though multiple genotypes of hev are co-circulating in some countries and thus an individual may be exposed to more than one genotype. genotypes 3 and 4 swine hev is widespread in pigs and kno ... | 2011 | 21536085 |
| design and evaluation of a recombinant multi-epitope-based elisa for the serological surveillance of hev infection in northern china. | in this study, seven recombinant epitope peptides from within the orf2 protein of the local genotype 4 swine hepatitis e virus (hev) dq strain were designed and analyzed. then, a new multi-epitope-based elisa was established. in comparison with a commercial kit, this test exhibited good specificity and sensitivity for anti-hev genotype 4. subsequently, this test was applied for analyzing serum samples from either swine herds or human populations in northern china. the overall seroprevalence rate ... | 2011 | 21544544 |
| Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome produced in gnotobiotic pigs following exposure to various amounts of porcine circovirus type 2a or type 2b. | In late 2005, a postweaning, high mortality syndrome spread rapidly through finishing barns in swine dense areas of the United States. Diagnostic investigations consistently detected porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from diseased tissues. Subsequent genetic analysis revealed that the infectious agent was a PCV2 type termed "PCV2b". Prior to late 2004, only the PCV2a type, but not PCV2b, had been reported in North America. In this communication, we produce severe postweaning multisystemic wasting ... | 2011 | 21684696 |
| acute hepatitis associated with autochthonous hepatitis e virus infection--san antonio, texas, 2009. | locally acquired hepatitis e infection is increasingly being observed in industrialized countries. we report 2 cases of autochthonous acute hepatitis e in the united states. hepatitis e virus genotype 3a related to us-2 and swine hepatitis e virus strains was isolated from one of the patients, indicating potential food-borne or zoonotic transmission. | 2011 | 21896699 |
| emerging and re-emerging swine viruses. | in the past two decades or so, a number of viruses have emerged in the global swine population. some, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine torque teno virus (ttv), now known as torque teno sus virus (ttsuv), porcine bocavirus (pbov) and related novel parvoviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine toroviruses (ptov) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (pl ... | 2012 | 22225855 |
| extended microbiological characterization of göttingen minipigs in the context of xenotransplantation: detection and vertical transmission of hepatitis e virus. | xenotransplantation has been proposed as a solution to the shortage of suitable human donors. pigs are currently favoured as donor animals for xenotransplantation of cells, including islet cells, or organs. to reduce the xenotransplantation-associated risk of infection of the recipient the pig donor should be carefully characterised. göttingen minipigs from ellegaard are often used for biomedical research and are regularly tested by their vendor for the presence of numerous bacteria, fungi, viru ... | 2015 | 26466154 |
| fatal disease associated with swine hepatitis e virus and porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in four weaned pigs in china. | in recent decades, porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection has been recognized as the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and has become a threat to the swine industry. hepatitis e virus (hev) is another high prevalent pathogen in swine in many regions of the world. pcv2 and hev are both highly prevalent in pig farms in china. | 2015 | 25889526 |
| inactivation of viruses and bacteriophages as models for swine hepatitis e virus in food matrices. | hepatitis e virus has been recognised as a food-borne virus hazard in pork products, due to its zoonotic properties. this risk can be reduced by adequate treatment of the food to inactivate food-borne viruses. we used a spectrum of viruses and bacteriophages to evaluate the effect of three food treatments: high pressure processing (hpp), lactic acid (la) and intense light pulse (ilp) treatments. on swine liver at 400 mpa for 10 min, hpp gave log10 reductions of ≥4.2, ≥5.0 and 3.4 for feline cali ... | 2017 | 27783334 |
| detection of genotype 4 swine hepatitis e virus in systemic tissues in cross-species infected rabbits. | increasing evidence demonstrates that hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted across species. according to previous reports, swine hev has two genotypes, genotype 3 and 4, and both can infect humans by the fecal-oral route. thus, it is crucial for the control of hev zoonotic transmission to evaluate the dynamics of viral shedding and distribution in different tissues during cross-species infection by hev. in this study, rabbits were infected with genotype 4 swine hev by the intraperitoneal ro ... | 2017 | 28129390 |
| high frequency of hepatitis e virus infection in swine from south brazil and close similarity to human hev isolates. | hepatitis e virus is responsible for acute and chronic liver infections worldwide. swine hepatitis e virus has been isolated in brazil, and a probable zoonotic transmission has been described, although data are still scarce. the aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of hepatitis e virus infection in pigs from a small-scale farm in the rural area of paraná state, south brazil. fecal samples were collected from 170 pigs and screened for hepatitis e virus rna using a duplex real-time r ... | 2017 | 28089613 |
| transcriptome analysis of hepg2 cells expressing orf3 from swine hepatitis e virus to determine the effects of orf3 on host cells. | hepatitis e virus- (hev-) mediated hepatitis has become a global public health problem. an important regulatory protein of hev, orf3, influences multiple signal pathways in host cells. in this study, to investigate the function of orf3 from the swine form of hev (shev), high-throughput rna-seq-based screening was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in orf3-expressing hepg2 cells. the results were validated with quantitative real-time pcr and gene ontology was employed to ass ... | 2016 | 27648443 |
| hepatic failure after pig heart transplantation into a baboon: no involvement of porcine hepatitis e virus. | after transplantation of pig hearts into baboons, a particularly high increase of liver parameters was observed in 1 animal. to evaluate whether porcine hepatitis e virus (hev) was involved in the pathological changes, the donor pig and the recipient baboon were screened for the presence of hev. | 2016 | 26739324 |
| antigen detection and apoptosis in mongolian gerbil's kidney experimentally intraperitoneally infected by swine hepatitis e virus. | we examined the effect of hepatitis e virus (hev) on the renal tissue pathogenesis, morphological damages and related molecular mechanisms following swine hev suspension intraperitoneally inoculation in mongolian gerbils. the microscopic and ultramicroscopic analyses of kidney tissue structure were carried out at different points after inoculation of hev. the immunohistochemistry, real-time pcr and western blot were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with hev presence in th ... | 2016 | 26724751 |
| serological and molecular investigation of swine hepatitis e virus in pigs raised in southern italy. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a common acute hepatitis transmitted by the fecal-oral route. in developed countries, the virus has a zoonotic potential, and domestic pigs and wild boars are considered main reservoirs. to assess the prevalence of hev-positive animals in the calabria region (southern italy) on a serological and molecular level, a total of 216 autochthonous healthy pigs (apulo-calabrese breed) were sampled. both sera and feces were collected. pigs were grouped based on age: 1 ... | 2015 | 26555536 |
| [cloning and sequence analyses of genome of swine hepatitis e virus(hev) hn-jy40 strains isolated from henan province]. | in the present study, the genomic sequence characteristics of hn-jy40 strains of the hepatitis e virus (hev) isolated from pigs in henan province, china, were analyzed and the evolutionary relationship between hn-jy40 and other sequenced strains examined. the whole genome of hn-jy40 was sequenced and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 3' rapid amplification of cdna ends (3' race) and 5' race. bioinformatic analyses were carried out with megalign, expasy, clustal x, and ... | 2015 | 26470527 |
| effect of swine hepatitis e virus on the livers of experimentally infected mongolian gerbils by swine hepatitis e virus. | previous studies have shown that hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted between rats, pigs, cattle, rabbits, chicken, cats, and deer. because wild and domestic rodents have anti-hev antibodies, they are considered potential reservoirs of hev. in the current study, mongolian gerbils were experimentally infected with swine hepatitis e virus and the effects of this infection were investigated. after inoculation with hev, the liver-to-body weight ratio increased at 7 dpi. mongolian gerbils demon ... | 2015 | 26093307 |
| detection and molecular characterisation of swine hepatitis e virus in brescia province, italy. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important public health concern in many developing countries and it occurs in sporadic forms in industrialized areas. with the discovery of swine hev in pigs, which is genetically closely related to human hev, hepatitis e is considered to be a zoonotic disease. to investigate the circulation of hev within a distinct area of lombardy region (northern italy), 17 pig farms were subjected to monitoring study by collection of fresh stool samples each represented by groun ... | 2015 | 27800394 |
| virus safety of islet cell transplantation from transgenic pigs to marmosets. | transplantation of pig islet cells for the treatment of diabetes may be a more effective approach compared with the application of insulin. however, before introduction into the clinic, efficacy and safety of this treatment have to be shown. non-human primate models may be used for this, despite the fact that they are characterised by several limitations. here we investigate the prevalence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (pervs), which are present in the genome of all pigs and which may infec ... | 2015 | 25956348 |
| analysis of complete genome sequences and a v239a substitution in the helicase domain of swine hepatitis e virus strains isolated in canada. | among canadian swine hev strains, only one complete genome sequence has been published so far, and there are no data on the virulence of these strains. a collection of 28 canadian swine hev strains was used in this study. after rna extraction, a portion of orf2, the 3' end of the helicase domain, and two complete genomes were amplified and sequenced. these two new canadian complete genomes belonged to two different subtypes and showed 87.5 and 87.7% sequence identity to the canadian swine hev st ... | 2015 | 25916609 |
| evidence of hepatitis e infection in swine and humans in the east region of romania. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is considered to be a new zoonotic agent due to its close genomic resemblance to the human hev. the aim of this study was to determine human hev seroprevalence in eastern romania and to characterize circulating swine hev sequences. | 2014 | 25447729 |
| genetic heterogeneity of swine hepatitis e virus isolates from yunnan province, china in 2011-2012. | hepatitis e is a disease of major public-health concern mainly in developing countries. although molecular and sero-epidemiological investigations of hev have been performed in many provinces in china, the epidemiological data from yunnan province are limited and genotypes are not be fully characterized. in this study the prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis e virus (hev) detected in pigs from yunnan province, china was evaluated. | 2014 | 25187005 |
| mode of swine hepatitis e virus infection and replication in primary human hepatocytes. | the aim of this study was to investigate the infection and replication of swine-derived hepatitis e virus (hev) in primary cultured human hepatocytes (phcs). hepatocytes were cultured from the resected normal livers of patients with metastatic tumours. these cultured hepatocytes were infected with swine-derived genotype 3 or 4 hev. viral replication was monitored using reverse transcriptase-quantitative pcr. the amount of hev rna increased in the culture media and cells following infection. immu ... | 2014 | 25114028 |
| genetic characterization and serological prevalence of swine hepatitis e virus in shandong province, china. | hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, is classified into four major genotypes (1 to 4) and swine is the main natural reservoir for genotypes 3 and 4. in this study, a total of 106 bile samples from a slaughterhouse in the shandong province of china were tested for the partial orf2 gene of hev by rt-npcr to determine the virus genotypes, and two indirect elisa were developed for the detection of swine hev specific igm and igg antibodies in 980 serum samples from 24 farms, i ... | 2014 | 24975641 |
| induction of antibody and interferon-γ production in mice immunized with virus-like particles of swine hepatitis e virus. | virus-like particles (vlps) composed of the truncated capsid protein of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) were developed and immune responses of mice immunized with the vlps were evaluated. igg titers specific for the capsid protein of swine hev were significantly higher for all groups of mice immunized with the vlps than those of the negative control mice. splenocytes from mice immunized with the vlps also produced significantly greater quantities of interferon (ifn)-γ than interleukin (il)-4 and i ... | 2014 | 24690608 |
| complete genome sequence of swine hepatitis e virus prevalent in southwest china. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important public health concern in the world, especially in developing countries of africa and asia, including china. hepatitis e is recognized as a zoonotic disease, which is transmitted across species, including between humans and swine. hev is highly endemic in china, but the complete sequence of hev in southwestern china is lacking. swine hev strain km01 was isolated from a village in rural kunming, yunnan province, china, where swine are housed with humans. her ... | 2014 | 24625866 |
| comparison of real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assays for detection of swine hepatitis e virus in fecal samples. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in people in many developing countries and is also endemic in many industrialized countries. mammalian hev (mhev) isolates can be divided into at least four recognized major genotypes. several nucleic acid amplification techniques have been developed for mhev detection, with great differences in sensitivity. the aim of this study was to compare the performances of two singleplex real-time reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr assays for ... | 2014 | 24430450 |
| development of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect anti-igg against swine hepatitis e virus. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is widespread throughout pigs in both developing and industrialized countries. this virus is an important zoonotic agent and a public concern worldwide. infected pigs are asymptomatic, so diagnosing swine hev relies on detection of the virus or antibodies against the virus. however, several obstacles need to be overcome for effective and practical serological diagnosis. in this study, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that used a purified rec ... | 2013 | 24421718 |
| development of a novel immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for detection of swine hepatitis e virus antibodies based on stable cell lines expressing the orf3 protein. | hepatitis e virus (hev) strains are classified into 4 genotypes by nucleotide sequencing. genotypes 3 and 4 infect humans and animals via hev-contaminated food or water. hev rna was detected by pcr and antibodies were detected by elisa. since human studies showed that hev igg antibodies in sera can persist for extended periods, diagnosis of hev infection in swine or humans is mainly based on serological detection using commercial elisa kits. however, there is no supplemental method to verify eli ... | 2014 | 24334082 |
| one case of swine hepatitis e virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-infection in weaned pigs. | using various methods, we analyzed the cause of death among weaned pigs from a pig farm in hebei province, china. all 300 piglets (100% fatality) were identified as moribund, with death occurring within 1 month from the onset of clinical signs. | 2013 | 24252365 |
| infection by brazilian and dutch swine hepatitis e virus strains induces haematological changes in macaca fascicularis. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been described as an emerging pathogen in brazil and seems to be widely disseminated among swine herds. an autochthonous human case of acute hepatitis e was recently reported. to obtain a better understanding of the phenotypic profiles of both human and swine hev strains, a experimental study was conducted using the animal model, macaca fascicularis. | 2013 | 24148233 |
| infectivity of a genotype 4 hepatitis e virus cdna clone by intrahepatic inoculation of laboratory rats. | a cdna clone of a genotype 4 swine hepatitis e virus (hev) strain (saas-fx17), identified in shanghai, has been constructed. capped rna transcripts were prepared in vitro and shown to be replication-competent in huh7 cells. sprague-dawley (sd) rats administered the rna transcripts by intrahepatic inoculation developed active infections as evidenced by fecal virus shedding and sero-conversion to anti-hev. the former was first detected between 23 and 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) and persisted un ... | 2013 | 23891307 |
| development of a fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis e virus igg antibodies in pigs and comparison to an enzyme-linked immunoassay. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic virus and pigs are considered as an important reservoir. swine hev infection is widespread and most pig herds are infected. humans can be infected with swine hev via consumption of undercooked pork or through direct contact with infected pigs. to minimize the risk of zoonotic transmission, sensitive tools to assess the hev infection status of pigs and pork products are needed. the objective of this study was to develop a fluorescent microbead-based imm ... | 2013 | 23773809 |
| identification of mir-221 and -222 as important regulators in genotype iv swine hepatitis e virus orf3-expressing hek 293 cells. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has emerged as an important cause of epidemic and sporadic acute viral hepatitis worldwide, which is a major public health challenge. a better understanding of the interaction between the virus and the host cell would be very helpful for its therapy. swine hev (shev) open reading frame 3 (orf3) is a regulatory protein that alters the activity of selected transcription factors and cytoplasmic signaling pathways. micrornas (mirnas) are potent post-transcriptional regulators ... | 2013 | 23579640 |
| seasonal pattern of hepatitis e virus prevalence in swine in two different geographical areas of china. | we studied seasonal patterns of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in china. from 2008 to 2011, 4200 swine bile specimens were collected for the detection of hev rna. a total of 92/2400 (3·83%) specimens in eastern china and 47/1800 (2·61%) specimens in southwestern china were positive for hev. seasonal patterns differing by geographical area were suggested. in eastern china, the major peak of hev rna prevalence was during march-april, with a minor peak during september-october, and a dip d ... | 2013 | 23388392 |
| avian hepatitis e virus identified in russian chicken flocks exhibits high genetic divergence based on the orf2 capsid gene. | a total of 79 liver samples from clinically sick and asymptomatic chickens were tested for avian hepatitis e virus (ahev). samples were received from 19 farms, five of which tested positive with primers targeting the orf2 capsid gene. the phylogenetic analysis of a 242-base-pair fragment demonstrated that the russian ahev isolates share between 78.2 and 96.2% over the fragment sequenced, whereas the nucleotide sequence identities between the russian isolates and the other representatives from ge ... | 2012 | 22967203 |