| g-band patterns, hemoglobin, and transferrin types of the bharal: chromosomal evolutionary relationships with sheep and goats. | g-band patterns of the bharal (pseudois nayaur), 2n = 54, were compared with those of wild sheep (ovis dalli stonei), 2n = 54, and the persian wild goat (capra hircus), 2n = 60. patterns of the longer segments of the biarmed chromosomes of pseudois were similar to those of the longer biarmed segments of ovis, whereas the shorter segments differed. biarmed chromosomal segments had g-band homologies with specific acrocentric autosomes of capra and were ranked as follows in descending order of rela ... | 1978 | 744872 |
| nucleolus organizer region location and 'ring' chromosomes in the bharal. | silver-staining has been used to identify the nucleolus organizer regions (nors) in the bharal. these show homology with sheep, goat, cattle and aoudad. the association of the nors on both telomeres of chromosome 3 results in a 'ring' chromosome. | 1980 | 7371749 |
| why should a grazer browse? livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal pseudois nayaur. | many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse-dominated diets. we determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium-sized ungulate-the bharal pseudois nayaur. past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. we tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: lo ... | 2010 | 19784849 |
| molecular phylogeography and genetic differentiation of blue sheep pseudois nayaurszechuanensis and pseudois schaeferi in china. | within the genus pseudois (bovidae, artiodactyla), two challenges are faced by taxonomists. first, the designation of the two subspecies of blue sheep, pseudois nayaur nayaur and pseudois nayaurszechuanensis, tends to be questionable with the accumulation of morphological and molecular data. second, the taxonomic status of the dwarf blue sheep (pseudois schaeferi) has been controversial since its discovery, and molecular analyses with relatively small sample sizes have not painted a clear pictur ... | 2008 | 18565767 |
| fatal sarcoptes scabiei infection of blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) in pakistan. | sarcoptes scabiei was detected for the first time in skin scrapings, hair pluckings, and histologic sections from a blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) from the shimshali pamir in the karakorum range of the western himalaya in pakistan (36 degrees 28'n, 75 degrees 36'e). local reports suggest many hundred animals have been affected by a severe skin disease over a 10-yr period, but the shy nature of this species and the extreme climate that they inhabit meant only a single affected animal was available ... | 2007 | 17699091 |
| annual changes in testicular size and serum and fecal testosterone concentrations in male bharals, pseudois nayaur. | the serum and fecal testosterone (t) concentrations and testicular sizes of two male bharals (pseudois nayaur) were determined for approximately one year. the profiles of the fecal t concentrations showed a similar tendency as the profiles of serum t concentrations, and there was a significant correlation between serum and fecal t concentrations (r=0.72). t concentrations rose drastically in october and decreased gradually until january. the maximum testicular size was observed between november ... | 2006 | 17085889 |
| cardiopulmonary hemodynamics of blue-sheep, pseudois nayaur, as high-altitude adapted mammals. | the blue-sheep, pika, and yak live in the tibetan highlands at an altitude of 6,100 m and are typical mammals adapted to high-altitudes. these animals have a long history of habitation at high-altitudes and are considered to be "animals completely adapted to high-altitudes" because of their physiological and morphological traits that are well adapted to high-altitude environments. to evaluate the physiological characteristics of high-altitude adaptation in the blue-sheep, changes in the pulmonar ... | 2003 | 14975184 |
| chromosome evolution of the blue sheep/bharal (pseudois nayaur). | a male dwarf blue sheep was collected 60 km south of batang east to the jinsha jiang river, and a male subei blue sheep (greater form) was collected from gansu, china, representing two geographically separated blue sheep forms. chromosome preparations were prepared from fibroblast cultures. the dwarf blue sheep has a 2n = 54 and a karyotype with three biarmed formations that resulted from acrocentric chromosome fusions (based on the 2n = 60 capra autosomal equivalents) 14p/5q, 27p/1q, and 29p/2q ... | 2000 | 10768136 |
| molecular evidence for the subspecific differentiation of blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) and polyphyletic origin of dwarf blue sheep (pseudois schaeferi). | blue sheep (pseudois nayaur), a central asian ungulate with restricted geographic distribution, exhibits unclear variation in morphology and phylogeographic structure. the composition of species and subspecies in the genus pseudois is controversial, particularly with respect to the taxonomic designation of geographically restricted populations. here, 26 specimens including 5 dwarf blue sheep (pseudois schaeferi), which were collected from a broad geographic region in china, were analyzed for 2 m ... | 2012 | 22821360 |
| molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of genus pseudois (bovidae, cetartiodactyla): new insights into the contrasting phylogeographic structure. | blue sheep, pseudois nayaur, is endemic to the tibetan plateau and the surrounding mountains, which are the highest-elevation areas in the world. classical morphological taxonomy suggests that there are two subspecies in genus pseudois (bovidae, artiodactyla), namely pseudois nayaur nayaur and pseudois nayaur szechuanensis. however, the validity and geographic characteristics of these subspecies have never been carefully discussed and analyzed. this may be partially because previous studies have ... | 2017 | 28904782 |
| taxonomic status of chinese blue sheep (pseudois nayaur): new evidence of a distinct subspecies. | the blue sheep is an endemic species to the qinghai-tibet plateau and surrounding regions. it has been regarded as having 2 subspecies: pseudois nayaur nayaur and p. n. szechuanensis. however, such a classification remains controversial. herein, we analyze 10 microsatellite loci and part of the mitochondrial control region for clarification in such taxonomic debates. we use samples from 168 individuals from 6 geographic populations covering almost all the distribution areas of the species in chi ... | 2020 | 31773863 |
| patterns of snow leopard site use in an increasingly human-dominated landscape. | human population growth and concomitant increases in demand for natural resources pose threats to many wildlife populations. the landscapes used by the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia) and their prey is increasingly subject to major changes in land use. we aimed to assess the influence of 1) key human activities, as indicated by the presence of mining and livestock herding, and 2) the presence of a key prey species, the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur), on probability of snow leopard site us ... | 2016 | 27171203 |
| predicting the distributions of predator (snow leopard) and prey (blue sheep) under climate change in the himalaya. | future climate change is likely to affect distributions of species, disrupt biotic interactions, and cause spatial incongruity of predator-prey habitats. understanding the impacts of future climate change on species distribution will help in the formulation of conservation policies to reduce the risks of future biodiversity losses. using a species distribution modeling approach by maxent, we modeled current and future distributions of snow leopard (panthera uncia) and its common prey, blue sheep ... | 2016 | 27516864 |
| standardizing the double-observer survey method for estimating mountain ungulate prey of the endangered snow leopard. | mountain ungulates around the world have been threatened by illegal hunting, habitat modification, increased livestock grazing, disease and development. mountain ungulates play an important functional role in grasslands as primary consumers and as prey for wild carnivores, and monitoring of their populations is important for conservation purposes. however, most of the several currently available methods of estimating wild ungulate abundance are either difficult to implement or too expensive for ... | 2012 | 22231373 |
| snow leopard and himalayan wolf: food habits and prey selection in the central himalayas, nepal. | top carnivores play an important role in maintaining energy flow and functioning of the ecosystem, and a clear understanding of their diets and foraging strategies is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. in this paper, we compared diets and prey selection of snow leopards and wolves based on analyses of genotyped scats (snow leopards n = 182, wolves n = 57), collected within 26 sampling grid cells (5×5 km) that were distributed across a vast landscape of ca 5000 km2 in the ... | 2017 | 28178279 |
| globalization of the cashmere market and the decline of large mammals in central asia. | as drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. we suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in central asia. this penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase lives ... | 2013 | 23866036 |
| blue sheep in the annapurna conservation area, nepal: habitat use, population biomass and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards. | the himalaya region of nepal provides a habitat for the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia) and its principal prey species, the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur). the aim of this study was to describe the habitat, the distribution and the population structure of blue sheep, and to estimate their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopard in the upper mustang region of nepal. blue sheep were recorded at altitudes from 3209-5498 m on slopes with gradients of 16-60° and aspects of 40°ne ... | 2014 | 24447660 |
| serological survey of avian influenza virus infection in non-avian wildlife in xinjiang, china. | we conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against avian influenza virus (aiv) in gazella subgutturosa, canis lupus, capreolus pygargus, sus scrofa, cervus elaphus, capra ibex, ovis ammon, bos grunniens and pseudois nayaur in xinjiang, china. two hundred forty-six sera collected from 2009 to 2013 were assayed for antibodies against h5, h7 and h9 aivs using hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests and a pan-influenza competitive elisa. across all tested wildlife species, 4.47 % harbored ... | 2016 | 26733295 |
| complete genome sequence of a peste des petits ruminants virus recovered from wild bharal in tibet, china. | for the first time, here we announce the complete genome sequence of a field isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) derived from macerated rectal tissue of a free living bharal (pseudois nayaur) that displayed clinical disease consistent with severe infection with pprv. further, we compare the full genome of this isolate, termed pprv tibet/bharal/2008, with previously available pprv genomes, including those of virus isolates from domestic small ruminants local to the area where the r ... | 2012 | 22966182 |
| foods, macronutrients and fibre in the diet of blue sheep (psuedois nayaur) in the annapurna conservation area of nepal. | food resources are often critical regulating factors affecting individual fitness and population densities. in the himalayan mountains, bharal "blue sheep" (pseudois nayaur) are the main food resource for the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia), as well as being preyed upon by other predators. blue sheep, however, may face a number of challenges including food resource competition with other wild and domestic ungulates, and hunting pressure. here, we characterized the diet of blue sheep in ... | 2015 | 26445655 |
| prey preferences of the snow leopard (panthera uncia): regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation. | the endangered snow leopard is a large felid that is distributed over 1.83 million km(2) globally. throughout its range it relies on a limited number of prey species in some of the most inhospitable landscapes on the planet where high rates of human persecution exist for both predator and prey. we reviewed 14 published and 11 unpublished studies pertaining to snow leopard diet throughout its range. we calculated prey consumption in terms of frequency of occurrence and biomass consumed based on 1 ... | 2014 | 24533080 |
| mlva genotyping of brucella melitensis and brucella abortus isolates from different animal species and humans and identification of brucella suis vaccine strain s2 from cattle in china. | in china, brucellosis is an endemic disease and the main sources of brucellosis in animals and humans are infected sheep, cattle and swine. brucella melitensis (biovars 1 and 3) is the predominant species, associated with sporadic cases and outbreak in humans. isolates of b. abortus, primarily biovars 1 and 3, and b. suis biovars 1 and 3 are also associated with sporadic human brucellosis. in this study, the genetic profiles of b. melitensis and b. abortus isolates from humans and animals were a ... | 2013 | 24124546 |
| detection and genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus in free-living bharals (pseudois nayaur) in tibet, china. | peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an important viral disease of sheep and goats. the wildlife hosts of ppr, which may play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease, are not well characterized. the research was undertaken to study the infection of ppr virus (pprv) in free-living bharals (pseudois nayaur) in tibet, china. in 2007, pprv infection was confirmed in two bharals in rutog county of tibet based on clinical signs and detection of pprv rna in tissue samples. in 2008, pprv in ... | 2011 | 20591454 |
| comparisons between mitochondrial genomes of domestic goat (capra hircus) reveal the presence of numts and multiple sequencing errors. | in the present study, we amplified and sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome from a vietnamese domestic goat (capra hircus). the data were compared with mtdna sequences available in the nucleotide databases. | 2010 | 20540682 |
| complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the blue sheep, pseudois nayaur szechuanensis (cetartiodactyla: caprinae). | the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur szechuanensis) belongs to the subfamily caprinae, which distributes in sichuan, gansu, qinghai, southeastern xinjiang, northern yunnan and ningxia-inner mongolia border, china. in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of p. n. szechuanensis was sequenced. the mitogenome was 16,738 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna (trna) genes, 2 ribosomal rna (rrna) genes, and a non-coding control region. as in other mammals, most mitoch ... | 2016 | 25090383 |
| genetic distinctiveness of endangered dwarf blue sheep (pseudois nayaur schaeferi): evidence from mitochondrial control region and y-linked zfy intron sequences. | to elucidate the controversial systematic relationship of blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) and endangered dwarf blue sheep, we sequenced part of the mtdna control region and y-linked zfy intron, and carried out phylogenetic analyses. mitochondrial results revealed that the dwarf blue sheep is a strongly supported monophyletic group, with an average of 12.21% sequence divergence from the blue sheep. this is the first genetic evidence for the distinctness of the dwarf blue sheep. zfy intron results sh ... | 2001 | 11336239 |
| isolation of clostridium perfringens type a from wild bharals (pseudois nayaur) following sudden death in tibet, china. | dozens of wild bharals died suddenly in tibet. necropsy showed severe congestion and hemorrhage in multiple organs, with large numbers of gram-positive bacilli. strains of clostridium perfringens type a were isolated from the different organs and the intestinal contents. the other possible pathogens were ruled out by pcr. | 2017 | 28082244 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the blue sheep, pseudois nayaur nayaur (cetartiodactyla: caprinae). | the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur nayaur) belongs to the subfamily caprinae, and is distributed in the qinghai-tibet plateau and peripheral mountains of china. in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of p. n. nayaur was sequenced. it was determined to be of 16,700 bases. the nucleotide sequence data of 12 heavy-strand protein-coding genes of p. n. nayaur and other 29 caprine species were used for phylogenetic analysis. phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by bayesian and maximum likeliho ... | 2015 | 24409917 |
| relative influence of wild prey and livestock abundance on carnivore-caused livestock predation. | conservation conflict over livestock depredation is one of the key drivers of large mammalian carnivore declines worldwide. mitigating this conflict requires strategies informed by reliable knowledge of factors influencing livestock depredation. wild prey and livestock abundance are critical factors influencing the extent of livestock depredation. we compared whether the extent of livestock predation by snow leopards panthera uncia differed in relation to densities of wild prey, livestock, and s ... | 2020 | 33145001 |
| seasonal variation and sexual dimorphism of the microbiota in wild blue sheep (pseudois nayaur). | microbiota of the wild blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) presents a seasonal variation due to different dietary selection and feeding strategies from different ecological niches chosen by different sex in summer. to address those issues, we analyzed the variation of gut microbiota based on the material from the feces, with 16s rrna and meta-genome aimed to explore seasonal and gender differences. the results indicate that seasonal dietary changes and gender differentiation, as expected, cause the var ... | 2020 | 32670222 |
| comparison of gut microbiota diversity between wild and captive bharals (pseudois nayaur). | gastrointestinal microbiota play an important role in animal host immunity, nutrient metabolism, and energy acquisition, and have therefore drawn increasing attentions. this study compared the diversity of the gut microbiota of both wild and captive bharals, which is an ungulate herbivore of caprid from the qinghai-tibet plateau. | 2019 | 31300036 |
| spatio-temporal analysis of peste des petits ruminants outbreaks in pr china (2013-2018): updates based on the newest data. | peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants. the purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemic characteristics of ppr outbreaks in the people's republic of china (pr china) from 2013 to 2018. a total of 41,876 ppr outbreaks were recorded in small ruminant populations in pr china during that period. data from february to june 2018 were used to study new developments in the ppr epidemic in pr china. spatio-temporal clusters and temporal distribution p ... | 2019 | 31207143 |
| sex identification based on amel gene pcr amplification from blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) fecal dna samples. | the use of noninvasive genetic sampling to identify the sex of wild animals is an extremely valuable and important tool in molecular ecology and wildlife conservation. sex determination using the amelogenin gene has been conducted in many species because only a single pair of primers is required to amplify both x- and y-linked alleles. however, this method has not been used in field research with the feces of wildlife. in this study, we applied this method to 222 fecal samples from wild blue she ... | 2015 | 26345836 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of a new subspecies of the blue sheep, pseudois nayaur (cetartiodactyla: caprinae) from helan mountain in china. | the population of blue sheep, pseudois nayaur, from helan mountain in china is considered as a new subspecies. we first determined and annotated its complete mitochondrial genome. the mitogenome is 16,795 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna (trna) genes, 2 ribosomal rna (rrna) genes and a control region. as in other mammals, most mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand, except for nd6 and eight trna genes, which are encoded on the light strand. its ov ... | 2015 | 24409913 |
| mitogenomic analysis of the genus pseudois: evidence of adaptive evolution of morphological variation in the atp synthase genes. | the genus pseudois includes two variable taxa, blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) and dwarf blue sheep (pseudois schaeferi), that exhibit notable geographic variation in morphology and ecological niche, suggesting the potential for significant adaptive differentiation between these two goats. blue sheep are broadly distributed in the tibetan plateau and peripheral mountains through central asia, while dwarf blue sheep are only found in the gorges of the upper yangtze river (jinsha river) near batang c ... | 2012 | 22820118 |
| characterization of the reproductive cycle in female bharals (pseudois nayaur) based on the changes in serum progesterone concentrations and parturition season. | the purpose of present study was to determine annual changes in serum progesterone (p(4)) concentrations and to clarify basic reproductive characteristics, such as breeding season, estrous cycle, and puberty in female bharals (pseudois nayaur). blood was collected from 9 female bharals once or twice weekly for approximately one year. serum p(4) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. serum p(4) concentrations showed remarkable and cyclic changes between november/december (winter) and ... | 2006 | 16953086 |
| issues and opportunities associated with trophy hunting and tourism in khunjerab national park, northern pakistan. | trophy hunting and mass tourism are the two major interventions designed to provide various socioeconomic and ecological benefits at the local and regional levels. however, these interventions have raised some serious concerns that need to be addressed. this study was conducted in khunjerab national park (knp) with an aim to analyze comparatively the socioeconomic and ecological impacts of trophy hunting and mass tourism over the last three decades within the context of sustainability. focus gro ... | 2020 | 32244688 |
| morphology of the lingual papillae of the bharal (pseudois nayaur). | we examined the dorsal lingual surfaces of an adult bharal (pseudois nayaur) by scanning electron microscopy. the filiform papillae of the lingual apex and body consisted of a main papilla and smaller secondary papillae. the filiform papilla of the lingual body was big as compared to that of the lingual apex. the connective tissue cores of the filiform papillae consisted of several processes. the fungiform papilla was round in shape. the connective tissue cores of the fungiform papillae were flo ... | 2019 | 31462622 |
| blue sheep resource selection in alpine grasslands of a western himalayan landscape - a point process approach. | in-depth knowledge of distribution and factors influencing it is important for species conservation and management. many forms of such data have led to the development of new analytical techniques for better interpretation. for mountainous terrains with certain limitations, species data are obtained in the presence-only form. the point process model is one of the recent approaches for modelling such data, taking care of pseudo-absences and spatial independence. for conservation in regions with l ... | 2020 | 32760457 |
| comparative analyses of fecal microbiota in european mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon) and blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) living at low or high altitudes. | the gut microbiota is a complex and essential system organ that plays an integrative role in balancing key vital functions in the host. knowledge of the impact of altitude on the gut microbiota of european mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon) and blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) is currently limited. in this study, we compared the characteristics of gut microbiota in 5 mouflon at low altitude (k group), 4 mouflon at high altitude (l group), 4 blue sheep at low altitude (m group), and 4 blue sheep at hi ... | 2019 | 31417526 |
| genetic diversity of haemonchus contortus isolated from sympatric wild blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) and sheep in helan mountains, china. | haemonchus contortus is known among parasitic nematodes as one of the major veterinary pathogens of small ruminants and results in great economic losses worldwide. human activities, such as the sympatric grazing of wild with domestic animals, may place susceptible wildlife hosts at risk of increased prevalence and infection intensity with this common small ruminant parasite. studies on phylogenetic factors of h. contortus should assist in defining the amount of the impact of anthropogenic factor ... | 2017 | 28927469 |
| a detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated snps in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene in haemonchus contortus from wild blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) sympatric with sheep in helan mountains, china. | benzimidazole (bz) resistance is an increasingly serious problem due to the excessive use of this anthelmintic for controlling haemonchus contortus, which is one of the major gastrointestinal nematodes infecting small ruminants worldwide. three known single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), f167y (tac), e198a (gca) and f200y (tac), in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene of h. contortus are associated with bz resistance. comprehending the spread and origins of bz resistance-associated snps has important ... | 2019 | 30866931 |