| detection of microsporidia (enterocytozoon bieneusi) in intestinal biopsy specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by pcr. | intestinal microsporidiosis has been implicated as a major cause of chronic diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. so far diagnosis depends on direct visualization of the parasites by light and transmission electron microscopy. we evaluated the diagnostic value of microsporidian dna amplification by pcr on duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with and without intestinal microsporidiosis caused by enterocytozoon bieneusi. thirteen hiv-infected patients (all ... | 1995 | 7494017 |
| tissue diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis using the chromotrope-2r modified trichrome stain. | light microscopic diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis is difficult with the use of routine histologic stains. this has led to an overreliance on transmission electron microscopic diagnosis. it was previously demonstrated that a modification of the standard gomori one-step trichrome stain, using a 10-fold higher concentration of chromotrope-2r, can be used to detect microsporidial spores in stool. the use of the stain has now been extended to the detection of spores in sections of formaldehy ... | 1993 | 7504441 |
| the warthin-starry stain in the diagnosis of small intestinal microsporidiosis in hiv-infected patients. | a protocol for the handling of small intestinal biopsies from hiv-infected patients is presented. this protocol includes the warthin-starry stain for the detection of microsporidia. this stain has proved a reliable and sensitive diagnostic technique for microsporidial infections as it stains both enterocytozoon bieneusi and septata intestinalis in duodenal enterocytes. because the stain demonstrates septata intestinalis in lamina propria macrophages as well as enterocytes, it allows for the prac ... | 1993 | 7516907 |
| multiorgan microsporidiosis: report of five cases and review. | we describe five cases and review 34 reported cases of multiorgan microsporidiosis. most of the patients with multiorgan involvement have been adults with aids. organs most commonly infected include the small intestine, urinary tract, biliary tree, and eye; involvement of the respiratory tract, nasal sinuses, and central nervous system is also described but appears to be less frequent. although patients with multiorgan disease may be asymptomatic, clinical presentation usually relates to the inv ... | 1995 | 7578757 |
| disseminated microsporidiosis due to septata intestinalis in nine patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: response to therapy with albendazole. | disseminated microsporidiosis due to the newly described species septata intestinalis in nine patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus is described. all patients were male homosexuals; the mean age was 41 years (range, 35-58 years). they were all severely immunocompromised, with a mean cd4 lymphocyte count of 15/mm3 (range, 0-32/mm3). infection by s. intestinalis was seen in duodenal biopsy specimens from all patients, and dissemination was demonstrated by the presence of microsporidi ... | 1995 | 7578763 |
| small subunit ribosomal dna phylogeny of various microsporidia with emphasis on aids related forms. | phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal dna of a broad range of representative microsporidia including five species from humans (enterocytozoon bieneusi, nosema corneum, septata intestinalis, encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon cuniculi), reveals that human microsporidia are polyphyletic in origin. septata intestinalis and e. hellem are very similar to the mammalian parasite e. cuniculi. based on the results of our phylogenetic analysis, we suggest that s. intestinalis be des ... | 1995 | 7581329 |
| [microsporidiosis: a new protozoan disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)]. | the list of infections, threatening patients with impaired immunological system, especially infected with hiv, prolongs systematically. since early eighties many authors pay attention to little known type of protozoan: microspora. more and more often new microsporidia species are described as a cause of disease, especially in patients with aids. we present review of literature data concerning species known up to now as pathogenic for man: encephalitozoon cuniculi, encephalitozoon hellem, nosema ... | 1994 | 7597182 |
| [a very up-to-date stage in the fate of infectious diseases: parasitic and fungal opportunistic infections]. | opportunistic parasitosis and mycosis are becoming ever more widespread, mainly under the influence of major immunodeficiencies, either acquired (aids) or therapeutic. in this general overview, their main aspects, both clinical and epidemiological, are underlined. in terms of epidemiology, three types of phenomena have been observed: 1) emergence of human parasitosis unknown before (microsporidiosis due to enterocytozoon bieneusi, encephalitozoom hellem or septata intestinalis); 2) among the hum ... | 1995 | 7648314 |
| identification of microsporidia in stool specimens by using pcr and restriction endonucleases. | we report the development of a pcr-based assay for the detection of microsporidia in clinical specimens. a single primer pair complementary to conserved sequences of the small-subunit rrna enabled amplification of dna from the four major microsporidian pathogens of humans: encephalitozoon cuniculi, encephalitozoon hellem, enterocytozoon bieneusi, and septata intestinalis. the extraction method allowed pcr amplification of e. bieneusi and s. intestinalis dna from sodium hypochlorite-treated stool ... | 1995 | 7665639 |
| in vitro growth of the microsporidian septata intestinalis from an aids patient with disseminated illness. | a new species of microsporidian, septata intestinalis, was recently recognized as an opportunistic pathogen of aids patients. in this study, it was cultured from the nasopharyngeal aspirate of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patient with disseminated microsporidiosis. in human embryonic lung cells exposed to s. intestinalis, a cytopathic effect appeared within 28 days as foci of rounded up cells. thin-section electron microscopy showed a variety of developmental stages of the micr ... | 1995 | 7714208 |
| genetic and immunological characterization of the microsporidian septata intestinalis cali, kotler and orenstein, 1993: reclassification to encephalitozoon intestinalis. | the relationships between the encephalitozoon-like septata intestinalis and other microsporidia that occur in humans; notably encephalitozoon cuniculi and encephalitozoon hellem, is insufficiently documented using morphological descriptions alone. to assess mutual relationships, we have examined other phenotypic as well as genetic aspects of s. intestinalis, obtained both from tissue culture and clinical specimens, in comparison with a number of other microsporidia. phenotypic characterization w ... | 1995 | 7724235 |
| [new parasitic diseases in man: infections caused by microsporida and cyclospora species]. | the non-taxonomic term microsporidia relates to a group of organisms belonging to the order microsporida of the phylum microspora. microsporidia are obligate intracellular spore-forming protozoa and have no metabolically active stages outside the host cell. their host range is extensive and includes most invertebrates and all 5 classes of vertebrates. more than 100 microsporidial genera and almost 1000 species have now been identified. 5 genera (enterocytozoon, encephalitozoon, septata, pleistop ... | 1995 | 7770752 |
| in vitro culture and serologic and molecular identification of septata intestinalis isolated from urine of a patient with aids. | microsporidian spores were identified, on the basis of weber's staining, in urine, stool, nasal, and saliva samples of an aids patient with diarrhea, hematuria, dysuria, and dementia. urine and stool samples contained numerous spores, whereas few spores were seen in the nasal and saliva samples. spores were concentrated from urine samples and inoculated into monkey kidney cell (e6) monolayers. after 6 to 8 weeks of culture, infected e6 cells filled with spores as well as spores free in the cultu ... | 1995 | 7790463 |
| disseminated microsporidiosis due to septata intestinalis in patients with aids: clinical features and response to albendazole therapy. | five patients with aids had disseminated infection due to septata intestinalis, a recently described organism. s. intestinalis infection was suspected after detection of spores in stools and urine and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of duodenal biopsies or of cell culture of urine sediment. clinical features included chronic diarrhea that was usually associated with fever, cholangitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, or mild bilateral conjunctivitis. mean cd4 cell count was 22/microl. patie ... | 1995 | 7798674 |
| human immunodeficiency virus 1-associated necrotizing cholangitis caused by infection with septata intestinalis. | a 30-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developed human immunodeficiency virus 1-related cholangiopathy with atypical radiographic features showing extensive hepatobiliary involvement. extended clinical evaluation, including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and the results of both ultrasonic- and computed tomographic-guided liver biopsies failed to provide a diagnosis. a laparoscopic needle biopsy of a single 3-cm, firm, tan lesion on the anterior surface of the ... | 1995 | 7806048 |
| isolation and identification of encephalitozoon hellem from an italian aids patient with disseminated microsporidiosis. | microsporidia are primitive mitochondria-lacking spore-forming eukaryotic protozoa that infect a wide variety of animals and also humans. of the five genera (encephalitozoon, enterocytozoon, septata, nosema and pleistophora) that cause infections in humans, enterocytozoon bieneusi, septata intestinalis, and encephalitozoon hellem are being increasingly identified in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). e. bieneusi causes gastrointestinal disease, s. intestinalis causes gastro ... | 1994 | 7833001 |
| human microsporidial infections. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular spore-forming protozoal parasites belonging to the phylum microspora. their host range is extensive, including most invertebrates and all classes of vertebrates. more than 100 microsporidial genera and almost 1,000 species have now been identified. five genera (enterocytozoon spp., encephalitozoon spp., septata spp., pleistophora sp., and nosema spp.) and unclassified microsporidia (referred to by the collective term microsporidium) have been associated w ... | 1994 | 7834600 |
| in vitro model to assess effect of antimicrobial agents on encephalitozoon cuniculi. | we have developed a new micromethod to study the effect of drugs on microsporidia, using mrc5 fibroblasts infected by 10(5) spores of encephalitozoon cuniculi. after 3 days of incubation with various concentrations of drugs, parasitic foci were counted in stained cultures. the inhibition of microsporidial growth exceeding 90% with albendazole (0.005 microgram/ml), fumagillin (0.001 microgram/ml), 5-fluorouracil (3 micrograms/ml), and sparfloxacin (30 micrograms/ml) was observed. chloroquine, pef ... | 1994 | 7840584 |
| septata intestinalis: a new microsporidian in africa. | | 1994 | 7913189 |
| clinical features of microsporidiosis in patients with aids. | microsporidia are protozoan parasites responsible for significant gastrointestinal disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. we report the clinical features of 20 patients with chronic diarrhea for whom microsporidian spores were identified by modified trichrome staining of stool smears and confirmed by biopsy and/or electron microscopy of stool. of the 18 microsporidian protozoa identified to the species level, 14 (78%) were enterocytozoon bieneusi and four (22%) were sept ... | 1994 | 7915548 |
| microsporidiosis in hiv positive patients: current methods for diagnosis using biopsy, cytologic, ultrastructural, immunological, and tissue culture techniques. | microsporidiosis is an increasingly important opportunistic infection in hiv-positive patients. five species of microsporidia (enterocytozoon bieneusi, encephalitozoon hellem and e. cuniculi, septata intestinalis, and pleistophora sp.) have been reported to occur in aids, with each agent producing a different clinicopathologic spectrum of disease. this communication reviews routine and specialized methods for diagnosis of these important pathogenic protozoa, including biopsy, cytology, ultrastru ... | 1994 | 7927059 |
| utility of microsporidian rrna in diagnosis and phylogeny: a review. | this paper summarizes work done in this laboratory over the last two years on the cloning of microsporidian rrna by homology pcr and its subsequent use in diagnostic tests and phylogenetic studies. using highly conserved primers in the 16s or small subunit rrna (ssu-rrna) these genes were cloned from human intestinal biopsies with transmission electron microscopy proven enterocytozoon bieneusi and septata intestinalis. the ssu-rrna genes were then used to design and test several primer pairs for ... | 1994 | 7927064 |
| septata intestinalis frequently isolated from stool of aids patients with a new cultivation method. | two species of microsporidia, enterocytozoon bieneusi and septata intestinalis have been reported as intestinal parasites of aids patients. in attempts to establish e. bieneusi in vitro, spores were concentrated from stool samples from 4 aids patients with biopsy-proven e. bieneusi infections. after sterilization of the concentrate in antibiotic solution, the spores were added to monolayers of rk13 cells grown on the membranes of transwells. cultures were established from 7 stool samples from th ... | 1994 | 7970885 |
| detection of septata intestinalis in stool specimens and coprodiagnostic monitoring of successful treatment with albendazole. | we describe two patients with aids and chronic diarrhea in whom the microsporidian septata intestinalis was detected with use of light and electron microscopic coprodiagnostic techniques. the ultrastructure of the microsporidian spores found in their stool specimens was distinctly different from that of enterocytozoon bieneusi, another intestinal microsporidian found in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. electron microscopic examination of duodenal biopsy specimens available fr ... | 1994 | 7986914 |
| ribosomal rna sequences of enterocytozoon bieneusi, septata intestinalis and ameson michaelis: phylogenetic construction and structural correspondence. | the microsporidian species enterocytozoon bieneusi, septata intestinalis and ameson michaelis were compared by using sequence data of their rrna gene segments, which were amplified by polymerized chain reaction and directly sequenced. the forward primer 530f (5'-gtgccatccagccgcgg-3') was in the small subunit rrna (ssu-rrna) and the reverse primer 580r (5'-ggtccgtgtttcaagacgg-3') was in the large subunit rrna (lsu-rrna). we have utilized these sequence data, the published data on encephalitozoon ... | 1994 | 8049683 |
| aids and the gut. | there are increasing challenges for the practising gastroenterologist in treating aids-related gastrointestinal diseases. the differential diagnoses of dysphagia and odynophagia include cytomegalovirus (cmv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, non-specific aphthous ulceration and non-aids oesophageal diseases, especially reflux oesophagitis. chronic subacute abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting, early satiety and weight loss is suggestive of an obstructive lesion caused by lymphoma or kapo ... | 1994 | 8054532 |
| detection of microsporidia by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. | during a screening for monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the microsporidian encephalitozoon hellem, three murine hybridoma cell lines producing strong enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) reactivities were cloned twice, were designated c12, e9, and e11, and were found to secrete mabs to the immunoglobulin m isotype. on subsequent elisas, the three mabs reacted most strongly to e. hellem, and they reacted somewhat less to encephalitozoon cuniculi and least to nosema corneum, two other microspo ... | 1994 | 8195366 |
| nucleotide sequence of the small subunit rrna of septata intestinalis. | | 1993 | 8233836 |
| septata intestinalis n. g., n. sp., an intestinal microsporidian associated with chronic diarrhea and dissemination in aids patients. | intestinal microsporidiosis in patients diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and having chronic diarrhea was first reported in 1985 and the associated microsporidian was named enterocytozoon bieneusi. the intracellular developmental cycle of e. bieneusi in enterocytes has been demonstrated and many cases have been reported worldwide. this report presents the life cycle of a second intestinal microsporidian, associated with the same symptoms, in five aids patients. this new mi ... | 1993 | 8457797 |
| tissue diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis using a fluorescent stain with uvitex 2b. | to detect intestinal microsporidiosis in paraffin wax embedded biopsy specimens using a fluorescence technique incorporating optical brighteners. | 1995 | 8543621 |
| microsporidiosis as an aids-related opportunistic infection. | the clinical manifestations of aids-related microsporidiosis range from mild or asymptomatic infections to debilitating illness involving the gastrointestinal, respiratory, or urogenital tracts or the eyes. intestinobiliary infections with enterocytozoon bieneusi are the most common microsporidial diseases, but disseminated infections with encephalitozoon hellem, encephalitozoon cuniculi, and septata intestinalis are being increasingly recognized. the isolation of infective microsporidial spores ... | 1995 | 8547514 |
| chronic diarrhoea associated with septata intestinalis. | | 1995 | 8552550 |
| understanding intestinal spore-forming protozoa: cryptosporidia, microsporidia, isospora, and cyclospora. | to summarize recent information about the "new" gastrointestinal protozoal pathogens (cryptosporidia, microsporidia, isospora, and cyclospora) and to help practicing clinicians integrate this information into their clinical databases by emphasizing the similarities among these organisms. | 1996 | 8554253 |
| [microsporidiosis in patients with chronic diarrhea and aids, in hiv asymptomatic patients and in patients with acute diarrhea]. | microsporidia are intracellular protozoa that mainly affect aids patients and chronic diarrhea, caused by the strains enterocytozoon bieneusi and septata intestinalis, is the most common clinical manifestation. the diagnosis is made in intestinal biopsies, however the recently developed trichromic stain with chromotrope 2r, is able to detect microsporidia in stools and has a good correlation with the biopsy. using this technique, we studied 43 asymptomatic hiv infected subjects, 89 aids patients ... | 1995 | 8560116 |
| characterization of encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis isolates cultured from nasal mucosa and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of two aids patients. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that can cause opportunistic infections in aids patients. species from five genera of microsporidia are presently known to infect man. one species, septata intestinalis originally was detected in stool specimens of individuals with chronic diarrhea and subsequently was found to disseminate to the kidneys, lungs, and nasal sinuses. this organism has since been reclassified as encephalitozoon and in this study, we report the culture of e ... | 1996 | 8563708 |
| disseminated encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis infection in a patient with aids: novel diagnostic approaches and autopsy-confirmed parasitological cure following treatment with albendazole. | encephalitozoon intestinalis is a recently described microsporidian which causes intestinal and disseminated infections in severely immunocompromised patients with aids. preliminary data suggest that albendazole can be an effective therapy for patients with e. intestinalis infection. however, relapses have been reported following treatment in some cases. these results were based upon examination of cytologic, biopsy, or stool samples with an inherent sampling bias. this report documents the firs ... | 1995 | 8576351 |
| comparison of three staining methods for detecting microsporidia in fluids. | calcofluor white 2mr, modified trichrome blue, and indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods were evaluated and compared for detecting microsporidia in stool. serial 10-fold dilutions of encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis were prepared in three formalinized stool specimens or in tris-buffered saline. ten-microliter aliquots were smeared onto glass slides, fixed with methanol, stained, and read by at least three individuals. the results indicated that the calcofluor stain was ... | 1995 | 8586689 |
| intestinal microsporidiosis with septata intestinalis in a patient with aids--response to albendazole. | microsporidiosis is a common finding in hiv-infected patients who have diarrhoea. the species most commonly causing gastrointestinal disease is enterocytozoon bieneusi. recently septata intestinalis has been described as a cause of diarrhoea and disseminated infection in patients with aids. a 44-year-old homosexual man with severe immunodeficiency (cd4 cell count 40/microliters) had a history of watery diarrhoea for 2 weeks. microsporidian spores measuring 1.2 to 1.5 x 2.5 to 3.0 microns were fo ... | 1995 | 8586846 |
| genetic evidence for latent septata intestinalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with intestinal microsporidiosis. | sequence data of the small subunit rrna (ssu-rrna) gene were used to identify septata intestinalis in biopsies of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), southern blot hybridization, cloning, and comparative genetic sequencing. dna products of correct size could be amplified from all examined tissues with s. intestinalis infection but also from 2 biopsies with enterocytozoon bieneusi and from 1 biopsy with encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. southern bl ... | 1996 | 8603948 |
| microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis caused by septata intestinalis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | to examine and treat a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) who had mildly hyperemic conjunctiva and epithelial keratopathy in both eyes. | 1996 | 8644819 |
| cholecystectomy in patients with aids: clinicopathologic correlations in 107 cases. | the etiologic and clinical features of cholecystisis in infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were studies retrospectively. the charts and histopathologic specimens of 136 hiv-infected patients who underwent cholecystectomy between february 1987 and may 1993 at a large tertiary care center were reviewed. opportunistic pathogens infecting the 107 patients with aids included microsporidia (eight cases-- enterocytozoon bieneusi in six and septata intestinalis in two); cytomegalovirus ... | 1995 | 8645829 |
| [a case of disseminated encephalitozoon intestinalis microsporidiosis in an aids patient in nîmes]. | the pathogene's role importance of the microsporidia in nature is considerable. the human being, easily in contact, presents clinical manifestations only with some of them and in a very occasional manner. the increased frequency of the immunodepression has permitted to describe recently a new protozoon, encephalitozoon intestinalis (alias septata intestinalis) of the family of the glugeidae and the human illness of which it is the agent. this parasitose is interesting to be presented because of ... | 1995 | 8646012 |
| specific detection of the microsporidia encephalitozoon intestinalis in aids patients. | the microsporidia encephalitozoon intestinalis is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for severe gastrointestinal diseases and disseminated infection in aids patients. no light-microscopical method allows the specific detection of this unicellular parasite and up to this date, only electron microscopy could confirm the diagnosis of the species. we propose a method combining the non specific labelling of microsporidian spores by the fluorochrome uvitex 2b and an indirect immunofluorescent assay ... | 1996 | 8673618 |
| direct amplification and species determination of microsporidian dna from stool specimens. | microsporidia are recognized as a major aetiological agent in chronic diarrhoea of immunocompromised patients. their detection by light microscopy is hampered by the small size of the spores. a simple and rapid dna extraction method has been developed for the detection of microsporidian dna by pcr directly from stool specimens. it can be performed at room temperature in a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube format in less than 1 hour. the subsequent nested polymerase chain reaction permits the detection ... | 1996 | 8673842 |
| autopsy verification of encephalitozoon intestinalis (microsporidiosis) eradication following albendazole therapy. | microsporidian infections are increasingly recognized as an important cause of morbidity for persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. encephalitozoon (formerly septata) intestinalis is a recently described microsporidian that causes intestinal and disseminated infections in severely immunocompromised patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. several studies suggest that albendazole is an effective therapy for e intestinalis infection. however, relapses of symptoms and reap ... | 1996 | 8712899 |
| specific and rapid detection of microsporidia in stool specimens from aids patients by pcr. | two microsporidian species, enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis, are the cause of diarrhoea and wasting syndrome in aids patients. a new pcr assay is proposed for the rapid and specific detection of these parasites in stools. | 1996 | 8731762 |
| septata intestinalis and encephalitozoon cuniculi: cross-reactivity between two microsporidian species. | an infection with septata intestinalis was diagnosed in a 35-year-old aids patient without diarrhoea. the diagnosis was based on morphological examinations of a duodenal biopsy specimen. serum antibodies were detected reacting with spores of encephalitozoon cuniculi. spores of s. intestinalis and e. cuniculi stained with brown hopps gram stain showed a red colour (gram negative) and not a blue/black colour which was described for microsporidian spores in tissue. | 1995 | 8774772 |
| effects of nifedipine, metronidazole, and nitric oxide donors on spore germination and cell culture infection of the microsporidia encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon intestinalis. | two species of microsporidia, encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon intestinalis, were isolated from aids patients and cultured in green monkey kidney cells. a spore germination assay and a cultured-cell infection assay were used to test the efficacy of candidate antiparasitic agents. the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, metronidazole, and two nitric oxide (no) donors, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine and sodium nitroprusside, were tested in the two assays. nifedipine (10(-8) m) significa ... | 1996 | 8787902 |
| encephalocytozoon intestinalis-specific monoclonal antibodies for laboratory diagnosis of microsporidiosis. | two monoclonal antibodies which can be used for the unambiguous identification by fluorescence microscopy of encephalitozoon intestinalis spores in clinical specimens are described. monoclonal antibody si91 is specific for the extruded polar filament, and si13 recognizes the surfaces of e. intestinalis spores. no cross-reaction with spores of encephalitozoon hellem was observed. immunogold electron microscopy confirmed the specific reactivities of both antibodies. combined in an indirect immunof ... | 1996 | 8789001 |
| malabsorption and wasting in aids patients with microsporidia and pathogen-negative diarrhea. | to define the clinical syndrome, nutritional status and malabsorptive status in patients with hiv and chronic diarrhea and either microsporidia or no identified pathogen. | 1996 | 8805864 |
| diagnosis of disseminated microsporidian encephalitozoon hellem infection by pcr-southern analysis and successful treatment with albendazole and fumagillin. | a 37-year old aids patient presented with foreign body sensation. microsporidia were detected in smears from a conjunctival swab and urine sediment stained with calcofluor and a modified trichrome blue stain and by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining with murine polyclonal antiserum raised against encephalitozoon hellem. this antiserum cross-reacted with other encephalitozoon species, so pcr was performed to amplify the microsporidian ribosomal dna (rdna) with pan-encephalitozoon primers. the ... | 1996 | 8815114 |
| identification of encephalitozoon intestinalis proteins that induce proliferation of sensitized murine spleen cells. | | 1996 | 8822882 |
| microsporidian taxonomy and the status of septata intestinalis. | | 1996 | 8822892 |
| polymerase chain reaction for microsporidian dna in gastrointestinal biopsy specimens of hiv-infected patients. | to study the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for microsporidian dna in gastrointestinal biopsy specimens of hiv-infected patients for the diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis. | 1996 | 8828736 |
| detection and species identification of intestinal microsporidia by polymerase chain reaction in duodenal biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for the detection of microsporidian dna in duodenal biopsies obtained from 28 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with intestinal microsporidiosis. duodenal biopsies from 23 hiv-infected patients without microsporidiosis served as controls. a generic primer set for human microsporidia was used at first for the pcr. amplified products were detected in 26 (93%) of 28 biopsies from patients with intestinal microsporidiosis. all control biops ... | 1996 | 8843234 |
| immunologic and molecular characteristics of encephalitozoon-like microsporidia isolated from humans and rabbits indicate that encephalitozoon cuniculi is a zoonotic parasite. | to assess the zoonotic potential of encephalitozoon-like microsporidia, we isolated and cultivated spores from specimens of urine, respiratory secretions, and stool from six patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and from nine rabbits. because spores of encephalitozoon-like species are indistinguishable by microscopy, we characterized the isolates by western blot analysis and by restriction enzyme analysis of the small subunit (ssu) rdna after amplification by the polymerase chain r ... | 1996 | 8852978 |
| myositis associated with a newly described microsporidian, trachipleistophora hominis, in a patient with aids. | microsporidia are zoonotic protozoa which were rare human pathogens prior to 1985, when enterocytozoon bieneusi was described in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic diarrhea. another species, encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis, is associated with diarrhea and chronic sinusitis, and approximately 25 cases have been reported in the literature. however, other microsporidial infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients remain extremely rare. we report the ... | 1996 | 8897186 |
| prevalence of microsporidiosis due to enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis among patients with aids-related diarrhea: determination by polymerase chain reaction to the microsporidian small-subunit rrna gene. | microsporidia are emerging as opportunistic pathogens in patients with aids. enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis have been implicated in enteric infections in aids patients with chronic diarrhea, a wasting syndrome, and malabsorption. we used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and primers that amplify the conserved regions of the small-subunit rrna (ssu-rrna) gene of e. bieneusi and e. intestinalis in tissue specimens from hiv-infected patients with and without di ... | 1996 | 8922793 |
| disseminated encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis infection in a patient with aids. | | 1996 | 8927114 |
| encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis: cytologic, histologic, and electron microscopic features of a systemic intestinal pathogen. | encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis affects aids patients with cd4 counts <100/microl, causing intestinal and disseminated disease. it must be distinguished from the more common intestinal microsporidian, enterocytozoon bieneusi, and from other microsporidia of extraintestinal tissues, such as encephalitozoon hellem and e cuniculi, because clinical manifestations and treatment differ. in this report, the authors describe the diagnostic features of e intestinalis and illustrate all stages of i ... | 1996 | 8929470 |
| detection of the microsporidian parasite enterocytozoon bieneusi in specimens from patients with aids by pcr. | microsporidia are protozoa parasites responsible for significant gastrointestinal disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. we evaluated a pcr assay of stool samples, duodenal aspirates, and biopsy specimens from patients with enterocytozoon bieneusi infection. a 210-bp dna fragment of the unique rrna intergenic spacer could be amplified from all samples infected with e. bieneusi, but no amplification was seen by using dna purified from samples with septata intestinalis or ... | 1996 | 8940480 |
| intestinal microsporidiosis. | intestinal microsporidiosis is caused by the protozoan parasites enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis. the disease has been described within the past decade and is found predominantly in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients in association with diarrhea. there have been rare reports of infections in immunocompetent patients. both species of microsporidia invade and multiply within the enterocytes of the small intestine; encephalitozoon intestinalis also causes a ... | 1997 | 9000501 |
| use of a fluorescent probe to assess the activities of candidate agents against intracellular forms of encephalitozoon microsporidia. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites. three species of the genus encephalitozoon are among the microsporidia that infect immunodeficient humans. these species, encephalitozoon cuniculi, encephalitozoon hellem, and encephalitozoon intestinalis, all develop in a parasitophorous vacuole within a host cell. the present study describes a method that uses the fluorescent probe calcein and confocal microscopy to detect drug-induced effects in encephalitozoon-infected green monke ... | 1997 | 9021189 |
| [diagnosis of 4 cases of intestinal microsporidiosis in aids patients]. | most of the latest clinical and epidemiologic studies indicate that microsporidiosis and above all enterocytozoon bieneusi cause approximately 7-50% of otherwise unexplained diarrhea in hiv-infected patients. four cases of intestinal microsporidiosis in aids-patients are reported. | 1996 | 9035709 |
| specific pcr assay for direct detection of intestinal microsporidia enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis in fecal specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. | a routine assay based on the pcr was developed for the detection of enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis in fecal samples. two oligonucleotide primer pairs from a conserved region in the small-subunit rrna genes of e. bieneusi (primer pair v1 and eb450) and e. intestinalis (primer pair v1 and si500) were used to amplify microsporidian dna. we achieved specific amplification of a 382-bp dna fragment in e. intestinalis and a 353-bp dna fragment in e. bieneusi. boiling of the sa ... | 1997 | 9041406 |
| microsporidium-associated sinusitis. | two cases of biopsy-proven microsporidium-associated chronic sinusitis in hiv-seropositive patients are presented. spores of septata intestinalis were identified by light microscopy and confirmed by electron microscopy in each case. both patients displayed severe deficiencies of nasal mucosa cd4-positive cells, demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods. only two other cases of septata intestinalis-associated sinusitis have been reported previously. our observations agree with the theory that f ... | 1997 | 9046697 |
| western blot and immunofluorescence analysis of a human isolate of encephalitozoon cuniculi established in culture from the urine of a patient with aids. | microsporidia spores, identified as encephalitozoon cuniculi (cdc: v282), were isolated from the urine of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and disseminated microsporidiosis, established in continuous culture on monkey kidney cells (e6), and antiserum was produced in rabbits. immunoblot studies that used the patient serum and the rabbit sera against cdc:v282, encephalitozoon hellem (cdc:0291:v213), and encephalitozoon intestinalis (cdc:v297) revealed that cdc:v282 and the rabbit ... | 1997 | 9057698 |
| comparison of polymerase chain reaction with light microscopy for detection of microsporidia in clinical specimens. | the detection of microsporidial dna by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been suggested as an alternative or supplement to conventional microscopic methods. however, the relative merits of these techniques remain uncertain. in the present study, clinical specimens of different origin (stool, urine, sputum, nasal discharge, and cerebrospinal fluid) containing four different microsporidial species were blinded after microscopic examination and analyzed by pcr and subsequent restriction fragm ... | 1997 | 9063665 |
| high seroprevalence of encephalitozoon species in immunocompetent subjects. | encephalitozoon species are important pathogens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. however, in immunocompetent persons, little is known about encephalitozoon infections, mainly because of the lack of reliable diagnostic tests. to improve diagnosis, three serologic techniques that use encephalitozoon intestinalis as antigen were developed: an elisa, an immunofluorescence technique (ifat), and a counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) method. the serologic response against e. intestinal ... | 1997 | 9086174 |
| fluorescence techniques for diagnosing intestinal microsporidiosis in stool, enteric fluid, and biopsy specimens from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with chronic diarrhea. | to evaluate three fluorescent chitin stains for detecting microsporidia spores in specimens from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients with chronic diarrhea. | 1996 | 9140290 |
| diagnosis of infections caused by enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis using polymerase chain reaction in stool specimens. | to study the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the species identification of microsporidia in stool specimens obtained from hiv-infected patients with enterocytozoon bieneusi or encephalitozoon intestinalis infections. | 1997 | 9143603 |
| thalidomide: a novel therapy for microsporidiosis. | microsporidiosis is a common cause of chronic diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive individuals and often does not respond to treatment. fecal tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) is elevated in microsporidiosis; therefore, thalidomide, an anti-tnf-alpha agent, was used as therapy. | 1997 | 9178672 |
| identification of enterocytozoon bieneusi spores in respiratory samples from an aids patient with a 2-year history of intestinal microsporidiosis. | enterocytozoon bieneusi, a microsporidian parasite, has been recognized since 1985 as an agent of intestinal microsporidiosis leading to malabsorption syndrome, diarrhea, and weight loss in aids patients. recently, however, we have identified e. bieneusi spores in the sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and stool samples of an aids patient with a 2-year history of intestinal microsporidiosis. the spores were characterized by weber's chromotrope-based staining, immunofluorescence tests, and pcr. no m ... | 1997 | 9196210 |
| effects of albendazole, fumagillin, and tnp-470 on microsporidial replication in vitro. | presently, the two most commonly used drugs for treating microsporidiosis in persons with aids are albendazole and fumagillin. albendazole is effective for treating disseminated infections due to encephalitozoon spp. but is variably effective against enterocytozoon bieneusi infections. fumagillin is highly effective when used topically to treat ocular infections with encephalitozoon hellem or encephalitozoon intestinalis but is too toxic for systemic use. in this study, the fumagillin analog tnp ... | 1997 | 9210681 |
| species-specific identification of microsporidia in stool and intestinal biopsy specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. | in view of the increasing number of cases of human microsporidiosis, simple and rapid methods for clear identification of microsporidian parasites to the species level are required. in the present study, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for species-specific detection of encephalitozoon cuniculi. encephalitozoon hellem, encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in both tissue and stool. using stool specimens and intestinal biopsies of patients infected with e ... | 1997 | 9228477 |
| experimental model for human intestinal microsporidiosis in interferon gamma receptor knockout mice infected by encephalitozoon intestinalis. | interferon gamma receptor knockout mice developed a chronic infection when inoculated with spores of encephalitozoon intestinalis which is a cause of intestinal microsporidiosis in aids patients. the infection was evaluated by enumeration of the spores of the parasite shed in the stools, histological examination and follow up over a period of six months. a dose-response was demonstrated since higher numbers of spores were excreted and more infection sites were found in mice which were given an i ... | 1996 | 9229392 |
| a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and untreated encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis microsporidiosis leading to small bowel perforation. response to albendazole. | encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis is a common disseminating opportunistic intestinal microsporidian affecting patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. this microsporidian does respond to albendazole therapy. a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and chronic diarrhea presented to george washington university hospital in january of 1996. despite appropriate surgical specimens, no etiology had been found to explain his cholecystitis, cystitis, and enteritis 3 months previo ... | 1997 | 9278619 |
| foamy macrophages in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy with encephalitozoon intestinalis. | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cholangiopathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by right upper quadrant pain, low-grade fever, and bile duct dilatation or papillary stenosis. cryptosporidia and cytomegalovirus have been most commonly reported as causes of aids cholangiopathy, but recently microsporidia have also been recognized as a causative agent. we here report an additional case of aids cholangiopathy with the microsporidian encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis. because this ... | 1997 | 9302933 |
| mucosal abnormalities in microsporidiosis. | to determine the prevalence of microsporidiosis in hiv-infected patients with and without diarrhoea and to characterize alterations in mucosal architecture and brush border enzyme activities in patients with microsporidiosis. | 1997 | 9365763 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of the aids-associated microsporidian encephalitozoon intestinalis to albendazole, its sulfoxide metabolite, and 12 additional benzimidazole derivatives. | recent reports have described the successful treatment of encephalitozoon intestinalis infection in aids patients with albendazole. however, this compound is rapidly metabolized in vivo to albendazole sulfoxide, and furthermore it is only 1 of about 15 commercially developed benzimidazole derivatives. to compare the activities of albendazole, albendazole sulfoxide, and other benzimidazoles, an in vitro system involving infection of green monkey kidney cell (e6) monolayers with e. intestinalis sp ... | 1997 | 9420047 |
| identification of encephalitozoon intestinalis in travelers with chronic diarrhea by specific pcr amplification. | with the use of weber's modified trichrome and uvitex 2b techniques, spores of microsporidia were detected in the stools of four travelers presenting clinically with chronic diarrhea. the general health of these patients was not impaired, and human immunodeficiency virus screening was negative. immune evaluation, including the study of lymphocytic subpopulations, assay of serum immunoglobulins, and an intradermal multitest, showed normal results. molecular identification of microsporidian specie ... | 1998 | 9431916 |
| pcr amplification and species determination of microsporidia in formalin-fixed feces after immunomagnetic separation. | the term microsporidia is used to describe several species of opportunistic protozoan parasites. encephalitozoon intestinalis and enterocytozoon bieneusi have been found in stools of more than 40% of aids patients with diarrhea. diagnosis of infection with these small protozoans has been difficult, and until recently their occurrence has not been well documented. formalin is widely used to preserve clinical specimens, but due to the nature of the fixation process, subsequent analysis, especially ... | 1998 | 9435086 |
| development, characterization and future prospects of monoclonal antibodies against spores of glugea atherinae (protozoa-microsporidia-fish parasites). | monoclonal antibodies against spores of glugea atherinae were obtained after lymphocytic hybridization made from immunized mouse splenocytes. screening using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), revealed seven monoclonal antibodies with an intense but variable reaction with the spores of fish microsporidia, and a moderate reaction with those of an insect microsporidium (nosema sp.). the reaction was weaker with spores of encephalitozoon intestinalis found in hiv+ patients. fitc ... | 1997 | 9435136 |
| workup of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis. | microsporidia, which are members of the phylum microspora, are increasingly recognized as causing opportunistic infections in persons with immunodeficiency (e.g., aids). diarrhea is the predominant clinical sign associated with infections by two microsporidia, namely enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis (which was formerly named septata intestinalis). prevalence rates of microsporidiosis in persons with aids and chronic diarrhea range fron 7 to 50%. transmission electron micr ... | 1997 | 9439898 |
| identification of the microsporidian encephalitozoon hellem using immunoglobulin g monoclonal antibodies. | microsporidia isolated from clinical specimens so far have been identified to level of species by electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence (iif), western blot (wb), and genetic analysis. recent studies, however, indicate extensive serologic cross-reactions among microsporidian species involved in human disease. | 1998 | 9499364 |
| the prevalence of enterocytozoon bieneusi in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients from the north west of england: 1992-1995. | microsporidia are increasingly being recognised as important enteric pathogens in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease, i.e. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of detection of microsporidia associated with diarrhoea in patients with advanced hiv disease in the north west of england, and to determine the species involved and their prevalence. during the period from april 1992 to the end of december 1995, ... | 1997 | 9499596 |
| prevalence and clinical significance of intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with and without diarrhea in germany: a prospective coprodiagnostic study. | the prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis among human immunodefiency virus (hiv)-infected persons with chronic diarrhea varies from 7% to 50%; thus, microsporidia are a significant source of morbidity and, occasionally, mortality among these patients. anecdotal reports suggest that intestinal microsporidiosis is also an important infection in patients with aids in germany. to determine the prevalence of microsporidiosis among hiv-infected patients in germany, we performed a prospective copro ... | 1998 | 9502473 |
| cell invasion by the microsporidium encephalitozoon intestinalis. | the ultrastructural study of the invasion of cells (thp1 and rk13) by e. intestinalis shows that infective stages enter host cells via a phagocytic process initiated at the contact of the apical part of spores with host cell membrane. the polar tube is extruded within an invagination of the host cell membrane that extends inside a pseudopod containing microfilaments. these observations suggest that microsporidia as well as other intracellular pathogens can induce host cell alterations facilitati ... | 1997 | 9508462 |
| clinical syndromes associated with microsporidiosis. | microsporidia are ubiquitous in nature. several clinical syndromes have been associated with microsporidiosis, especially in hiv-infected individuals, and include enteropathy, keratoconjunctivitis, sinusitis, tracheobronchitis, encephalitis, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, osteomyelitis, and myositis. diarrhea and malabsorption are the most common clinical problems. enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidial cause of intestinal disease. a second species, encephal ... | 1998 | 9554078 |
| ultrastructure, immunofluorescence, western blot, and pcr analysis of eight isolates of encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis established in culture from sputum and urine samples and duodenal aspirates of five patients with aids. | microsporidia are ancient, intracellular, eukaryotic protozoan parasites that form spores and that lack mitochondria. currently, as many as eight species included under six genera are known to infect humans, mostly patients with aids. among these, enterocytozoon bieneusi, the agent of gastrointestinal (gi) disease, is the most frequently identified microsporidian in clinical laboratories in the united states. encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis, the agent that causes a disseminated infection ... | 1998 | 9574677 |
| albendazole for treatment and prophylaxis of microsporidiosis due to encephalitozoon intestinalis in patients with aids: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. | a double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of albendazole (400 mg twice daily for 3 weeks) for the treatment of encephalitozoon intestinalis infection in patients with aids. clearance of microsporidia from the intestinal tract was obtained in 4 of 4 patients in the albendazole group versus 0 of 4 in the control group (p = .01, one-sided fisher's exact test) and was associated with significant clinical benefit. all 4 controls subsequently cleared micro ... | 1998 | 9593027 |
| prevalence of intestinal encephalitozoonosis in mexico. | infections with encephalitozoon (phylum microspora) protozoa in immunodeficient patients have emerged worldwide. the prevalence of infections due to encephalitozoon species in nonclinical populations remains unclear. we conducted a cross-sectional survey of two rural highland villages in mexico by using monoclonal antibody 3b6 to encephalitozoon in immunofluorescence to assess the prevalence of encephalitozoon spores in human stools. we found that 20 (7.84%) of the 255 subjects were positive and ... | 1998 | 9597258 |
| encephalitozoon intestinalis: humoral responses in interferon-gamma receptor knockout mice infected with a microsporidium pathogenic in aids patients. | ifn-gamma receptor knockout mice and wild-type mice were infected per os with encephalitozoon intestinalis. both groups developed an infection that was chronic in the mutant mice whereas it was only transient in wild-type mice. the infection of mutant mice was characterized by the continual shedding of spores in feces, splenomegaly, the enlargement of the biliary tract, and the occurrence of numerous nodules in the liver and in the small intestine wall. the humoral response was studied by elisa, ... | 1998 | 9603496 |
| renal encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis infection in a patient with aids. post-mortem identification by means of transmission electron microscopy and pcr. | we describe the occurrence of renal encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis infection in a 35-year-old aids patient who died with disseminated tuberculosis. the patient did not complain of specific symptoms involving the kidney or lower urinary tract during life, but at autopsy, light microscopic examination of the kidney revealed numerous small round or oval bodies in the tubules and tubular cell cytoplasm that were interpreted as intracellular protozoa. transmission electron microscopy of tissu ... | 1998 | 9672195 |
| screening of compounds for antimicrosporidial activity in vitro. | relatively few effective compounds are available for treating microsporidiosis in humans. in this study, several compounds were assayed for activity against encephalitozoon intestinalis (cali, kotler et orenstein, 1993) and vittaforma corneae shadduck, meccoli, davis et font, 1990 in vitro. of the benzimidazoles tested, albendazole was most effective and the mic50 values were 8.0 ng/ml and 55.0 ng/ml for e. intestinalis and v. corneae, respectively. fumagillin and its analogue, tnp-470 were near ... | 1998 | 9684323 |
| polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and species differentiation of microsporidia. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques have been developed for the detection of microsporidian dna in different biological samples. we used sequence data of the rrna gene for the identification of enterocytozoon bieneusi, encephalitozoon intestinalis, e. cuniculi, and e. hellem in different biological samples of hiv-infected patients by pcr, southern blot hybridization, restriction endonuclease digestion analysis, cloning, and comparative genetic sequencing. one primer pair was used for ampl ... | 1998 | 9684324 |
| detection of microsporidia spore-specific antigens by monoclonal antibodies. | microsporidia (phylum microspora) are unicellular parasites commonly found in invertebrates, fish, and laboratory animals; however, microsporidiosis is an emerging problem in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the infective stage of these parasites is the spore, which possesses a rigid cell wall that protects the parasite outside its host. little is known about their antigenic composition. sensitive, reliable, and easily performed methods for identification and speciati ... | 1998 | 9708825 |
| confirmation of the human-pathogenic microsporidia enterocytozoon bieneusi, encephalitozoon intestinalis, and vittaforma corneae in water. | microsporidia, as a group, cause a wide range of infections, though two species of microsporidia in particular, enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis, are associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans. to date, the mode of transmission and environmental occurrence of microsporidia have not been elucidated due to lack of sensitive and specific screening methods. the present study was undertaken with recently developed methods to screen several significant water sources. wa ... | 1998 | 9726879 |
| immunologic, microscopic, and molecular evidence of encephalitozoon intestinalis (septata intestinalis) infection in mammals other than humans. | encephalitozoon intestinalis (septata intestinalis) is the second most prevalent microsporidian species infecting humans, but it has not been described in other animal species. this investigation examined 10 domestic animal stool samples (8 mammalian, 2 avian) containing spores detected by anti-encephalitozoon monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence (fa). the presence of e. intestinalis but not encephalitozoon hellem or encephalitozoon cuniculi was confirmed in 6 of 8 mammalian stool samples by s ... | 1998 | 9728552 |
| microsporidial disease in hiv-infected patients: a report of 42 patients and review of the literature. | microsporidiosis is recognized as an increasingly important infection, particularly in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. in this retrospective study we have reviewed the clinical features, laboratory findings and management of 42 hiv positive patients co-infected with microsporidia. all patients had spores identified in faeces stained with a modified trichome blue stain. patients were all markedly immunosuppressed (median cd4 20 cells/microl). common symptoms included w ... | 1998 | 9817510 |