| penetration of the coral-bleaching bacterium vibrio shiloi into oculina patagonica. | inoculation of the coral-bleaching bacterium vibrio shiloi into seawater containing its host oculina patagonica led to adhesion of the bacteria to the coral surface via a beta-d-galactose receptor, followed by penetration of the bacteria into the coral tissue. the internalized v. shiloi cells were observed inside the exodermal layer of the coral by electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using specific anti-v. shiloi antibodies to stain the intracellular bacteria. at 29 degrees c, 80% of ... | 2000 | 10877802 |
| inhibition of photosynthesis and bleaching of zooxanthellae by the coral pathogen vibrio shiloi. | vibrio shiloi is the causative agent of bleaching (loss of endosymbiotic zooxanthellae) of the coral oculina patagonica in the mediterranean sea. to obtain information on the mechanism of bleaching, we examined the effect of secreted material (ak1-s) produced by v. shiloi on zooxanthellae isolated from corals. ak1-s caused a rapid inhibition of photosynthesis of the algae, as measured with a mini-pam fluorometer. the inhibition of photosynthesis was caused by (i) ammonia produced during the grow ... | 1999 | 11207741 |
| proline-rich peptide from the coral pathogen vibrio shiloi that inhibits photosynthesis of zooxanthellae. | the coral-bleaching bacterium vibrio shiloi biosynthesizes and secretes an extracellular peptide, referred to as toxin p, which inhibits photosynthesis of coral symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae). toxin p was produced during the stationary phase when the bacterium was grown on peptone or casamino acids media at 29 degrees c. glycerol inhibited the production of toxin p. toxin p was purified to homogeneity, yielding the following 12-residue peptide: pypvyapppvvp (molecular weight, 1,295.54). the str ... | 2001 | 11282602 |
| role of endosymbiotic zooxanthellae and coral mucus in the adhesion of the coral-bleaching pathogen vibrio shiloi to its host. | vibrio shiloi, the causative agent of bleaching the coral oculina patagonica in the mediterranean sea, adheres to its coral host by a beta-d-galactopyranoside-containing receptor on the coral surface. the receptor is present in the coral mucus, since v. shiloi adhered avidly to mucus-coated elisa plates. adhesion was inhibited by methyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside. removal of the mucus from o. patagonica resulted in a delay in adhesion of v. shiloi to the coral, corresponding to regeneration of the ... | 2001 | 11356564 |
| vibrio shiloi sp. nov., the causative agent of bleaching of the coral oculina patagonica. | the aetiological agent of bleaching of the coral oculina patagonica was characterized as a new vibrio species on the basis of 16s rdna sequence, dna-dna hybridization data and phenotypic properties, including the cellular fatty acid profile. based on its 16s rdna and dna-dna hybridization, the new vibrio species is closely related to vibrio mediterranei. the name vibrio shiloi sp. nov. is proposed for the new coral-bleaching species, the type strain being ak1t (= atcc baa-91t = dsm 13774t). | 2001 | 11491336 |
| the coral bleaching vibrio shiloi kushmaro et al. 2001 is a later synonym of vibrio mediterranei pujalte and garay 1986. | the coral bleaching vibrio shiloi lmg 19703t was characterized by means of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (faflp), dna-dna hybridisation, mol% g+c content, fatty acids methyl ester (fame) analysis and phenotypical tests. numerical analysis of the faflp band patterns indicated that the type strain of v. shiloi in fact belongs to the species v. mediterranei. the type strains of both species shared 77% dna similarity, as determined by dna-dna hybridisation experiments at stringe ... | 2001 | 11876359 |
| microbial diseases of corals and global warming. | coral bleaching and other diseases of corals have increased dramatically during the last few decades. as outbreaks of these diseases are highly correlated with increased sea-water temperature, one of the consequences of global warming will probably be mass destruction of coral reefs. the causative agent(s) of a few of these diseases have been reported: bleaching of oculina patagonica by vibrio shiloi; black band disease by a microbial consortium; sea-fan disease (aspergillosis) by aspergillus sy ... | 2002 | 12071977 |
| vibrio coralliilyticus sp. nov., a temperature-dependent pathogen of the coral pocillopora damicornis. | vibrio sp. yb1t (=atcc baa-450t =lmg 20984t), the aetiological agent of tissue lysis of the coral pocillopora damicornis, was characterized as a novel vibrio species on the basis of 16s rdna sequence, dna-dna hybridization data (g + c content is 45.6 mol%), aflp and gtg5-pcr genomic fingerprinting patterns and phenotypic properties, including the cellular fatty acid profile. the predominant fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:1 omega7c. the name vibrio coralliilyticus sp. nov. is proposed for the novel ... | 2003 | 12656189 |
| the marine fireworm hermodice carunculata is a winter reservoir and spring-summer vector for the coral-bleaching pathogen vibrio shiloi. | vibrio shiloi, the causative agent of bleaching of the coral oculina patagonica in the mediterranean sea, is present in all bleached o. patagonica corals in the summer (25-30 degrees c), but can be not detected in the coral during the winter (16-20 degrees c). furthermore, the pathogen can not survive in o. patagonica at temperatures below 20 degrees c. using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with a v. shiloi-specific oligonucleotide probe, we found that the marine fireworm hermodice car ... | 2003 | 12662172 |
| superoxide dismutase is a virulence factor produced by the coral bleaching pathogen vibrio shiloi. | coral bleaching is a disease that threatens coral reefs throughout the world. the disease is correlated with higher-than-normal seawater temperatures. data have been reported showing that bleaching of the coral oculina patagonica during the summer in the mediterranean sea is the result of an infection with vibrio shiloi. the summer temperatures induce the expression of virulence factors in the pathogen. we report here that v. shiloi produces an extracellular superoxide dismutase (sod) at 30 degr ... | 2003 | 12732948 |
| the vibrio shiloi/oculina patagonica model system of coral bleaching. | the scleractinian coral oculina patagonica undergoes bleaching (loss of its endosymbiotic zooxanthellae) every summer in the eastern mediterranean sea when seawater temperatures rise. the causative agent of the disease is vibrio shiloi. the pathogen adheres to a beta-galactoside-containing receptor in the coral mucus, penetrates into epithelial cells, differentiates into a viable-but-not-culturable form, multiplies, and produces a proline-rich peptide toxin that inhibits photosynthesis of the zo ... | 2004 | 15487933 |
| diversity of bacteria associated with the coral pocillopora damicornis from the great barrier reef. | the microbial community associated with the reef building coral pocillopora damicornis located on the great barrier reef was investigated using culture-independent molecular microbial techniques. the microbial communities of three separate coral colonies were assessed using clone library construction alongside restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis. diversity was also investigated spatially across six replicate samples within each single coral colony using 16s rdna an ... | 2005 | 16011753 |
| differential effects of temperature and starvation on induction of the viable-but-nonculturable state in the coral pathogens vibrio shiloi and vibrio tasmaniensis. | we compared induction of the viable-but-nonculturable (vbnc) state in two vibrio spp. isolated from diseased corals by starving the cells and maintaining them in artificial seawater at 4 and 20 degrees c. in vibrio tasmaniensis, isolated from a gorgonian octocoral growing in cool temperate water (7 to 17 degrees c), the vbnc state was not induced by incubation at 4 degrees c after 157 days. by contrast, vibrio shiloi, isolated from a coral in warmer water (16 to 30 degrees c), was induced into t ... | 2006 | 17021199 |
| the coral probiotic hypothesis. | emerging diseases have been responsible for the death of about 30% of corals worldwide during the last 30 years. coral biologists have predicted that by 2050 most of the world's coral reefs will be destroyed. this prediction is based on the assumption that corals can not adapt rapidly enough to environmental stress-related conditions and emerging diseases. our recent studies of the vibrio shiloi/oculina patagonica model system of the coral bleaching disease indicate that corals can indeed adapt ... | 2006 | 17107548 |
| bacteria are not the primary cause of bleaching in the mediterranean coral oculina patagonica. | coral bleaching occurs when the endosymbiosis between corals and their symbionts disintegrates during stress. mass coral bleaching events have increased over the past 20 years and are directly correlated with periods of warm sea temperatures. however, some hypotheses have suggested that reef-building corals bleach due to infection by bacterial pathogens. the 'bacterial bleaching' hypothesis is based on laboratory studies of the mediterranean invading coral, oculina patagonica, and has further ge ... | 2008 | 18059488 |
| correlation between detection of a plasmid and high-level virulence of vibrio nigripulchritudo, a pathogen of the shrimp litopenaeus stylirostris. | vibrio nigripulchritudo, the etiological agent of litopenaeus stylirostris summer syndrome, is responsible for mass mortalities of shrimp in new caledonia. epidemiological studies led to the suggestion that this disease is caused by an emergent group of pathogenic strains. genomic subtractive hybridization was carried out between two isolates exhibiting low and high virulence. our subtraction library was constituted of 521 specific fragments; 55 of these were detected in all virulent isolates fr ... | 2008 | 18359828 |
| genome analysis of the coral bleaching pathogen vibrio shiloi. | the past few decades have seen a world-wide increase in coral diseases, yet little is known about coral pathogens. in this study, techniques commonly used in pathogenomic research were applied to the coral pathogen vibrio shiloi in order to identify genetic elements involved in its virulence. suppressive subtractive hybridization was used to compare the gene content of v. shiloi to that of a closely related but non-pathogenic bacterium, vibrio mediterranei, resulting in identification of several ... | 2008 | 18523756 |
| antimicrobial properties of resident coral mucus bacteria of oculina patagonica. | the inhibitory properties of the microbial community of the coral mucus from the mediterranean coral oculina patagonica were examined. out of 156 different colony morphotypes that were isolated from the coral mucus, nine inhibited the growth of vibrio shiloi, a species previously shown to be a pathogen of this coral. an isolate identified as pseudoalteromonas sp. was the strongest inhibitor of v. shiloi. several isolates, especially one identified as roseobacter sp., also showed a broad spectrum ... | 2009 | 19191871 |
| antagonistic interactions among coral-associated bacteria. | reef-building corals are comprised of close associations between the coral animal, symbiotic zooxanthellae, and a diversity of associated microbes (including bacteria, archaea and fungi). together, these comprise the coral holobiont - a paradigm that emphasizes the potential contributions of each component to the overall function and health of the coral. little is known about the ecology of the coral-associated microbial community and its hypothesized role in coral health. we explored bacteria-b ... | 2010 | 19691500 |
| neutralization of radical toxicity by temperature-dependent modulation of extracellular sod activity in coral bleaching pathogen vibrio shiloi and its role as a virulence factor. | vibrio shiloi is the first and well-documented bacterium which causes coral bleaching, particularly, during summer, when seawater temperature is between 26 and 31 degrees c. coral bleaching is the disruption of the symbiotic association between coral hosts and their photosynthetic microalgae zooxanthellae. this is either due to lowered resistance in corals to infection or increased virulence of the bacterium at the higher sea surface temperature. the concentration of the oxygen and resulting oxy ... | 2010 | 20512561 |
| na(+)- and h(+)-dependent motility in the coral pathogen vibrio shilonii. | in this work, we analyzed motility and the flagellar systems of the marine bacterium vibrio shilonii. we show that this bacterium produces lateral flagella when seeded on soft agar plates at concentrations of 0.5% or 0.6%. however, at agar concentrations of 0.7%, cells become round and lose their flagella. the sodium channel blocker amiloride inhibits swimming of v. shilonii with the sheathed polar flagellum, but not swarming with lateral flagella. we also isolated and characterized the filament ... | 2010 | 20979349 |
| denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of the vertical distribution and diversity of vibrio spp. populations in the cariaco basin. | the cariaco system is the second largest permanently anoxic marine water body in the world. its water column is characterized by a pronounced vertical layering of microbial communities. the goal of our study was to investigate the vertical distribution and diversity of vibrio spp. present in the cariaco basin waters using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of pcr-amplified 16s rdna fragments. representatives of the vibrio genus were detected by nested and direct pcr in seawater at 10 ... | 2011 | 21507026 |
| outcomes of infections of sea anemone aiptasia pallida with vibrio spp. pathogenic to corals. | incidents of coral disease are on the rise. however, in the absence of a surrogate animal host, understanding of the interactions between coral pathogens and their hosts remains relatively limited, compared to other pathosystems of similar global importance. a tropical sea anemone, aiptasia pallida, has been investigated as a surrogate model to study certain aspects of coral biology. therefore, to test whether the utility of this surrogate model can be extended to study coral diseases, in the pr ... | 2014 | 24619233 |
| temperature-dependent inhibition of opportunistic vibrio pathogens by native coral commensal bacteria. | bacteria living within the surface mucus layer of corals compete for nutrients and space. a number of stresses affect the outcome of this competition. the interactions between native microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens largely determine the coral holobiont's overall health and fitness. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that commensal bacteria isolated from the mucus layer of a healthy elkhorn coral, acropora palmata, are capable of inhibition of opportunistic pathogens, vibrio shilo ... | 2014 | 24370863 |
| outer membrane vesicles containing signalling molecules and active hydrolytic enzymes released by a coral pathogen vibrio shilonii ak1. | production and release of outer-membrane vesicles (omvs) is known in many bacteria including human pathogens. to date, omv release has not been reported in coral-associated bacteria. we discovered that vibrio shilonii ak1, a well-studied coral pathogen, produces omvs in culture. transmission electron microscopy showed that v. shilonii cultures release two types of vesicles, with a single membrane or two membranes, as well as vesicle chain-like morphotype in purified vesicle fraction. no signific ... | 2016 | 27102379 |
| the role of vibrios in diseases of corals. | the tissue, skeleton, and secreted mucus of corals supports a highly dynamic and diverse community of microbes, which play a major role in the health status of corals such as the provision of essential nutrients or the metabolism of waste products. however, members of the vibrio genus are prominent as causative agents of disease in corals. the aim of this chapter is to review our understanding of the spectrum of disease effects displayed by coral-associated vibrios, with a particular emphasis on ... | 2015 | 26350314 |
| induction of the lateral flagellar system of vibrio shilonii is an early event after inhibition of the sodium ion flux in the polar flagellum. | in this study, we show the induction of lateral flagella by the action of the sodium channel blocker phenamil, in the marine bacterium vibrio shilonii, a coral pathogen that causes bleaching. we analyzed the growth and morphology of cells treated with phenamil. a time course analysis showed that after 30 min of exposure to the sodium channel blocker, lateral flagella were present and could be detected by electron microscopy. detection of the mrna of the master regulator (lafk) and lateral flagel ... | 2015 | 25639364 |
| multilocus sequence analysis of putative vibrio mediterranei strains and description of vibrio thalassae sp. nov. | a multilocus sequence analysis based on partial gyrb, mreb, rpod and pyrh genes was undertaken with 61 putative vibrio mediterranei/v. shilonii strains from different hosts (mussels, oysters, clams, coral, fish and plankton) or habitat (seawater and sediment) and geographical origins (mediterranean, atlantic and pacific). a consistent grouping was obtained with individual and concatenated gene sequences, and the clade, comprising 54 strains, was split into three subclades by all methods: subclad ... | 2014 | 24935234 |
| genome-wide mutation rate response to ph change in the coral reef pathogen vibrio shilonii ak1. | recent application of mutation accumulation techniques combined with whole-genome sequencing (ma/wgs) has greatly promoted studies of spontaneous mutation. however, such explorations have rarely been conducted on marine organisms, and it is unclear how marine habitats have influenced genome stability. this report resolves the mutation rate and spectrum of the coral reef pathogen vibrio shilonii, which causes coral bleaching and endangers the biodiversity maintained by coral reefs. we found that ... | 2017 | 28830944 |