| development of the amphibian oculomotor complex: evidences for migration of oculomotor motoneurons across the midline. | the development of the oculomotor nucleus in five species of salamanders and one anuran species was investigated with tracing techniques. the data presented support the hypothesis that oculomotor motoneurons innervating the superior rectus muscle migrate across the midline. in the salamander pleurodeles waltl, only ipsilateral oculomotor motoneurons are labeled in early development. later, these neurons extend dendrites toward the contralateral side into the ventral tegmental neuropil, after whi ... | 1991 | 1897742 |
| evidence of an alpha 2-macroglobulin-like molecule in plasma of salamandra salamandra. structural and functional similarity with human alpha 2-macroglobulin. | a high-mr (mr 750,000) alpha 1-macroglobulin, obtained from salamandra salamandra, is described. salamander alpha 1-macroglobulin is composed of two monomers of equal mr, which are composed of two polypeptide chains, each of mr 180,000, linked by disulfide bonds. the molecular parameters of this protein, its binding to trypsin and inactivation by methylamine suggest that salamander alpha 1-macroglobulin is closely related to human alpha 2-macroglobulin and to other related proteins described in ... | 1987 | 2439383 |
| [inhibition of an immune hemolysis reaction in higher vertebrates by a serum fraction (fraction p) from the pregnant salamandra salamandra l]. | serum "fraction p" from salamandra pregnant female (containing essentially an alpha 2-macroglobulin) possesses non specific cellular immunosuppressive properties [2]. this fraction has been tested in an immune hemolysis reaction: hemolytic rabbit igg + guinea-pig complement + sheep erythrocytes. this fraction, after incubation with guinea-pig complement, inhibits immune lysis. | 1983 | 6191850 |
| [the morphology of amphibian skins: comparison between some species in different natural habitats]. | a comparison in the morphology of the skin in different species of amphibians has been performed in this note. species examined had different natural habitat: some of them were closely dependent on a watery environment (proteus anguinus, triturus cristatus, rana esculenta and r. graeca), whereas others were more or less adapted to life on land (rana dalmatina, salamandra salamandra, bufo bufo, b. viridis and hyla arborea). structural patterns of both epidermis and derm varied from species to spe ... | 1982 | 7115576 |
| lower-field myopia and astigmatism in amphibians and chickens. | in some afoveate vertebrates refractive state appears to vary over the eye to match the average viewing distances of different areas of the visual field. however, precise measurements are difficult to obtain even in anesthetized animals, because standard methods of refraction are not designed for off-axis measurements and because the presence of astigmatism may fog the results. therefore we developed a new automated objective technique, automated infrared photoretinoscopy, and measured off-axis ... | 1994 | 8120697 |
| molecular characterization of a centromeric satellite dna in the hemiclonal hybrid frog rana esculenta and its parental species. | hybrid water frogs rana esculenta reproduce by hybridogenesis: one parental genome (of rana lessonae) is excluded in the germ line, the other (of rana ridibunda) is clonally transmitted to haploid gametes. the two parental species differ in that the amount of centromeric heterochromatin revealed by differential staining is much higher in rana ridibunda. an abundant, tandemly arrayed, centromeric satellite dna, designated rrs1, is revealed in rana ridibunda genomes by the restriction endonuclease ... | 1995 | 8581303 |
| comparative analysis of gnrh neuronal systems in the amphibian brain. | we have investigated the gnrh-ir neuronal systems in the brain of the oviparous urodele, triturus vulgaris, ovoviviparous urodele, salamandra salamandra, and viviparous caecilian, typhlonectes compressicauda, and have reexamined xenopus laevis, ambystoma mexicanum, and rana esculenta. results showed that mgnrh neuronal system was diffused along the medioventral telencephalon and diencephalon with the numerical preponderance of gnrh cell bodies in the rostral mediobasal telencephalon in t. vulgar ... | 1998 | 9843639 |
| lectin binding patterns in amphibian skin epithelium. | seven lectins (pna, dba, wga, uea-i, rca, sba, con a) were used to localize glycoconjugates in the skin of 10 species of amphibia, 7 anurans (bufo marinus, bufo bufo, rana ridibunda, rana pipiens, hyla arborea, pelobates syriacus and xenopus laevis) and 3 urodeles (salamandra salamandra, triturus vulgaris and ambystoma mexicanum). it was found that every lectin has a specific binding pattern in the skin of each species. no common pattern could be established, either among frogs or toads, nor for ... | 1999 | 10443294 |
| [the antinociceptive action of the poison of the spotted salamander salamandra salamandra]. | | 1999 | 10577262 |
| connections of the tectum opticum in two urodeles, salamandra salamandra and bolitoglossa subpalmata, with special reference to the nucleus isthmi. | tectal connections were studied in two urodele species following horseradish peroxidase injections into the tectum opticum. in both species retrogradely labelled cells were observed: ipsilaterally in the corpus striatum, lateral amygdala, ventral and dorsal thalamus and nucleus of darkschewitsch--bilaterally in the pretectal nucleus, dorsal tegmentum and nucleus reticularis medius--contralaterally in the tectum opticum and area octavo lateralis. besides these nuclei the nucleus isthmi was bilate ... | 2012 | 3385198 |
| amphibian chytridiomycosis: a review with focus on fungus-host interactions. | amphibian declines and extinctions are emblematic for the current sixth mass extinction event. infectious drivers of these declines include the recently emerged fungal pathogens batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (chytridiomycota). the skin disease caused by these fungi is named chytridiomycosis and affects the vital function of amphibian skin. not all amphibians respond equally to infection and host responses might range from resistant, over tolerant to suscept ... | 2015 | 26607488 |
| compensatory development and costs of plasticity: larval responses to desiccated conspecifics. | understanding constraints on phenotypic plasticity is central to explaining its evolution and the evolution of phenotypes in general, yet there is an ongoing debate on the classification and relationships among types of constraints. since plasticity is often a developmental process, studies that consider the ontogeny of traits and their developmental mechanisms are beneficial. we manipulated the timing and reliability of cues perceived by fire salamander larvae for the future desiccation of thei ... | 2011 | 21246048 |
| pathogenic chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, but not b. salamandrivorans, detected on eastern hellbenders. | recent worldwide declines and extinctions of amphibian populations have been attributed to chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the pathogenic fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd). until recently, bd was thought to be the only batrachochytrium species that infects amphibians; however a newly described species, batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (bs), is linked to die-offs in european fire salamanders (salamandra salamandra). little is known about the distribution, host range, or origin of ... | 2015 | 25695636 |
| 'salamander plague' on britain's doorstep. | chytridiomycosis can cause mass declines in amphibians, and the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the classic cause of this disease. however, recently, a second strain of chytrid fungus has emerged in europe, resulting in major declines in fire salamanders. the zoological society of london (zsl) discussed this, and the implications for the uk, at a meeting in december in london. georgina mills reports. | 2015 | 25614547 |
| [brachycoelium salamandrae (frölich, 1789) (trematoda, brachycoeliidae) in salamandra salamandra l]. | | 1986 | 3727585 |
| origins of descending projections to the medulla oblongata and rostral medulla spinalis in the urodele salamandra salamandra (amphibia). | descending projections to the medulla oblongata and rostral medulla spinalis have been examined in the urodele salamandra salamandra with retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing. ipsilateral projections originate from the striatum and the nucleus ventrolateralis thalami and reach the medulla oblongata. the ipsilateral nucleus praeopticus magnocellularis reaches the medulla spinalis. the rostral part of the nucleus tuberculi posterioris projects to the ipsilateral medulla oblongata; its caudal ... | 1988 | 2458392 |
| localization of motoneurons innervating the extraocular muscles in salamandra salamandra l. (amphibia, urodela). | the central innervation patterns of the extraocular muscles were investigated in the european fire salamander salamandra salamandra l. by means of the horseradish peroxidase method. the ipsilateral portion of the nucleus nervi oculomotorii, which is located in the rostral ventral tegmentum mesencephali, supplies the musculi recti inferior and medialis and the musculus obliquus inferior without a clear somatotopic representation of the motoneurons. the musculus rectus superior is innervated mainl ... | 1986 | 3805351 |
| quantitative distribution of descending tectal efferent cells in salamanders. | in salamanders of the species salamandra salamandra, pleurodeles waltl, and plethodon jordani, tectal efferent neurons projecting to the bulbar reticular formation show a stereotyped distribution as revealed by the horseradish peroxidase (hrp) method. the density of these cells increases toward caudal tectal levels reaching its maximum at the isthmic region. neurons with ipsilaterally descending axons constitute 60-87% and are concentrated in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral sector of the tecta ... | 1990 | 2259459 |
| cytochemical and immunocytochemical investigations on epidermal mitochondria-rich cells in salamandra salamandra salamandra (l.) larvae. | in the present study we set out to investigate the expression of e-cadherin, n-cadherin, beta 1-integrin, fibronectin and vitronectin in the mitochondria-rich cells (mrc) of the skin of salamandra salamandra salamandra. moreover mrc were stained with five lectins (triticum vulgaris; dolichos biflorus; glycine max; arachis hypogaea and canavalia ensiformis). larval mrc expressed both adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix glycoproteins and bound all lectins tested. juvenile mrc did not react ... | 1997 | 9467926 |
| batrachochytrium salamandrivorans sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians. | the current biodiversity crisis encompasses a sixth mass extinction event affecting the entire class of amphibians. the infectious disease chytridiomycosis is considered one of the major drivers of global amphibian population decline and extinction and is thought to be caused by a single species of aquatic fungus, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. however, several amphibian population declines remain unexplained, among them a steep decrease in fire salamander populations (salamandra salamandra) th ... | 2013 | 24003137 |
| geographic distribution of the chytrid pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among mountain amphibians along the italian peninsula. | the amphibian chytrid pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is considered a major cause of amphibian population declines, particularly in montane areas. here, we investigated the presence and distribution of bd among populations of 3 mid- to high-altitude species spanning the entire italian peninsula (486 individuals from 39 sites overall): the stream frog rana italica, the fire salamander salamandra salamandra gigliolii, and the alpine newt mesotriton alpestris apuanus. we found bd in al ... | 2013 | 24270024 |
| predation of amphibians by carabid beetles of the genus epomis found in the central coastal plain of israel. | the genus epomis is represented in israel by two species: epomis dejeani and epomis circumscriptus. in the central coastal plain these species are sympatric but do not occur in the same sites. the objective of this study was to record and describe trophic interactions between the adult beetles and amphibian species occurring in the central coastal plain of israel. day and night surveys at three sites, as well as controlled laboratory experiments were conducted for studying beetle-amphibian troph ... | 2011 | 21738411 |
| successful treatment of batrachochytrium salamandrivorans infections in salamanders requires synergy between voriconazole, polymyxin e and temperature. | chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (bsal) poses a serious threat to urodelan diversity worldwide. antimycotic treatment of this disease using protocols developed for the related fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), results in therapeutic failure. here, we reveal that this therapeutic failure is partly due to different minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antimycotics against bsal and bd. in vitro growth inhibition of bsal occurs after ex ... | 2015 | 26123899 |
| delayed metamorphosis of amphibian larvae facilitates batrachochytrium dendrobatidis transmission and persistence. | highly virulent pathogens that cause host population declines confront the risk of fade-out, but if pathogen transmission dynamics are age-structured, pathogens can persist. among other features of amphibian biology, variable larval developmental rates generate age-structured larval populations, which in theory can facilitate pathogen persistence. we investigated this possibility empirically in a population of salamandra salamandra in spain affected by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) at bree ... | 2015 | 26648101 |
| exotic fish in exotic plantations: a multi-scale approach to understand amphibian occurrence in the mediterranean region. | globally, amphibian populations are threatened by a diverse range of factors including habitat destruction and alteration. forestry practices have been linked with low diversity and abundance of amphibians. the effect of exotic eucalyptus spp. plantations on amphibian communities has been studied in a number of biodiversity hotspots, but little is known of its impact in the mediterranean region. here, we identify the environmental factors influencing the presence of six species of amphibians (th ... | 2015 | 26061096 |
| survey of pathogenic chytrid fungi (batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and b. salamandrivorans) in salamanders from three mountain ranges in europe and the americas. | batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (bsal) is a virulent fungal pathogen that infects salamanders. it is implicated in the recent collapse of several populations of fire salamanders in europe. this pathogen seems much like that of its sister species, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), the agent responsible for anuran extinctions and extirpations worldwide, and is considered to be an emerging global threat to salamander communities. bsal thrives at temperatures found in many mountainous regions r ... | 2016 | 27709310 |
| comparative ultrastructural investigations of the uterine epithelium in the viviparous salamandra atra laur. and the ovoviviparous salamandra salamandra (l.) (amphibia, urodela). | the uterine epithelium of the viviparous salamandra atra and the ovoviviparous salamandra salamandra was studied in non pregnant and ovulating females and in females during different stages of pregnancy. the epithelium of both species is organized in a monolayer. the epithelial cells are characterized by a moderate secretory activity, a variable amount of apical granules which include pas-positive material and by some apical and basal exo- or endocytotic vesicles. adjacent cells are joined by ju ... | 1992 | 195733 |
| scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts of the vascular bed in the skin of the spotted salamander, salamandra salamandra l. | microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of the spotted salamander, salamandra salamandra l., were studied using scanning eletron microscopy. the investigated vessels include a subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries and the vessels of poison glands. a hypothesis is proposed, according to which both types of vascular beds possess a common origin. probable factors involved in the differentiation of the primary netword of the subepidermal vessels in larvae are indicated and specul ... | 1977 | 421247 |
| [on the determination of the oral epithelium in salamandra salamandra (l.) after hetero- and homotopic transplantation--an ultrastructural analysis]. | | 2013 | 3617872 |
| on the presence of nucleus ruber in the urodele salamandra salamandra and the caecilian ichthyophis kohtaoensis. | the presence of nucleus ruber in urodeles and caecilians (amphibia) was investigated. for that purpose, horseradish peroxidase was applied to the rostral spinal cord, the medulla oblongata at various levels and the dorsolateral funiculus. whereas salamandra salamandra possesses a rubrospinal tract, it is absent in the limbless caecilian ichthyophis kohtaoensis. | 2012 | 3382518 |
| [comparative analysis of radioprotective properties of some zootoxins]. | comparative study of radioprotective properties of venoms of the honeybee apis mellifera, salamander salamandra salamandra, and toad bufo viridis was performed on a model of the bone marrow form of radiation disease in rats. it has been revealed that after repeated administrations at low doses, all studied venoms produce radioprotective effect. the state of radioresistance has been established to remain for 4 weeks after the end of the venom administration. it has been shown that the revealed ef ... | 2008 | 18767560 |
| physicochemical characterization and tissue distribution of esterases in two salamandridae species (mertensiella luschani and salamandra salamandra). | 1. tissue- and species-specificity of the electrophoretic patterns of the multiple molecular forms of esterases were observed in the urodele amphibians mertensiella luschani luschani, m.l. helverseni and salamandra salamandra. all esterases--distributed into two electrophoretic mobility areas in gonads, muscles and brain and into four areas in liver, stomach and intestine--were characterized as carboxylesterases. 2. m. l. luschani and s. salamandra liver esterases were electrofocused into nine a ... | 1989 | 2706937 |
| [analogies between "fraction p" with immunosuppressive properties in pregnant females and a protein fraction induced by estradiol treatment in the amphibian salamandra salamandra l]. | a "fraction p" analogue possessing immunosuppressive properties during pregnancy in the salamandra, can be induced by treating males and females with oestradiol. both fractions possess the same physiochemical characteristics, and equally react against a rabbit immune serum anti "fraction p" of pregnant salamandra. but the proteic fraction induced by hormonal treatment does immunosuppressive properties. | 1980 | 6784946 |
| amphibian optokinetic after nystagmus: properties and comparative analysis in various species. | optokinetic nystagmus and after nystagmus were studied in six amphibian species, three urodeles and three anurans. it was demonstrated that two of the urodeles, hydromantes italicus and salamandra salamandra, display a relatively well-developed optokinetic after nystagmus, which is less pronounced in bombina variegata and nearly absent in bufo bufo, rana temporaria, and tylototriton verrucosus. these results indicate a certain degree of velocity storage in the optokinetic reflex of some amphibia ... | 1986 | 3105809 |
| salamanders on the bench - a biocompatibility study of salamander skin secretions in cell cultures. | salamanders have evolved a wide variety of antipredator mechanisms and behavior patterns, including toxins and noxious or adhesive skin secretions. the high bonding strength of the natural bioadhesives makes these substances interesting for biomimetic research and applications in industrial and medical sectors. secretions of toxic species may help to understand the direct effect of harmful substances on the cellular level. in the present study, the biocompatibility of adhesive secretions from fo ... | 2017 | 28551363 |
| distribution of substance p-like, leucine-enkephalin-like, and bombesine-like immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity in the visual system of salamanders. | in the urodele species salamandra salamandra and batrachoseps attenuatus, the distribution of the neuropeptides substance p (sp), leucine-enkephalin (lenk), and bombesine (bomb) was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry in brain areas containing retinofugal projection sites (tectum mesencephali, praetectum, thalamus) as well as in brain regions postsynaptic to the tectum. the activity of acetylcholinesterase (ache) was studied histochemically. despite its simplified, two-layered morpholo ... | 1989 | 2477410 |
| detecting a hierarchical genetic population structure: the case study of the fire salamander (salamandra salamandra) in northern italy. | the multistep method here applied in studying the genetic structure of a low dispersal and philopatric species, such as the fire salamander salamandra salamandra, was proved to be effective in identifying the hierarchical structure of populations living in broad-leaved forest ecosystems in northern italy. in this study, 477 salamander larvae, collected in 28 sampling populations (sps) in the prealpine and in the foothill areas of northern italy, were genotyped at 16 specie-specific microsatellit ... | 2015 | 25691995 |
| life history tactics shape amphibians' demographic responses to the north atlantic oscillation. | over the last three decades, climate abnormalities have been reported to be involved in biodiversity decline by affecting population dynamics. a growing number of studies have shown that the north atlantic oscillation (nao) influences the demographic parameters of a wide range of plant and animal taxa in different ways. life history theory could help to understand these different demographic responses to the nao. indeed, theory states that the impact of weather variation on a species' demographi ... | 2017 | 28236653 |
| pretectal neurons project to the salamander retina. | injection of horseradish peroxidase solution into the eye of some european salamander species labeled retrogradely pretectal neurons. these neurons lie near the commissura posterior and extend their dendrites into the visual pretectal neuropil. on the average, each animal contained 28 labeled cells. their distribution is bilaterally with a slight preference to the contralateral pretectum. as in other vertebrates these retrogradely labeled pretectal cells may be considered as efferents to the sal ... | 1981 | 6167917 |
| efferent neurons to the labyrinth of salamandra salamandra as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. | application of horseradish peroxidase to the severed viiith nerve of salamandra salamandra resulted in heavy bilateral labeling of neurons of the medullary reticular formation. these neurons closely resemble the mauthner neuron in their widespread dendritic ramification. in most preparations axon collaterals are seen to leave the medulla via the contralateral viiith nerve. it is suggested that these neurons are labyrinthine efferents. | 1981 | 7322432 |
| electrophysiology and anatomy of direction-specific pretectal units in salamandra salamandra. | pretectal cells of the european fire salamander were recorded extracellularly during binocular and monocular horizontal optokinetic stimulations. the locations of the individual units within the pretectal nucleus were verified with alcian blue injections. the particular anatomical properties of single cells were demonstrated after single-unit recordings by means of horseradish peroxidase preparations. direction selective pretectal cells were found to be predominantly (2/3) sensitive to temporo-n ... | 1984 | 6723861 |
| monocular and binocular optic inputs to salamander pretectal neurons: intracellular recording and hrp labelling study. | intracellular recordings and horseradish peroxidase injections were performed in the pretectum and adjacent tegmentum of salamandra salamandra, while both optic nerves were electrically stimulated. in approximately half of the recorded units no spikes could be evoked but rather graded postsynaptic potentials. the latter type morphologically showed features of interneurons. from a total of 48 recorded units, nearly 60% were excited only by the contralateral optic nerve, whereas approximately 40% ... | 1985 | 3836729 |
| optic inputs to identified neck-muscle motoneurons of salamandra salamandra (l.): an intracellular recording study. | by means of retrograde horseradish peroxidase (hrp) transport, motoneurons innervating the musculus intertransversarius capitis superior (m.i.c.s.) of salamandra salamandra (l.) were labeled from the level of the vagus nerve to the fourth spinal nerve. the bulk of the neurons was situated between the first and the third spinal nerve. the hrp-labelings revealed smaller cells with one apical dendrite and large cells with two main dendrites originating from opposite poles of the soma. with intracel ... | 1987 | 3440828 |
| morphological study of the teeth of ambystoma maculatum, salamandra salamandra and aneides lugubris: fine structure and chemistry of enamel. | the functional teeth of adult salamander (caudata): ambystoma maculatum, salamandra salamandra and aneides lugubris were prepared for transmission electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis of the elements and trace elements of the enamel layer. the arrangement of enamel crystals in these species is variable. the outer part of the enamel layer in which hydroxyapatite elements (ca, p) and trace elements (e.g., f, fe, mg) are concentrated, is most mineralized. the concentration of trace ... | 1993 | 8272320 |
| correction: effects of tail clipping on larval performance and tail regeneration rates in the near eastern fire salamander, salamandra infraimmaculata. | | 2015 | 26288370 |
| non-consumptive effects of larval salamandra on crustacean prey: can eggs detect predators? | predators affect prey populations not only by prey consumption but also in nonconsumptive ways including modifying prey behavior. i tested the effects of fire salamander larvae (salamandra infraimmaculata) on populations of co-occurring crustacean species in artificial outdoor pools. i also tested whether these effects were due entirely to prey consumption by salamandra larvae or alternatively to some nonconsumptive effect. the soil (containing crustacean eggs) added to the artificial pools was ... | 1997 | 28307427 |
| water balance of five amphibian species at different stages and phases, as affected by hypophysial hormones. | five amphibian species were studied for the effect of hypophysial hormones on their water balance. the species were three anurans, rana ridibunda, bufo viridis and pelobates syriacus, and two urodeles salamandra salamandra and triturus vittatus. in the first four species different stages of development were studied, in the newt both the terrestrial and aquatic phases of the adult were examined. the hormones used were oxytocin (oxy), arginine vasotocin (avt) and prolactin (pl). oxytocin caused mo ... | 1983 | 6136381 |
| functional morphology of terrestrial prey capture in salamandrid salamanders. | salamanders use the hyobranchial apparatus and its associated musculature for tongue projection on land and for suction feeding in water. hyobranchial apparatus composition and morphology vary across species, and different morphologies are better suited for feeding in aquatic versus terrestrial environments. we hypothesize that differences in hyobranchial morphology result in functional trade-offs in feeding performance. we predict that semi-aquatic and aquatic salamandrids with hyobranchial mor ... | 2017 | 29093187 |
| [localization of spermatozoa in the oviduct of the ground salamander, salamandra salamandra l. (amphibia, urodela) during fertilization]. | | 2011 | 4211492 |
| the epithelia of the protrusible tongue of eurycea longicauda guttolineata (hoolbrook 1838) (urodela: plethodontidae). | in this study the lingual and sublingual glands, the lingual stem and the epithelial surface of the protrusible secondary tongue were investigated by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. the quality of the secretions of the epithelia was characterized histochemically. the lingual epithelium is formed by superficial (pavement) and goblet cells and at the margin of the tongue pad are also regions covered by ciliated cells. on the dorsal part of the tongue there are goblet cells of ... | 2003 | 15121544 |
| intercalary limb regeneration after auto- and xenoplastic grafting of mature autopodia at the stylopodial stump in larval salamandra salamandra and ambystoma mexicanum. | | 1988 | 3412343 |
| putative neurotransmitters in the retinae of three urodele species (triturus alpestris, salamandra salamandra, pleurodeles waltli). | the immunocytochemical localization of several substances with putative neurotransmitter or modulator properties was investigated in the retinae of three urodele species. gamma-aminobutyric acid-like immunoreactive labelling appeared in different types of amacrine and horizontal cells. in addition, labelled fibres in the optic nerve were detected. it was not possible to determine whether these fibres were ganglion-cell axons or part of an efferent projection. endogenous serotonin was found in se ... | 1988 | 2898293 |
| sarcomagenesis and myofibril maturation during limb regeneration and development of the newt, triturus alpestris and salamander, salamandra salamandra. | during limb regeneration of the salamander, salamandra salamandra, muscles dedifferentiate and then mesenchymal cells appear, which subsequently, differentiate into muscle. both in regenerates and in developing limbs of newts larvae mesenchymal cells begin to differentiate into myoblasts, which contain both thin (7 nm) and thick (14 nm) filaments, which are often associated with microtubules, developing a cytoskeletal network, which contribute directly to the shape of myoblasts and a linear alig ... | 1980 | 7193943 |
| [diurnal rhythm in salamanders]. | 1. the locomotor activity of european salamanders differs from species to species. at all stages of development triturus vulgaris is more light-active, salamandra salamandra is dark-active, while triturus alpestris and cristatus occupy an intermediate position. 2. the activity of the larvae is high but the rhythm is not very pronounced. triturus larvae are less dark-active than adults (fig. 2). 3. periodism disappears completely during metamorphosis but after some weeks of terrestrial life a diu ... | 1971 | 28313280 |
| survey of the oviduct of salamandrids with special reference to the viviparous species. | urodeles include oviparous and a few obligately viviparous species that belong to one family, the salamandridae. oviducts of both groups have basically the same design, but some modifications became necessary as viviparous species evolved. the entire oviduct of urodeles is lined by a monolayered epithelium, which is regionally differentiated into large glands and smaller secretory cells rich in glycoproteins. secretory products important for fertilization form the egg jelly, which also is presen ... | 2005 | 9803537 |
| projections of color coding retinal neurons in urodele amphibians. | optic fiber projection in the brain of salamandra salamandra was investigated by degeneration techniques. terminal fields are described in the thalamus and in the optic tectum. microelectrode recordings were performed from ganglion cells in the retina and from their terminals in the thalamus and tectum in salamandra and triturus alpestris. 'on' cells showed maximal sensitivity either in the blue or in the yellow spectral region; they project to the thalamus. color coding 'on-off' cells project t ... | 1981 | 7237102 |
| ecological implications of metabolic compensation at low temperatures in salamanders. | global warming is influencing the biology of the world's biota. temperature increases are occurring at a faster pace than that experienced by organisms in their evolutionary histories, limiting the organisms' response to new conditions. mechanistic models that include physiological traits can help predict species' responses to warming. changes in metabolism at high temperatures are often examined; yet many species are behaviorally shielded from high temperatures. salamanders generally favor cold ... | 2016 | 27257549 |
| expanding distribution of lethal amphibian fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in europe. | emerging fungal diseases can drive amphibian species to local extinction. during 2010-2016, we examined 1,921 urodeles in 3 european countries. presence of the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans at new locations and in urodeles of different species expands the known geographic and host range of the fungus and underpins its imminent threat to biodiversity. | 2016 | 27070102 |
| ultrastructural localization of adenyl cyclase activity in the pancreas of two amphibian species (salamandra salamandra l. and rana esculenta l.). | the distribution of adenyl cyclase activity in the pancreas of one species of urodeles and anura has been investigated using electron microscopy. in both islet and acinar tissues the reaction product was located at the outer cell surfaces, while in nerve bundles it occurred in the cleft between axolemma and schwann cell-extensions. the functional signification of the enzyme localization is discussed in relation to the findings of other authors. | 1976 | 791901 |
| experimental gynogenesis in the newt species pleurodeles waltlii and p. poireti. | eggs of diploid females of pleurodeles waltlii, inseminated by genetically inactivated sperm of salamandra salamandra, have been treated by heat-shock or increased hydrostatic pressure during the first hour of their development. the resulting viable gynogenetic individuals show different degrees of ploidy although they mostly are diploid. the use of females with a pericentric inversion as a marker chromosome allow the chromosomal constitution to be clarified. eggs of females heterozygous for a r ... | 1978 | 738163 |
| density effects on ammonium nitrate toxicity on amphibians. survival, growth and cannibalism. | temporary ponds where many amphibians breed experience a gradual desiccation that leads to growing larval densities, which can reduce tadpole survival rates and increase cannibalistic interactions among carnivorous salamander larvae. concentrations of many agrochemicals, including nitrogenous fertilizers, can also increase as the water volume decreases. we analyzed the effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer at two larval densities on growth and survival of rana dalmatina tadpoles, and on canniba ... | 2012 | 22326654 |
| aspects on the relief of living surfaces using atomic force microscopy allow "art" to imitate nature. | the visualization of the surface of biological samples using an atomic force microscope reveals features of the external relief and can resolve very fine and detailed features of the surface. we examined specimens from the skin of the amphibians salamandra salamandra linnaeus, 1758, lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui baran & atatür, 1980 and mesotriton alpestris laurenti, 1768, and from the surface of pollen grains of the plant species cyclamen graecum link, 1835 and cistus salviifolius linnaeus, ... | 2010 | 21392340 |
| nuclear and mitochondrial multilocus phylogeny and survey of alkaloid content in true salamanders of the genus salamandra (salamandridae). | the genus salamandra represents a clade of six species of palearctic salamanders of either contrasted black-yellow, or uniformly black coloration, known to contain steroidal alkaloid toxins in high concentrations in their skin secretions. this study reconstructs the phylogeny of the genus salamandra based on dna sequences of segments of 10 mitochondrial and 13 nuclear genes from 31 individual samples representing all salamandra species and most of the commonly recognized subspecies. the concaten ... | 2014 | 24412216 |
| parallel habitat acclimatization is realized by the expression of different genes in two closely related salamander species (genus salamandra). | the utilization of similar habitats by different species provides an ideal opportunity to identify genes underlying adaptation and acclimatization. here, we analysed the gene expression of two closely related salamander species: salamandra salamandra in central europe and salamandra infraimmaculata in the near east. these species inhabit similar habitat types: 'temporary ponds' and 'permanent streams' during larval development. we developed two species-specific gene expression microarrays, each ... | 2017 | 28953268 |
| intercohort size structure dynamics of fire salamander larvae in ephemeral habitats: a mesocosm experiment. | the size structure of a larval population facilitates interaction asymmetries that, in turn, influence the dynamics of size-structure. in species that exhibit conspicuous aggressive interactions, the competitive effects of the smaller individuals may be overlooked. we manipulated initial size differences between two larval cohorts and young-cohort density of salamandra infraimmaculata in mesocosms to determine: (1) whether young individuals function primarily as prey or as competitors of older a ... | 2015 | 26080758 |
| effects of tail clipping on larval performance and tail regeneration rates in the near eastern fire salamander, salamandra infraimmaculata. | tail-tip clipping is a common technique for collecting tissue samples from amphibian larvae and adults. surprisingly, studies of this invasive sampling procedure or of natural tail clipping--i.e., bites inflicted by predators including conspecifics--on the performance and fitness of aquatic larval stages of urodeles are scarce. we conducted two studies in which we assessed the effects of posterior tail clipping (~30 percent of tail) on near eastern fire salamander (salamandra infraimmaculata) la ... | 2015 | 26065683 |
| landscape influences on dispersal behaviour: a theoretical model and empirical test using the fire salamander, salamandra infraimmaculata. | when populations reside within a heterogeneous landscape, isolation by distance may not be a good predictor of genetic divergence if dispersal behaviour and therefore gene flow depend on landscape features. commonly used approaches linking landscape features to gene flow include the least cost path (lcp), random walk (rw), and isolation by resistance (ibr) models. however, none of these models is likely to be the most appropriate for all species and in all environments. we compared the performan ... | 2014 | 24648023 |
| density and intercohort priority effects on larval salamandra salamandra in temporary pools. | priority effects, i.e., effects of an early cohort on the performance of a later cohort, are generally studied between, and not within, species. the paucity of intraspecific assessments does not reflect a lack of ecological importance, but the technical problem associated with differentiating between conspecific cohorts. here, we examine priority and density-dependent effects on larval salamandra salamandra infraimmaculata. larvae deposited by their mother early in the season have increased risk ... | 2005 | 16133198 |
| ovarian steroid levels in salamandra salamandra infraimmaculata during the reproductive cycle. | gonadal steroid levels were determined in the ovary of salamandra salamandra infraimmaculata during the reproductive cycle in populations from a xeric region in northern israel. varying proportions of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes were present throughout the year, and mature oocytes were present in winter and spring. the numbers of mature oocytes were greater between december and april, after parturition. the levels of 17 beta-estradiol and testosterone rose during oocyte vitellogenes ... | 1997 | 9204369 |
| efficacy of chemical disinfectants for the containment of the salamander chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. | the recently emerged chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (bsal) causes european salamander declines. proper hygiene protocols including disinfection procedures are crucial to prevent disease transmission. here, the efficacy of chemical disinfectants in killing bsal was evaluated. at all tested conditions, biocidal®, chloramine-t®, dettol medical®, disolol®, ethanol, f10®, hibiscrub®, potassium permanganate, safe4®, sodium hypochlorite, and virkon s®, were effective at killing bsal. ... | 2017 | 29023562 |
| differentiation of movement behaviour in an adaptively diverging salamander population. | dispersal is considered to be a species-specific trait, but intraspecific variation can be high. however, when and how this complex trait starts to differentiate during the divergence of species/lineages is unknown. here, we studied the differentiation of movement behaviour in a large salamander population (salamandra salamandra), in which individual adaptations to different habitat conditions drive the genetic divergence of this population into two subpopulations. in this system, salamanders ha ... | 2017 | 28881403 |
| drivers of salamander extirpation mediated by batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. | the recent arrival of batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in europe was followed by rapid expansion of its geographical distribution and host range, confirming the unprecedented threat that this chytrid fungus poses to western palaearctic amphibians. mitigating this hazard requires a thorough understanding of the pathogen's disease ecology that is driving the extinction process. here, we monitored infection, disease and host population dynamics in a belgian fire salamander (salamandra salamandra) ... | 2017 | 28425998 |
| a non-invasive geometric morphometrics method for exploring variation in dorsal head shape in urodeles: sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in salamandra salamandra. | the study of morphological variation among and within taxa can shed light on the evolution of phenotypic diversification. in the case of urodeles, the dorso-ventral view of the head captures most of the ontogenetic and evolutionary variation of the entire head, which is a structure with a high potential for being a target of selection due to its relevance in ecological and social functions. here, we describe a non-invasive procedure of geometric morphometrics for exploring morphological variatio ... | 2017 | 28145051 |
| trapped within the city: integrating demography, time since isolation and population-specific traits to assess the genetic effects of urbanization. | urbanization is a severe form of habitat fragmentation that can cause many species to be locally extirpated and many others to become trapped and isolated within an urban matrix. the role of drift in reducing genetic diversity and increasing genetic differentiation is well recognized in urban populations. however, explicit incorporation and analysis of the demographic and temporal factors promoting drift in urban environments are poorly studied. here, we genotyped 15 microsatellites in 320 fire ... | 2017 | 28099779 |
| ultrasonography: a method used for pregnancy imaging of the fire salamander (salamandra salamandra). | ultrasound imaging has more frequently been used in veterinary medicine of amphibians and reptiles. in this study, we have verified the usefulness of ultrasound imaging in pregnancy determination of the fire salamander salamandra salamandra. we have also undertaken to estimate the number of larvae and their developmental stage directly in the oviducts. three gravid females from lower silesia (southern poland) were examined. due to the small size of the scanned animals, and the particular arrange ... | 2016 | 28092623 |
| the effect of brumation on memory retention. | long-term torpor is an adaptive strategy that allows animals to survive harsh winter conditions. however, the impact that prolonged torpor has on cognitive function is poorly understood. hibernation causes reduced synaptic activity and experiments with mammals reveal that this can have adverse effects on memories formed prior to hibernation. the impact of brumation, the winter dormancy that is observed in ectotherms, on memory remains unknown. the aim of this study was to examine whether an amph ... | 2017 | 28074838 |
| contributions to the functional morphology of caudate skulls: kinetic and akinetic forms. | a strongly ossified and rigid skull roof, which prevents parietal kinesis, has been reported for the adults of all amphibian clades. our μ-ct investigations revealed that the buresch's newt (triturus ivanbureschi) possess a peculiar cranial construction. in addition to the typical amphibian pleurokinetic articulation between skull roof and palatoquadrate associated structures, we found flexible connections between nasals and frontals (prokinesis), vomer and parasphenoid (palatokinesis), and betw ... | 2016 | 27688958 |
| cutaneous bacterial communities of a poisonous salamander: a perspective from life stages, body parts and environmental conditions. | amphibian skin provides a habitat for bacterial communities in its mucus. understanding the structure and function of this "mucosome" in the european fire salamander (salamandra salamandra) is critical in the context of novel emerging pathogenic diseases. we compare the cutaneous bacterial communities of this species using amplicon-based sequencing of the 16s rrna v4 region. across 290 samples, over 4000 otus were identified, four of them consistently present in all samples. larvae and post-meta ... | 2017 | 27677894 |
| salamandra. | beukema et al. introduce the genus salamandra comprising the well-known fire salamanders. | 2016 | 27505235 |
| microperoxisomes and catalase peroxidatic activity in the pancreas of two amphibian species (salamandra salamandra l. and rana esculenta l.). | the fine structure of microperoxisomes (anucleoid peroxisomes) and catalase peroxidatic activity in salamander and frog pancreas have been investigated following glutaraldehyde fixation and incubation in a modified novikoff-goldfischer alkaline dab-medium. reactive microperoxisomes ranging in diameter from 0.16 to 0.76 micrometer were identified in both exocrine (acinar and ductular centro-acinar cells) and insular (b-, a-, d-cells) pancreatic tissue, as well as in the nerve fibers and endings. ... | 1980 | 6776774 |
| electron microscopic localization of mg2+ -dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in the amphibian pancreas (salamandra salamandra l. and rana esculenta l.). | the ultrastructural distribution of mg2+ -dependent adenosine triphosphatase (atpase) activity has been investigated in the salamander and frog pancreas by using glutaraldehyde fixations and a modified wachstein-meisel reaction medium. in both species the reaction product (lead phosphate) was found associated with the plasma membrane external side of all islet cell types (b-, a- and d-cells) and of acinar and ductular/centro-acinar cells. except the apical pole of salamander acinar and centro-ac ... | 1978 | 153700 |
| spatial variation in risk and consequence of batrachochytrium salamandrivorans introduction in the usa. | a newly identified fungal pathogen, batrachochytrium salamandrivorans(bsal), is responsible for mass mortality events and severe population declines in european salamanders. the eastern usa has the highest diversity of salamanders in the world and the introduction of this pathogen is likely to be devastating. although data are inevitably limited for new pathogens, disease-risk assessments use best available data to inform management decisions. using characteristics of bsalecology, spatial data o ... | 2016 | 26998331 |
| hybridization during altitudinal range shifts: nuclear introgression leads to extensive cyto-nuclear discordance in the fire salamander. | ecological models predict that, in the face of climate change, taxa occupying steep altitudinal gradients will shift their distributions, leading to the contraction or extinction of the high-elevation (cold-adapted) taxa. however, hybridization between ecomorphologically divergent taxa commonly occurs in nature and may lead to alternative evolutionary outcomes, such as genetic merger or gene flow at specific genes. we evaluate this hypothesis by studying patterns of divergence and gene flow acro ... | 2016 | 26850834 |
| ecological connectivity assessment in a strongly structured fire salamander (salamandra salamandra) population. | small populations are more prone to extinction if the dispersal among them is not adequately maintained by ecological connections. the degree of isolation between populations could be evaluated measuring their genetic distance, which depends on the respective geographic (isolation by distance, ibd) and/or ecological (isolation by resistance, ibr) distances. the aim of this study was to assess the ecological connectivity of fire salamander salamandra salamandra populations by means of a landscape ... | 2015 | 26380679 |
| the lingual epithelium of salamandra salamandra: metamorphotic changes during its ontogenesis. | the development of the epithelia of the secondary tongue of salamandra salamandra is described on the basis of light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies of defined developmental stages. a glandular area with radial ridges and furrows is formed anterior to the primary tongue during the larval phase. epithelial cones--each a compact anlage of a gland lying in the furrows--displace the lamina propria. the glandular area grows upward and latero-caudad during metamorphosis and forms ... | 1998 | 9862034 |
| thermoregulatory strategies in an aquatic ectotherm from thermally-constrained habitats: an evaluation of current approaches. | many ectotherms employ diverse behavioral adjustments to effectively buffer the spatio-temporal variation in environmental temperatures, whereas others remain passive to thermal heterogeneity. thermoregulatory studies are frequently performed on species living in thermally benign habitats, which complicate understanding of the thermoregulation-thermoconformity continuum. the need for new empirical data from ectotherms exposed to thermally challenging conditions requires the evaluation of availab ... | 2015 | 26267504 |
| no sexual dimorphism detected in digit ratios of the fire salamander (salamandra salamandra). | it has been proposed that digit ratio may be used as a biomarker of early developmental effects. specifically, the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2d:4d) has been linked to the effects of sex hormones and their receptor genes, but other digit ratios have also been investigated. across taxa, patterns of sexual dimorphism in digit ratios are ambiguous and a scarcity of studies in basal tetrapods makes it difficult to understand how ratios have evolved. here, we focus on examining sex differences in ... | 2015 | 26199217 |
| the metamorphosis of feeding kinematics in salamandra salamandra and the evolution of terrestrial feeding behavior | the striking similarity between aquatic feeding behaviors in fishes and tetrapods and terrestrial prey transports in tetrapods and their contrasts to terrestrial tongue projection kinematics have led to a general hypothesis that terrestrial prey capture evolved from terrestrial prey transport, which, in turn, evolved from aquatic feeding behavior. this hypothesis is examined in salamandra salamandra by comparing the kinematics of prey capture and transport before and after metamorphosis in the s ... | 1996 | 9319073 |
| treatment of urodelans based on temperature dependent infection dynamics of batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. | the recently emerged chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans currently causes amphibian population declines. we hypothesized that temperature dictates infection dynamics of b. salamandrivorans, and that therefore heat treatment may be applied to clear animals from infection. we examined the impact of environmental temperature on b. salamandrivorans infection and disease dynamics in fire salamanders (salamandra salamandra). colonization of salamanders by b. salamandrivorans occurred at 1 ... | 2015 | 25623498 |
| wildlife disease. recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers western palearctic salamanders. | emerging infectious diseases are reducing biodiversity on a global scale. recently, the emergence of the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans resulted in rapid declines in populations of european fire salamanders. here, we screened more than 5000 amphibians from across four continents and combined experimental assessment of pathogenicity with phylogenetic methods to estimate the threat that this infection poses to amphibian diversity. results show that b. salamandrivorans is restrict ... | 2014 | 25359973 |
| the more the better - polyandry and genetic similarity are positively linked to reproductive success in a natural population of terrestrial salamanders (salamandra salamandra). | although classically thought to be rare, female polyandry is widespread and may entail significant fitness benefits. if females store sperm over extended periods of time, the consequences of polyandry will depend on the pattern of sperm storage, and some of the potential benefits of polyandry can only be realized if sperm from different males is mixed. our study aimed to determine patterns and consequences of polyandry in an amphibian species, the fire salamander, under fully natural conditions. ... | 2014 | 24168518 |
| linking the evolution of habitat choice to ecosystem functioning: direct and indirect effects of pond-reproducing fire salamanders on aquatic-terrestrial subsidies. | shifts in life history traits and in the behaviour of species can potentially alter ecosystem functioning. the reproduction of the central european fire salamander (salamandra salamandra), which usually deposits its larvae in first-order streams, in small pool and pond-like habitats, is an example of a recent local adaptation in this species. here we aimed to quantify the direct and indirect effects of the predatory larvae on the aquatic food webs in the ponds and on the flux of matter between t ... | 2013 | 23358795 |
| causes of larval drift of the fire salamander, salamandra salamandra terrestris, and its effects on population dynamics. | the larval drift of the fire salamander was investigated over a period of three years in a mountain brook (niederbergisches land, f.r. germany), as well in a laboratory water channel. the rate of larval drift fluctuated between 19% and 41% of the total population of larvae in a defined section of the brook during these three years. most (83%) of the drifting larvae were hatchlings or very young stages. the drift was dependent on the strength of the current, the number of spawning females, the pr ... | 1990 | 28312673 |
| anatomical connections and electrophysiological properties of toral and dorsal tegmental neurons in the terrestrial urodele salamandra salamandra. | fire salamanders (salamandra salamandra) are strictly terrestrial urodele amphibians, having lost electroreception and the lateral line system during metamorphosis. the present study demonstrates that (i) the lateral lemniscus is supplied by fibers of the medullary acoustic nucleus (nucleus intermedius) and the superior olive; (ii) the subtectal dorsal tegmentum can be clearly separated into a dorsally located torus semicircularis and a ventrally situated dorsal tegmental nucleus, the former pro ... | 1990 | 2358655 |
| observations on the blood-testis barrier in a frog and a salamander. | a blood-testis barrier has been demonstrated in a frog, rana esculenta, and in a salamander, salamandra salamandra, using lanthanum as an electron-dense marker during fixation. the tracer penetrates the interstices between somatic follicle or sertoli cells and germ cells in regions of the testis containing spermatogonia and spermatocytes, up to the level of punctate tight junctions. the latter can be localized between the somatic cells that line seminiferous units containing spermatids and matur ... | 1983 | 6603909 |
| fine structural localization of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the pancreatic islets of two amphibian species (salamandra salamandra l. and rana esculenta l.). | the ultrastructural distribution of glucose-6-phosphatase activity has been investigated in the salamander and frog pancreas. in the pancreas of salamander the enzyme was located in the a-cells, while in frog it occurred in all main types of islet cells b-, a-, and d-cells). as a rule, the reaction intensity was higher in the frog islet cells. no reaction was recorded in the exocrine pancreatic tissue of both species. the glucose-6-phosphatase activity was constantly detected in the lumen of rou ... | 1977 | 201137 |
| waterborne amitrole affects the predator-prey relationship between common frog tadpoles (rana temporaria) and larval spotted salamander (salamandra salamandra). | within their aquatic habitats, larval amphibians are often subjected to multiple natural and anthropic stressors. among these, predation and waterborne pollution represent two types of stressing factor that frequently co-occur. in this connection, the present laboratory study was designed to investigate the effects of amitrole, a commonly used triazole herbicide, on the predator-prey relationship between common frog tadpoles (rana temporaria) and larval spotted salamander (salamandra salamandra) ... | 2007 | 17549540 |
| distribution of glycoconjugates in the lingual glands of salamandra salamandra (l.) (amphibia, urodela). a histochemical study using fluorescein- and peroxidase-conjugated lectins. | | 1990 | 2091039 |
| genetic drift and rapid evolution of viviparity in insular fire salamanders (salamandra salamandra). | continental islands offer an excellent opportunity to investigate adaptive processes and to time microevolutionary changes that precede macroevolutionary events. we performed a population genetic study of the fire salamander (salamandra salamandra), a species that displays unique intraspecific diversity of reproductive strategies, to address the microevolutionary processes leading to phenotypic and genetic differentiation of island, coastal and interior populations. we used eight microsatellite ... | 2012 | 22086081 |
| salamandra salamandra (amphibia: caudata: salamandridae) in portugal: not all black and yellow. | the fire salamander complex is quite diverse in the iberian peninsula where nine subspecies of salamandra salamandra are currently recognized. here, we analysed the geographical distribution of the subspecies s. s. gallaica and s. s. crespoi using partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 168 individuals from 12 locations in portugal. our results support the existence of a deep lineage divergence between the two subspecies, with non-overlapping geographical distributions except ... | 2011 | 21938551 |