| the phylogenetic relationships and classification of the doucs and snub-nosed langurs of china and vietnam. | the taxonomy of the douc and snub-nosed langurs has changed several times during the 20th century. the controversy over the systematic position of these animals has been due in part to difficulties in studying them: both the doucs and the snub-nosed langurs are rare in the wild and are generally poorly represented in institutional collections. this review is based on a detailed examination of relatively large numbers of specimens of most of the species of langurs concerned. an attempt was made t ... | 1993 | 8335292 |
| phylogenetic relationships among two species of golden monkey and three species of leaf monkey inferred from rdna variation. | restriction maps of rdna repeats of five species of colobinae and three outgroup taxa, hylobates leucogenys, macaca mulatta, and macaca irus, were constructed using 15 restriction endonucleases and cloned 18s and 28s rrna gene probes. the site variation between rhinopithecus roxellana and rhinopithecus bieti is comparable to that between presbytis françoisi and preshytis phayrei, implying that r. bieti is a valid species rather than a subspecies of r. roxellana. phylogenetic analysis on the 47 i ... | 1995 | 8792613 |
| a preliminary report on sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) at baihe nature reserve | | 1999 | 10085519 |
| a juvenile sichuan golden monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) predated by a goshawk (accipiter gentilis) in the qinling mountains | | 1999 | 10394069 |
| infanticide within captive groups of sichuan golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | | 1999 | 10567833 |
| seasonality of matings and births in captive sichuan golden monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | this study, based on three years of mating behavior observations and 10 years of birth records, reveals that sichuan golden monkeys in captivity displayed a marked seasonality of mating behavior and births. the peak of matings occurred around october, and births occurred in march-june. the birth peak followed the mating peak by six to seven months. this seasonal cycle of matings and births was similar to observations made in the wild, where both temperature and food resources were favorable in s ... | 2000 | 10941443 |
| seasonal home range changes of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains of china. | the seasonal changes in home range and habitat use of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey, rhinopithecus roxellana, have been studied by radio tracking and direct observation in the qinling mountains of china. the home range size was 14.1 km(2) in spring, 9.5 km(2) in summer, 12.1 km(2) in autumn and 12.3 km(2) in winter; the total area used was 22.5 km(2). the area of the home range is closely correlated with the distribution and abundance of food resources. seasonal change in the home range area is ... | 2000 | 11155025 |
| development of sexual morphology, physiology and behaviour in sichuan golden monkeys, rhinopithecus roxellana. | | 2000 | 11155030 |
| the seasonal diet of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (pygathrix roxellana) in shennongjia nature reserve, china. | | 2001 | 11275749 |
| vertical distribution of different age-sex classes in a foraging group of sichuan golden monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | | 2001 | 11490136 |
| the seasonal daily travel in a group of sichuan snub-nosed monkey (pygathrix roxellana) in shennongjia nature reserve, china. | the seasonal daily travel of a group of snub-nosed monkey (pygathrix roxellana) was investigated using the group's straight-line distance method. the group was followed from dawn to dusk for 30 consecutive days during each season to encompass all aspects of daily travel patterns. the results showed that in summer and autumn, the mean daily travel distance (m) was significantly longer than in winter and spring. there was no significant difference in the mean daily travel distance between summer a ... | 2002 | 12426462 |
| genetic diversity and population history of golden monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | golden monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana), namely the snub-nosed monkey, is a well-known endangered primate, which distributes only in the central part of mainland china. as an effort to understand the current genetic status as well as population history of this species, we collected a sample of 32 individuals from four different regions, which cover the major habitat of this species. forty-four allozyme loci were surveyed in our study by allozyme electrophoresis, none of which was found to be pol ... | 2003 | 12750338 |
| the effect of forest clear-cutting on habitat use in sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) in shennongjia nature reserve, china. | the habitat use of two groups of sichuan snub-nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana) was observed, using the focal group method, for 7 months in four seasons from june 2000 to october 2001. the habitats were classed into primary forest and three successional habitats: after clear-cutting: grassland, shrub forest and young forest. the results showed that the large group of monkeys had larger range areas than the small group in the same season. both groups had larger range sizes in summer or autu ... | 2004 | 14556068 |
| [physiological adaptations of sichuan golden monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) to high altitude habitat in the qinling mountains]. | the golden monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is a special species in china, and possesses the highest altitude habitat (4,167 m) in all kinds of primates. so it is very important to study this monkey how to adapt to such a high and severe habitat. according to our research results in recent years and relative publications, this paper, from digestive, respiratory, blood, circulative and reproductive systems, inquired into the sichuan golden monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana), a named species for gol ... | 2004 | 15146651 |
| extra-unit sexual behaviour among wild sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains of china. | | 2005 | 15900104 |
| social organization of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains, central china. | sichuan snub-nosed monkeys were observed for 197 days from 2000 to 2003 in the qinling mountains, central china. the study group was provisioned in 2001 allowing detailed observations of social organization based on individual identification. the group was composed of 45-82 monkeys, all of which belonged to one of 6-8 one-male units (omu) that foraged to form one big group. the average unit size was 9.0+/-2.3, 8+/-1.5 in the winter and 11.1+/-2.0 in the spring. immigration or emigration of one-m ... | 2006 | 16625309 |
| first direct evidence of infanticide and cannibalism in wild snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus bieti). | although infanticide has been witnessed in many species of colobinae, and a case was observed in a captive group of golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana), observed cases of infanticide in wild snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus spp.) have not previously been recorded. here we describe the killing of a 1-month-old infant by a male in a black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (r. bieti) group at xiaochangdu in tibet. the infanticidal attack was witnessed as part of a long-term observational ... | 2007 | 17154386 |
| copulation behavior within one-male groups of wild rhinopithecus roxellana in the qinling mountains of china. | this study was conducted using focal animal sampling on the west ridge group of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) located in the zhouzhi national nature reserve on the north slope of the qinling mountains, from 8 july 2003 to 24 may 2004. the difference in the average frequency of copulations for each focal male for each month was significant (f=3.068, p=0.016, one-way anova test) with the majority of copulations occurring between september and november. duration of intromi ... | 2007 | 17219093 |
| terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys. | morphological characters allow the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) to use multiple tree levels, but very few studies have quantified the terrestriality and tree stratum use of the species. i investigated the terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of the monkeys from july 2003 to september 2004 (except february) in the qianjiaping area of shennongjia nature reserve, china. i collected data on the vertical position of individual monkeys in forest in relation to behavior ... | 2007 | 17265009 |
| phylogeography and population structure of the golden monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana): inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences. | the golden monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is one of the most endangered primate species due to its dramatically shrinking distribution during the past 400 years. its populations are restricted to three isolated regions, qinglin (ql), sichuan/gansu (sg), and shennongjia (snj) in china. as with other snub-nosed monkeys in china and vietnam, the biology and evolution of this species is still poorly known. to assess genetic differentiation and explore the relationships among populations of golden ... | 2007 | 17385699 |
| diet and activity budget of rhinopithecus roxellana in the qinling mountains, china. | we collected data on diet and daytime activity budget, and investigated the phenology of food trees and food abundance for a group of rhinopithecus roxellana on the east ridge of yuhuangmiao in the qinling mountains from november 2001 to december 2003. we calculated the seasonal activity budget using data collected by scan sampling from 84 full-day observations (winter 16, spring 18, summer 28, autumn 22 days). during scan sampling we recorded behavioral states, and the food items and species co ... | 2007 | 17522758 |
| a preliminary study of food transfer in sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | food transfer happens regularly in a few nonhuman primates species that are also characterized by remarkable social tolerance. sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana), or golden monkeys, which exhibit high social tolerance in their social relationships are thus of interest to see whether tolerance would extend to food transfer. in this study, branch feeding activity was observed in a semi-captive group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys, which consisted of 10 subjects that included a one ... | 2008 | 17694533 |
| impact of male takeover on intra-unit sexual interactions and subsequent interbirth interval in wild rhinopithecus roxellana. | data were collected on sexual interactions before and after a male takeover of a one-male unit (omu) of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains, china. the original unit consisted of an adult male, 2 adult and 2 subadult females, 2 female juveniles and a single infant. following the takeover, the new resident male copulated with 1 adult female, which was not lactating. subsequent to the disappearance of her infant, the second (lactating female) entered breed ... | 2008 | 17921675 |
| reproductive parameters of wild female rhinopithecus roxellana. | on the basis on 6 years of observation, we estimated the reproductive parameters of a golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) group in the qinling mountains, china. we observed 88 births in 47 females from 2001 to 2006. two methods were used to calculate the birthrate. the first method is based on the number of births observed in a year, giving 0.49+/-0.07 (mean+/-sd), and the second method is based on the female-years of observation, giving 0.49+/-0.17 births per female per year in t ... | 2008 | 17968907 |
| first wild evidence of neonate nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality in old world monkeys: a preliminary study from rhinopithecus roxellana. | although captive or free-ranging settings offer a more controlled environment for assessing non-human primate laterality, research on wild populations provides evidence of how laterality is affected by natural environmental conditions and, thus may yield potential insights into the evolution of laterality. this study of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) constitutes the first report on asymmetric patterns of early mother-infant interactions among old world monkeys in the wild. ... | 2008 | 18031955 |
| hand preference during unimanual and bimanual reaching actions in sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | hand preferences were investigated during one unimanual action (food-reaching) and one bimanual action (mount-reaching) in a semi-free-ranging group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in zhouzhi national nature reserve, qinling mountains of china. nine of 14 individuals tested on the unimanual food-reaching action and all six individuals tested on the bimanual mount-reaching action exhibited a manual preference. both significant right- and left-handed preferences were observ ... | 2008 | 18080318 |
| dominance relationships among one-male units in a provisioned free-ranging band of the sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains, china. | we studied the dominance relationships among one-male units (omus) in a provisioned free-ranging band of the sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains of central china from 2001 to 2005. the band was composed of 6-8 omus that stayed in the band for several years. linear dominance orders could be detected using displacement interactions with directional asymmetry among omus in 82.3+/-5% of interactions, and ambiguous and reversed interactions in 17.7+/-5%. the ... | 2008 | 18351619 |
| female social dynamics in a provisioned free-ranging band of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains, china. | little information is available on the social dynamics of the sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). here, we provide 5-year observational data on a provisioned free-ranging band in the qinling mountains, central china, from october 2001 to december 2005. the results of this study suggested that females place a high priority on maintaining long-term relationships with other female in their one-male units (omus). females had more social interactions with unit members than with nonu ... | 2008 | 18615543 |
| response of a group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys to commercial logging in the qinling mountains, china. | habitat destruction is one of the greatest threats to primates worldwide. to understand the impact of forest logging on the habitat use of primates in temperate mixed forest, we compared the range, habitat used, population size, and diet of a troop (ert) of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains before (1989), during (1997), and after (2002-2003) commercial logging. logging significantly changed the composition of the forest and the food supply for the troo ... | 2008 | 18616738 |
| first evidence on foot preference during locomotion in old world monkeys: a study of quadrupedal and bipedal actions in sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | this is the first report of foot preference during locomotion in old world monkeys. foot preferences during the quadrupedal walking action and the bipedal shifting action of a naturalistic group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in zhouzhi national nature reserve in the qinling mountains of china were investigated. twelve of 21 individuals tested on quadrupedal action and all 21 individuals tested on bipedal action exhibited a significant foot preference. both significant r ... | 2008 | 18685923 |
| mate competition and reproductive correlates of female dispersal in a polygynous primate species (rhinopithecus roxellana). | different mating systems in group-living animals have characteristic behavioral correlates that are primarily related to mate competition. mate competition may push individuals to selectively make dispersal decisions for the purpose of maximizing of opportunities for reproduction. the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is a polygynous primate species endemic to china. we provide the first data on female dispersal in a free-ranging group of r. roxellana in the zhouzhi national na ... | 2008 | 18706491 |
| the evidence of coxsackievirus b3 induced myocarditis as the cause of death in a sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | a 5-year-old female sichuan snub-nosed monkey died at the zoological garden from infection with coxsackievirus b3. | 2009 | 19220685 |
| characteristics of a group of hubei golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis) before and after major snow storms. | natural disasters can negatively affect primate population demography and social group structure. a clear understanding of these effects has important implications for wildlife conservation. the worst snow storms in nearly five decades hit portions of southern and central china between january 10 and february 6, 2008, presenting a unique opportunity to observe their immediate effects on a previously studied group of hubei golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis) in temperat ... | 2009 | 19266499 |
| social dynamics of the golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana): female transfer and one-male unit succession. | among primates that form multilevel societies, understanding factors and mechanisms associated with the movement of individuals between groups, clans, and one-male social units offers important insight into primate reproductive and social strategies. in this research we present data based on an 8-year field study of a multilevel troop of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains of china. our study troop contained 78-126 individuals, and was usually organized ... | 2009 | 19434626 |
| the mating system of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | this article reports the first genetic study of the mating system of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana), an endemic and endangered species in china. the investigation was carried out in a population (wrt) in the qinling mountains using data from both field observation and paternity analysis through microsatellite dna profiling. during a mating season, a male on an average copulated with 5.7 females. approximately 18% of the females were observed to copulate with more than on ... | 2010 | 19768744 |
| fallback foods of temperate-living primates: a case study on snub-nosed monkeys. | only a few primate species thrive in temperate regions characterized by relatively low temperature, low rainfall, low species diversity, high elevation, and especially an extended season of food scarcity during which they suffer from dietary stress. we present data of a case study of dietary strategies and fallback foods in snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus bieti) in the samage forest, northwest yunnan, prc. the snub-nosed monkeys adjusted intake of plant food items corresponding with changes in ... | 2009 | 19890849 |
| hand preference for spontaneously unimanual and bimanual coordinated tasks in wild sichuan snub-nosed monkeys: implication for hemispheric specialization. | lateralized behaviour has been studied as an observable measure of cerebral functional asymmetry for many years, and interest in the evolutionary origins of lateralized behaviour in humans has prompted research into the study of manual laterality in nonhuman primates. the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is a rarely studied species as far as laterality research is concerned. in this study, we investigated hand preference in spontaneously unimanual and bimanual coordinated task ... | 2010 | 19914301 |
| inter-unit contests within a provisioned troop of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains, china. | numerical superiority does not always ensure victory in intergroup contests. although group size is likely to determine the maximum resource holding potential (rhp) of a group, the realized rhp is the collective outcome of individual group members' choices about participation in any given contest. for any group member, the choice about participation should be based on the assessment of costs and benefits that are affected by both ecological and social factors. in this study, we studied inter-uni ... | 2010 | 20938946 |
| a preliminary study on the function of food begging in sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana): challenge to begging for nutritional gain. | several hypotheses have been developed to explain what benefits a donor may gain from sharing food with another individual, with nutritional gain assumed to be the sole benefit for the beggar. recently, it has been proposed that begging behaviour serves a social function in non-human primates. in this study, the nutritional-gain assumption was again challenged based on observations on a captive group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana), or golden snub-nosed monkeys. the major ... | 2010 | 21212680 |
| mitogenomic analysis of chinese snub-nosed monkeys: evidence of positive selection in nadh dehydrogenase genes in high-altitude adaptation. | chinese snub-nosed monkeys belong to the genus rhinopithecus and are limited in distribution to six isolated mountainous areas in the temperate regions of central and southwest china. compared to the other members of the subfamily colobinae (or leaf-eating monkeys), these endangered primates are unique in being adapted to a high altitude environment and display a remarkable ability to tolerate low temperatures and hypoxia. they thus offer an interesting organismal model of adaptation to extreme ... | 2011 | 21292038 |
| sexual interference in the golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana): a test of the sexual competition hypothesis in a polygynous species. | sexual interference (si), which is defined as any disturbance directed to a mating pair by other individuals, has been reported in several primate species. it is widely suggested that successful harassers experience improved mating success by increasing their access to reproductive partners as well as by reducing the mating success of rivals. although theories of primate sexual conflict highlight male intra-sexual mating competition, females also are reported to actively disrupt copulations betw ... | 2010 | 21328595 |
| sleeping cluster patterns and retiring behaviors during winter in a free-ranging band of the sichuan snub-nosed monkey. | little information is available on the sleeping cluster pattern and retiring behavior of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). here, we provide observational data on a provisioned free-ranging band in the qinling mountains, central china. the results suggest that winter night activity of r. roxellana is a compromise between antipredator and thermoregulatory strategies and an adaptation to ecological conditions of their temperate habitat. monkeys retired between 1804 and 1858 h in ... | 2011 | 21350935 |
| eurasian blackbird predated by wild rhinopithecus roxellana in the qinling mountains, china. | although there are some reports that have described primates eating animals, it is unknown whether predation on vertebrates exists in herbivorous leaf-eating primates. we have witnessed firsthand wild sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) preying on and consuming eurasian blackbirds (turdus meruld) in the qinling mountains of china. this event suggests that r. roxellana, which has previously been described as a herbivorous leaf-eating primate, may be partially carnivorous and the ... | 2008 | 21396066 |
| impact of group size on female reproductive success of free-ranging rhinopithecus roxellana in the qinling mountains, china. | group size influences female reproductive success through scramble/contest feeding competition, predation pressures and infanticide risks in primates. the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered folivorous colobine species living in a multilevel society. from 2002 to 2008, we studied a free-ranging band of r. roxellana in the qinling mountains of china to examine the effect of group size on female reproductive success. during our observation period, the number of mon ... | 2011 | 21474943 |
| social play behavior in infant sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in qinling mountains, china. | we describe the development of social play behavior and assess factors influencing the development of play in infant sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). infant snub-nosed monkeys began to exhibit social play at 3 months of age, when they spent an average 0.89% of time engaging in this behavior (range: 0.7-1.12%). at 6 months of age, there was a significant increase in the proportion of time spent in social play, averaging 9.78% of observation time (range: 4.92-17.08%). however, ... | 2011 | 21538447 |
| Historical geographic dispersal of the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) and the influence of climatic oscillations. | Current understanding of historic climate oscillations that have occurred over the past few million years has modified scientific views on evolution. Major climatic events have caused local and global extinction of plants and animals and have impacted the spatial distribution of many species. The endangered golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) currently inhabits three isolated regions of China: the Sichuan and Gansu provinces (SG), the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province (QL), an ... | 2011 | 22025257 |
| Male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group of Rhinopithecus roxellana in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. | Most Old World monkeys show male-biased dispersal. We present the first systematic data on male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group of Rhinopithecus roxellana, based on 4.5 years of field observations in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China. We evaluated both ultimate (inbreeding avoidance and male mating competition) and proximate (food availability and predation risk) factors influencing male dispersal. The focal group contained 34-53 individuals, in 3-4 one-male units (OMUs) and ... | 2011 | 21898518 |
| cryptosporidium spp., giardia intestinalis, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in captive non-human primates in qinling mountains. | non-human primates (nhps) are confirmed as reservoirs of cryptosporidium spp., giardia intestinalis, and enterocytozoon bieneusi. in this study, 197 fresh fecal samples from 8 nhp species in qinling mountains, northwestern china, were collected and examined using multilocus sequence typing (mlst) method. the results showed that 35 (17.8%) samples were positive for tested parasites, including cryptosporidium spp. (3.0%), g. intestinalis (2.0%), and e. bieneusi (12.7%). cryptosporidium spp. were d ... | 2015 | 26323837 |
| genetic polymorphism and zoonotic potential of enterocytozoon bieneusi from nonhuman primates in china. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is an important zoonotic pathogen. to assess the human-infective potential of e. bieneusi in nonhuman primates (nhps), we examined the prevalence and genotype distribution of e. bieneusi in 23 nhp species by pcr and sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its). a total of 1,386 fecal specimens from nhps from five provinces in china were examined, and e. bieneusi was detected in 158 (11.4%) specimens from five nhp species, including cynomolgus monke ... | 2014 | 24413605 |
| puberty, ovarian cycle, pregnancy, and postpartum ovulation in captive sichuan golden monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) based on changes in urinary and fecal gonadal steroid metabolites. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproductive status and clarify the reproductive physiology of captive sichuan golden monkeys. the concentrations of urinary estradiol-3-glucuronide (e2g) and pregnanediol-glucuronide (pdg) or fecal estradiol-17β (e2) and pdg in two females, and fecal testosterone concentrations in a male, were measured continuously using enzyme immunoassays. on the basis of these hormone profiles, the follicular phase, luteal phase, and ovarian cycle were calculated ... | 2017 | 27743688 |
| exposure of the endangered golden monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) to heavy metals: a comparison of wild and captive animals. | golden monkeys are endemic to china and of high conservation concern. conservation strategies include captive breeding, but the success of captive breeding programs may be being compromised by environmental pollution. heavy metal exposure of wild and captive golden monkeys living in the qinling mountains was assessed by measuring fecal metal concentrations (as, cd, cr, co, cu, mn, hg, ni, pb, and zn). captive monkeys were exposed to higher concentrations of as, hg, pb, and cr than monkeys living ... | 2015 | 25422120 |
| the use of camera traps to identify the set of scavengers preying on the carcass of a golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | there exists very limited information on the set of scavengers that feed on the carcasses of wild primates. here, we describe, based on information collected using a remote camera trap, carnivores consuming/scavenging the carcass of a wild golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the laohegou nature reserve, sichuan, china. during a 3 month behavioral and ecology study of a band of golden snub-nosed monkeys (march through may 2013), we encountered the carcass of an adult male (male ... | 2014 | 24498311 |
| diet versus phylogeny: a comparison of gut microbiota in captive colobine monkey species. | both diet and host phylogeny shape the gut microbial community, and separating out the effects of these variables can be challenging. in this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the impact of diet and phylogeny on the gut microbiota of nine colobine monkey species (n = 64 individuals). colobines are leaf-eating monkeys that fare poorly in captivity-often exhibiting gastrointestinal (gi) problems. this study included eight asian colobines (rhinopithecus brelichi, rhinopithecus ... | 2017 | 28735426 |
| uneven evolutionary rate of the melatonin-related receptor gene (gpr50) in primates. | the melatonin-related receptor gpr50 plays an important role in mammalian adaptive thermogenesis in response to calorie intake. the evolutionary history of the gpr50 gene is poorly understood in primates; however, it has been reported that gpr50 is the mammalian ortholog of mel1c, which has been well characterized. in this study, the complete coding sequences of the gpr50 gene in the sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) and tibetan macaques (macaca thibetana) were sequenced, and ... | 2015 | 25730005 |
| evolutionary analysis of the short-type peptidoglycan-recognition protein gene (pglyrp1) in primates. | short-type peptidoglycan (pgn)-recognition protein 1 (pglyrp1), an innate immunity protein that directly breaks down the structure of microbial cell wall pgns, plays an important role both in antibacterial defenses and several inflammatory diseases. to explore the adaptive evolution of the pglyrp1 gene in primates and provide insight into the function of this antibacterial protein, we sequenced the entire pglyrp1 gene from macaca thibetana and rhinopithecus roxellana, identified the correspondin ... | 2013 | 23420370 |
| a newly-found pattern of social relationships among adults within one-male units of golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxenalla) in the qinling mountains, china. | group living provides various advantages to individuals in regards to protection avoidance, intergroup competition, productive success and social information. stable one-male units (omus) consist of relationships between the adult females and the resident male as well as the relationships among adult females. based on continuous observation of a reproductive group of golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains, we analyzed the relationships among adult individual ... | 2013 | 24344964 |
| resequencing and comparison of whole mitochondrial genome to gain insight into the evolutionary status of the shennongjia golden snub-nosed monkey (snj r. roxellana). | shennongjia rhinopithecus roxellana (snj r. roxellana) is the smallest geographical population of r. roxellana. the phylogenetic relationships among its genera and species and the biogeographic processes leading to their current distribution are largely unclear. to address these issues, we resequenced and obtained a new, complete mitochondrial genome of snj r. roxellana by next-generation sequencing and standard sanger sequencing. we analyzed the gene composition, constructed a phylogenetic tree ... | 2017 | 28649355 |
| genomic analysis of snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus) identifies genes and processes related to high-altitude adaptation. | the snub-nosed monkey genus rhinopithecus includes five closely related species distributed across altitudinal gradients from 800 to 4,500 m. rhinopithecus bieti, rhinopithecus roxellana, and rhinopithecus strykeri inhabit high-altitude habitats, whereas rhinopithecus brelichi and rhinopithecus avunculus inhabit lowland regions. we report the de novo whole-genome sequence of r. bieti and genomic sequences for the four other species. eight shared substitutions were found in six genes related to l ... | 2016 | 27399969 |
| whole-genome sequencing of the snub-nosed monkey provides insights into folivory and evolutionary history. | colobines are a unique group of old world monkeys that principally eat leaves and seeds rather than fruits and insects. we report the sequencing at 146× coverage, de novo assembly and analyses of the genome of a male golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) and resequencing at 30× coverage of three related species (rhinopithecus bieti, rhinopithecus brelichi and rhinopithecus strykeri). comparative analyses showed that asian colobines have an enhanced ability to derive energy from fatt ... | 2014 | 25362486 |
| assessing the utility of urinary and fecal cortisol as an indicator of stress in golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | cortisol concentration (cc) is often used as a stress indicator in animals, as high cc is associated with elevated stress levels. during field research, non-invasive methods of measuring cc, such as collection of urine and feces, are superior to using blood samples when monitoring free-ranging animals' stress levels. however, due to different metabolic pathways, whether cc can be detected in urine and feces to reliably assess stress varies across species. therefore, it is important to ascertain ... | 2017 | 28852589 |
| high prevalence of enterocytozoon bieneusi zoonotic genotype d in captive golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellanae) in zoos in china. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is the dominant specie of microsporidia which can infect both anthroponotic and zoonotic species. the golden snub-nosed monkey is an endangered primate which can also infect by e. bieneusi. to date, few genetic data on e. bieneusi from golden snub-nosed monkeys has been published. therefore, to clarify the prevalence and genotypes of e. bieneusi in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys is necessary to assess the potential for zoonotic transmission. | 2017 | 28583130 |
| variation in gaze-following between two asian colobine monkeys. | gaze-following is a basic cognitive ability found in numerous primate and nonprimate species. however, little is known about this ability and its variation in colobine monkeys. we compared gaze-following of two asian colobines-françois' langurs (trachypithecus francoisi) and golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). although both species live in small polygynous family units, units of the latter form multilevel societies with up to hundreds of individuals. françois' langurs (n = 15) w ... | 2017 | 28540427 |
| male dispersal pattern in golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) in qinling mountains and its conservation implication. | golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is one of the most endangered primate species found in china, exhibiting multilevel society consisting of several one-male-females together with their offspring units (omu), and all-male units (amu). female dispersal patterns of the species within herd have been well documented, whereas those of the males within or between herds are still poorly understood. our results based a long-term observation indicate that more than half of sub-adult males ... | 2017 | 28492280 |
| monitoring menstrual cycle, gestation and lactation by measuring urinary oestradiol and progesterone in the captive golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellanae). | the golden snub-nosed monkey is an endangered species and study of its reproductive physiology is crucial for the species' breeding programs. urine samples (770) from 5 mature female golden snub-nosed monkeys were collected in the shengnongjia nature reserve between october 2013 and december 2014 to monitor their menstrual cycle, gestation, and lactation. the concentrations of oestradiol (e2) and progesterone (p4) in the samples were measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (cmia), ... | 2017 | 28385396 |
| an examination of factors potentially influencing birth distributions in golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | many species of primates are considered seasonal breeders, but the set of factors, such as food availability, day length and temperature, that influence the timing of reproductive events for both wild and captive individuals remains unclear. here, we examine the role of factors in shaping breeding patterns in rhinopithecus roxellana, a temperate colobine primate. we used circular statistics to describe and compare the patterns of reproductive seasonality among individuals in 13 captive groups an ... | 2017 | 28149681 |
| do same-sex mounts function as dominance assertion in male golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana)? | it has been hypothesized that same-sex mounts can reflect the hierarchical relationship in a mounting dyad and it is widely deemed that mounting and being mounted are demonstrations of dominant and subordinate status, respectively. in this research, we aimed to test whether same-sex mounts function as dominance assertion in male golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). we investigated this behavior in eight-individuals, captive all-male unit (amu) in shanghai wild animal park, china. ... | 2017 | 28103402 |
| isolation and characterization of adenoviruses infecting endangered golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | adenoviruses are important pathogens with the potential for interspecies transmission between humans and non-human primates. although many adenoviruses have been identified in monkeys, the knowledge of these viruses from the colobinae members is quite limited. | 2016 | 27884154 |
| effect of target animacy on hand preference in sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | twenty-eight captive sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) were involved in the current study. many individuals showed handedness, with a modest tendency toward left-hand use especially for animate targets, although no group-level handedness was found. there was no significant gender difference in the direction and strength of hand preference for both targets. females showed a significantly higher overall rate of actions toward animate targets than inanimate targets for both hands ... | 2016 | 27271775 |
| tending a dying adult in a wild multi-level primate society. | responses of nonhuman species to dying and dead conspecifics range from hard-wired, fixed-action patterns - as in social insects - to varied, flexible behaviors with cognitive and emotional correlates - as in some larger-brained mammals [1,2]. comparative thanatology addresses issues that include empathy, compassion, and conceptual understanding of death across species [1-3]. several aspects of how great apes react to illness, injury and death of others recall human behavior in comparable situat ... | 2016 | 27218842 |
| the influence of positive selection and trans-species evolution on dpb diversity in the golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | genetic variation plays a significant role in the adaptive potential of the endangered species. the variation at major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes can offer valuable information on selective pressure related to natural selection and environmental adaptation, particularly the ability of a host to continuously resist evolving parasites. thus, the genetic polymorphism on exon 2 of the mhc dpb1 gene in the golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) was specifically analyzed. the ... | 2016 | 27209173 |
| population structure of the golden snub-nosed monkey rhinopithecus roxellana in the qinling mountains, central china. | environmental barriers and habitat fragmentation can restrict gene flow, leading to genetic divergence among animal populations. the golden snub-nosed monkey, rhinopithecus roxellana, is endemic to china, and ranges across 4 provinces. however, over the past 40 years its populations have become fragmented. we investigated the genetic diversity, demographic history and population structure of r. roxellana in 5 reserves in one of its strongholds, the qinling mountain forests of shaanxi. we collect ... | 2016 | 27059276 |
| age-sex analysis for the diet of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in shennongjia national nature reserve, china. | age-sex differences in diet have been reported in many nonhuman primates, and body size, reproductive costs, and growth are three mutually non-exclusive factors often proposed to explain such differences. smaller animals tend to feed on high quality foods (high in protein/energy) more often than larger animals due to their higher metabolic requirements per body weight. animals of different sizes tend to use different substrate levels, leading to dietary differences if food resources are unevenly ... | 2016 | 27056265 |
| sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) consume cicadas in the qinling mountains, china. | there is limited information on insectivory in folivorous primates. here, we report that wild sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) consume cicadas (karenia caelatata) in the qinling mountains of china. our research suggests that snub-nosed monkeys expand their diet and prey on cicadas during summer and early autumn, possibly in response to increased availability of these insects and their relatively high protein and fat content relative to leaves. | 2016 | 26938209 |
| daytime birth and postbirth behavior of wild rhinopithecus roxellana in the qinling mountains of china. | reports and quantitative descriptions of wild primate births are rare due to the frequent occurrence of nighttime parturitions. the aim of this study was to describe in detail one daytime birth event in a free-ranging band of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana), a highly endangered colobine species endemic to china. using focal-animal sampling, we recorded both the birth event and behavior of the mother and other group members. the partum stage lasted 4 min 10 s. immediately aft ... | 2016 | 26721741 |
| postconflict conciliation within one-male breeding units in sichuan snub-nosed monkeys in the qinling mountains, china. | this study analyzed conflict and postconflict (pc) conciliation between males and females within one-male breeding units in sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the qinling mountains, china. the pc matched-control and time rule methods were used to collect and analyze data recorded from september 2013 to june 2014. the conciliatory tendency among individuals following conflict was 82.07%, and affiliation occurred within a few minutes after the conflict, which was not significa ... | 2015 | 26575480 |
| implications of genetics and current protected areas for conservation of 5 endangered primates in china. | most of china's 24-28 primate species are threatened with extinction. habitat reduction and fragmentation are perhaps the greatest threats. we used published data from a conservation genetics study of 5 endangered primates in china (rhinopithecus roxellana, r. bieti, r. brelichi, trachypithecus francoisi, and t. leucocephalus); distribution data on these species; and the distribution, area, and location of protected areas to inform conservation strategies for these primates. all 5 species were s ... | 2015 | 26372167 |
| affiliative interactions between one-male units in a band of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the qinling mountains, china. | we studied affiliative behaviors that occurred within and between one-male units (omus) in a band of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the qinling mountains, china for 3 years from 2002 to 2004. during the birth season, females handling infants of other females affiliatively interacted with females in neighboring omus as well as with females in their own omu. after these interactions, affiliative encounters occurred without conflict between the omus. in the mating se ... | 2015 | 26162774 |
| influence of human activities on the historical and current distribution of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys in the qinling mountains, china. | due to their rich animal diversity and the presence of rare and endemic species, the qinling mountains are listed as a significant global biodiversity area. the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) has been distributed in this area since the middle pleistocene. due to the gradual encroachment of humans into their habitat, both the distribution range and population sizes of r. roxellana have significantly decreased. based on literature research as well as field and questionnaires, ... | 2014 | 25612509 |
| the role of kinship in the formation of a primate multilevel society. | a small number of mammalian species live in a modular or multilevel society in which several individual social/reproductive units called one-male units (omus) are embedded within a large cohesive band. factors that affect band composition and stability are poorly understood. in this study we examined the role of kinship in the formation and maintenance of a multilevel society in an endangered population of golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). from 2005 to 2011, we obtained geneti ... | 2015 | 25448828 |
| satellite telemetry and social modeling offer new insights into the origin of primate multilevel societies. | multilevel societies (mls), in which polygynous reproductive units are nested in a larger social matrix, represent a highly complex social system documented only in a small number of mammalian species. using long-term behavioural data, satellite telemetry and social network analysis, we present a new framework for understanding the function and social dynamics of the golden snub-nosed monkey mls. here we show that several one-male units form a cohesive breeding band that associates with one or m ... | 2014 | 25335993 |
| impacts of climate change on the distribution of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in shennongjia area, china. | understanding the effects of climate change on primate ranging patterns is crucial for conservation planning. rhinopithecus roxellana is an endangered primate species distributed in mountainous forests at the elevation of 1500-3500 m a.s.l. in china. our study site, the shennongjia national nature reserve, represents the eastern-most distribution of this species. this area has experienced significant habitat loss and fragmentation because of human population growth, increased farming and logging ... | 2015 | 25224271 |
| age- and sex-based patterns of positional behavior and substrate utilization in the golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | body mass plays an important role in primate positional behavior and in sexually dimorphic arboreal primate species may influence how immature and adult individuals travel through the forest canopy and access food resources. in this study, we examined age- and sex-based patterns of positional behavior and substrate utilization in wild golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana), an endangered species of asian colobine. our results indicated that among all age and sex classes, sitting was ... | 2015 | 25219793 |
| major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in the polygynous primate: the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | the highly polymorphic genes within the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) not only play a major role in immunity resistance, but also seem to provide hints for mate choice in some animal populations. in the present study we investigated mhc-related mate choice in a small natural population (group size 40-55 individuals) of a polygynous primate, the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). we found that there was no evidence either for mhc-disassortative mating, or for females to ... | 2014 | 24382257 |
| males collectively defend their one-male units against bachelor males in a multi-level primate society. | group-level male-male co-operation, which has been documented in several primate and non-primate societies, may be mutualistically advantageous to the participants when confronted with threats such as takeovers and cuckoldry by external males. co-operation among members of distinct social units-while universal among humans-is extremely rare in non-human primates. we present the first observations of collective action or co-operation among males of different one-male units (omu) in a multi-level ... | 2014 | 24375453 |
| sex-specific participation in inter-group conflicts within a multilevel society: the first evidence at the individual level. | inter-group conflicts are common among many group-living animals and involve potentially complex motivations and interactions. mammals living in multilevel societies offer a good opportunity to study inter-group conflicts. this study is the first to explore the function of sex-specific participation during inter-group conflicts within a multilevel society at the individual level. the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered seasonal breeding species living in a multil ... | 2013 | 24344968 |
| female snub-nosed monkeys exchange grooming for sex and infant handling. | allogrooming in primates has acquired an important social function beyond its original hygienic function and can be exchanged either for itself or used as a currency to obtain other benefits such as copulations, access to infants or agonistic support. we explore the strategic use of grooming as a social tool in semi-wild golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in central china, a species where two desirable resources, viz. reproductive males and infants, are restricted to the mating ... | 2013 | 24086380 |
| evidence of male-biased dispersal in the endangered sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithexus roxellana). | although sex-biased dispersal has profound effects on the viability of small and isolated populations resulting from habitat change and anthropogenic disturbance, the direction and strength of sex-biased dispersal in the endangered sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithexus roxellana) remains poorly understood. here, we investigated dispersal patterns of r. roxellana using 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci. using noninvasive methods we obtained 337 fecal samples from individuals residing in four ... | 2014 | 24038299 |
| supply and demand determine the market value of access to infants in the golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | according to a biological market paradigm, trading decisions between partners will be influenced by the current 'exchange rate' of commodities (good and services), which is affected by supply and demand, and the trader's ability to outbid competitors. in several species of nonhuman primates, newborn infants are attractive to female group members and may become a desired commodity that can be traded for grooming within a biological market place. we investigated whether grooming was interchanged f ... | 2013 | 23776580 |
| foods eaten by the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) in shennongjia national nature reserve, china, in relation to nutritional chemistry. | the diet of rhinopithecus roxellana is characterized by lichens, which are available year-round and an uncommon food source for nonhuman primates, supplemented by seasonal plant foods. we present the first study of foods eaten by r. roxellana in relation to nutritional chemistry in shennongjia national nature reserve, hubei province, china. we analyzed the nutrients (crude protein, crude fat, and water soluble carbohydrate [wsc]) and feeding deterrents (crude fiber, condensed tannin [ct], and to ... | 2013 | 23589133 |
| molecular characterization of cyclospora-like organisms from golden snub-nosed monkeys in qinling mountain in shaanxi province, northwestern china. | cyclospora spp. have been identified as one of the most important intestinal pathogens causing protracted diarrhea in animals and human beings. to determine the cyclospora species in the non-human primate rhinopithecus roxellanae, a total of 71 fecal samples from 19 endangered snub-nosed monkeys in shaanxi province were collected and examined using sheater's sugar flotation technique and by sequencing the fragments of 18s rdna. only two cyclospora isolates from 2 golden snub-nosed monkeys (r. ro ... | 2013 | 23469155 |
| personality as a predictor of general health in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | increasing studies in human and animals have shown that personality is related to biological profile and affects health outcomes. understanding the link between personality and health will contribute to preventing illness and promoting well-being in non-human primates. the present study examined whether personality predicted health outcomes in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). personality was measured by rating on a list of traits and four factors (aggressiveness, soci ... | 2013 | 23440866 |
| balancing selection and genetic drift at major histocompatibility complex class ii genes in isolated populations of golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | small, isolated populations often experience loss of genetic variation due to random genetic drift. unlike neutral or nearly neutral markers (such as mitochondrial genes or microsatellites), major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes in these populations may retain high levels of polymorphism due to balancing selection. the relative roles of balancing selection and genetic drift in either small isolated or bottlenecked populations remain controversial. in this study, we examined the mechanisms ... | 2012 | 23083308 |
| human influence on the population decline and loss of genetic diversity in a small and isolated population of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | human activities have caused worldwide loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, resulting in the decline and isolation of wild populations, consequently increasing their risks of extinctions. we investigated the genetic consequences of anthropogenic effects on the sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the shennongjia nature reserve (snr), which is a small and isolated distribution of r. roxellana in china and would continue to be threatened by habitat degradation and loss, u ... | 2012 | 22714009 |
| market powers predict reciprocal grooming in golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana). | social grooming is a common form of affiliative behavior in primates. biological market theory suggests that grooming can be traded either for grooming or other social commodities and services. when no other services are exchanged, grooming is predicted to be approximately reciprocated within a dyad. in contrast, the amount of reciprocal grooming should decrease as other offered services increase. we studied grooming patterns between polygamous male and female in golden snub-nosed monkeys (rhino ... | 2012 | 22590611 |
| changes in fecal estrogen levels and sexual behavior in captive sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) following a male replacement. | rhinopithecus roxellana are generally seasonal breeders, although copulation can occur throughout the year. previous studies suggest that estradiol modulates female sexual behavior during the mating season. however, the effects of social context on estrogen levels and behavior have not been fully explored. we studied the relationship between sexual behaviors and fecal estrogens in a group of captive r. roxellana during a period of social instability. we collected behavioral data for six months a ... | 2013 | 22549961 |
| handedness in nature: first evidence on manual laterality on bimanual coordinated tube task in wild primates. | handedness is a defining feature of human manual skill and understanding the origin of manual specialization remains a central topic of inquiry in anthropology and other sciences. in this study, we examined hand preference in a sample of wild primates on a task that requires bimanual coordinated actions (tube task) that has been widely used in captive primates. the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) is an arboreal old world monkey species that is endemic to china, and 24 adult i ... | 2012 | 22410843 |
| identification of atypical enteropathogenicescherichia colio98 from golden snub-nosed monkeys with diarrhea in china. | fecal samples (n = 76) were collected from 38 snub-nosed monkeys (rhinopithecus roxellana) in shennongjia national nature reserve (china) and examined for the presence of enteropathogenicescherichia coli(epec). the 56 samples originated from 30 free-ranging monkeys on the reserve and 20 samples from 8 captive monkeys that were previously rescued and kept at the research center. eight diarrhea samples were collected from four of the eight captive monkeys (two samples from each monkey), and two ep ... | 2017 | 29326951 |
| genome-wide mining of perfect microsatellites and tetranucleotide orthologous microsatellites estimates in six primate species. | advancement in genome sequencing and in silico mining tools have provided new opportunities for comparative primate genomics of microsatellites. the ssrs (simple sequence repeats) numbers were not correlated with the genome size (pearson, r=0.310, p=0.550), and were positively correlated with the total length of ssrs (pearson, r=0.992, p=0.00). a total of 224,289 tetranucleotide orthologous microsatellites families and 367 single-copy orthologous ssrs loci were found in six primate species by ho ... | 2018 | 29223358 |
| male cooperation for breeding opportunities contributes to the evolution of multilevel societies. | a small number of primate species including snub-nosed monkeys (colobines), geladas (papionins) and humans live in multilevel societies (mlss), in which multiple one-male polygamous units (omus) coexist to form a band, and non-breeding males associate in bachelor groups. phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that the papionin mls appears to have evolved through internal fissioning of large mixed-sex groups, whereas the colobine mls evolved through the aggregation of small, isolated omus. however ... | 2017 | 28954911 |
| lichen as a biomonitor for vehicular emission of metals: a risk assessment of lichen consumption by the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana). | two lichen species, usnea aciculifera and usnea luridorufa, were used as biomonitors for the deposition of traffic-related metals in china's shennongjia national nature reserve. the suitability of the two lichen species for use as biomonitors was compared. the health threat to the sichuan snub-nosed (aka golden) monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) from consuming lichen with elevated metal concentrations due to vehicular traffic was then assessed. lichens, with large surface areas and neither roots ... | 2019 | 31146154 |