| balkan (endemic) nephropathy and a toxin-producing strain of penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium: an experimental model in rats. | cultures of an isolate of penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, obtained from stored maize in an area of balkan (endemic) nephropathy--vratza, bulgaria--has consistently induced renal tubular lesions when force-fed to rats for 20 days. the lesions, confined to the lower reaches of the proximal convoluted tublues (pars recta and junctional zone), closely resemble the tubular changes in patients with balkan nephropathy. preliminary evidence suggests that this nephrotoxin-producing strain of p. ve ... | 1977 | 66474 |
| balkan (endemic) nephropathy. | the clinical and pathological features of balkan (endemic) nephropathy are discussed and correlations of incidence with excess late summer and autumn rainfall outlined. cultures of a strain of penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium isolated from maize collected in an endemic area were fed to rats and lesions were produced in the straight third segment of the proximal kidney tubules. extensive degeneration and nuclear changes were seen and on prolonged feeding further nuclear enlargement (to great ... | 1979 | 467065 |
| the role of penicillia in ryegrass staggers. | tremorgenic strains of penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium, p canescens, p janthinellum, p novaezeelandiae and p estinogenum were isolated from the faeces of 15 of 23 affected sheep and cattle in eight of nine field outbreaks of ryegrass staggers. one tremorgenic strain of p griseofulvum was isolated from the faeces of one of 25 sheep grazing in unaffected flocks. tremorgenic strains of p verrucosum var cyclopium, p canescens, p janthinellum and p estinogenum were also isolated from the a horiz ... | 1978 | 674846 |
| ochratoxigenicity of aspergillus ochraceus group and penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium strains on various media. | production of ochratoxin a (oa) by strains of aspergillus ochraceus group (a. ochraceus--21, a. sclerotiorum--1, a. sulphureus--1) and penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium strains--11, on various media was investigated. thirteen percent of a. ochraceus strains and 18% of p. verrucosum var. cyclopium formed oa growing on sterile crushed wheat for 14 days at 25 to 27 degrees c (preliminary experiments). toxin concentrations were 5.0 to 7.0 micrograms/kg. five strains oa-positive on crushed wheat ... | 1992 | 1343939 |
| penicillium verrucosum in feed of ochratoxin a positive swine herds. | ochratoxin a contamination of cereal feed grain was monitored during october 1989-september 1990 by analysis of blood samples from slaughter swine in sweden. the detection of ochratoxin a in swine blood was used as a method to identify swine herds fed ochratoxin a contaminated feed. the contamination level of ochratoxin a in the blood of the positive herds was in the range 2-45 ng/ml with the mean concentration 5.2 ng/ml. feed samples for mycological analysis were collected from both ochratoxin ... | 1991 | 1795733 |
| immunological differentiation of penicillium species. | antisera were obtained from a rabbit immunized with penicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum. these antisera were characterized by immunofluorescence and by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their reactivity with 44 strains of moulds. antigenically, p. verrucosum var. verrucosum (subgenus penicillium) appears to be similar to strains belonging to subgenus furcatum, but strongly different from penicillium frequentans (subgenus aspergilloides). specific absorption of antibodies to antig ... | 1989 | 2692798 |
| selective partitioning of conidia of some penicillium and aspergillus species in aqueous two-phase systems. | conidia of aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, penicillium brevi-compactum, penicillium frequentans, penicillium spinulosum, and penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium were subjected to partition at varying ph values in an aqueous two-phase system containing charged polyethylene glycol. in the system, the partition behavior of the conidia of the penicillium species varied when the ph was raised, while the conidia of the aspergillus species seemed unaffected. p. brevi-com ... | 1986 | 3096203 |
| penicillium viridicatum, penicillium verrucosum, and production of ochratoxin a. | the taxonomy of the important mycotoxigenic species penicillium viridicatum and p. verrucosum was reviewed to clarify disagreements relating to the three p. viridicatum groups erected by ciegler and coworkers (a. ciegler, d. i. fennell, g. a. sansing, r. w. detroy, and g. a. bennett, appl. microbiol. 26:271-278, 1973) and the mycotoxins produced by them. cultures derived from the types of these two species and authentic cultures from each group and from many other sources were examined culturall ... | 1987 | 3566267 |
| mycotoxin formation in moist wheat under controlled temperatures. | one-kilogram parcels of wheat with 20.5% moisture content were maintained at 15 degrees and 22 degrees c for 10 weeks to study quality changes. temperature, moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, microflora incidence and abundance, seed germination, fat acidity values, aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin a, penicillic acid, citrinin and zearalenone were monitored. by two weeks, trace levels of ochratoxin had formed at both temperatures. by 10 weeks, the wheat contained at least three t ... | 1982 | 7133115 |
| fungal growth and the presence of sterigmatocystin in hard cheese. | molds isolated from visibly molded cheeses in shops, households, and warehouses have been identified. mold flora of cheeses in shops and households consisted mainly of penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium. on cheeses ripening in warehouses, penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, aspergillus versicolor, aspergillus repens, and enicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum were the dominant mold species. cheese ripening in warehouses and molded with a. versicolor were examined for sterigmatocystin. nine ... | 1980 | 7380782 |
| the current role of aspergillus and penicillium in human and animal health. | aspergillus and penicillium are ubiquitous fungi, usually found as saprophytes. only a few species are considered to be important in human or animal disease. however, many otherwise benign species are supreme opportunists and have been found increasingly as invaders of the immuno-compromised. this paper first describes with a broad brush modern approaches to the classification of these genera, the reasons behind some name changes and the effective forces now acting to stabilize names. recent tax ... | 1994 | 7722784 |
| ochratoxin a levels in human milk and related food samples: an exposure assessment. | ochratoxin a (oa) is a mycotoxin detected in a variety of food and feeds mostly from countries with temperate or continental climate, because the fungi that produce it, mainly aspergillus ochraceus, penicillium verrucosum, and penicillium viridicatum, can grow under a great variety of climate conditions. the aim of this article was, firstly, to confirm the occurrence of oa in human milk in italy. then, a preliminary calculation of oa intake via human milk was made, from ingested food. for this i ... | 1995 | 8612006 |
| aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in the weaning food of nigerian children. | a total of 48 samples of maize-based gruels, used as weaning food for children, were taken daily from hospital meals and from patients' mothers while their children were on admission at the wesley guild hospital, ilesha, nigeria. these samples were analysed for aflatoxins and ochratoxin a. twelve samples (25%) were positive for aflatoxins (concentration range 2-19,716 pg/g) but only four (8%) were positive for ochratoxin (concentration range 142-6516 pg/g). in the majority, the concentrations we ... | 1996 | 8790677 |
| the effects of fungal competition on colonization of barley grain by fusarium sporotrichioides on t-2 toxin formation. | colonization of barley grain by fusarium sporotrichioides and t-2 toxin formation in the presence of aspergillus flavus, penicillium verrucosum, and hyphopichia burtonii were studied at 20 and 30 degrees c and at 0.97, 0.95 or 0.90 aw during 3 weeks' incubation. colonization of grain was assessed from frequency of seed infection and numbers of colony forming units (cfu) produced and by observation of hyphal extension on the grain surface from germinating spores while concentrations of t-2 toxin ... | 1996 | 8950114 |
| control of microbiological quality and shelf-life of catfish (clarias gariepinus) by chemical preservatives and smoking. | fresh catfish (clarias gariepinus) were subjected to different concentrations of sodium benzoate or potasium sorbate and smoked traditionally before evaluation for microbiological, chemical and organoleptic characteristics during ambient tropical storage. unsmoked fish samples showed diverse microflora (enterobacter, escherichia, serratia, bacillus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, penicillium, aspergillus and achlya genera) while smoked samples were dominated by gram-positive bacterial flora (bac ... | 1996 | 9072517 |
| porcine nephropathy in bulgaria: a progressive syndrome of complex or uncertain (mycotoxin) aetiology. | macroscopic nephropathy was observed in 506 pigs at slaughter in bulgaria in 1993/94. histopathological changes were mainly degenerative and proliferative, and were linked with kidney hypertrophy similar to that of the classical danish syndrome. retention cysts formed by dilated tubules, activation or proliferation of capillary and vascular endothelium, and the development of neoplastic tissue were also observed. the most advanced pathology took the form of extensive interstitial fibrosis. trace ... | 1998 | 9533281 |
| chitinolytic activity at low temperature of an antarctic strain (a3) of verticillium lecanii. | the chitinolytic activity of verticillium cfr. lecanii a3, a strain isolated from continental antarctica, was compared to those of two selected strains of trichoderma harzianum. after 72 h of incubation at 25 degrees c in media containing chitin as the sole carbon source, all strains showed the same enzyme activity (ca. 230 mu/ml); at 15 degrees c, the levels of enzyme activity of the three strains were similar to those obtained at 25 degrees c. at 5 degrees c, in contrast, the activity of v. le ... | 1998 | 9766230 |
| ochratoxin a in rice cultivars after inoculation of penicillium verrucosum. | the natural occurrence of ochratoxin a in grain samples of 23 rice cultivars was in the range 0.01-1.0 ng g(-1) rice. samples from the same cultivars were surface sterilized with naclo, dried to 19% water content and equilibrated at water activity (a(w)) 0.75 and 20 degrees c for 8 days. varietal differences in equilibrium w/w water content (p < 0.0001) were found, reflected by differences in amylose and protein contents. samples were then inoculated with an isolate of penicillium verrucosum wit ... | 1998 | 9888633 |
| survey of termite-inhabited soil and mosquito breeding sites in lucknow, india for potential mycopathogens of anopheles stephensi. | during a short survey of soil and mosquito breeding sites in lucknow, india for potential mycopathogen from a period of august-october 1996, 11 species of fungi in 5 genera were isolated using live mosquito larvae as host, aspergillus flavus, a. fumigatus and fusarium semitectum were the most frequently isolated species. other fungi recorded were a. niger, a. ochraceus, a. terreus, a. versicolor, geotrichum candidum, penicillium verrucosum, paecilomyces sp. and fusarium sp. (liseola/elegans comp ... | 1998 | 10481288 |
| biological characterization of fusapyrone and deoxyfusapyrone, two bioactive secondary metabolites of fusarium semitectum. | fusapyrone (1) and deoxyfusapyrone (2), two alpha-pyrones originally isolated from rice cultures of fusarium semitectum, were tested in several biological assays. compounds 1 and 2 showed considerable antifungal activity against several plant pathogenic and/or mycotoxigenic filamentous fungi, although they were inactive toward yeasts isolated from plants and the gram-positive bacterium bacillus megaterium in disk diffusion assays. compound 1 was consistently more active than 2. among the tested ... | 2000 | 10978211 |
| the mycobiota of speck, a traditional tyrolean smoked and cured ham. | speck is a ham specialty product traditionally produced in south tyrol (italy) and north tyrol (austria) by farmers, butcheries, and meat industries. to date, nothing has been learned about fungi associated with this smoked and cured meat. therefore, it was the main objective of this study to assess the typical mycobiota of speck in relation to the different production types and the geographic provenance. a total of 121 speck samples from north tyrol and south tyrol was analyzed. from 63 isolate ... | 2000 | 11041140 |
| toxigenic fungi: which are important? | growth of commonly occurring filamentous fungi in foods may result in production of mycotoxins, which can cause a variety of ill effects in humans, from allergic responses to immunosuppression and cancer. according to experts, five kinds of mycotoxins are important in human health around the world: aflatoxins, ochratoxin a, fumonisins, certain trichothecenes, and zearalenone. these toxins are produced by only a few species of fungi, in a limited range of commodities. aflatoxins are potent carcin ... | 2000 | 11204142 |
| current importance of ochratoxin a-producing aspergillus spp. | ochratoxin a (oa) is receiving attention worldwide because of the hazard it poses to human and animal health. oa contamination of commodities, such as cereals or pork and poultry meat, is well recognized. nevertheless, there is an increasing number of articles reporting oa contamination in other food commodities, such as coffee, beer, wine, grape juice, and milk, in the last few years. this continuous and increasing exposure to oa that humans experience is reflected in the high incidence of oa i ... | 2001 | 11403149 |
| biochemical characterization of ochratoxin a-producing strains of the genus penicillium. | in order to explore the biochemical scope of ochratoxin a-producing penicillia, we screened 48 penicillium verrucosum isolates for the production of secondary metabolites. fungal metabolites were analyzed by high-pressure liquid or gas chromatography coupled to diode array detection or mass spectrometry. the following metabolites were identified: ochratoxins a and b, citrinin, verrucolones, verrucines, anacines, sclerotigenin, lumpidin, fumiquinazolines, alantrypinones, daldinin d, dipodazine, p ... | 2001 | 11472940 |
| ochratoxin a in airborne dust and fungal conidia. | farm workers are often exposed to high concentrations of airborne organic dust and fungal conidia, especially when working with plant materials. the purpose of this investigation was to study the possibility of exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin a (ota) through inhalation of organic dust and conidia. dust and aerosol samples were collected from three local cowsheds. aerosol samples for determination of total conidia and dust concentrations were collected by stationary sampling on polycarbonate ... | 2001 | 11554583 |
| relationship of mould count, ergosterol and ochratoxin a production. | the relationship between viable mould count, ergosterol content and ochratoxin a (oa) formation was studied at different inoculum concentrations of aspergillus ochraceus nrrl 3174 and penicillium verrucosum nrrl 3260 grown on sterile long-grain enriched white rice as the substrate. ergosterol was determined by extraction, saponification and quantification using high performance thin layer chromatography (hptlc) with uv detection. ergosterol and ochratoxin a were detected after 3 days of incubati ... | 2001 | 11764889 |
| molecular characterization of penicillium expansum mucl mutants. | the modern biomolecular analysis of dna was carried out to determine the identity of penicillium expansum mucl v1-v9 variants with parental strain of penicillium expansum mucl 29412 and to compare the results with penicillium verrucosum, a related species. the extracted dnas were fragmented by digestion with restriction endonuclease hind iii and the fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. the dnas were then denaturated in the gel after partial depurination with dilute acid and w ... | 2000 | 11845479 |
| production of penicillin by fungi growing on food products: identification of a complete penicillin gene cluster in penicillium griseofulvum and a truncated cluster in penicillium verrucosum. | mycobiota growing on food is often beneficial for the ripening and development of the specific flavor characteristics of the product, but it can also be harmful due to the production of undesirable compounds such as mycotoxins or antibiotics. some of the fungi most frequently isolated from fermented and cured meat products such as penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium nalgiovense are known penicillin producers; the latter has been shown to be able to produce penicillin when growing on the surf ... | 2002 | 11872470 |
| methods of analysis for ochratoxin a. | the mycotoxin ochratoxin a (ota) is produced by the fungi aspergillus alutaceus and penicillium verrucosum and has carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive properties. the levels of ota in foodstuffs are regulated in several countries, so reliable and sensitive methods are necessary for its determination. procedures for extraction of ota from ground foods generally use an organic solvent in the presence of acid or an extraction solvent containing aqueous sodium bicarbonate. c ... | 2002 | 11922081 |
| risk assessment of ochratoxin: current views of the european scientific committee on food, the jecfa and the codex committee on food additives and contaminants. | the chlorinated isocoumarin compound, ochratoxin a (ota), together with some related derivatives (ochratoxins b, c, alpha, beta) are produced by penicillium verrucosum and by several spp. of aspergillus, most notably a. ochraceus. p. verrucosum is the principal source of ota contamination of stored foods in temperate climates while aspergillus spp. predominate in warmer countries. the major dietary sources of ota are cereals but significant levels of contamination may be found in grape juice and ... | 2002 | 11922092 |
| detection of ochratoxin a in animal feeds and capacity to produce this mycotoxin by aspergillus section nigri in argentina. | ochratoxin a (oa) is a mycotoxin detected in a variety of food and feeds mostly from countries with a temperate climate because of the fungi that produce it, mainly aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum. in argentina, there is no available information about the natural occurrence of oa and ochratoxigenic fungi from feedstuffs. the aim was to evaluate the natural occurrence of oa in poultry, pig and rabbit feeds over 8 months. likewise, the capacity to produce oa by aspergillus section ... | 2002 | 12456278 |
| [ochratoxin a and human health]. | ochratoxin a (oa) is produced mainly by penicillium verrucosum, aspergillus ochraceus and a. carbonarius and it was found as a contaminant in the large number of agricultural commodities, feedstuffs and animal organs such as kidney and liver of pig. toxicological studies indicated that oa is a teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxin with the strong toxic effects on liver and kidney. in some endemic areas in the world, oa was suspected to be related to swine nephropathy and has been det ... | 2003 | 12793017 |
| penicillium verrucosum in wheat and barley indicates presence of ochratoxin a. | the aims of this study were to isolate and identify ochratoxin a (ota) producing fungi in cereals containing ota and to determine the best selective and indicative medium for recovery of ota producing fungi. | 2003 | 14633041 |
| comparison of different sample treatments for the analysis of ochratoxin a in must, wine and beer by liquid chromatography. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a mycotoxin produced by some species of aspergillus and penicillium verrucosum. it has been found in foods and feed all over the world. there is a great concern about ota because it is nephrotoxic and probably, carcinogenic to humans. most of analytical methods developed for ota in wine, beer and other products are based on lc with fluorescence detection (lc-fld). in the present work, various procedures for extraction and/or clean-up for determination of ota in musts, wine ... | 2004 | 15032357 |
| ochratoxin a in conventional and organic cereal derivatives: a survey of the italian market, 2001-02. | ochratoxin a is a mycotoxin produced mainly by penicillium verrucosum and aspergillus ochraceus. although typically considered a cereal contaminant, it has also been detected in dried fruit, nuts, meat and derivatives. to estimate the quantity of ochratoxin a that might be ingested by italian consumers from these foods, 211 cereal derivatives (flours and bakery products) were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. products were from conventional and organic agriculture and from inte ... | 2004 | 15204537 |
| ochratoxigenic species from spanish wine grapes. | the ochratoxigenic mycobiota of grapes belonging to representative wine regions located along the mediterranean coast of spain at different developmental stages was identified. during the development of the berries, the occurrence of aspergillus spp. increased while the percentage of berries contaminated by non-ochratoxin a (ota) producing species such as alternaria spp. and cladosporium spp. decreased. penicillium verrucosum, the only confirmed penicillium spp. that is able to produce ota, was ... | 2005 | 15681040 |
| ochratoxin a producing penicillium verrucosum isolates from cereals reveal large aflp fingerprinting variability. | to examine if molecular amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting of the only ochratoxin a-producing species in european cereals, penicillium verrucosum, can be used as a method in hazard analysis using critical control points (haccp). | 2005 | 15715872 |
| occurrence of mycotoxin in farro samples from southern italy. | the occurrence of nine mycotoxins and of contamination by pre- and postharvest fungal pathogens of cereals was investigated in samples of stored triticum monococcum l., triticum dicoccon schrank (emmer), and triticum spelta l. (spelt). in italy, all three species are collectively referred to as farro. the samples examined were harvested in summer 2000 from eight different sites in southern italy. conventional fluorimetric and diode array-based high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analys ... | 2005 | 15726990 |
| the effect of substrate on mycotoxin production of selected penicillium strains. | analytical methods are presented for detecting simultaneously 11 fungal metabolites (aflatoxins b1, b2, g1 and g2, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin a, penicillic acid, penitrem a and roquefortine c) on different matrices. the methods were applied to determine the mycotoxins produced by different penicillium crustosum, penicillium nordicum and penicillium verrucosum strains on yeast extract sucrose (yes) agar and cheese and bread analogues and are based on high-performa ... | 2005 | 15734568 |
| determination of ochratoxin a in wine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after combined anion-exchange/reversed-phase clean-up. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a mycotoxin produced by aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum. it has been found and analysed in several foods and feeds. owing to its toxicity and occurrence in food and feed, the european community has issued directives and some countries have their own regulations for ota contents in food, feed and beverages. this work describes a method for the determination of ota in mulled and red wine. it is based on combined anion exchange/reversed-phase clean-up and was ... | 2005 | 15770471 |
| occurrence of mycotoxin producing fungi in bee pollen. | the natural mycobiota occurring in bee pollen is studied in the present report with special attention to analyze the incidence of fungal species that are potential producers of mycotoxins. a total of 90 ready-to-eat bee pollen samples were analyzed. eighty-seven samples were collected in stores placed in different spanish areas and three were from buenos aires (argentina). the statistical results (anova) showed that yeasts and penicillium spp. were the predominant fungi. with regard to the poten ... | 2005 | 16009441 |
| fungal mycoflora and mycotoxins in korean polished rice destined for humans. | rice samples collected from the republic of korea were analyzed for fungal mycoflora and mycotoxins: fumonisins, ochratoxin a, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. the potential of the fungi to produce each mycotoxin was also examined, so that the fungal isolates associated with mycotoxins occurring in rice could be verified. penicillium citrinum and aspergillus candidus were the most prevalent species infecting the samples, while fusarium proliferatum was found as the dominant fusarium species. och ... | 2005 | 16099315 |
| a comparative study of extraction apparatus in hplc analysis of ochratoxin a in muscle. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a secondary fungal metabolite produced by several moulds, mainly by aspergillus ochraceus and by penicillium verrucosum, that occurs in meat products. the aim of this work was to optimize an efficient extraction procedure for the determination of ota in muscle tissue in order to assess its occurrence in meat samples. three different apparatus, a waring blender, a switching apparatus, and an ultrasonic processor, were evaluated to verify the efficiency of extraction. the ana ... | 2005 | 16158296 |
| conditions of formation of ochratoxin a in drying, transport and in different commodities. | the major species of fungi responsible for ochratoxin production (ota) in a range of commodities are penicillium verrucosum, aspergillus ochraceus and aspergillus section nigri, especially a. carbonarius. p. verrucosum is particularly important in northern europe where damp cooler conditions occur and where drying regimes need to be efficient and effective for preventing post-harvest contamination with ota. a. ochraceus can infect cereals including barley, maize, coffee, cocoa and edible nuts. a ... | 2005 | 16332616 |
| micromycetes, producers of toxins, detected on stored vegetables. | in 2003-2004, investigations of mycological contamination of stored and newly harvested vegetables were carried out. the aim of the study was to detect fungal species able to synthesize toxic metabolites, which are spread on vegetables under various conditions. for mycological investigations, samples of carrots, onions and cabbage were taken from storehouses with different storage periods and conditions. penicillium expansum, p. nalgiovense, mucor silvaticus and penicillium verrucosum were more ... | 2005 | 16457482 |
| ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum isolates. predictive models for fungal spoilage prevention - a review. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a secondary metabolite produced by several species of aspergillus and penicillium; among them aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum are two ochratoxigenic species capable of growing in different climates and thus contamination of food crops with ota can occur worldwide. ota can be found in a wide range of foods such as cereals, coffee, cocoa, spices, beer, wine, dried vine fruit, grapes and meat products. ota is toxic to animals, it presents neurotoxic, immunotox ... | 2006 | 16546886 |
| the influence of culture conditions on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by penicillium verrucosum dierck. | a brazilian strain of penicillium verrucosum was cultivated under different conditions in a two-step process, in order to verify the influence of nutrients, and of time periods of pre-fermentative and fermentative steps on the biosynthesis of metabolites. extracellular and intracellular extracts were obtained from each culture in the four different production media used. chemical profiles of the extracts were obtained by hplc. extract trypanocidal activities against trypomastigote forms of trypa ... | 2006 | 16765844 |
| study of aflatoxin b1 and ochratoxin a production by natural microflora and aspergillus parasiticus in black and green olives of greek origin. | aflatoxin b1 (afb1) is a carcinogenic metabolite produced by certain aspergillus species. ochratoxin a (ota) is classified as "possible carcinogen" and it is a metabolite of aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum. fungi contaminate natural and processed olives which support afb1 and ota production. the aim of this study was to compare and investigate afb1 and ota production in three different varieties of damaged olives. for each variety two different treatments were applied: (1) olive ... | 2006 | 16943059 |
| mycotoxin contamination of food in europe: early detection and prevention strategies. | this paper reviews the early detection and prevention strategies which have been employed in europe for the control of mycotoxin contamination of food in the context of a hazard analysis critical control point (haccp) framework. the critical control points (ccps) in the whole food chain where mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and ochratoxins are important have been identified. ecological studies on the effect of environmental factors which are marginal for growth and mycotoxin production have be ... | 2006 | 16944291 |
| mould germination: data treatment and modelling. | the objectives of this study were i/ to examine germination data sets over a range of environmental conditions (water activity, temperature) for eight food spoilage moulds, ii/ to compare the ability of the gompertz equation and logistic function to fit the experimental plots, iii/ to simulate germination by assessing various distributions of the latent period for germination amongst a population of spores. data sets (percentage germination, p (%), versus time, t) of aspergillus carbonarius, asp ... | 2007 | 17188772 |
| occurrence of ochratoxin a and ochratoxigenic mycoflora in corn and corn based foods and feeds in some south american countries. | cereals and cereal- derived products constitute the base of human and animal feeding in south american countries. this review attempts to give an overview of the ochratoxin a (ota) occurrence and potential sources of ota contamination in those products. the environmental conditions as humidity and temperature in the colonization of the substrates by aspergillus section nigri isolated from corn kernels were also discussed. the available information on the ochratoxigenic mycoflora and ota presence ... | 2007 | 17390233 |
| an overview of ochratoxin a in beer and wine. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by several fungal species of the genera aspergillus and penicillium. this mycotoxin has been shown to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic to animals and has been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans. ota occurs in a variety of foods, including beer and wine. reports on ota occurrence in beer indicate that this is a worldwide problem due to the widespread consumption of this beverage. at present, the european union ( ... | 2007 | 17716764 |
| post-harvest control strategies: minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain. | contamination of cereal commodities by moulds and mycotoxins results in dry matter, quality, and nutritional losses and represents a significant hazard to the food chain. most grain is harvested, dried and then stored on farm or in silos for medium/long term storage. cereal quality is influenced by a range of interacting abiotic and biotic factors. in the so-called stored grain ecosystem, factors include grain and contaminant mould respiration, insect pests, rodents and the key environmental fac ... | 2007 | 17764773 |
| potential for detection and discrimination between mycotoxigenic and non-toxigenic spoilage moulds using volatile production patterns: a review. | there has been interest in the development of techniques for the rapid early detection of mycotoxigenic moulds in the food production chain. the development of sensor arrays that respond to the presence of different volatiles produced by such moulds has been examined as a potential method for the development of such detection systems. commercial devices based on such sensor arrays, so-called 'electronic noses', have been examined extensively for the potential application of determining the prese ... | 2007 | 17886189 |
| study of the ochratoxin a effect on aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin b1 production. | aflatoxin b1 (afb1) is a carcinogenic metabolite produced by certain aspergillus species. ochratoxin a (ota) is a metabolite of aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum. afb1 and ota are amongst the most frequent combinations of mycotoxins found in plant products. thus, synergistic effects or interactions between the two mycotoxins could be taking place. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ota on aspergillus parasiticus growth and afb1 production in yeast extrac ... | 2008 | 18471949 |
| stress induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes by abiotic factors. | systematic expression analysis of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes by real-time pcr and microarray was carried out to examine the relationship between growth and general expression patterns in relation to single environmental factors such as temperature, water activity (a(w)) and ph and water activity x temperature interactions. for single parameters, one major peak of expression occurred close to optimum growth conditions. however, a second minor peak was observed under suboptimal growth conditions ... | 2008 | 18510557 |
| occurrence of penicillium verrucosum in retail wheat flours from the spanish market. | in spain, low ochratoxin a (ota) levels have been detected in wheat and different wheat products but no information has been published about the fungi involved in this ota contamination. some species of the genera penicillium and aspergillus are known to form ota but few of them are known to contaminate foods with this mycotoxin. penicillium verrucosum, an important ota producer typical of temperate and cold climates, is much more frequently found on cereals in countries where they occasionally ... | 2008 | 18541161 |
| effect of ochratoxin a on redox-regulated transcription factors, antioxidant enzymes and glutathione-s-transferase in cultured kidney tubulus cells. | ochratoxin a (ota), a mycotoxin mostly produced by aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum, is a worldwide contaminant of food and feedstuff. ota is nephrotoxic and a renal carcinogen in rodents. the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms by which ota exhibits its toxicity have yet not been fully clarified. in the present study the effects of ochratoxin a on the activity of redox-regulated transcription factors, antioxidant enzymes, as well as glutathione-s-transferase (gst) have ... | 2008 | 18547704 |
| moulds and ochratoxin a on surfaces of artisanal and industrial dry sausages. | the use of moulds as a seasoning for sausage can have both desirable and undesirable consequences. the desirable consequences are the creation of a successful product that appeals to consumers. the undesirable consequences are due to the growth of undesirable moulds that produce highly toxic secondary metabolites referred to as mycotoxins. the aim of the paper was to investigate the presence of moulds producing ochratoxin a (ota) on the surface of sausages from northern italy. a total of 757 mou ... | 2009 | 19028307 |
| determination of ochratoxin a in maize bread samples by lc with fluorescence detection. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a secondary fungal metabolite produced by several moulds, mainly by aspergillus ochraceus, a. carbonarius, a. niger and by penicillium verrucosum. the present work shows the results of comparative studies using different procedures for the analysis of ota in maize bread samples. the studied analytical methods involved extraction with different volumes of pbs/methanol, different extraction apparatus, and clean-up through immunoaffinity columns. the separation and identificat ... | 2007 | 19073023 |
| low occurrence of patulin- and citrinin-producing species isolated from grapes. | to assess the ability of fungi isolated from grapes to produce patulin and citrinin. | 2008 | 19241521 |
| proteome response to ochratoxin a-induced apoptotic cell death in mouse hippocampal ht22 cells. | mycotoxins are commonly encountered natural products, and are capable of poisoning animals or humans that inhale mold particles from mycotoxin-contaminated foods. ochratoxin a (ota) is produced by aspergillu ochracus and penicillium verrucosum, and is often found in cereals and agricultural products. although previous studies have focused on the potent nephrotoxicity and renal carcinogenicity of ota, more recent studies suggest that it accumulates in the brain and causes oxidative stress and dna ... | 2009 | 19445961 |
| mycotoxic nephropathy in bulgarian pigs and chickens: complex aetiology and similarity to balkan endemic nephropathy. | spontaneous nephropathy in bulgaria, which is observed frequently during meat inspection and which differs morphologically from the classical description of mycotoxic porcine/chicken nephropathy as made in denmark, was found to have a multi-mycotoxic aetiology being mainly provoked by a combined effect of ochratoxin a, penicillic acid and fumonisin b1 in addition to a not-yet-known metabolite. mean contamination levels of ochratoxin a were consecutively low (188.8 and 376.4 microg kg(-1)) in con ... | 2010 | 19753495 |
| a review on ochratoxin a occurrence and effects of processing of cereal and cereal derived food products. | ochratoxin a (ota) continues to grab global attention and concern for the hazard and impact that embody for both human and animals, based on its toxicity and occurrence. despite ota has been described in a myriad of foodstuffs, cereal and its derivatives remain the major contributors to ota exposure. for that reason, a critical review on ota occurrence reported by recent studies worldwide focusing on unprocessed and processed cereal foodstuffs is made in this work. special attention is drawn to ... | 2010 | 20141935 |
| aspergillus flavus colonization and aflatoxin b(1) formation in barley grain during interaction with other fungi. | colonization of barley grain by aspergillus flavus and formation of aflatoxin b(1) in the presence of penicillium verrucosum, fusarium sporotrichioides, and hyphopichia burtonii were studied over a three-week period in all combinations of 20 or 30 °c and 0.97, 0.95 or 0.90 a(w). grain colonization was assessed initially by observing hyphal extension on the grain surface, using scanning electron microscopy, and then from the proportion of seeds infected and numbers of colony forming units (cfu) f ... | 1996 | 20882457 |
| ochratoxin a producing species in the genus penicillium. | ochratoxin a (ota) producing fungi are members of the genera aspergillus and penicillium. nowadays, there are about 20 species accepted as ota producers, which are distributed in three phylogenetically related but distinct groups of aspergilli of the subgenus circumdati and only in two species of the subgenus penicillium. at the moment, p. verrucosum and p. nordicum are the only ota producing species accepted in the genus penicillium. however, during the last century, ota producers in this genus ... | 2010 | 22069629 |
| Single-walled carbon nanotubes based quenching of free FAM-aptamer for selective determination of ochratoxin A. | Ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. It has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a possible human carcinogen. In this paper, a sensitive and selective fluorescent aptasensor for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection was constructed, utilizing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as quencher which can quench the fluorescence of free unfolded toxin ... | 2011 | 21962677 |
| muscodor albus volatiles control toxigenic fungi under controlled atmosphere (ca) storage conditions. | muscodor albus, a biofumigant fungus, has the potential to control post-harvest pathogens in storage. it has been shown to produce over 20 volatile compounds with fungicidal, bactericidal and insecticidal properties. however, m. albus is a warm climate endophyte, and its biofumigant activity is significantly inhibited at temperatures below 5 °c. conidia of seven mycotoxin producing fungi, aspergillus carbonarius, a. flavus, a. niger, a. ochraceus, penicillium verrucosum, fusarium culmorum and f. ... | 2012 | 23443097 |
| multiplex real-time pcr method for detection and quantification of mycotoxigenic fungi belonging to three different genera. | cereal crop plants are colonized by many fungal species such as aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum, which produce ochratoxins, and fusarium graminearum, which produces trichothecene mycotoxins. a multiplex real-time pcr method using taqman probes was developed to simultaneously detect and quantify these mycotoxigenic fusarium, penicillium and aspergillus species in cereal grains. primers and probes used in this method were designed targeting the trichothecene synthase (tri5) gene i ... | 2012 | 23278665 |
| [isolation of ochratoxin a in fodder barley]. | the authors describe the finding and identification of ochratoxin a in fodder barley of czechoslovak produce. the fungus penicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum, which is an ample producer of ochratoxin a, was isolated from a sample of barley. the isolated fungus was cultivated on several substrates at different temperatures and the production of ochratoxin a was studied during cultivation. the authors believe that the ochratoxicoses of farm animals may also occur in czechoslovakia and that it wo ... | 2001 | 97848 |
| arginine acts as an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of several mycotoxins. | it is well known that the type and the availability of nitrogen have a great influence on the biosynthesis of certain mycotoxins. here it is shown that some amino acids have no influence, some others strongly support and a third group inhibits the biosynthesis of ochratoxin (ota) by penicillium nordicum even in a complex medium, such as pda. arginine (arg) is one of the strong ota inhibiting amino acids. it was shown that arg not only inhibits ota in penicillium but also citrinin (cit) biosynthe ... | 2016 | 27400452 |
| evaluation of the risk of fungal spoilage when substituting sucrose with commercial purified stevia glycosides in sweetened bakery products. | the objectives of this study were to compare the effect of different stevia-based sugar substitutes (s1-s3), sucrose alone and a mixture of sucrose+s1 on: (a) humectant properties, (b) relative colonisation rates of sponge cake slices at 0.90 aw by strains of aspergillus flavus, eurotium amstelodami, fusarium graminearum and penicillium verrucosum at 20 and 25°c and (c) shelf-life periods in days prior to visible growth. results showed that sucrose, s1 commercial sugar substitute and the mixture ... | 2016 | 27183230 |
| control of household mycoflora in fermented sausages using phenolic fractions from olive mill wastewaters. | biopreservation using polyphenols represents an alternative to chemical molecules for improving food safety. in this work, we evaluated the antifungal activity of polyphenols extracted from olive mill wastewater (omwwp) to reduce or eliminate the growth of undesired fungi on the surface of dry fermented sausages. antagonism against penicillium expansum dsmz 1282, penicillium verrucosum dsmz 12639, penicillium nalgiovense ms01, aspergillus ochraceus dsmz 63304, cladosporium cladosporioides ms12, ... | 2015 | 25996624 |
| a new in vitro method to detect growth and ochratoxin a-producing ability of multiple fungal species commonly found in food commodities. | the aim of the study was to develop a new screening method to detect growth and ochratoxin a (ota) production by multiple fungi growing in a small quantity of culture media, using microtiter plates. eight ochratoxigenic species were included in the study. the strains were inoculated in sterile 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates containing yeast extract sucrose broth and czapek yeast extract broth and incubated at 25 °c. growth was daily monitored by absorbance measurements for 4 days and exte ... | 2014 | 25084669 |
| benzopyrone coumarin leads to an inhibition of ochratoxin biosynthesis in representatives of aspergillus and penicillium spp. via a type of feedback response mechanism. | growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of the ochratoxin-producing fungal strains aspergillus carbonarius, aspergillus steynii, penicillium verrucosum, and penicillium nordium were analyzed on standard laboratory growth medium supplemented with different amounts of coumarin, an organic compound of the benzopyrone class. neither the growth nor the phenotypic morphology of the filamentous fungi analyzed was affected by using coumarin concentrations equivalent to 2.5 to 25 μg/ml of medium. in contrast, ... | 2014 | 24680079 |
| producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin a and citrinin. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a very important mycotoxin, and its research is focused right now on the new findings of ota, like being a complete carcinogen, information about ota producers and new exposure sources of ota. citrinin (cit) is another important mycotoxin, too, and its research turns towards nephrotoxicity. both additive and synergistic effects have been described in combination with ota. ota is produced in foodstuffs by aspergillus section circumdati (aspergillus ochraceus, a. westerdijkia ... | 2013 | 24048364 |
| differences in the regulation of ochratoxin a by the hog pathway in penicillium and aspergillus in response to high osmolar environments. | penicillium verrucosum, p. nordicum and aspergillus carbonarius are three important ochratoxin a producing species. p. verrucosum is in addition able to produce citrinin. it has been shown earlier that p. nordicum is adapted to nacl rich environments like salt rich dry cured foods or even salines. in this organism, the biosynthesis of ochratoxin a plays an adaptive role in this habitat. p. verrucosum generally can be found on cereals, but occasionally also on salt rich dry cured foods. in contra ... | 2013 | 23877195 |
| mycobiota and mycotoxin contamination of maize flours and popcorn kernels for human consumption commercialized in spain. | mycobiota and co-occurrence of aflatoxins, citrinin, ochratoxin a and zearalenone in 30 samples of maize flours and 30 of popcorn kernels purchased in spain for human consumption were determined. the mycotoxin-producing ability of aspergillus, fusarium and penicillium spp. was also studied. total fungal counts of maize flours ranged from <10 to 8.4 × 10(4) cfu/g and predominant mycobiota belonged to aspergillus spp. and penicillium spp. in popcorn kernels samples the most frequent species were a ... | 2012 | 22850379 |
| fungi in housefly (musca domestica l.) as a disease risk indicator-a case study in south africa. | houseflies are the commonest insects which have increasingly overcrowded human dwellings, particularly in rural areas and constitute a health hazard. in the environment they move back and forth by feeding and breeding on food commodities and filth. this may lead to the spread of diseases and also mycotoxin-producing fungi. thus frequent exposure to the activity of such houseflies will have an impact on the welfare of humans. the study investigated the natural occurrence of fungal contamination i ... | 2014 | 25193135 |
| l-tyrosinatonickel(ii) complex: synthesis and structural, spectroscopic, magnetic, and biological properties of 2{[ni(l-tyr)2(bpy)]}·3h2o·ch3oh. | the complex 2{[ni(l-tyr)2(bpy)]}·3h2o·ch3oh [1, where l-tyr = l-tyrosine; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bpy)] was obtained in crystalline form and characterized by x-ray and spectroscopic (ft-ir, nir-vis-uv, and hfepr) and magnetic methods. the complex crystallized in the hexagonal system with a = b = 12.8116(18) å, c = 30.035(6) å, and space group p3221. the six-coordination sphere around the ni(2+) ion is formed by two n and two o l-tyrosinato atoms and completed by two n atoms of the 2,2'-bpy m ... | 2013 | 23534408 |
| aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in pistachios sampled in spain: occurrence and presence of mycotoxigenic fungi. | a survey of the fungal contamination and occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a (ota) in 50 pistachio nut samples collected from commercial stores around catalonia (spain) was carried out. aspergillus flavus was found in 30% of samples, whereas aspergillus section nigri, aspergillus ochraceus, and penicillium verrucosum were found in 40%, 2% and 26% of samples, respectively. a total of 204 fungal isolates were obtained; 70.8% of a. flavus isolates were able to produce aflatoxin b1 and b2, whe ... | 2010 | 24779573 |
| antimicrobial activity of the pygidial gland secretion of the troglophilic ground beetle laemostenus (pristonychus) punctatus (dejean, 1828) (insecta: coleoptera: carabidae). | the antimicrobial activity of the pygidial gland secretion released by adult individuals of the troglophilic ground beetle laemostenus (pristonychus) punctatus (dejean, 1828), applying microdilution method with the aim to detect minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal bactericidal concentration and minimal fungicidal concentration, has been investigated. in addition, morphology of the pygidial glands is observed. we have tested 16 laboratory and clinical strains of human pathogens - eight bact ... | 2016 | 27018928 |
| ochratoxin a and ochratoxin-producing fungi on cereal grain in china: a review. | the mycotoxin ochratoxin a (ota) is known to be the main contaminant of cereal grain and has become increasingly important in recent years. therefore, a survey of ochratoxigenic fungi and ota contamination in china is a special challenge. this paper summarises data on cereals and moulds (aspergillus niger, penicillium verrucosum, aspergillus ochraceus, for example) and on grain and ota from 1973 by searching chinese information databases (ncki, vip, duxiu etc.), calculating the ota-producing mou ... | 2015 | 25571918 |
| coprinopsis atramentaria extract, its organic acids, and synthesized glucuronated and methylated derivatives as antibacterial and antifungal agents. | despite the available data regarding antimicrobial activity of phenolic acids, studies dealing with the effects of their metabolites or derivatives are scarce. therefore, the antimicrobial and demelanizing activities of coprinopsis atramentaria extract, its organic acids, and methylated and glucuronated derivatives were evaluated. the antifungal activity was stronger than the antibacterial effects. in general, individual compounds (mostly organic acids) exhibited higher activity than the extract ... | 2014 | 25131614 |
| fungi producing significant mycotoxins. | mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microfungi that are known to cause sickness or death in humans or animals. although many such toxic metabolites are known, it is generally agreed that only a few are significant in causing disease: aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin a, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids. these toxins are produced by just a few species from the common genera aspergillus, penicillium, fusarium, and claviceps. all aspergillus and penicillium species either are c ... | 2012 | 23477193 |
| ochratoxin a and human health risk: a review of the evidence. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a mycotoxin produced by several fungal species including aspergillus ochraceus, a. carbonarius, a. niger, and penicillium verrucosum. ota causes nephrotoxicity and renal tumors in a variety of animal species; however, human health effects are less well-characterized. various studies have linked ota exposure with the human diseases balkan endemic nephropathy (ben) and chronic interstitial nephropathy (cin), as well as other renal diseases. this study reviews the epidemiologi ... | 2015 | 24874522 |
| mycomon-monitoring project of toxigenic fungi in food in years 1999 - 2001. | an occurrence of the toxigenic fungi producing aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in food was investigated in the study ("mycomon") in years 1999-2001. twenty five commodities were purchased from retail in twelve collection places in the czech republic (300 food samples together). the presence of potentially toxigenic fungiaspergillus flavus was observed in 28% of the sampled food (black pepper, black tea, caraway seeds, fine flour, fruit tea, oat flakes) in the year 1999, in 17% of the sampled food (b ... | 2002 | 23606161 |
| mycological contamination in dental unit waterlines in istanbul, turkey. | studies on dental units (dus) are conducted either for the prevention or the reduction of the density of bacterial contamination in dental unit waterlines (duwls). however, the existence of fungi in the these systems requires more attention. during dental treatment, direct contact with water contaminated with fungi such as candida, aspergillus, or inhalation of aerosols from high-speed drill may cause various respiratory infections, such as asthma, allergies, and wounds on mucose membranes, espe ... | 2013 | 24516467 |
| selection and evaluation of debaryomyces hansenii isolates as potential bioprotective agents against toxigenic penicillia in dry-fermented sausages. | biocontrol using autochthonous debaryomyces hansenii isolates is a potentially suitable strategy for inhibiting toxigenic moulds in dry-cured meat products. the antifungal activity of 280 d. hansenii isolated from dry-cured meat products as well as the mode of action of the most active isolates against toxigenic penicillia were evaluated in this work. a 13.9% of the d. hansenii isolates showed inhibitory activity in a radial inhibition assay. the effects on penicillia growth of both the cell-fre ... | 2015 | 25475274 |
| production of multifunctional lipases by penicillium verrucosum and penicillium brevicompactum under solid state fermentation of babassu cake and castor meal. | the main objective of this work was to optimize lipase production, in terms of hydrolytic and esterification activities, by penicillium brevicompactum and penicillium verrucosum in solid state fermentation using agroindustrial residues as raw material. maxima hydrolytic activities of 48.6 and 87.7 u/g were achieved when p. brevicompactum was cultured in babassu cake and castor meal, respectively. higher esterification activities (around 244 u/g) were achieved when p. brevicompactum was used as m ... | 2011 | 20652598 |
| occurrence of the toxigenic fungi (producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a) in foodstuffs in the czech republic 1999-2000. | the occurrence of toxigenic fungi producing aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in foodstuffs was studied in the czech republic. twenty five commodities were collected at twelve collection places in the czech republic (300 food samples). the presence of potentially toxigenicaspergillus flavus was observed in 28% of the sampled foods (black pepper, caraway seeds, fruit tea, black tea, oat flakes, fine flour, rolled oat flakes and semolina) in the year 1999, and in 25% of the sampled foods (black pepper, ... | 2001 | 23605869 |
| ochratoxin a detection on antibody- immobilized on bsa-functionalized gold electrodes. | ochratoxin a (ota)-a toxin produced by aspergillus carbonarius, aspergillus ochraceus, and penicillium verrucosum-is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. to avoid the risk of ota consumption for humans and animals, the rapid detection and quantitation of ota level in different commodities are of great importance. in this work, an impedimetric immunosensor for ochratoxin a (ota) detection, a common toxic botanical contaminant, was developed via the immobilization of anti-ota an ... | 2016 | 27467684 |
| antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of brunfelsia uniflora flower oleoresin extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. | brunfelsia genus is traditionally utilized in popular medicine due to its antibacterial and antifungal properties to name but a few. however, studies on the antimicrobial activity of brunfelsia uniflora flower oleoresin have not been found yet. this study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of b. uniflora flower oleoresin obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide. oleoresin from the plant dried flowers was obtained by carbon dioxide, and the chemical composition ... | 2017 | 28407186 |
| ochratoxin a production by penicillium thymicola. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a mycotoxin produced by some aspergillus and penicillium species that grow on economically important agricultural crops and food products. ota is classified as group 2b carcinogen and is potently nephrotoxic, which is the basis for its regulation in some jurisdictions. using high resolution mass spectroscopy, ota and ochratoxin b (otb) were detected in liquid culture extracts of penicillium thymicola daomc 180753 isolated from canadian cheddar cheese. the genome of this str ... | 2016 | 27521635 |
| polyaniline langmuir-blodgett film based aptasensor for ochratoxin a detection. | ochratoxin a (ota) produced by aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum is a very dangerous toxin due to its toxic effects in human beings and its presence in a wide range of food products and cereals. a langmuir-blodgett (polyaniline (pani)-stearic acid (sa)) film based highly sensitive and robust impedimetric aptasensor has been developed for ochratoxin a (ota) detection. dna aptamer (apt-dna) specific to ota has been covalently immobilized onto mixed langmuir-blodgett (lb) monolayer c ... | 2011 | 21514815 |
| the biosynthesis of ochratoxin a by penicillium as one mechanism for adaptation to nacl rich foods. | penicillium.nordicum is an ochratoxin a producing filamentous fungus, which is adapted to sodium chloride and protein rich food environments like certain cheeses or dry cured meats. penicillium.verrucosum usually occurs on cereals but can also be isolated from brined olives. it could be shown that sodium chloride has a profound influence on the regulation of ochratoxin a biosynthesis in both penicillium species. high amounts of ochratoxin a are produced by p. nordicum over a wide concentration r ... | 0 | 22202878 |
| limiting mycotoxins in stored wheat. | the quality of harvested wheat grain can deteriorate markedly during the post-harvest management stages. biotic factors, such as grain type and ripeness, coupled with the prevailing abiotic factors, such as water content and temperature, and also preservative concentration will influence the safe storage life and the level of contamination with mycotoxins. these mycotoxins include deoxynivalenol (don) produced pre-harvest and zearalenone (zea) produced post-harvest by fusarium graminearum and fu ... | 2010 | 20455159 |
| monitoring of ochratoxin a exposure of the portuguese population through a nationwide urine survey--winter 2007. | ochratoxin a (ota) is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of fungi, such as penicillium verrucosum and aspergillium spp., which has been found to have a wide number of potentially deadly toxic effects, and can enter the human organism through a variety of means. it then finds its way into the bloodstream and, after a lengthy process, is eventually excreted through the urine. it can thus be detected in its original form not only in blood samples but also in this biological medium. as such, and in a ... | 2010 | 20018347 |
| [antagonistic interactions between saprotrophic fungi and geohelminths. 1. saprotrophic fungi in the biological control of phytopathogenic geohelminths]. | the state of knowledge on the possible antagonism between soil saprotrophic fungi and phytopathogenic nematodes of the genera meloidogyne, heterodera, and globodera is reviewed basing on the literature and our own research. mycelial colonisation of various developmental stages of these geohelminths is the most common factor thought to reduce their populations in nature. the following parasitic fungi can be found on the cysts, eggs, as well as the larvae of the nematodes: paecilomyces lilacinus, ... | 2009 | 19579778 |
| guttation droplets of penicillium nordicum and penicillium verrucosum contain high concentrations of the mycotoxins ochratoxin a and b. | eight of eleven ochratoxigenic isolates of penicillium nordicum and penicillium verrucosum produced guttation droplets when grown on czapek yeast extract (cya) agar for 10-14 days at 25 degrees c. parallel cultivation of one strain each of p. nordicum and p. verrucosum on malt extract agar demonstrated that higher volumes of exudate are produced on this agar. however, hplc analyses revealed higher concentrations of ochratoxin a (ota) and b (otb) in droplets originating from cultures on cya. for ... | 2007 | 17404894 |