| rhizopus microsporus strain uzlt-i--a thermotolerant producer of lipase. | the properties of the thermotolerant fungus rhizopus microsporus strain uzlt-1--producer of lipolyptic enzymes are described. optimal cultivation conditions--40 degrees, c, ph 4.5--are determined. the lipolytic activity of the culture on the medium consisting of corn extract (2%), cotton-seed oil (1%) and water is 850 ml 0.1 n koh per 100 ml culture liquid. the enzymic preparations of lipase have been precipitated by isopropanol and ammonium sulphate. the preparation precipitated by isopropanol ... | 1975 | 1738 |
| factors affecting production of mold mycelium and protein in synthetic media. | the effects of certain cultural conditions on the yield of dry mycelium, protein, and total amino acid content of rhizopus oligosporus saito (nrrl 2710), rhizopus rhizopodiformis (cohn apud lichtheim) zopf (nrrl 6246), and absidia corymbifera (cohn) sacc. et trotter (nrrl 6247) were studied. the yield of mycelium was found to significantly increase as the spore inoculum was increased from 187,500 to 2,250,000 spores. but the total amino acids (grams/liter) did not change significantly, whereas t ... | 1976 | 10836 |
| rhizopus rhizopodiformis: emerging etiological agent of mucormycosis. | mucormycosis is caused principally by members of the genus rhizopus, especially r arrhizus and r. oryzae. infection attributable to r. rhizopodiformis has rarely been documented. of 13 cases of mucormycosis diagnosed during a 4-year period (1974 to 1978) at the mount sinai hospital, 6 cases, occurring within 9 months, were caused by r. rhizopodiformis. the six isolates were identified mainly by: growth at 50 degrees c; production of short, sometimes branched, sporangiophores arising from opposit ... | 1979 | 457856 |
| [induced variability of the lipase producing fungus rhizopus microsporus]. | the most effective way for inducing mutants of rhizopus microsporus with an elevated lipolytic activity is the combined action of nitrosomethyl urea and uv. variants with the lipolytic activity of 3600--3700 units per 1 ml have been produced, thus being by 72--75% more effective than the parent culture. | 1979 | 470631 |
| [effect of various procedures of storing the fungus rhizopus microsporus uzlt-1, a lipase producer]. | the effect of various storage procedures on the viability and synthesis of lipolytic enzymes by rhizopus microsporus uzlt-1 was studied. the best procedures of producer storage proved to be regular passages and lyophilization. these procedures made it possible to maintain stable activity of lipolytic enzymes produced by the fungus for a long time. the fungal storage in vaseline oil or in a dried state was less effective due to significant losses of its lipolytic capacity. | 1979 | 514992 |
| [effect of cultivation temperature on thermal stability of lipolytic enzymes of the fungus rhizopus microsporus, uzlt-1]. | the yield, activity and thermal stability of lipolytic enzymes obtained from the culture fluid filtrates of rhizopus microsporus, uzlt-1, cultivated at 28, 38 and 48 degrees c (preparations i, ii and iii, respectively) were investigated. maximal lipolytic activity was found in prepartion ii, and maximal yield and thermal stability in preparation iii. by disc electrophoresis and deae-cellulose chromatography, the presence of three lipolytically active enzymes in the preparations was demonstrated. | 1979 | 538012 |
| [extracellular lipases of the fungus rhizopus microsporus uzlt-1]. | lipase biosynthesis by the fungus rhizopus microsporus uzlt-1 was investigated. under certain conditions the fungus could produce two forms of extracellular lipases. the paper describes the process of purification of the enzyme l-i,n- and c-terminal amino acids of the lipases have been determined. identity of terminal amino acids of both enzymes has been demonstrated. it has been shown that both forms of lipase from rhizopus microporus hydrolyze predominantly alpha-ester bonds. | 1978 | 674116 |
| [effect of metal ions on the lipolytic activity of rhizopus microsporus]. | various metal ions have different effect on the lipolytic activity of rhizopus microsporus in the course of cultivation on nutrient media having diverse composition. the fungus particulary requires metal ions for the production of lipase on a mineral medium. additional introduction of microelements into a medium containing maize extract has no significant effect on the lipolytic activity. active biosynthesis of lipase by the culture requires zinc. | 1978 | 745554 |
| rhizoferrin: a complexone type siderophore of the mucorales and entomophthorales (zygomycetes). | the present investigation presents evidence that rhizoferrin, a novel polycarboxylate or complexone-type siderophore, originally isolated from rhizopus microsporus, represents the common siderophore within the zygomycetes. thus, rhizoferrin could be detected by hplc analysis in various families of the mucorales, e.g., rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, mucor mucedo and phycomyces nitens (mucoraceae), chaetostylum fresenii and cokeromyces recurvatus (thamnidiaceae), cunninghamella elegans ... | 1992 | 1387861 |
| phenoloxidase production and vanillic acid metabolism by zygomycetes. | the ability of 23 strains of zygomycetes to produce extracellular phenoloxidases was examined on solid media by using 10 different reagents. the results varied depending on the reagent and indicated that most of the strains were devoid of phenoloxidase activity. the production of inducible phenoloxidases was demonstrated by the bavendamm reaction. the study of the biotransformation of vanillic acid in synthetic medium indicated that the reaction most often obtained was the reduction of vanillic ... | 1992 | 1602986 |
| evaluation of substrates and storage conditions for preparing and maintaining starter cultures for tempeh fermentation. | heat-pasteurized cassava root, cowpeas, partially defatted peanuts, rice and soybeans were evaluated for their suitability to support growth and sporulation of the tempeh mold, rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus, and the oncom mold, neurospora intermedia, at 25, 30 and 37 degrees c. the molds grew best and sporulated most luxuriantly on cassava and rice incubated at 37 degrees c. viability of molds remained high for up to 30 weeks when dried (a(w) 0.48), powdered substrates on which the molds ... | 1992 | 1622761 |
| treatment of experimental zygomycosis in guinea pigs with azoles and with amphotericin b. | nonpredisposed albino guinea pigs were infected intravenously with rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis or with rhizopus oryzae. both strains were highly pathogenic. they killed all control animals between days 4 and 7 and between days 5 and 9 after infection, respectively. all animals presented invasion of almost all internal organs and skin eruptions developing into ulcers. oral treatment with ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole or saperconazole was inefficacious. parenteral treatment ... | 1989 | 2548818 |
| zygomycosis requiring amputation of the hand: an isolated case in a patient receiving haemodialysis. | a case of zygomycosis due to rhizopus microsporus variety microsporus in a patient who was receiving haemodialysis is described. this infection resulted in amputation of the right hand. criteria to identify the fungus are presented. the pathogenesis and treatment of zygomycosis are discussed. | 1988 | 3343958 |
| separation of organic dust from microorganism suspensions by partitioning in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. | conidia of penicillium brevi-compactum and aspergillus fumigatus, sporangiospores of rhizopus rhizopodiformis, spores of streptomyces griseus, and bacterial cells of bacillus subtilis were partitioned in two-phase systems consisting of dextran, polyethylene glycol, substituted positively charged sulfonylpolyethylene glycol, and water. at a ph of 2.8 in the system, the microorganisms showed 60 to 90% affinity for the upper, polyethylene glycol-rich phase, except for cells of b. subtilis, which we ... | 1987 | 3579285 |
| isolation of rhizopus rhizopodiformis from a case of mucormycosis in a pig. | | 1985 | 3990761 |
| an antifungal factor in human serum. i. studies of rhizopus rhizopodiformis. | | 1965 | 4959669 |
| new, special stain for histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis. | the masson-fontana silver stain for melanin was employed for the differentiation of pathogenic fungal species in human or mouse tissues. the fungi studied were candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata (torulopsis glabrata), cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcus bacillisporus, coccidioides immitis, blastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, sporothrix schenckii, rhizopus rhizopodiformis, and aspergillus fumigatus. the tissue sections stained wit ... | 1981 | 6162857 |
| mucormycosis following bone marrow transplantation. | disseminated mucormycosis, presenting with a cutaneous lesion, developed in a 20-year-old woman following bone marrow transplantation. the infecting organism was identified as rhizopus rhizopodiformis. despite early diagnosis and therapy with amphotericin b, the patient died. | 1983 | 6350378 |
| survival from sino-orbital mucormycosis due to rhizopus rhizopodiformis. | we report the first case of sino-orbital mucormycosis caused by rhizopus rhizopodiformis. therapy consisted of conservative surgical drainage and intravenous amphotericin b. the patient, an insulin-dependent diabetic, survived her infection with minimal residual deformity. this case and a literature review suggest that infection due to r. rhizopodiformis in diabetics might be more amenable to treatment than mucormycosis caused by other species of fungi. speciation of such fungi would permit the ... | 1983 | 6356916 |
| toxicity of rhizonin a, isolated from rhizopus microsporus, in laboratory animals. | maize culture material of 25 isolates of the genera rhizopus and mucor caused deaths in day-old unsexed pekin ducklings when fed as a 50% (w/w) mixture with duckling feed. nine of these isolates were tested for toxicity in young inbred male bd ix rats, which were fed a mixture of 50% (w/w) culture material and rat feed. only one isolate of rhizopus microsporus was clearly toxic, causing 100% mortality in rats within 10 days. growth in rats was reduced by adding culture material of this isolate t ... | 1984 | 6539275 |
| inguinal abscess caused by rhizopus rhizopodiformis: successful treatment with surgery and amphotericin b. | rhizopus rhizopodiformis has seldom been isolated from human mucormycosis. we report the first subcutaneous abscess to be caused by this fungus. it occurred in a diabetic man and presented as an inguinal mass, suggestive of a hernia, superficial to his cadaveric renal transplant. the fungus was readily isolated from pus inoculated onto blood and chocolate agars after a short incubation. the patient was cured by surgical drainage and treatment with 2.0 g of intravenous amphotericin b. complete id ... | 1983 | 6655044 |
| [multiplicity of lipase forms from rhizopus microsporus]. | the lipase from rhizopus microsporus of glycoprotein origin is represented by five forms differing in their molecular weights and localization in the cell. the lipase forms are distinguished by their relative content of a and b subunits (ab, 2a + b, a + 2b, 4a + b, 3a + 2b). only three isoenzymes containing the bulk of the non-protein moieties were detected in the culture fluid. the other two forms can exist only as intracellular proteins. | 1981 | 7248383 |
| serum igg antibodies to mold spores in two norwegian sawmill populations: relationship to respiratory and other work-related symptoms. | wood trimmers and planing operators from two separate sawmill populations (n = 303 and 170) were studied by serology assessment and a self-administered questionnaire. igg antibodies to rhizopus microsporus ssp. rhizopodiformis, paecilomyces variotii, and aspergillus fumigatus were measured by elisa. the questionnaire included questions about general respiratory symptoms and symptoms after handling moldy timber. personal exposure of wood trimmers to mold spores and wood dust was measured in one p ... | 1993 | 8213847 |
| nosocomial infection with rhizopus microsporus in preterm infants: association with wooden tongue depressors. | we report four cases of cutaneous infection with rhizopus microsporus in vulnerable preterm infants in one neonatal nursery. | 1996 | 8709784 |
| wooden sticks as the source of a pseudoepidemic of infection with rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis among immunocompromised patients. | wooden sticks used to suspend feces obtained for surveillance cultures were found to be the source of rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis causing a pseudo-outbreak among 17 immunocompromised patients cared for in three different wards. nonsterile wooden products should therefore not be used for collecting, handling, and processing specimens for microbiological examination. | 1997 | 9276431 |
| pulmonary rhizopus rhizopodiformis cavitary abscess in a cardiac allograft recipient. | pulmonary mucormycosis is rare in solid organ transplant recipients. only one case has been reported previously in a cardiac allograft recipient. however, the rhizopus species in that study was not identified. we report a case of successful surgical treatment of pulmonary cavitary mucormycosis due to rhizopus rhizopodiformis in a cardiac allograft transplant recipient. a review of the literature on pulmonary mucormycosis occurring in solid organ transplant recipients is also presented. | 1999 | 10350106 |
| analysis of growth characteristics of filamentous fungi in different nutrient media. | a microbroth kinetic model based on turbidity measurements was developed in order to analyze the growth characteristics of three species of filamentous fungi (rhizopus microsporus, aspergillus fumigatus, and scedosporium prolificans) characterized by different growth rates in five nutrient media (antibiotic medium 3, yeast nitrogen base medium, sabouraud broth, rpmi 1640 alone, and rpmi 1640 with 2% glucose). in general, five distinct phases in the growth of filamentous fungi could be distinguis ... | 2001 | 11158093 |
| cutaneous zygomycosis: a case report and review of japanese reports. | a 69-year-old man, a carpenter with idiopathic thrombopenic purpura and interstitial pneumonia, was treated with steroid pulse therapy and antibiotics. on the seventh day of steroid therapy, a conglomeration of papules, vesicles and pustules appeared in an area of the left buttock in contact with his napkin. in a parker koh specimen of the crust of the lesion, many non-septate hyphae were seen, and culture of material obtained by biopsy yielded rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus. ketoconazole ... | 2001 | 11714067 |
| in vitro activity of fk463, a novel lipopeptide antifungal agent, against a variety of clinically important molds. | the in vitro antifungal activity of fk463 against a variety of clinically important opportunistic molds was compared with amphotericin b, itraconazole and fluconazole by using the broth microdilution method m27-a specified by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards. fk463 exhibited potent activity against aspergillus species, which was superior to those of all other compounds tested. fk463 was also active against the dematiaceous fungi cladosporium trichoides, exophiala spinifer ... | 2002 | 12011539 |
| removal of herbicides from liquid media by fungi isolated from a contaminated soil. | fungi were isolated from soil samples corresponding to pesticide-contaminated soil (cs) and noncontaminated soil (ncs) in the annaba vicinity (algeria) and identified. the number of isolates obtained from cs and ncs were 263 and 288, respectively. the most frequent species (aspergillus fumigatus, a. niger, a. terreus, absidia corymbifera, and rhizopus microsporus var microsporus) were not sensitive to the pesticides. the growth of the genus trichoderma was inhibited by the pesticides, while gene ... | 2001 | 11285902 |
| effect of fermented soya beans on diarrhoea and feed efficiency in weaned piglets. | to evaluate anti-diarrhoeal and growth enhancing properties of fermented soya beans in weaned piglets. | 2003 | 12911703 |
| protein modification by fermentation: effect of fermentation on the potential allergenicity of pea. | the effect of fermentation on components of potential significance for the allergenicity of pea was analyzed. pea flour was fermented with three lactic acid bacteria, pediococcus pentosaceus, lactococcus raffinolactis, and lactobacillus plantarum, and two fungi, rhizopus microsporus, var. oligosporus and geotrichum candidum. residual antigenicity against antipea antibodies was reduced to 10% by the three lactic acid bacteria and r. microsporus. reactions to anti-pea profilin and anti-bet v 1 wer ... | 1998 | 9826013 |
| successful medical treatment of intestinal ulceration caused by rhizopus microsporus. | | 2003 | 13130324 |
| electron microscope observations of rhizopus rhizopodiformis. | | 1964 | 14247745 |
| activity of posaconazole in treatment of experimental disseminated zygomycosis. | three isolates of zygomycetes were used to produce a disseminated infection in nonimmunocompromised mice. against all zygomycete strains, amphotericin b significantly prolonged survival. itraconazole was inactive against rhizopus microsporus and rhizopus oryzae but was partially active against absidia corymbifera. posaconazole had no beneficial effects against r. oryzae but showed partial activity against a. corymbifera. posaconazole had a clear dose-response effect against r. microsporus. | 2003 | 14576138 |
| rhizopus microsporus in wooden tongue depressors: a major threat or minor inconvenience? | the investigation and management of an apparent outbreak of rhizopus spp. in a london paediatric referral centre between september 1995 and april 1996 is described. the organism was identified in microbiological surveillance samples from 23 patients nursed in four hospital areas. investigations revealed the presence of the organism in spatulae from all ward areas investigated and from closed boxed containers held in the central hospital stores obtained from a new supplier. in contrast, culture o ... | 1998 | 9522289 |
| mucormycosis caused by rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus: cellulitis in the leg of a diabetic patient cured by amputation. | mucormycosis accompanied the development of bacterial infection in the leg of a diabetic african-american man. local injury, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal insufficiency, and antimicrobial therapy were factors that contributed to the pathogenesis of the mucormycosis. the cellulitis was caused in part by rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and was cured by amputation. we report this unusual case of mucormycosis to emphasize the value of fungal identification, to illustrate a dramatic and successf ... | 1995 | 8586734 |
| mucoraceous moulds involved in the commercial fermentation of sufu pehtze. | sufu is a fermented cheese-like soybean product in china and vietnam, obtained by fungal solid-state fermentation of soybean curd (tofu), which results in moulded tofu or 'pehtze'. the final product sufu is obtained by maturing pehtze in a brine containing alcohol and salt during a period of several months. the present report deals with the identity and phylogenetic relationships of mould starter cultures used for the preparation ofpehtze. starter cultures used in commercial pehtze fermentation ... | 2004 | 15028872 |
| degradation of stachyose, raffinose, melibiose and sucrose by different tempe-producing rhizopus fungi. | forty-six strains of tempe-forming rhizopus species were screened for their ability to grow on raffinose as the sole carbon source. six of the strains showed good growth and sporulation. these isolates were one rhizopus oligosporus, one rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis, three rhizopus oryzae and one rhizopus stolonifer. these six moulds and r. oligosporus strain nrrl 2710 were investigated for their metabolism of the raffinose family of alpha-galactoside carbohydrates. degradation experiments ... | 1995 | 8579835 |
| secondary metabolite and mycotoxin production by the rhizopus microsporus group. | fast-growing zygomycetes, most notably rhizopus oligosporus, are traditionally used in many food fermentations, for example, for soybean tempeh production. r. oligosporus is considered to belong to the rhizopus microsporus group. certain r. microsporus strains have been reported to produce either the pharmaceutically active rhizoxins or the highly toxic rhizonins a and b. in this study was investigated the formation of secondary metabolites by r. microsporus, r. oligosporus, and rhizopus chinens ... | 2005 | 15740082 |
| zygomycosis. | zygomycosis is an invasive mycotic disease caused by fungi in the class zygomycetes. within this class, the most common species associated with infection include absidia corymbifera, apophysomyces elegans, cunninghamella bertholletiae, rhizomucor pusillus, rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, and rhizopus arrhizus. these fungi all produce characteristic hyphal forms in tissue that are variable in width, produce haphazard branching, and lack septation. although these fungi are ubiquitous in ... | 2004 | 16088464 |
| mucor thermophilus spec. nov. and other mucorales from india. | ninety-five isolates belonging to the order mucorales were collected from the vicinity of delhi. these were derived as pure sporulating forms from various substances viz., dung, soil and compost. in all, twenty-one different species of absidia, cunninghamella, mucor and rhizopus were identified with the help of available literature (hesseltine and ellis 1964, 1966, inui et al. 1965, schipper 1978, 1984, baijal and mehrotra 1980 and schipper and stalpers 1984). out of these, five fungi were new t ... | 1993 | 8303953 |
| iron uptake from ferrioxamine and from ferrirhizoferrin by germinating spores of rhizopus microsporus. | mucormycosis caused by the fungus rhizopus has been documented in iron overloaded patients and more particularly in dialysis patients, both when treated with desferrioxamine b (dfo). this iron and aluminium chelator is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of this infection. we therefore investigated in vitro the cellular pharmacology of iron chelated by dfo in the fungus rhizopus. in a medium, designed for fungal cultivation, rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis takes up iron from fer ... | 1994 | 8204101 |
| isolation of rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis in the ulcer of human gastric carcinoma. | gastric zygomycosis in a patient with gastric cancer was described. colonization was diagnosed because broad sparsely septate hyphae were identified in the necrotic tissue of gastric biopsied specimens. no fungus was present within viable tissue. positive cultures for rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis were obtained from fragments of biopsied specimens. members of the mucorales have rarely been isolated from the culture of endoscopically biopsied materials. | 1995 | 7658306 |
| [growth and lipolytic activity of rhizopus microsporus at various cultivation temperatures]. | the dynamics of growth and exolipase biosynthesis was studied in the fungus rhizopus microsporus under laboratory and semi-industrial conditions at 28, 38 and 48 degrees c. as the temperature rises, the lag-phase as well as the exponential and stationary phases of growth are reduced while the specific growth rate increases. the accumulation of the biomass was found to correlate with the production of the enzyme which was most intensive at the end of exponential growth when the formation of spore ... | 1984 | 6708843 |
| the role of desferrioxamine in dialysis-associated mucormycosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. | we report 3 patients on maintenance hemodialysis who developed a fulminant, disseminated and fatal form of mucormycosis. the diagnosis was made by microscopy and culture in 1 case, yielding rhizopus rhizopodiformis, and by post-mortem microscopy in the two other cases. these patients were receiving desferrioxamine (dfo) for aluminum overload and had no iron-overload. ten similar patients, all (with only one possible exception) receiving dfo, have been reported from american centers. the mechanis ... | 1988 | 3293856 |
| [study on the quantitative and qualitative composition of fungi in dried medicinal plants]. | the quantitative and qualitative composition of fungi was determined in selected dried medicinal plants purchased in one of the herbal shops in szczecin, poland. the samples examined were as follows: chamomile (flos chamomillae), peppermint (folium menthae piperitae), lemon balm (folium melissae), st. john's wort (herba hyperici), and two herbal mixtures. the fungal composition depended on the specified sample. xerophilic fungi, i.e. eurotium amstelodami, e. herbariorum, e. rubrum and wallemia s ... | 2005 | 16610669 |
| relationship between metabolism and biomass of medically important zygomycetes. | little is known about the relationships between metabolic activity and fungal biomass or time of incubation for medically important fungal pathogens. understanding these relationships may be especially relevant for rapidly growing organisms, such as zygomycetes. a range of inocula of five clinical isolates of zygomycetes (one each of rhizopus oryzae,rhizopus microsporus, cunninghamella bertholletiae, mucor circinelloides and absidia corymbifera) were incubated for 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, after wh ... | 2006 | 16882609 |
| fatal fungal peritonitis in an adolescent on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: association with deferoxamine. | an unusual case of rhizopus microsporus (mucormycosis) fungal infection in a teenage boy on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is presented. premortem cultures were negative and the patient developed a rapidly disseminated fatal infection. the patient was being treated with deferoxamine (dfo) for iron and aluminum overload. an argument is made for a probable association between dfo and this fatal fungal infection in patients with end-stage renal disease. | 1989 | 2702092 |
| rhizonin, the first mycotoxin isolated from the zygomycota, is not a fungal metabolite but is produced by bacterial endosymbionts. | rhizonin is a hepatotoxic cyclopeptide isolated from cultures of a fungal rhizopus microsporus strain that grew on moldy ground nuts in mozambique. reinvestigation of this fungal strain by a series of experiments unequivocally revealed that this "first mycotoxin from lower fungi" is actually not produced by the fungus. pcr experiments and phylogenetic studies based on 16s rrna gene sequences revealed that the fungus is associated with bacteria belonging to the genus burkholderia. by transmission ... | 2007 | 17122400 |
| characterization of an extracellular subtilisin protease of rhizopus microsporus and evidence for its expression during invasive rhinoorbital mycosis. | an endoprotease arp (alkaline rhizopus protease) was identified and purified to virtual homogeneity from the culture supernatant of an isolate of rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis recovered from a non-fatal case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis. n-terminal sequencing of the mature native enzyme was obtained for the first 20 amino acids and revealed high homology to serine proteases of the subtilisin subfamily. arp migrated in sds-page with an estimated molecular mass of 33 kda and had a pi d ... | 2006 | 17127629 |
| effects of deferoxamine, feroxamine and iron on experimental mucormycosis (zygomycosis). | mucormycosis was induced in healthy guinea pigs by the i.v. injection of spores from rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis or from rhizopus oryzae, leading to a reproducible mortality. pretreatment with one dose of 50 mg of deferoxamine (dfo) shortened animal survival from 4.2 +/- 0.4 to 3.3 +/- 0.5 days for rh. rhizopodiformis and from 8.8 +/- 0.4 to 7.3 +/- 1.9 days for rh. oryzae (p less than 0.05). survival was shortened even more after 4 doses of dfo (p = 0.0013 for rh. rhizopodiformis ... | 1989 | 2601256 |
| antigenic studies on rhizopus microsporus, rh. rhizopodiformis, progeny and intermediates (rh. chinensis). | fourteen isolates belonging to rhizopus microsporus, rh. rhizopodiformis, the progeny of rh. microsporus x rh. rhizopodiformis and an intermediate species, rh. chinensis, were serologically tested either by a modification of the exoantigen technique of kaufman & standard (1978) or by the more analytical cross immunoelectrophoresis technique with intermediate gel. common antigenic determinants in the isolates studied indicated that the species, their progeny and the intermediate species rh. chine ... | 1988 | 2455475 |
| cure of zygomycosis caused by a lipase-producing rhizopus rhizopodiformis strain in a renal transplant patient. | a 40-year-old man with renal failure due to membranous glomerulonephritis received a cadaveric renal transplant and immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine, azathioprine and steroids. initially the transplantation was successful. 12 days after the transplantation, however, serous secretion appeared in the wound. later, black necrosis was seen. fungal culture showed growth of a zygomycete species. rhizopus rhizopodiformis, with high in-vitro resistance to amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconaz ... | 1991 | 1882202 |
| [various lipases for producing products enriched with polyenic acids in fish fat hydrolysis]. | the enzymic hydrolysis of fish with lipases from various sources was studied. the lipase from the fungus rhizopus microsporus preferentially removes saturated fatty acids, while lipase from the pyloric caeca of salmon unsaturated fatty acids upon hydrolysis of fish fats. the enzymes can be used to obtain fatty products enriched with eicosanopentaenoic acid, mono- and diacylglycerols by enzymic hydrolysis of the ivasi fat. | 1991 | 1745648 |
| mycotic lymphadenitis in cattle and swine. | lymph nodes with granulomatous mycotic lesions from 100 cattle and 9 pigs were examined. more than 90% of cases of mycotic lymphadenitis in cattle occurred in the mesenteric nodes, whereas in swine lesions occurred at multiple sites. all observed mycotic infections were caused by zygomycetes. histologically the granulomas were characterized by necrosis, mineralization, and fibrosis with infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and giant cells. mucoraceous-type hyphae were identifie ... | 1987 | 17422887 |
| rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis sinus-orbital zygomycosis in an immunosuppressed patient: successful treatment with posaconazole after a complicated clinical course. | a case of sinus-orbital rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis infection in a patient with graft versus host disease following allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation is reported. commercially available pea straw compost used for gardening was suspected to be the source of the infection. after an initial relapse, treatment with surgical debridement, liposomal amphotericin b and posaconazole was successful. | 2007 | 17446298 |
| relationships between exposure to spores from rhizopus microsporus and paecilomyces variotii and serum igg antibodies in wood trimmers. | a longitudinal study of wood trimmers exposed to mould spores was carried out from 1985 to 1988. exposure to airborne spores from rhizopus microsporus ssp. rhizopodiformis and paecilomyces variotii was measured by scanning electron microscopy of filter samples. specific igg antibodies to these moulds were measured by elisa in serum samples collected at half-year intervals. antibody levels to r. microsporus and p. variotii were higher in wood trimmers than in other sawmill workers whose jobs had ... | 1992 | 1597347 |
| dna microarray-based detection and identification of fungal pathogens in clinical samples from neutropenic patients. | the increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections (ifi) in immunocompromised patients emphasizes the need to improve diagnostic tools. we established a dna microarray to detect and identify dna from 14 fungal pathogens (aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus terreus, candida albicans, candida dubliniensis, candida glabrata, candida lusitaniae, candida tropicalis, fusarium oxysporum, fusarium solani, mucor racemosus, rhizopus microsporus, scedosporium prolificans, and trichos ... | 2007 | 17715373 |
| antifungal activity of chitinases from trichoderma aureoviride dy-59 and rhizopus microsporus vs-9. | two chitinolytic fungal strains, trichoderma aureoviride dy-59 and rhizopus microsporus vs-9, were isolated from soil samples of korea and vietnam, respectively. dy-59 and vs-9 crude chitinases secreted by these fungi in the 0.5% swollen chitin culture medium had an optimal ph of 4 and the optimal temperatures of 40 degrees c and 60 degrees c, respectively. enzymatic hydrolysis products from crab swollen chitin were n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine (glcnac) by dy-59 chitinase, and glcnac and n, n'-di ... | 2008 | 17896135 |
| evidence of thermostable amylolytic activity from rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis using wheat bran and corncob as alternative carbon source. | rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis produced high levels of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase under solid state fermentation, with several agricultural residues, such as wheat bran, cassava flour, sugar cane bagasse, rice straw, corncob and crushed corncob as carbon sources. these materials were humidified with distilled water, tap water, or saline solutions--segato rizzatti (sr), khanna or vogel. the best substrate for amylase production was wheat bran with sr saline solution (1:2 v/v). amyl ... | 2008 | 17940804 |
| detection and quantitation of antibodies against rhizopus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | in sawmills high concentrations of spores from the mould rhizopus microsporus may occur, causing allergic alveolitis in exposed workers. both symptomatic and asymptomatic exposed workers may develop antibodies. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies to rhizopus has been developed in order to study the relationship between antibody levels and exposure levels. the precision of the measurements of rhizopus antibodies by elisa carried out on the same microtiter ... | 1992 | 1472367 |
| antibody response to long-term and high-dose mould-exposed sawmill workers. | exposure to moulds is thought to cause adverse health effects ranging from vague subjective symptoms to allergy and respiratory diseases. until now, most studies have been emphasizing low levels of exposure. in norwegian sawmills during the 1980s, extensively high spore counts up to 10(7) spores/m3 air were reported. by using serum samples obtained from sawmill workers during that period, in addition to control sera, we studied the antibody response of all classes and igg subclasses to rhizopus ... | 2007 | 17983421 |
| [invasive zygomycosis in patients treated for haematological malignancies]. | a 52-year-old man underwent haematopoietic stem-cell transplant for myelodysplastic syndrome; after treatment with voriconazole for invasive aspergillosis, he was diagnosed with invasive zygomycosis caused by rhizopus microsporus. he died despite treatment with intravenous liposomal amphotericin b and posaconazole. a 5-year-old boy with acute lymphatic leukaemia was diagnosed with invasive zygomycosis at autopsy. in a third case, a 16-year-old boy with acute myeloid leukaemia received repeated c ... | 2007 | 18161258 |
| high-affinity iron permease (ftr1) gene sequence-based molecular identification of clinically important zygomycetes. | the clinical importance of zygomycosis, an emerging and frequently fatal mycotic disease, has increased during recent years. this report describes an identification method based on pcr amplification and sequencing of the high-affinity iron permease 1 gene (ftr1). primers and amplification protocols were established and tested for the identification of rhizopus oryzae, rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, r. microsporus var. oligosporus, rhizopus schipperae, rhizopus niveus and rhizopus sto ... | 2008 | 18190575 |
| hospital-acquired mucormycosis (rhizopus rhizopodiformis) of skin and subcutaneous tissue: epidemiology, mycology and treatment. | | 1978 | 703789 |
| [effect of various nitrogen sources on lipase formation by rhizopus microsporus]. | the effect of organic and mineral nitrogen sources on the production of lipolytic enzymes and the accumulation of biomass was studied with rhizopus microsporus uzlt-i. addition of mineral nitrogen sources to the growth medium weakly stimulated synthesis of lipase by the fungus. the production of lipolytic enzymes was highest on media with organic nitrogen compounds, particularly yeast autolysate and fodder yeast cells (0.1: 0.25%). the lipolytic activity of the cultural broth on media with these ... | 1978 | 703647 |
| the production of a new tempeh-like fermented soybean containing a high level of gamma-aminobutyric acid by anaerobic incubation with rhizopus. | a cultivation procedure for the preparation of a new tempeh-like fermented soybean containing a high level of gamma-aminobutyric acid was developed. steamed soybeans were incubated aerobically with rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus ifo 8631 for 20 h, and then anaerobically incubated for 5 h by replacement of the atmosphere with nitrogen. the gaba content in the aerobically fermented soybeans was about 30 mg per 100 g dry fermented soybeans, while the anaerobically cultivation was about 370 m ... | 2003 | 12834278 |
| evaluation of the post-antifungal effect (pafe) of amphotericin b and nystatin against 30 zygomycetes using two different media. | the post-antifungal effect (pafe) of amphotericin b and nystatin against 30 clinical zygomycetes was evaluated using two different media. pafe is a suppression of fungal growth after limited drug exposure. the mics of both drugs were determined using nccls m38-p guidelines. a spectrophotometric method was used to determine pafe in vitro. spores were exposed to amphotericin b and nystatin in rpmi-1640 or am3 at concentrations of 4 x and 1 x mic for 4 h for absidia sp. and at 1 x and 0.5 x mic for ... | 2003 | 12775672 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungals. | in vitro susceptibilities of 36 zygomycete isolates, belonging to six genera, to itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, terbinafine, amphotericin b and 5-fluorocytosine were determined by using a broth microdilution adaptation of the national committee for clinical laboratory standards m-38p reference method. the influence of incubation time on mic values, and the performance of a spectrophotometric method for mic determination in comparison with the visual reference method, were also evaluat ... | 2003 | 12493786 |
| [a case of abrupt pulmonary infection by rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis during treatment for bronchial asthma]. | we presented a case of pulmonary rhizops microsporus var. rhizopodiformis infection which developed abruptly during treatment of bronchial asthma by systemic corticosteroids. the patient, an 85 year-old-woman, was given systemic steroid therapy for 15 days. she suddenly became febrile two days after the therapy and was coughing up yellow sputum. chest x-ray film showed multiple nodules with cavities which became worsened rapidly. a specimen of sputum culture gave a growth of mucoraceae, which wa ... | 2002 | 12073577 |
| efficacy of antifungal therapy in a nonneutropenic murine model of zygomycosis. | three isolates of zygomycetes belonging to three different genera (rhizopus microsporus, absidia corymbifera, and apophysomyces elegans) were used to produce a disseminated infection in nonimmunocompromised mice. the therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin b, given intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 mg/kg of body weight/day, oral itraconazole at 100 mg/kg/day, and oral terbinafine at 150 mg/kg/day was evaluated in this model. the markers of antifungal efficacy were the median surviv ... | 2002 | 12019114 |
| molecular cloning of an extracellular aspartic proteinase from rhizopus microsporus and evidence for its expression during infection. | an extracellular aspartic proteinase (rmap) from rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis was detected in the culture supernatant of a fungal isolate from a case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis (case ha). the proteinase was purified to near homogeneity by ion exchange and affinity chromatography on pepstatin agarose. based on its n-terminus the rmap gene was cloned and found to code for 388 amino acids. the preproenzyme has an aminoterminal leader sequence of 65 amino acids, whereas the mature en ... | 2002 | 11860014 |
| rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis: a thermotolerant fungus with potential for production of thermostable amylases. | the effect of several nutritional and environmental parameters on growth and amylase production from rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis was analysed. this fungus was isolated from soil of the brazilian "cerrado" and produced high levels of amylolytic activity at 45 degrees c in liquid medium supplemented with starch, sugar cane bagasse, oat meal or cassava flour. glucose in the culture medium drastically repressed the amylolytic activity. the products of hydrolysis were analysed by thin l ... | 2003 | 12920607 |
| [foudroyant rhinocerebral zygomycosis]. | we present a fatal case of rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis in an 81-year old immunocompromised patient with a 18-year history of multiple myeloma. the patient initially presented with symptoms of an orbital complication, loss of vision after acute sinusitis and agranulocytosis. endonasal sinus surgery with orbital decompression was performed. within days a rapid visero-cerebral progression of necrosis developed finally causing the patient's death. invasive fungal infections are generally char ... | 2003 | 14605710 |
| fermented soya bean (tempe) extracts reduce adhesion of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli to intestinal epithelial cells. | this study aimed to investigate the effect of processed soya bean, during the successive stages of tempe fermentation and different fermentation times, on adhesion of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) k88 to intestinal brush border cells as well as caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells; and to clarify the mechanism of action. | 2009 | 19191956 |
| purification and biochemical characterization of thermostable alkaline phosphatases produced by rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis. | the biochemical properties of the alkaline phosphatases (alps) produced by rhizopus microsporus are described. high enzymic levels were produced within 1-2 d in agitated cultures with 1 % wheat bran. intra- and extracellular alps were purified 5.0 and 9.3x, respectively, by deae-cellulose and cona-sepharose chromatography. molar mass of 118 and 120 kda was estimated by gel filtration for both forms of phosphatases. sds-page indicated dimeric structures of 57 kda for both forms. mn(2+), na(+) and ... | 2009 | 19381476 |
| outbreak of gastric mucormycosis associated with the use of wooden tongue depressors in critically ill patients. | to describe a nosocomial outbreak of gastric mucormycosis caused by rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis in five adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit (icu). | 2004 | 14991098 |
| fungal biomass is a key factor affecting polymorphonuclear leucocyte-induced hyphal damage of filamentous fungi. | previous studies have not systematically assessed the effect of fungal biomass on polymorphonuclear leucocyte (pmn)-induced hyphal damage (hd) of filamentous fungi. we hypothesised that fungal biomass is a significant factor affecting pmn-induced hd. one isolate each consisting of a volume of 2 x 10(4) conidia ml(-1) of aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus terreus, rhizopus oryzae, rhizopus microsporus, cunninghamella bertholletiae, scedosporium prolificans and fusarium solani ... | 2010 | 19638003 |
| outbreak of intestinal infection due to rhizopus microsporus. | sinopulmonary and rhinocerebral zygomycosis has been increasingly found in patients with hematological malignancies and bone marrow transplantation, but intestinal zygomycosis remains very rare in the literature. we investigated an outbreak of intestinal infection due to rhizopus microsporus in 12 patients on treatment for hematological malignancies over a period of 6 months in a teaching hospital. the intake of allopurinol during hospitalization (p < 0.001) and that of commercially packaged rea ... | 2009 | 19641069 |
| a probable cause of paradoxical thrombosis in zygomycosis. | invasive zygomycoses (syn. mucormycoses) are rather rare but life-threatening diseases which often take a peracute course. particularly endangered are diabetics and patients suffering from siderophilia. zygomycosis is regularly complicated by thrombosis and subsequent necrosis. usually it evolves from sinusitis in a rhinocerebral form. with the use of a clinical isolate (rhizopus microsporus) and sera of the same female survivor, we investigated possible sources of the typical blood clotting. th ... | 2004 | 15189184 |
| characterisation of an acid trehalase produced by the thermotolerant fungus rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis: biochemical properties and immunochemical localisation. | an acid trehalase from rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis was purified to apparent homogeneity. the molecular weight by sds-page (60 kda) or sephacryl s-200 filtration (105 kda) suggested a homodimer. the carbohydrate content was 72%. endoglycosidase h digestion resulted in one sharp band of 51.5 kda in sds-page. ph and temperature optima were 4.5 and 45 degrees c, respectively. the isoelectric point was 6.69 and activation energy was 1.14 kcal mol(-1). the enzyme was stable for 1 h at 50 ... | 2005 | 16139441 |
| diagnosis of cutaneous mucormycosis due to rhizopus microsporus by an innovative pcr-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method. | | 2005 | 16206119 |
| separation of fungal propagules by partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. | conidia of penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium frequentans and sporangiospores of rhizopus rhizopodiformis, rhizomucor pusillus, and mucor racemosus were subjected to partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. the partition behavior differed drastically between the conidia of the two penicillium species and the sporangiospores of the three species of phycomycetes. this difference in partition behavior can be used for purification of fungi belonging to different taxonomical groups. p. fr ... | 1984 | 16346569 |
| molecular identification of zygomycetes from culture and experimentally infected tissues. | mucormycosis is an emerging infection associated with a high mortality rate. identification of the causative agents remains difficult and time-consuming by standard mycological procedures. in this study, internal transcribed spacer (its) sequencing was validated as a reliable technique for identification of zygomycetes to the species level. furthermore, species identification directly from infected tissues was evaluated in experimentally infected mice. fifty-four zygomycetes strains belonging to ... | 2006 | 16455881 |
| a case of peritonitis caused by rhizopus microsporus. | we report a case of a 62-year-old female patient who developed peritonitis after receiving a renal transplant. candida glabrata was detected and treated with voriconazole. as the patient did not improve under therapy, laparotomy was performed. mould-like plaques were found on the peritoneum. using culture as well as pan-fungal polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by dna microarray hybridisation of the amplicon, the causative agent was identified as rhizopus microsporus. despite aggressive su ... | 2006 | 16466449 |
| antimitotic rhizoxin derivatives from a cultured bacterial endosymbiont of the rice pathogenic fungus rhizopus microsporus. | the potent antimitotic polyketide macrolide rhizoxin, the causal agent of rice seedling blight, is not produced by the fungus rhizopus microsporus, as has been believed for over two decades, but by endosymbiotic bacteria that reside within the fungal mycelium. here we report the successful isolation and large-scale fermentation of the bacterial endosymbiont ("burkholderia rhizoxina") in pure culture, which resulted in a significantly elevated (10x higher) production of antimitotics. in addition ... | 2006 | 16939276 |
| in vitro interaction of posaconazole with calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus against zygomycetes. | zygomycosis is an uncommon but devastating disease with few therapeutic options. calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus (mtor inhibitor), commonly used in transplant patients as immunosuppressives, have antifungal activity. they are known to demonstrate synergy with triazoles against certain fungi, though limited data exist about their activity against zygomycetes. our aim was to study the in vitro interaction of posaconazole with calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus against zygomycetes. | 2010 | 20130026 |
| disseminated rhizopus microsporus infection cured by salvage allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, antifungal combination therapy, and surgical resection. | invasive zygomycetes infection complicating prolonged neutropenia is associated with high mortality in the absence of immune recovery. we report a patient who developed disseminated zygomycosis due to rhizopus microsporus during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. rescue allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct) was performed as her only chance of cure of this infection and to treat refractory leukemia. posaconazole combined with liposomal amphotericin b conta ... | 2010 | 20163567 |
| identification of acid- and thermotolerant extracellular beta-glucosidase activities in zygomycetes fungi. | extracellular beta-glucosidase activity of 94 strains, representing 24 species of the genera gilbertella, mucor, rhizomucor , and rhizopus was evaluated in submerged culture and under solid state fermentation on wheat bran. gilbertella persicaria g1 isolate showed the highest activity (70.9 u ml -1 ) followed by other gilbertella (58.6-59.0 u ml -1 ) and rhizomucor miehei isolates (29.2-42.0 u ml -1 ). optimum temperature for enzyme production was 25 degrees c for gilbertella and mucor , and 30 ... | 2010 | 20194103 |
| usefulness of molecular biology performed with formaldehyde-fixed paraffin embedded tissue for the diagnosis of combined pulmonary invasive mucormycosis and aspergillosis in an immunocompromised patient. | immunocompromised patients who develop invasive filamentous mycotic infections can be efficiently treated if rapid identification of the causative fungus is obtained. we report a case of fatal necrotic pneumonia caused by combined pulmonary invasive mucormycosis and aspergillosis in a 66 year-old renal transplant recipient. aspergillus was first identified during the course of the disease by cytological examination and culture (a. fumigatus) of bronchoalveolar fluid. hyphae of mucorales (rhizopu ... | 2010 | 20205795 |
| a newly isolated rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis capable to secrete amyloltic enzymes with raw-starch-digesting activity. | a newly isolated active producer of raw starch digesting amyloltic enzymes, rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis cicim-cu f0088 was screened and identified by morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. this fungus was isolated from the soil of chinese glue pudding mill, and produced high levels of amylolytic activity under solid state fermentation with supplementation of starch and wheat bran. results of thin layer chromatography showed there are two kinds of amyloltic enz ... | 2010 | 20208445 |
| successful treatment of invasive rhizopus infection in a child with thalassemia. | the accepted standard for treatment of zygomycetes is amphotericin b and surgical debridement, however recent data suggest that combined treatment modalities may be optimal. newer anti-fungal agents show success in vitro and in animal models. we present the case of a 10-year-old boy with invasive rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodoformis who was successfully treated with a combination of modalities. | 2006 | 17127635 |
| fatal peritonitis caused by rhizopus microsporus. | a 52-year-old woman with a history of crohn's disease was admitted due to peritonitis which followed an intestinal perforation. after transitory treatment with voriconazole, resolution of the infection was complicated by recurring peritonitis resulting from necrosis and perforation of the left colon which ultimately lead to the death of the patient. microscopic examination of the peritoneal fluid revealed the presence of broad, irregular hyphae and culture of the fluid yielded rhizopus microspor ... | 2010 | 20465520 |
| characterization of a beta-glucanase produced by rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus, and its potential for application in the brewing industry. | in the barley malting process, partial hydrolysis of beta-glucans begins with seed germination. however, the endogenous 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanases are heat inactivated, and the remaining high molecular weight beta-glucans may cause severe problems such as increased brewer mash viscosity and turbidity. increased viscosity impairs pumping and filtration, resulting in lower efficiency, reduced yields of extracts, and lower filtration rates, as well as the appearance of gelatinous precipitates in the f ... | 2006 | 17147821 |
| innovative biorefinery concept for sugar-based ethanol industries: production of protein-rich fungal biomass on vinasse as an aquaculture feed ingredient. | this study examined the potential of producing a protein-rich fungus, rhizopus microsporus (var. oligosporus), as an aquaculture feed ingredient on vinasse generated during sugar-based ethanol fermentation. optimization studies showed prolific fungal growth at ph 5.0 and 30 degrees c on vinasse with nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) supplementation. the molasses-vinasse resulted in the highest specific fungal biomass yield of 0.21 (g biomass increase/(g initial biomassxg soluble chemical oxygen ... | 2010 | 20688513 |
| endofungal bacterium controls its host by an hrp type iii secretion system. | burkholderia rhizoxinica and rhizopus microsporus form a unique symbiosis in which intracellular bacteria produce the virulence factor of the phytopathogenic fungus. notably, the host strictly requires endobacteria to sporulate. in this study, we show that the endofungal bacteria possess a type iii secretion system (t3ss), which has a crucial role in the maintenance of the alliance. mutants defective in type iii secretion show reduced intracellular survival and fail to elicit sporulation of the ... | 2011 | 20720578 |
| a gene cluster encoding rhizoxin biosynthesis in "burkholderia rhizoxina", the bacterial endosymbiont of the fungus rhizopus microsporus. | | 2007 | 17154220 |
| endosymbiont-dependent host reproduction maintains bacterial-fungal mutualism. | bacterial endosymbionts play essential roles for many organisms, and thus specialized mechanisms have evolved during evolution that guarantee the persistence of the symbiosis during or after host reproduction. the rice seedling blight fungus rhizopus microsporus represents a unique example of a mutualistic life form in which a fungus harbors endobacteria (burkholderia sp.) for the production of a phytotoxin. here we report the unexpected observation that in the absence of endosymbionts, the host ... | 2007 | 17412585 |
| endosymbiosis: the evil within. | a recent study has revealed a novel feature of the symbiosis between a bacterium and a fungal pathogen. in addition to producing a pathogenic toxin, the endosymbiont of the rice pathogen rhizopus microsporus controls the ability of the fungus to form sporangia and spores. | 2007 | 17550764 |