| equine morbillivirus pneumonia: susceptibility of laboratory animals to the virus. | | 1995 | 8534238 |
| ultrastructure of equine morbillivirus. | the ultrastructure of the equine morbillivirus (emv) which was implicated in the death of one human and fourteen horses in queensland, australia during september 1994 and a 36 year old man from queensland in october 1995 is described. the ultrastructure of the virus and the intracellular virus-specific structures are characteristic for the family paramyxoviridae. cytoplasmic nucleocapsids were observed within the infected cells monolayers, endothelial cells (lung) of infected horses and the neur ... | 1996 | 8822630 |
| comparison of the deduced matrix and fusion protein sequences of equine morbillivirus with cognate genes of the paramyxoviridae. | the nucleotide sequence of the matrix protein of equine morbillivirus (emv) was determined to be 1062 nucleotides and coded for a deduced protein of m(r) 40148 having a net charge of + 19 at neutral ph. the matrix protein gene was separated from the p and f genes by intercistronic regions of 546 and 469 nucleotides, respectively. the nucleotide sequence which coded for the f protein was 1641 nucleotides and coded for a deduced protein of 546 amino acids having an m(r) of 60,447 and a charge + 4 ... | 1996 | 8822631 |
| susceptibility of cats to equine morbillivirus. | to assess the susceptibility of cats to equine morbillivirus (emv) by direct administration of the virus by subcutaneous, intra-nasal or oral routes, and following exposure to infected cats. | 1996 | 8894019 |
| the evolving story of the equine morbillivirus. | | 1996 | 8894036 |
| negative findings from serological studies of equine morbillivirus in the queensland horse population. | | 1996 | 8894042 |
| investigation of a second focus of equine morbillivirus infection in coastal queensland. | | 1996 | 8894043 |
| the retrospective diagnosis of a second outbreak of equine morbillivirus infection. | | 1996 | 8894044 |
| serologic evidence for the presence in pteropus bats of a paramyxovirus related to equine morbillivirus. | | 1996 | 8903239 |
| another human case of equine morbillivirus disease in australia. | | 1996 | 8964059 |
| fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. | in september, 1994, an outbreak of severe respiratory disease affected 18 horses, their trainer, and a stablehand in queensland, australia. fourteen horses and one human being died. a novel virus was isolated from those affected and named equine morbillivirus (emv). we report a case of encephalitis caused by this virus. | 1997 | 8996421 |
| the lesions of experimental equine morbillivirus disease in cats and guinea pigs. | nine cats and four guinea pigs became affected with severe disease during experiments on the infectivity of equine morbillivirus, a newly recognized cause of respiratory disease in horses and humans. four of the cats were challenged by subcutaneous inoculation, two by intranasal installation, two by oral dosage, and one by direct contact with a cat previously infected by subcutaneous inoculation. all four guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously. gross pathology seen in all affected cats was c ... | 1997 | 9240841 |
| emerging infections in australia. | over the last 10 years, novel infectious agents including equine morbillivirus, lyssavirus, barmah forest virus, rickettsia honei and two as-yet-unnamed bunyaviruses have been identified as causes of human disease in australia. previously described agents, such as japanese b encephalitis virus, dengue virus, ross river virus, orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia australis, burkholderia pseudomallei, mycobacterium ulcerans and trichinella pseudospiralis, have increased their geographical distributi ... | 1997 | 9494666 |
| expression of equine morbillivirus (emv) matrix and fusion proteins and their evaluation as diagnostic reagents. | full-length cdna clones coding for the matrix (m) and fusion (f) proteins of equine morbillivirus (emv) were isolated by rt-pcr, and expressed in escherichia coli using two different expression systems. western blot analysis indicated that the m and f proteins, expressed either by itself or as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase (gst), were insoluble and degraded after expression. analysis of the degradation pattern of recombinant m protein suggested that the n-terminus of the matrix ... | 1997 | 9672592 |
| sequence analysis of the hendra virus nucleoprotein gene: comparison with other members of the subfamily paramyxovirinae. | the nucleoprotein (n) gene of hendra virus (hev), an unclassified member of subfamily paramyxovirinae in the family paramyxoviridae previously known as equine morbillivirus, was cloned and sequenced. the majority of the deduced amino acid sequence was further confirmed by direct sequencing of peptide fragments of the n protein derived from purified virions. the 3' untranslated sequence of the hev n gene mrna was 568 nt and was much longer than that observed in other paramyxovirinae. the n protei ... | 1998 | 9680142 |
| transmission studies of hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats. | to determine the infectivity and transmissibility of hendra virus (hev). | 1998 | 9972433 |
| transmissibility from horses to humans of a novel paramyxovirus, equine morbillivirus (emv). | determination of potential infectivity of a new paramyxovirus equine morbillivirus (emv) from horses to humans and humans to humans as a result of two outbreaks in queensland which involved 23 horses and three humans. | 1999 | 10090501 |
| outbreak of hendra-like virus--malaysia and singapore, 1998-1999. | during september 29, 1998-april 4, 1999, 229 cases of febrile encephalitis (111 [48%] fatal) were reported to the malaysian ministry of health (moh). during march 13-19, 1999, nine cases of similar encephalitic illnesses (one fatal) and two cases of respiratory illness occurred among abattoir workers in singapore. tissue culture isolation identified a previously unknown infectious agent from ill patients. this report summarizes the preliminary epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of these ... | 1999 | 10227800 |
| [emergence of "new" viral zoonoses]. | in the last two to three decades a significant increase of viral zoonotic infections was observed. these zoonoses are not only newly (or previously unrecognized) emerging diseases, but also due to the reappearance of diseases thought to have been defeated (re-emerging diseases). "new" viral diseases can arise when viruses broaden their host-range (monkey poxvirus; equine morbillivirus), or can be a consequence of intrinsic properties of the virus itself, such as high mutation rates (influenza a ... | 1999 | 10488638 |
| fatal encephalitis due to nipah virus among pig-farmers in malaysia. | between february and april, 1999, an outbreak of viral encephalitis occurred among pig-farmers in malaysia. we report findings for the first three patients who died. | 1999 | 10520635 |
| experimental hendra virus infectionin pregnant guinea-pigs and fruit bats (pteropus poliocephalus). | antibodies to hendra virus (hev) have been found in a high percentage of fruit bats (pteropus spp.) in australia, indicating a possible reservoir for the virus. the aim of the experiments reported here was to investigate transplacental infection as a possible mode of transmission of the virus in fruit bats and other animals. in a first experiment, 18 pregnant guinea-pigs in the mid-stage of gestation were inoculated with hev, as an experimental model in a conventional laboratory animal. nine dev ... | 2000 | 10684689 |
| clinical features of nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia. | between september 1998 and june 1999, there was an outbreak of severe viral encephalitis due to nipah virus, a newly discovered paramyxovirus, in malaysia. | 2000 | 10781618 |
| a fatal case of hendra virus infection in a horse in north queensland: clinical and epidemiological features. | | 2000 | 10840578 |
| identification and molecular characterization of hendra virus in a horse in queensland. | | 2000 | 10840579 |
| isolation of hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of hendra virus. | since it was first described in australia in 1994, hendra virus (hev) has caused two outbreaks of fatal disease in horses and humans, and an isolated fatal horse case. our preliminary studies revealed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to hev in bats of the genus pteropus:, but it was unclear whether this was due to infection with hev or a related virus. we developed the hypothesis that hev excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process and we targeted the reproductive tr ... | 2000 | 10900029 |
| [update in infectious diseases. part i: epidemiology]. | a number of infectious agents has been newly detected in the last 10 years. climatic changes and migration have been the most important factors in the emergence of new and old infections. additionally, new methods for the detection of dna and rna have played an important role in the detection of agents difficult to culture. relevant new bacterial pathogens are bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis), tropheryma whippeli (whipple's disease) and new rickettsiae. newly det ... | 2000 | 10935415 |
| the cleavage activation and sites of glycosylation in the fusion protein of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is an unclassified member of the paramyxoviridae family that causes systemic infections in humans, horses, cats, guinea pigs and flying foxes. the fusion protein (f(0)) of members of the paramyxoviridae family that cause systemic infections in vivo contains a basic amino acid-rich region at which the protein is activated by cleavage into two subunits (f(1) and f(2)). hev f(0) lacks such a domain. we have determined the cleavage site in hev f(0) by sequencing the amino terminus ... | 2000 | 11018278 |
| hendra virus: a highly lethal zoonotic agent. | | 2000 | 11061952 |
| hendra (equine morbillivirus) | hendra has been recognized in australia as a new zoonotic disease of horses since 1994/5 and subsequent work has shown that the viral agent is endemic in certain species of fruit bat. the hendra virus is the type species of a new genus within the sub-family paramyxovirinae, which also contains another newly identified zoonotic bat virus, namely nipah. it is assumed that contact with bats has led to the hendra virus being transferred to horses on each of the three separate incidents that have bee ... | 2000 | 11061954 |
| diagnosis of nipah virus encephalitis by electron microscopy of cerebrospinal fluid. | between 1998 and 1999, an outbreak of potentially fatal viral encephalitis erupted among pig farm workers in west malaysia, and later spread to singapore where abattoir workers were afflicted. although japanese encephalitis virus was initially suspected, the predominant aetiologic agent was subsequently confirmed to be nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus related to but distinct from hendra virus. | 2000 | 11090749 |
| hendra virus disease in horses. | the author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of the disease. the causative virus, now named hendra virus (hev), is the reference virus for a proposed new genus within the virus family paramyxoviridae. the virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. the virus also naturally ... | 2000 | 11189712 |
| nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular malaysia. | between late 1998 and 1999, the spread of a new disease of pigs, characterized by a pronounced respiratory and neurological syndrome, sometimes accompanied by the sudden death of sows and boars, was recorded in pig farms in peninsular malaysia. the disease appeared to have a close association with an epidemic of viral encephalitis among workers on pig farms. a previously unrecognised paramyxovirus was later identified from this outbreak; this virus was related to, but distinct from, the hendra v ... | 2000 | 11189713 |
| emergence of nipah virus in malaysia. | a pig-borne virus causing viral encephalitis amongst human beings in malaysia was detected in 1997 by the ministry of health. initially, the disease was considered to be japanese encephalitis. subsequently, it was thought to be a hendra-like viral encephalitis, but on 10th april, 1999 the minister of health announced this mysterious and deadly virus to be a new virus named nipah virus. the virus was characterized at cdc, atlanta, georgia. the gene sequencing of the enveloped virus revealed that ... | 2000 | 11193645 |
| hendra and nipah virus infections. | the most important clinical and pathological manifestation of hendra virus infection in horses and humans is that of severe interstitial pneumonia caused by viral infection of small blood vessels. the virus is also capable of causing nervous disease. hendra virus is not contagious in horses and is spread by close contact with body fluids, such as froth from infected lungs. diagnosis should be based on the laboratory examination of blood, lung, kidney, spleen, and, if nervous signs are present, a ... | 2000 | 11219352 |
| laboratory diagnosis of nipah and hendra virus infections. | although hendra and nipah viruses emerged to cause novel zoonotic infections only recently, there now exists a strong but poorly documented diagnostic capability for both. this review gives an overview of the development of the tests, the tests currently recommended, their shortcomings and the perceived priorities for needed test improvements. | 2001 | 11334746 |
| ultrastructure of hendra virus and nipah virus within cultured cells and host animals. | the ultrastructure of hendra and nipah viruses is described in cultured cells, pigs, horses and humans. differences in ultrastructure between the viruses are evident within infected cell cultures and lungs from infected amplifier hosts. these differences are important in viral identification and differentiation and understanding the pathogenesis of disease. | 2001 | 11334747 |
| nipah virus infection in bats (order chiroptera) in peninsular malaysia. | nipah virus, family paramyxoviridae, caused disease in pigs and humans in peninsular malaysia in 1998-99. because nipah virus appears closely related to hendra virus, wildlife surveillance focused primarily on pteropid bats (suborder megachiroptera), a natural host of hendra virus in australia. we collected 324 bats from 14 species on peninsular malaysia. neutralizing antibodies to nipah virus were demonstrated in five species, suggesting widespread infection in bat populations in peninsular mal ... | 2001 | 11384522 |
| a guinea-pig model of hendra virus encephalitis. | subcutaneous inoculation, but not intradermal (footpad) or intranasal inoculation, with high doses of hendra virus (hev) consistently produced disease in guinea-pigs. of 15 subcutaneously inoculated animals, 14 developed vascular disease with positive hev immunohistochemical labelling in a range of tissues. a new observation was the presence of lesions, including syncytial cells, with immunolabelling in the transitional epithelium of the bladder. virus isolation from the urine rather than from n ... | 2001 | 11437503 |
| emerging viral diseases of southeast asia and the western pacific. | over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in southeast asia and the western pacific. vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include japanese encephalitis, barmah forest, ross river, and chikungunya viruses. however, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. the first of these disease agents to emerge was hendra virus, forme ... | 2001 | 11485641 |
| complete nucleotide sequences of nipah virus isolates from malaysia. | we have completely sequenced the genomes of two nipah virus (niv) isolates, one from the throat secretion and the other from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of the sole surviving encephalitic patient with positive csf virus isolation in malaysia. the two genomes have 18246 nucleotides each and differ by only 4 nucleotides. the niv genome is 12 nucleotides longer than the hendra virus (hev) genome and both genomes have identical leader and trailer sequence lengths and hexamer-phasing positions for ... | 2001 | 11514724 |
| development of a fluorogenic rt-pcr assay (taqman) for the detection of hendra virus. | a rapid and sensitive one-tube rt-pcr assay using a fluorogenic (taqman) probe was developed to improve the diagnosis of hendra virus (hev) infection. the taqman assay was developed to rapidly and specifically identify hendra virus. the sensitivity of the new taqman-based pcr assay compared favourably with conventional rt-pcr. the major advantage of the taqman-based assay was the speed of diagnosis with results available within minutes of completing the pcr, and within 4 h of receiving the speci ... | 2001 | 11543882 |
| [zoonoses caused by new viruses in the paramyxoviridae family]. | based on the literature data, the outbreaks of new zoonoses caused by new members of the family paramyxoviridae are briefly presented. some characteristics of hendra and nipah virus, epidemiological aspects, clinical picture and pathology are described. fruit bats are mentioned as the key to the epidemiology of hendra virus. the virus was isolated from affected humans, horses, and from the uterine fluids of a grey-headed fruit bat (pteropus poliocephalus). new morbillivirus designated nipah viru ... | 2001 | 11554115 |
| identification and molecular characterization of 18 paramyxoviruses isolated from snakes. | viral agents from 18 different snake species (families colubridae, viperidae, and crotalidae) showing respiratory symptoms and neuronal disease were identified as paramyxoviruses by typical cytopathogenic effect (cpe), electron microscopy, and hemagglutination inhibition. detailed molecular characterization of the viruses was performed by partial l- and f-gene-specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and sequencing, nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment, and phylo ... | 2001 | 11597749 |
| molecular evolution of viral fusion and matrix protein genes and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae. | phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae, a broad family of viruses whose members cause devastating diseases of wildlife, livestock, and humans, were examined with both fusion (f) and matrix (m) protein-coding sequences. neighbor-joining trees of f and m protein sequences showed that the paramyxoviridae was divided into the two traditionally recognized subfamilies, the paramyxovirinae and the pneumovirinae. within the paramyxovirinae, the results also showed groups corresponding to t ... | 2001 | 11603943 |
| a rapid immune plaque assay for the detection of hendra and nipah viruses and anti-virus antibodies. | rapid immune plaque assays have been developed to quantify biohazard level 4 agents hendra and nipah viruses and detect neutralising antibodies to both viruses. the methods rely on the fact that both viruses rapidly generate large syncytia in monolayers of vero cells within 24 h and that monospecific antiserum to the hendra virus phosphoprotein (p) detects that protein in both hendra and nipah virus-induced syncytia after methanol fixation of virus-infected cells. the p protein is a constituent ... | 2002 | 11684302 |
| functional expression and membrane fusion tropism of the envelope glycoproteins of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging paramyxovirus first isolated from cases of severe respiratory disease that fatally affected both horses and humans. understanding the mechanisms of host cell infection and cross-species transmission is an important step in addressing the risk posed by such emerging pathogens. we have initiated studies to characterize the biological properties of the hev envelope glycoproteins. recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the hev f and g open reading frames were generat ... | 2001 | 11882997 |
| nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in malaysia. | emerging infectious diseases involving zoonosis have become important global health problems. the 1998 outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia caused by a newly emergent paramyxovirus, nipah virus, is a good example. this disease has the potential to spread to other countries through infected animals and can cause considerable economic loss. the clinical presentation includes segmental myoclonus, areflexia, hypertension, and tachycardia, and histologic evidence incl ... | 2002 | 11938496 |
| functional properties of the fusion and attachment glycoproteins of nipah virus. | nipah virus (nv) and hendra virus (hv) are recently emergent, related viruses that can cause severe disease in humans and animals. the goal of this study was to investigate the immunogenic and functional properties of the fusion (f) and attachment (g) glycoproteins of nv. vaccination of mice with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvvs) expressing either the f (rvv/nv-f) or g (rvv/nv-g) proteins of nv induced neutralizing antibody responses to nv, with higher titers produced after vaccination with rv ... | 2002 | 12036330 |
| virus safety of human blood, plasma, and derived products. | the reconstitution of blood and its components is hampered by factors of compatibility, availability, and the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. protozoal agents such as plasmodium malariae and trypanosoma cruzi are only regionally relevant. bacterial transmissions are easy to prevent and treat. antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid screening have been implemented to prevent transmission of blood-borne viruses. transfusion-relevant viruses include hepatitis b and c virus (hbv and hcv), h ... | 2002 | 12379292 |
| membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the nipah virus and hendra virus envelope glycoproteins. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel paramyxoviruses from pigs and horses, respectively, that are responsible for fatal zoonotic infections of humans. the unique genetic and biological characteristics of these emerging agents has led to their classification as the prototypic members of a new genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily called henipavirus: these viruses are most closely related to members of the genus morbillivirus and infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fu ... | 2002 | 12388678 |
| induction of apoptosis by paramyxovirus simian virus 5 lacking a small hydrophobic gene. | simian virus 5 (sv5) is a member of the paramyxovirus family, which includes emerging viruses such as hendra virus and nipah virus as well as many important human and animal pathogens that have been known for years. sv5 encodes eight known viral proteins, including a small hydrophobic integral membrane protein (sh) of 44 amino acids. sv5 without the sh gene (rsv5deltash) is viable, and growth of rsv5deltash in tissue culture cells and viral protein and mrna production in rsv5deltash-infected cel ... | 2003 | 12610112 |
| nipah encephalitis outbreak in malaysia. | between september 1998 and june 1999, there was a severe outbreak of viral encephalitis among the pig farm workers in malaysia. | 2003 | 12625108 |
| basis for fusion inhibition by peptides: analysis of the heptad repeat regions of the fusion proteins from nipah and hendra viruses, newly emergent zoonotic paramyxoviruses. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel zoonotic members of the paramyxoviridae family and are the prototypes for a newly designated genus, genus henipavirus. recent studies have shown that paramyxovirus might adopt a similar mechanism of virus fusion-entry. under this mechanism, the two highly conserved heptad repeat (hr) regions, hr1 and hr2, in the fusion (f) protein, seem to show characteristic structure in the fusion core: the formation of a 6-helix coiled-coil bundle. the three ... | 2004 | 14975752 |
| nipah virus conforms to the rule of six in a minigenome replication assay. | to study the replication of nipah virus (niv), a minigenome replication assay that does not require the use of infectious virus was developed. the minigenome was constructed to encode a niv vrna analogue containing the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) under the control of putative niv transcription motifs and flanked by the niv genomic termini. cat protein was detected only when plasmids encoding the niv minigenome, nucleocapsid protein (n), phosphoprotein (p) and polymerase prot ... | 2004 | 14993656 |
| nipah virus. | | 2004 | 15038065 |
| conserved cysteine-rich domain of paramyxovirus simian virus 5 v protein plays an important role in blocking apoptosis. | the paramyxovirus family includes many well-known human and animal pathogens as well as emerging viruses such as hendra virus and nipah virus. the v protein of simian virus 5 (sv5), a prototype of the paramyxoviruses, contains a cysteine-rich c-terminal domain which is conserved among all paramyxovirus v proteins. the v protein can block both interferon (ifn) signaling by causing degradation of stat1 and ifn production by blocking irf-3 nuclear import. previously, it was reported that recombinan ... | 2004 | 15113888 |
| identification of the nuclear export signal and stat-binding domains of the nipah virus v protein reveals mechanisms underlying interferon evasion. | the v proteins of nipah virus and hendra virus have been demonstrated to bind to cellular stat1 and stat2 proteins to form high-molecular-weight complexes that inhibit interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral transcription by preventing stat nuclear accumulation. analysis of the nipah virus v protein has revealed a region between amino acids 174 and 192 that functions as a crm1-dependent nuclear export signal (nes). this peptide is sufficient to complement an export-defective human immunodeficiency vi ... | 2004 | 15113915 |
| emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats. | three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ... | 2004 | 15119765 |
| novel viral encephalitides associated with bats (chiroptera)--host management strategies. | several novel viruses recently described in bats of the genus pteropus (sub-order megachiroptera) in australia and southeast asia cause encephalitic disease in animals and humans. these viruses include hendra virus and nipah virus (genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae) and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae). broadly, strategies for disease prevention and control in the spillover host are directed at minimising direct or indirect contact with the natural ... | 2004 | 15119766 |
| henipaviruses: recent observations on regulation of transcription and the nature of the cell receptor. | hendra virus (henv) and nipah virus (nipv) are classified in the new genus henipavirus, within the subfamily paramyxovirinae, family paramyxoviridae. the genetic and biological characteristics that differentiate henipaviruses from other members of the subfamily are summarized. although they do not display neuraminidase and hemagglutination activities and in that regard resemble viruses in the genus morbillivirus, several recent observations highlight similarities between henipaviruses and respir ... | 2004 | 15119767 |
| [occupational bio hazards: current issues]. | over the last decade, there was noted a large advancement of knowledge on living organisms and their products posing a potential occupational risk. novel risk factors, often new to science, were identified, the role and significance of already known factors better comprehended, and occupational groups endangered by biological hazards more thoroughly recognized. novel viruses and prions, emerging in different parts of the world, may pose a particular threat to health and life of health care worke ... | 2004 | 15156765 |
| mapping of domains responsible for nucleocapsid protein-phosphoprotein interaction of henipaviruses. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are members of a new genus, henipavirus, in the family paramyxoviridae. each virus encodes a phosphoprotein (p) that is significantly larger than its counterparts in other known paramyxoviruses. the interaction of this unusually large p with its nucleocapsid protein (n) was investigated in this study by using recombinant full-length and truncated proteins expressed in bacteria and a modified protein-blotting protein-overlay assay. results from our group d ... | 2004 | 15166452 |
| host evasion by emerging paramyxoviruses: hendra virus and nipah virus v proteins inhibit interferon signaling. | interferon (ifn) can activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) proteins to establish a cellular antiviral response and inhibit virus replication. many viruses have evolved strategies to inhibit this antiviral mechanism, but paramyxoviruses are unique in their abilities to directly target the ifn-responsive stat proteins. hendra virus and nipah virus (henipaviruses) are recently emerged paramyxoviruses that are the causative agents of fatal disease outbreaks in australia an ... | 2004 | 15279700 |
| specific detection of nipah virus using real-time rt-pcr (taqman). | nipah and hendra viruses belong to the novel henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae family. its zoonotic circulation in bats and recent emergence in malaysia with fatal consequences for humans that were in close contact with infected pigs, has made the reinforcement of epidemiological and clinical surveillance systems a priority. in this study, taqman rt-pcr of the nipah nucleoprotein has been developed so that nipah virus rna in field specimens or laboratory material can be characterized rapi ... | 2004 | 15288966 |
| subcellular localization and calcium and ph requirements for proteolytic processing of the hendra virus fusion protein. | proteolytic cleavage of the hendra virus fusion (f) protein results in the formation of disulfide-linked f1 and f2 subunits, with cleavage occurring after residue k109 in the sequence gdvk/l. this unusual cleavage site and efficient propagation of hendra virus in a furin-deficient cell line indicate that the hendra f protein is not cleaved by furin, the protease responsible for proteolytic activation of many viral fusion proteins. to identify the subcellular site of hendra f processing, vero cel ... | 2004 | 15308711 |
| novel and re-emerging respiratory infections. | over the last decade a number of novel viral respiratory pathogens have appeared or been recognized. most of these are zoonoses, which have the capacity to infect humans directly or via an intermediate host. all but metapneumovirus are known to have caused epidemics of severe disease and at least two (the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and influenza h5n1) have the potential to cause global pandemics. possible preventive measures and treatment options against these new diseases are ... | 2004 | 15482205 |
| rna synthesis during infection by hendra virus: an examination by quantitative real-time pcr of rna accumulation, the effect of ribavirin and the attenuation of transcription. | hendra virus is one of two virus species within the newly-formed genus henipavirus, subfamily paramxyovirinae. it is a designated select agent with potential biosecurity threat to both human and animal health. quantitative real-time pcr was used to measure viral rna synthesis in vero cells infected by hendra virus, and to examine the inhibitory effect of ribavirin. it was also used to determine the points of attenuation during transcription of the six viral genes n, p, m, f, g and l by targeting ... | 2005 | 15526144 |
| the v proteins of paramyxoviruses bind the ifn-inducible rna helicase, mda-5, and inhibit its activation of the ifn-beta promoter. | most paramyxoviruses circumvent the ifn response by blocking ifn signaling and limiting the production of ifn by virus-infected cells. here we report that the highly conserved cysteine-rich c-terminal domain of the v proteins of a wide variety of paramyxoviruses binds melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda-5) product. mda-5 is an ifn-inducible host cell dexd/h box helicase that contains a caspase recruitment domain at its n terminus. overexpression of mda-5 stimulated the basal activity ... | 2004 | 15563593 |
| nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. | nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, closely related to hendra virus emerged in northern part of peninsular malaysia in 1998. the virus caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a high mortality rate, whereas, in pigs, encephalitis and respiratory diseases but with a relatively low mortality rate. the outbreak subsequently spread to various regions of the country and singapore in the south due to the movement of infected pigs. nipah virus caused systemic infections in human ... | 2003 | 12637075 |
| the australian paralysis tick may be the missing link in the transmission of hendra virus from bats to horses to humans. | hendra virus is a new virus of the family paramyxoviridae. this virus was first detected in queensland, australia, in 1994; although, it seems that the virus has infected fruit-eating bats (flying-foxes) for a very long time. at least 2 humans and 15 horses have been killed by this virus since it first emerged as a virus that may infect mammals other than flying-foxes. hendra virus is thought to have moved from flying-foxes to horses, and then from horses to people. there is a reasonably strong ... | 2003 | 12615503 |
| hendra and nipah viruses: new zoonotically-acquired human pathogens. | some of the key features of hendra and nipah viruses are summarized in table 1. the appearance of these new viruses over the last 10 years emphasizes a number of issues. (1) epidemics of human infectious diseases can occur unexpectedly and with high impact in terms of morbidity and mortality. (2) we do not know what epidemiologic factors conspire to allow these viruses to stray out of their bat reservoirs into the two different intermediate hosts (horses and pigs) and then into humans. (3) we do ... | 2005 | 15763222 |
| emerging viral infections in australia. | hendra virus infection should be suspected in someone with close association with horses or bats who presents acutely with pneumonia or encephalitis (potentially after a prolonged incubation period). australian bat lyssavirus infection should be suspected in a patient with a progressive neurological illness and a history of exposure to a bat. rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should be strongly considered after a bite, scratch or mucous membrane exposure to a bat. japanese encephalitis vaccine s ... | 2002 | 12088481 |
| completion of the full-length genome sequence of menangle virus: characterisation of the polymerase gene and genomic 5' trailer region. | menangle virus (menv), isolated in 1997 from stillborn piglets during an outbreak of reproductive disease at a large commercial piggery, is the only new paramyxovirus to be identified in australia since hendra virus in 1994. following partial characterisation of the menv genome, we previously showed that menv is a novel member of the genus rubulavirus. here we report the characterisation of the large (l) polymerase gene and the adjacent 5' trailer region of menv, which completes the full-length ... | 2005 | 15906105 |
| [emerging respiratory infections caused by pneumotropic viruses]. | | 2005 | 15915382 |
| role of n-linked glycosylation of the hendra virus fusion protein. | the hendra virus fusion (f) protein contains five potential sites for n-linked glycosylation in the ectodomain. examination of f protein mutants with single asparagine-to-alanine mutations indicated that two sites in the f(2) subunit (n67 and n99) and two sites in the f(1) subunit (n414 and n464) normally undergo n-linked glycosylation. while n-linked modification at n414 is critical for protein folding and transport, f proteins lacking carbohydrates at n67, n99, or n464 remained fusogenically a ... | 2005 | 15919949 |
| hendra virus under the microscope. | | 2005 | 15971804 |
| novel innate immune functions for galectin-1: galectin-1 inhibits cell fusion by nipah virus envelope glycoproteins and augments dendritic cell secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. | galectin-1 (gal-1), an endogenous lectin secreted by a variety of cell types, has pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions, including regulation of lymphocyte survival and cytokine secretion in autoimmune, transplant disease, and parasitic infection models. however, the role of gal-1 in viral infections is unknown. nipah virus (niv) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe, often fatal, febrile encephalitis. the primary targets of niv are endothelial cells. niv infection of endothelial cells res ... | 2005 | 15972675 |
| experimental nipah virus infection in pigs and cats. | a human isolate of nipah virus from an outbreak of febrile encephalitis in malaysia that coincided with a field outbreak of disease in pigs was used to infect eight 6-week-old pigs orally or subcutaneously and two cats oronasally. in pigs, the virus induced a respiratory and neurological syndrome consistent with that observed in the malaysian pigs. not all the pigs showed clinical signs, but nipah virus was recovered from the nose and oropharynx of both clinically and sub-clinically infected ani ... | 2002 | 11945001 |
| molecular characterization of the polymerase gene and genomic termini of nipah virus. | in 1998, nipah virus (nv) emerged in peninsular malaysia, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory disease in swine. nv is most closely related to hendra virus (hv), a paramyxovirus that was identified in australia in 1994, and it has been proposed that hv and nv represent a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. this report describes the analysis of the sequences of the polymerase gene (l) and genomic termini of nv as well as a comparison of the full-length, genomic sequence ... | 2001 | 11504554 |
| sequence motif upstream of the hendra virus fusion protein cleavage site is not sufficient to promote efficient proteolytic processing. | the hendra virus fusion (hev f) protein is synthesized as a precursor, f(0), and proteolytically cleaved into the mature f(1) and f(2) heterodimer, following an hdlvdgvk(109) motif. this cleavage event is required for fusogenic activity. to determine the amino acid requirements for processing of the hev f protein, we constructed multiple mutants. individual and simultaneous alanine substitutions of the eight residues immediately upstream of the cleavage site did not eliminate processing. a chime ... | 2005 | 16083935 |
| location of, immunogenicity of and relationships between neutralization epitopes on the attachment protein (g) of hendra virus. | epitopes involved in a protective immune response to hendra virus (hev) (henipavirus, paramxyoviridae) were investigated by generating five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the virus attachment protein (g) of hev (hev g) and sequencing of the g gene of groups of neutralization-escape variants selected with each mab. amino acid substitutions occurred at eight distinct sites on hev g. relationships between these sites were investigated in binding and neutralization assays using heterol ... | 2005 | 16186240 |
| serological examination for evidence of infection with hendra and nipah viruses in queensland piggeries. | to examine piggeries in queensland for evidence of infection with hendra virus and nipah virus. | 2001 | 11491222 |
| cathepsin l is involved in proteolytic processing of the hendra virus fusion protein. | proteolytic processing of paramyxovirus fusion (f) proteins is essential for the generation of a mature and fusogenic form of the f protein. although many paramyxovirus f proteins are proteolytically processed by the cellular protease furin at a multibasic cleavage motif, cleavage of the newly emerged hendra virus f protein occurs by a previously unidentified cellular protease following a single lysine at residue 109. we demonstrate here that the cellular protease cathepsin l is involved in conv ... | 2005 | 16188974 |
| virology. researchers tie deadly sars virus to bats. | | 2005 | 16195440 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against binary ethylenimine inactivated nipah virus. | nipah virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus which emerged recently was chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine (bei). the inactivated virus was concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. the gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy and western immunoblot, and gradient fraction containing mainly nipah matrix (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins was used for immunizing balb/c mice to generate hybridomas. screening of the resultant hybridoma clones identified five ... | 2006 | 16226320 |
| hendra and nipah viruses: different and dangerous. | hendra virus and nipah virus are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these features led to their classification into the new genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathogens. t ... | 2006 | 16357858 |
| hendra and nipah viruses: pathogenesis and therapeutics. | within the past decade a number of new zoonotic paramyxoviruses emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in man and livestock. hendra virus was the cause of fatal infections of horses and man in australia in 1994, 1999 and 2004. nipah virus caused encephalitis in humans both in malaysia in 1998/99, following silent spread of the virus in the pig population, and in bangladesh from 2001 to 2004 probably as a result of direct bat to human transmission and spread within the human ... | 2005 | 16375714 |
| molecular characterization of menangle virus, a novel paramyxovirus which infects pigs, fruit bats, and humans. | menangle virus (menv), isolated in august 1997 following an outbreak of reproductive disease in a piggery in new south wales, is the second previously unclassified member of the family paramyxoviridae to be identified in australia since 1994. similar to hendra virus (hev), menv appears to be a virus of fruit bats (flying foxes) in the genus pteropus. no serological cross-reactivity was detected between menv and other known paramyxoviruses and to facilitate virus classification a cdna subtraction ... | 2001 | 11336561 |
| risk factors for nipah virus transmission, port dickson, negeri sembilan, malaysia: results from a hospital-based case-control study. | a hospital-based case-control study of viral encephalitis was carried out at port dickson hospital, in the state of negeri sembilan, malaysia. between march and may 1999, 69 clinically diagnosed viral encephalitis cases and 31 controls were interviewed. job histories on pig farming activities were assessed by a group of epidemiologists and veterinary surgeons. results show that among clinical cases of viral encephalitis, 52 (75.4%) cases were diagnosed to have nipah virus infection based on posi ... | 2000 | 11127330 |
| going to bat. | | 2006 | 16502604 |
| nipah/hendra virus outbreak in siliguri, west bengal, india in 2001. | the viral encephalitides caused by animal or human viruses are characterized by sudden outbreaks of neurological disease in both tropical and temperate regions. an outbreak of acute encephalitis occurred in siliguri (west bengal) town of india between january 31 and february 23, 2001. this outbreak was investigated by a team of scientists from four major institutions, and the findings are presented here. | 2006 | 16783047 |
| the exceptionally large genome of hendra virus: support for creation of a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. | an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in hendra, a suburb of brisbane, australia, in september 1994 resulted in the deaths of 14 racing horses and a horse trainer. the causative agent was a new member of the family paramyxoviridae. the virus was originally called equine morbillivirus but was renamed hendra virus (hev) when molecular characterization highlighted differences between it and members of the genus morbillivirus. less than 5 years later, the closely related nipah virus (niv) emerged ... | 2000 | 11024125 |
| crystal structures of nipah and hendra virus fusion core proteins. | the nipah and hendra viruses are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these characteristics have led to their classification into the new genus henpavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathog ... | 2006 | 16972940 |
| molecular characterization of nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus. | recently, a new paramyxovirus, now known as nipah virus (nv), emerged in malaysia and singapore, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory syndrome in pigs. initial studies had indicated that nv is antigenically and genetically related to hendra virus (hv). we generated the sequences of the n, p/c/v, m, f, and g genes of nv and compared these sequences with those of hv and other members of the family paramyxoviridae. the intergenic regions of nv were identical to those of hv, and th ... | 2000 | 10860887 |
| nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. | a paramyxovirus virus termed nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in malaysia and singapore. the outbreak was first noted in late september 1998 and by mid-june 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in singapore. electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic ... | 2000 | 10827955 |
| hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. | a veterinarian became infected with hendra virus (hev) after managing a terminally ill horse and performing a limited autopsy with inadequate precautions. although she was initially only mildly ill, serological tests suggested latent hev infection. nevertheless, she remains well 2 years after her initial illness. recently emerged zoonotic viruses, such as hev, necessitate appropriate working procedures and personal protective equipment in veterinary practice. | 2006 | 17115969 |
| quantitative analysis of nipah virus proteins released as virus-like particles reveals central role for the matrix protein. | nipah virus (niv) is an emerging paramyxovirus distinguished by its ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. together with hendra virus (hev), they comprise the genus henipavirus in the paramyxoviridae family. niv and hev are also restricted to biosafety level-4 containment and this has hampered progress towards examining details of their replication and morphogenesis. here, we have established recombinant expression systems to study niv particle assembly and budding throug ... | 2007 | 17204159 |
| identification and phylogenetic comparison of salem virus, a novel paramyxovirus of horses. | a virus that could not be identified as a previously known equine virus was isolated from the mononuclear cells of a horse. electron microscopy revealed enveloped virions with nucleocapsid structures characteristic of viruses in the paramyxoviridae family. the virus failed to hemabsorb chicken or guinea pig red blood cells and lacked neuraminidase activity. two viral genes were isolated from a cdna expression library. multiple sequence alignments of one gene indicated an average identity of 45% ... | 2000 | 10793001 |
| emerging viruses: coming in on a wrinkled wing and a prayer. | the role that bats have played in the emergence of several new infectious diseases has been under review. bats have been identified as the reservoir hosts of newly emergent viruses such as nipah virus, hendra virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses. this article expands on recent findings about bats and viruses and their relevance to human infections. it briefly reviews the history of chiropteran viruses and discusses their emergence in the context of geography, phylogeny ... | 2007 | 17278066 |
| neutralization assays for differential henipavirus serology using bio-plex protein array systems. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are related emerging paramyxoviruses classified in the genus henipavirus. both cause fatal disease in animals and humans and are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens. here we detail two new multiplexed microsphere assays, one for antibody detection and differentiation and another designed as a surrogate for virus neutralization. both assays utilize recombinant soluble attachment glycoproteins (sg) whereas the latter incorporates the cellular receptor ... | 2007 | 17292974 |